INTRODUCTION

Fossil fuels are one of the major sources of energy in the world today. Their popularity can be accounted to easy usability, availability and cost effectiveness. But the limited reserves of fossil fuels are a great concern owing to fast depletion of the reserves due to increase in worldwide demand. Fossil fuels are the major source of atmospheric pollution in todays world. So efforts are on to find alternative sources for this depleting energy source. Even though new technologies have come up which have made solar, wind or tidal energy sources easily usable but still they are not so popular due to problems in integration with existing technology and processes. So, efforts are being directed towards finding energy sources which are similar to the present day fuels so that they can be used as direct substitutes. Diesel fuel serves as a major source of energy, mainly in the transport sector.

CHEMICALS USED FOR PRODUCTION Biodiesel cannot produce without heat and without chemicals. The chemicals needed are few and easily obtained. However, it is necessary to take risk and must be handling carefully. Insure that the safety equipments listed in this report are available. 3.2.1. Sodium hydroxide Ensure that we use Sodium hydroxide (NaOH). While this is more expensive than sodium hydroxide, it dissolves much more easily in the methanol. NaOH of 85% purity and above can used, though the higher purity level, the better our process will work. 3.2.2. Methanol

Methanol is readily available in many different forms. Make sure that we get methanol and not ethanol: ethanol will not work for this process. In addition, check the manufactures label to ensure that it is methanol and not white gas. We should be able to find both chemicals through local stores. However, if we cannot locate them in our local area, the internet is handy source. Just ensure that we know the purity and contents of what we are purchasing. A repeatable source is vital for our production. 3.2.3. Phenolphthalein It is used as indicator in titration. Due to this indicator, mixture of 0.1NaOH and isopropyl alcohol with oil colour changes from colourless to pale pink

3.3. EQUIPMENTS USED FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION 3.3.1. HEATERThis is place inside, at the bottom of the container. To heat the pongamia and jatropha oil. 3.3.2. STIRRING EQUIPMENTS Used to mix the chemical products with oil. 3.3.3. THERMOMETERTo measure the temperature of products. 3.3.4. GLASS TUBE-

To measure the water level at the container. 3.3.5. BEAKERThis is used to prepare the methoxide. 3.3.6. CONTAINERThis is small container, in which we put all the products which are required to produce biodiesel.

Fossil fuels are one of the major sources of energy in the world today. Their popularity can be accounted to easy usability, availability and cost effectiveness. But the limited reserves of fossil fuels are a great concern owing to fast depletion of the reserves due to increase in worldwide demand. Fossil fuels are the major source of atmospheric pollution in todays world. So efforts are on to find alternative sources for this depleting energy source. Even though new technologies have come up which have made solar, wind or tidal energy sources easily usable but still they are not so popular due to problems in integration with existing technology and processes. So, efforts are being directed towards finding energy sources which are similar to the present day fuels so that they can be used as direct substitutes. Diesel fuel serves as a major source of energy, mainly in the transport sector. Fossil fuels are one of the major sources of energy in the world today. Their popularity can be accounted to easy usability, availability and cost effectiveness. But the limited reserves of fossil fuels are a great concern owing to fast depletion of the reserves due to increase in worldwide demand. Fossil fuels are the major source of atmospheric pollution in todays world. So efforts are on to find

alternative sources for this depleting energy source. Even though new technologies have come up which have made solar, wind or tidal energy sources easily usable but still they are not so popular due to problems in integration with existing technology and processes. So, efforts are being directed towards finding energy sources which are similar to the present day fuels so that they can be used as direct substitutes. Diesel fuel serves as a major source of energy, mainly in the transport sector. Bio-diesel is replacement fuel that is manufactured from vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils and animal fats. Because plants produced oils from sunlight and air, and we can do so year after year on crop land, these oils are renewable. Animal fats are produced when the animal consumes plant oils and other fats and they are renewable. As per ASTM, bio-diesel is chemical composed of mono alkyl ester as long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and recycled cooking oils and animal fats. The bio-diesel thus obtained is designated at B100. Linseed oil, jathropa, sunflower oil, neem-oil are commonly used oil for production of bio-diesel.

offer plenty of space. Some come prewired for electricity, and have windows for ventilation, though this can also be added to other models. Regardless of where we decide to put our production equipment, ensure that there is plenty of room for the processor and other assorted necessities. 3.1.2. Safety Goggles These handy little devices will keep biodiesel, lye and methanol out of our eyes during production. Lye is specially caustic and can cause blindness if care is not exercised during use.

3.1.3. Chemical Resistant Apron Yes, it is necessary to wear an apron while concocting our fuel. By eliminating contact between skin/clothing and our chemicals, we can help ensure our safety. The apron chosen should be of vinyl and long enough to come just above our knees. 3.1.4. Protective Gloves Never, handle biodiesel or additives without the aid of heavy-duty protective gloves. In addition, rubber gloves are not a viable choice due to the corrosive effects of biodiesel on rubber. Nit riles PVC gloves are a good choice. These are disposable and should not degrade due to contact with biodiesel. 3.1.5. Heavy Clothing Finally, make sure that heavy clothing should be wear during production. Wear jeans, a long-sleeved shirt and appropriate foot wear. Heavier clothing helps eliminate inadvertent contact with biodiesel and associated chemicals. 3.1.6. Face mask Wearing a face mask can help reduce the amount of vapours we inhale. In addition never work with biodiesel without proper ventilation. Ensure that there are several open windows in our work area to allow vapours to be dissipated. A SCUBA apparatus is the best choice, as organic canisters do not filter out methanol fumes.

1. Seeds and leaves are toxic to human beings and animals

2. Toxicity is based on several components (phorbol esters, curcains, trypsin inhibitors and others) which make complete detoxification.

3. Incomplete combustion, characterized by nozzle choking, engine deposits, lubricating oil dilution, ring sticking, scuffing of the engine cylinder liners, injection nozzle failure and lubricant failure due to polymerization of the vegetable oil. By using Bio-diesel from renewable sources such as agriculture products, agro industry residues, Re cycled cooking oils; there is a reduction in the disposal costs of government and industry. Bio-diesel Reduces emissions. Bio-diesel is non-toxic, bio degradable. Blends of Bio- diesel accelerate the combustion process. The exhaust smells better than that of petrol diesel engine. It freezes at lower temperature. Bio-diesel has more energy, it has higher cetane rating. