Topic: CARBON NENO TUBES

Submitted by: Updesh kumar Sec.:RM6902 R. NO.:A02

submitted to:USHA MAM

INDEX

TOPIC

PAGE NO.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT INTRODUCTION HISORY TYPES STRUCTURE CLASSIFICATION CHARACTERISTIC USES APPLICATION CONCLUSSION BIBLIOGRAPHY

3 4 5 6 7 8 8 9-10 10-11 12 13

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I take this opportunity to present my votes of thanks to all those guidepost who really acted as lightening pillars to enlighten our way throughout this project that has led to successful and satisfactory completion of this study. We are really grateful to our HOD for providing us with an opportunity to undertake this project in this university and providing us with all the facilities. We are highly thankful to Miss Usha mam for her active support, valuable time and advice, whole-hearted guidance, sincere cooperation and pains-taking involvement during the study and in completing the assignment of preparing the said project within the time stipulated. Lastly, We are thankful to all those, particularly the various friends , who have been instrumental in creating proper, healthy and conductive environment and including new and fresh innovative ideas for us during the project, their help, it would have been extremely difficult for us to prepare the project in a time bound framework.

-UPDESH

INTRODUCTION

Carbon nanotubes are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure. Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to 28,000,000:1, which is significantly larger than any other material. These cylindrical carbon molecules have novel properties that make them potentially useful in many applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics and other fields of materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields. They exhibit extraordinary strength and unique electrical properties, and are efficient thermal conductors. Their final usage, however, may be limited by their potential toxicity and controlling their property changes in response to chemical treatment. These are members of the fullerene structural family, which also includes the spherical buckyballs. The ends of a nanotube might be capped with a hemisphere of the buckyball structure. Their name is derived from their size, since the diameter of a nanotube is on the order of a few nanometers (approximately 1/50,000th of the width of a human hair), while they can be up to several millimeters in length (as of 2008). Nanotubes are categorized as single-walled nanotubes and multi-walled nanotubes. The nature of the bonding of a nanotube is described by applied quantum chemistry, specifically, orbital hybridization. The chemical bonding of nanotubes is composed entirely of sp2 bonds, similar to those of graphite.

HISTORY

1970: Morinobu Endo-- First carbon filaments of nanometer dimensions, as part of his PhD studies at the University of Orleans in France. He grew carbon fibers about 7 nm in diameter using a vapor-growth technique. Filaments were not recognized as nanotubes and were not studied. 1991:Sumio Iijima-- NEC Laboratory in Tsukuba-- used high-resolution transmission electron microscopy to observe carbon nanotubes. Giving the proper credit to who invented carbon nanotubes would not come along for another 20 years. In 1991 the true first invention of nanotube was finally made. It seems as though there was a race between Russian nanotechnologists and Sumio Iijima of IBM. The first observation of the multiwalled carbon nanotubes was credited to Iijima. There are some that hold the belief that in the 1950s there was an initial discovery of what could have possibly been seen as the first carbon nanotubes had Roger Bacon had the high powered electron microscope that would have been necessary. He was credited with the first visual impression of the tubes of atoms that roll up and are capped with fullerene molecules by many scientists in the field. Some state that his discovery just wasnt taken very seriously at the time because science did not know how this discovery could impact scientific research. It would be in 1993 that Iijima and Donald Bethune found single walled nanotubes known as buckytubes. This helped the scientific community make more sense out of not only the potential for nanotube research, but the use and existence of fullerenes.

Types of Carbon Nano Tubes 1Singled walled Neno Tubes

Most single-walled nanotubes have a diameter of close to 1 nanometer, with a tube length that can be many millions of times longer. The structure of a SWNT can be conceptualized by wrapping a one-atom-thick layer of graphite called grapheme into a seamless cylinder. The way the graphene sheet is wrapped is represented by a pair of indices (n,m) called the chiral vector. The integers n and m denote the number of unit vectors along two directions in the honeycomb crystal lattice of grapheme. If m = 0, the nanotubes are called "zigzag". If n = m, the nanotubes are called "armchair". Otherwise, they are called "chiral".

2- Multi Walled Neno Tubes

Multi-walled nanotubes consist of multiple rolled layers (concentric tubes) of graphite. There are two models which can be used to describe the structures of multi-walled nanotubes. In the Russian Doll model, sheets of graphite are arranged in concentric cylinders, e.g. a (0,8) single-walled nanotube (SWNT) within a larger (0,10) singlewalled nanotube. In the Parchment model, a single sheet of graphite is rolled in around itself, resembling a scroll of parchment or a rolled newspaper. The interlayer distance in multi-walled nanotubes is close to the distance between graphene layers in graphite, approximately 3.3 (330 pm).

STRUCTURE OF CNTS

CNTs are one of material of Carbon as well as 1-Graphite, 2-Diamond or 3-Fullerenes.

DIAMOND

GRAPHITE

FULLRENES

CLASSCIFICATION OF CARBON NENO TUBES

Classification of nanotube models,

(a) armchair, (b) zigzag and (c) chiral SWNTs

Nanotubes characteristic

123456-

Seemless cylindrical molecules Diameter as small as 1 nm. Length: a few nm. to serveral micron As a monoelemental polymer: Carbon atoms only As hexagonal network of carbon atoms CNTs are single molecules comprised of rolled up graphene sheets capped at each end.

