PART V CONTINUANCE

OF THE

SPECIES

21
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
CHAPTER REVIEW
In males, spermatogenesis occurring in seminiferous tubules of the testes produces sperm that mature in the epididymides and may be stored in the vasa deferentia before entering the urethra, along with secretions produced by seminal vesicles, the prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands. Semen is ejaculated during male orgasm, when the penis is erect. Hormonal regulation, involving secretions from the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary, and the testes, maintains testosterone produced by the interstitial cells of the testes at a fairly constant level. In females, an egg produced by an ovary enters an oviduct, which leads to the uterus. The uterus opens into the vagina. The external genital area includes the vaginal opening, the clitoris, the labia minora, and the labia majora. In the nonpregnant female, the ovarian and uterine cycles, are under hormonal control of the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone. If fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum is maintained because of HCG production. Progesterone production does not cease, and the embryo implants itself in the thick uterine lining. Estrogen and progesterone maintain the secondary sex characteristics of females, including less body hair than males, a wider pelvic girdle, a more rounded appearance, and development of breasts. Infertile couples are increasingly resorting to alternative methods of reproduction. Numerous birth-control methods and devices are available for those who wish to prevent pregnancy. Sexually transmitted diseases include AIDS; herpes, which repeatedly flares up; genital warts, which lead to cancer of the cervix; gonorrhea and chlamydia, which cause pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); and syphilis, which has cardiovascular and neurological complications if untreated.

S T U DY E X E R C I S E S
Study the text section by section as you answer the questions that follow.

21.1 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (P . 420)

The male reproductive system is designed for the continuous production of a large number of sperm within a fluid medium.

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1. Using the alphabetized list of terms and blanks provided, identify and state a function for the parts of the human male reproductive system shown in the following diagram. bulbourethral gland epididymis penis prostate gland seminal vesicles testis urethra urinary bladder vas deferens
Structure Function

a. ______________________ b. ______________________ c. ______________________ d. ______________________ e. ______________________ f. ______________________ g. ______________________ h. ______________________ i. ______________________

2. Write ST beside the statements that apply to the seminiferous tubules and IC beside the statements that apply to the interstitial cells. a.______ produce androgens b.______ produce sperm c.______ controlled by FSH d.______ controlled by LH

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3. Trace the path of sperm through the male reproductive system. Testes to the a.________________________ to the vas deferens to the b.________________________. 4. What three organs add secretions to seminal fluid?
a. b. c.

________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________

5. What is the general function of these secretions?

6. The process of sperm production is called a.________________________. This occurs inside

b.

_______________________ tubules inside each testis. Helper cells, known as c.____________________ cells,

nourish and regulate the developing sperm cells. 7. Mature sperm cells have three parts: a.___________________, b.___________________ and c.___________________. There is also an enzyme-containing d.___________________ at the end to allow entrance into the cell layers surrounding the ovum. What section of a sperm cell contains the mitochondria that provide energy for motility?
e.

___________________

8. Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Rewrite the false statements to make true statements. a.______ Testosterone exerts negative feedback control over the anterior pituitary secretion of LH. Rewrite: _________________________________________________________________________________________________ b.______ Inhibin exerts negative feedback control over anterior pituitary secretion of FSH. Rewrite: _________________________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What are some of the effects of testosterone on the development of secondary sexual characteristics? Rewrite:

21.2 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM (P . 424)

The female reproductive system is designed for the monthly production of an egg and preparation of the uterus to house the developing fetus.

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10. Using the alphabetized list of terms and the blanks provided, identify and state a function for the parts of the human female reproductive structures and those urinary structures in the following diagram. cervix ovary oviduct urethra urinary bladder uterus vagina

Structure a. _____________________________ b. _____________________________ c. _____________________________ d. _____________________________ e. _____________________________ f. _____________________________ g. _____________________________

Function

11. When sperm enter the female reproductive tract, they are deposited into the a._______________________. From there, they pass through the b._______________________ of the uterus. They swim up through the
c._______________________ until they reach the egg cell. 12. Label the following diagram of the vulva, using the alphabetized list of terms. anus glans clitoris labia majora labia minora mons pubis urethra vagina

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21.3 FEMALE HORMONE LEVELS (P . 427)

Hormones control the monthly reproductive cycle in females and play a significant role in maintaining pregnancy, should it occur. 13. Match the items in the key to the phrases that follow. Key FSH LH progesterone estrogen a. __________________ gonadotropic hormones b. __________________ female sex hormones c. __________________ primarily secreted by follicle d. __________________ primarily secreted by corpus luteum 14. Each a.___________________ in the ovary contains an oocyte egg. A secondary follicle develops into a(n)
b.

____________________ follicle. c.___________________ is the release of the secondary oocyte (egg) from the

ovary. Following ovulation, a follicle becomes a(n) d.___________________. 15. What are some of the effects of estrogen on the development of secondary sexual characteristics?

16. Ovarian and uterine cycles (simplified, and assuming a 28-day cycle). Fill in the table to indicate the events in these two cycles.
Ant. Pit. FSH Ovarian Cycle Phases Follicular (days 113) a. Events Uterine Cycle Phases b. (days 15) d. (days 613) Ovulation (day 14) LH Luteal (days 1528) f. g. (days 1528) h. c. Events

e.

17. Indicate whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). Rewrite the false statements to make true statements. a. ______ Pregnancy occurs as soon as fertilization occurs. Rewrite: b. ______ HCG prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum. Rewrite: c. ______ During pregnancy, ovulation continues because estrogen and progesterone are still present. Rewrite:

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21.4 CONTROL

OF

REPRODUCTION (P . 431)

Birth-control measures vary in effectiveness from those that are very effective to those that are minimally effective. There are alternative methods of reproduction today, including in vitro fertilization followed by introduction to the uterus. 18. Following are two groups of birth-control measures. Rank the members of each group from the best (1) to the worst (4) on the basis of effectiveness. A B a. _____ coitus interruptus e. _____ vasectomy b. _____ spermicidal jelly/cream f. _____ natural family planning c. _____ condom + spermicide g. _____ diaphragm + spermicide d. _____ natural family planning h. _____ IUD 19. The two common causes of infertility in females are a.______________________________________ caused by
b.

________________________ and c.__________________________ caused by d.___________________________.

20. The most common cause of infertility in males is a._____________________ caused by b._______________________. 21. In which alternative reproductive method is the egg fertilized in laboratory glassware?

21.5 SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (P . 435)

There are several serious and prevalent sexually transmitted diseases. 22. AIDS, genital herpes, and genital warts are a. ___________ sexually transmitted diseases that do not respond to antibiotics. Gonorrhea and chlamydia are treatable with b. __________________ therapy but are not always promptly diagnosed. AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) is caused by a group of retroviruses known as c. _____________ (human immunodeficiency viruses). HIV attaches to a proteinin the plasma membrane called a d. ____________ receptor. Once inside the host cells, HIV uses an enzyme called e. _________________________ to make a DNA copy of its RNA genetic material. The DNA copy integrates into a host chromosome and makes more viral RNA. During an f. __________________ carrier stage, there are usually no symptoms, yet the person is highly infectious. Symptoms of pre-AIDS begin to appear several months to several years after infection. The final stage of HIV infection is called g. ______________, in which a person has a severe depletion of helper T lymphocytes and/or hasan opportunistic infection. 23. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) therapy ;uses two drugs that inhibit a. _______ and one that inhibits protease needed for b. _________. The largest proportion of people with AIDS are c. _____________________ men, but the proportions attributed to intravenous drug users and heterosexuals is rising. Essentially HIV is spread by passing virus-infected T lymphocytes found in d. __________ or in blood from one person to another. Genital herpes is caused by the e. ___________ virus, type 2. After the ulcers heal, the disease is only dormant, and blisters can reoccur repeatedly. 24. Genital warts are caused by the human a. ________________________ (HPVs), which are sexually transmitted and are now associated with cancer of the cervix and other tumors. Gonorrhea is caused by the bacterium b. _____________________________ . In the male, a typical symptom of gonorrhea is a thick, greenish yellow urethral discharge 3-5 days after contact. In females, it may spread to the oviducts causing c. _____________________________ disease (PID). 25. Chlamydia is named for the bacterium a. _____________________________. Chlamydial infections of the genitals are the most common cause of b. _______________________ urethritis (NGU). Syphilis is caused by a bacterium called c. __________________________ and can be treated with penicillin. During the d. _____________ stage of syphilis, a hard chancre (ulcerated sore with hard edges) indicates the site of infection. During the secondary stage, the victim breaks out in a e. _________ that does not itch. During the f. _____________ stage, syphilis may affect the cardiovascular and nervous systems.