Uses of Carbon NanoTubes

Since discovering them more than a decade ago, scientists have been exploring possible uses for carbon nanotubes, which exhibit electrical conductivity as high as copper, thermal conductivity as high as diamond, and as much as 100 times the strength of steel at one-sixth the weight. In order to capitalize on these properties, researchers and engineers need a set of tools -- in this case, chemical processes like pyrolytic fluorination -- that will allow them to cut, sort, dissolve and otherwise manipulate nanotubes. 1-- Molecular and Nanotube Memories Nanotubes hold promise for non-volatile memory; with a commercial prototype nanotube-based RAM predicted in 1-2 years, and terabit capacity memories ultimately possible. Similar promises have been made of molecular memory from several companies, with one projecting a low-cost memory based on molecule-sized cylinders by end 2004 that will have capacities appropriate for the flash memory market. These approaches offer non-volatile memory and if the predicted capacities of up to 1Tb can be achieved at appropriate cost then hard drives may no longer be necessary in PCs.

2--Laser applications heat up for carbon nanotubes Carbon nanotubes---tiny cylinders made of carbon atoms---conduct heat hundreds of times better than today's detector coating materials. Nanotubes are also resistant to laser damage and, because of their texture and crystal properties, absorb light efficiently.

3- Nanoelectronics Nanotubes are either conducting or semi-conducting depending upon their structure so they could be very useful in electronic circuitry. Nanotube Ropes/Fibers: These have great potential if the SWNT's can be made slightly longer they have the potential to become the next generation of carbon fibers. Carbon nanotubes additionally can also be used to produce nanowires of other chemicals, such as gold or zinc oxide. These nanowires in turn can be used to cast nanotubes of other chemicals, such as gallium nitride. These can have very different properties from CNTs ,while CNTs are hydrophobic, giving them possible uses in organic chemistry that CNTs could not be used for.

4- Display Technologies Nanomaterials will help extend the range of ways in which we display information. Several groups are promising consumer flat screens based on nanotubes by the end of 2003 or shortly after (Carbon nanotubes are excellent field emitters). E-paper is another much heralded application and nanoparticles figure in several approaches being investigated, some of which promise limited commercialization in the next year or two. Soft lithography is another technology being applied in this area.

Carbon nanotube fibers under an electron microscope Light Emitting Polymer Technology

Some Amazing facts and Applications

Carbon Nanotubes possess many unique and remarkable properties (chemical, physical, and mechanical), which make them desirable for many applications. The slender proportions of carbon nanotubes hide a staggering strength: it is estimated that they are 100 times stronger than steel at only one sixth of the weight - almost certainly the strongest fibres that will ever be made out of anything - strong enough even to build an elevator to space. In addition they conduct electricity better than copper and transmit heat better than diamond. Enhancements in miniaturization, speed and power consumption, size reduction of information processing devices, memory storage devices and flat displays for visualization are currently being developed The most immediate application for nanotubes is in making strong, lightweight materials. It will be possible to build a car that is lighter than its human driver, yet strong enough to survive a collision with a tank

Aircraft built with stronger and lighter materials will have longer life spans and will fly at higher temperatures, faster and more efficiently. Nanotubes are being explored as receptacles - storage tanks - for hydrogen molecules to be used in the fuel cell that could power automobiles of the future. Hydrogen does not produce pollution or greenhouse emissions when burned and is considered to be the clean energy of the future.

Some applications of Carbon Nanotubes

1- Micro-electronics / semiconductors 2- Conducting Composites 3- Controlled Drug Delivery/release 4- Artificial muscles 5- Supercapacitors 6- Batteries 7- Field emission flat panel displays 8- Field Effect transistors and Single electron transistors 9- Nano lithography 10- Nano electronics 11- Doping 12- Nano balance 13- Nano tweezers 14- Data storage 15- Magnetic nanotube nenogear 16- Nanotube actuator 17- Molecular Quantum wires 18- Hydrogen Storage1919- Noble radioactive gas storage 20- Solar storage 21- Waste recycling 22- Electromagnetic shielding 23- Dialysis Filters 24- Thermal protection 25- Nanotube reinforced composites

CHALLENGE AND FUTURE

Future applications:
1. Already in product: CNT tipped AFM 2. Big hit: CNT field effect transistors based nano electronics. 3. Futuristic: CNT based OLED, artificial muscles

Challenges
1. Manufacture: Important parameters are hard to control. 2. Large quantity fabrication process still missing. 3- Manipulation of nanotubes.

CONLUSSION

Their phenomenal mechanical properties, and unique electronic properties make them both interesting as well as potentially useful in future technologies. Significant improvement over current state of electronics can be achieved if controllable growth is achieved. Growth conditions play a significant role in deciding the electronic and mechanical properties of CNTs. Growth Mechanisms yet to be fully established.

BIBLOGHRAPHY

www.wikipedia.org www.chemisrty.org www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov fundamentamchemistry.org R. chang