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CHAPTER TEST
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Do not refer to the text when taking this test. ____ 1. The vas deferens a. becomes erect. b. carries sperm. c. is surrounded by the prostate gland. d. runs through bulbourethral glands. ____ 2. The prostate gland a. is removed when a vasectomy is performed. b. is not needed to maintain the secondary sex characteristics. c. receives urine from the bladder. d. almost never becomes cancerous. ____ 3. Which gland or organ secretes hormones? a. seminal vesicles b. prostate gland c. bulbourethral gland d. testes ____ 4. FSH a. stimulates sperm production in males. b. stimulates development of the follicle in females. c. is produced by the anterior pituitary. d. All of these are correct. ____ 5. Gonadotropic hormones are produced by the a. testes. b. ovaries. c. anterior pituitary. d. uterus. ____ 6. Which hormone stimulates the production of testosterone? a. LH b. FSH c. estrogen d. inhibin ____ 7. Which hormone regulates the production of testosterone? a. LH b. FSH c. estrogen d. inhibin ____ 8. The urethra is part of the reproductive tract in a. the female. b. the male. c. both the male and female. d. invertebrates. ____ 9. Which chromosome contains genes that determine whether a developing embryo develops into a female or male? a. X chromosome b. Y chromosome c. chromosome #3 d. chromosome #21 ____10. The endometrium a. lines the vagina. b. is involved in the formation of the placenta. c. produces estrogen. d. None of these is correct. ____11. The uterus a. is connected to both the oviducts and vagina. b. is not an endocrine gland. c. contributes to the development of the placenta. d. All of these are correct. ____12. Which structure is present after ovulation? a. primary follicle b. secondary follicle c. Graafian follicle d. corpus luteum ____13. Ovulation occurs a. due to hormonal changes. b. always on day 14. c. in postmenopausal women. d. as a result of intercourse. ____14. Which of these secretes hormones involved in the ovarian cycle? a. hypothalamus b. anterior pituitary gland c. ovary d. All of these are correct. ____15. FSH stimulates the a. release of an egg cell from the follicle. b. development of a follicle. c. development of the endometrium. d. beginning of menstrual flow. ____16. Secretions from which of the following structures are required before implantation can occur? a. the ovarian follicle b. the pituitary gland c. the corpus luteum d. All of these are correct. ____17. Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) is different from other gonadotropic hormones because it a. is produced by the maternal portion of the placenta. b. is not produced by a female endocrine gland. c. does not stimulate any tissue in the body. d. does not enter the bloodstream. ____18. Pregnancy begins a. when an egg is fertilized. b. when ovulation occurs. c. upon successful implantation. d. during the follicular phase.

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____19. Menstruation begins in response to a. increasing estrogen levels. b. decreasing progesterone levels. c. changes in blood chemistry. d. secretion of FSH. ____20. What do all the birth-control methods have in common? a. They all use some device. b. They all interrupt intercourse. c. They are all terribly expensive and uncomfortable. d. None of these is correct. ____21. A vasectomy a. prevents the egg from reaching the oviduct. b. prevents sperm from reaching seminal fluid. c. prevents release of seminal fluid. d. inhibits sperm production. ____22. Which of these means of birth control prevents implantation? a. diaphragm b. IUD c. cervical cap d. vaginal sponge ____23. In vitro fertilization occurs in a. the vagina. b. a surrogate mother. c. laboratory glassware. d. the uterus.

____24. The ____________________ system provides nutrients for the growth of a developing fetus. a. digestive b. respiratory c. muscular d. lymphatic ____25. Androgens from the reproductive system stimulate the growth of skeletal muscle from which system? a. digestive system b. muscular system c. urinary system d. respiratory system ____26. Which sexually transmitted disease is classified as a retrovirus? a. AIDS b. genital herpes c. genital warts d. gonorrhea e. chlamydia ____27. Which sexually transmitted disease is due to a papillomavirus? a. AIDS b. genital herpes c. genital warts d. gonorrhea e. chlamydia

THOUGHT QUESTIONS
Answer in complete sentences. 28. How does the structure of a sperm suit its function?

29. Why do you expect to find sex hormones from the ovaries in pregnant women but not in menopausal women?

Test Results: _______ number correct 29 = _________ 100 = _______%

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ANSWER KEY
STUDY EXERCISES
1. a. urinary bladder; stores urine b. vas deferens; conducts and stores sperm c. prostate gland; contributes to seminal fluid d. urethra; conducts both urine and sperm e. penis; organ of sexual intercourse f. seminal vesicles; contribute to seminal fluid g. bulbourethral gland; contributes nutrients and fluid to semen h. epididymis; stores sperm as they mature i. testis; production of sperm and male sex hormones 2. a. IC b. ST c. ST d. IC 3. a. epididymis b. urethra 4. a. seminal vesicles b. prostate gland c. bulbourethral glands 5. To nourish sperm cells, to increase motility of sperm cells, and for lubrication. 6. a. spermatogenesis b. seminiferous c. sustentacular (Sertoli) 7. a. head b. midpiece c. tail d. acrosome e. midpiece 8. a. T b. T 9. Testosterone deepens the voice, promotes the development of muscles and body and facial hair, increases secretions from oil glands, and promotes the development of the sexual organs. 10. a. oviduct; conduction of egg b. ovary; production of eggs and sex hormones c. uterus; houses developing fetus d. urinary bladder; storage of urine e. urethra; conduction of urine f. cervix; opening of uterus g. vagina; receives penis during sexual intercourse and serves as birth canal 11. a. vagina b. cervix c. oviduct 12. a. mons pubis b. labia majora c. glans clitoris d. labia minora e. urethra f. vagina g. anus 13. a. FSH and LH b. progesterone and estrogen c. estrogen d. progesterone 14. a. follicle b. Graafian c. Ovulation d. corpus luteum 15. Estrogen promotes the deposition of body fat, the maturation and maintenance of the sexual organs, and breast development. 16. a. follicle matures and produces egg and estrogen b. menstruation c. endometrium breaks down d. proliferative e. endometrium rebuilds f. corpus luteum produces progesterone g. secretory h. endometrium thickens and glands are secretory 17. a. F; Pregnancy occurs as soon as implantation occurs. b. T c. F. During pregnancy, ovulation discontinues because estrogen and progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum and the placenta exert feedback control over the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary. 18. a. 3 b. 2 c. 1 d. 4 e. 1 f. 4 g. 3 h. 2 19. a. blocked oviducts b. PID c. failure to ovulate d. low body weight 20. a. low sperm count or large proportion of abnormal sperm b. environmental factors 21. In vitro fertilization 22. a. viral b. antibiotic c. HIV d. CD4 e. reverse transcriptase f. asymptomatic g. slim disease 23. a. reverse transcriptase b. viral assembly c. homosexual d. semen e. herpes simplex 24. a. papillomaviruses b. Neisseria gonorrhoeae c. pelvic inflammatory 25. a. Chlamydia trachomatis b. nongonococcal c. Treponema pallidum d. primary e. rash f. tertiary

CHAPTER TEST
1. b 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. c 6. a 7. d 8. b 9. b 10. b 11. d 12. d 13. a 14. d 15. b 16. d 17. b 18. c 19. b 20. d 21. b 22. b 23. c 24. a 25. b 26. a 27. c 28. A sperm functions to fertilize an egg, and its various parts are specialized; for example, the head is capped by the acrosome, which releases enzymes that allow the sperm to penetrate the egg; the head contains 23 chromosomes; the midpiece contains mitochondria that provide energy; and the tail is a flagellum that allows the sperm cell to swim. 29. The ovaries do not secrete female sex hormones in pregnant women or in menopausal women. During pregnancy, however, ovarian hormones are replaced by hormones secreted by the placenta. The placental hormones help to maintain the uterine lining, and thus, the pregnancy.

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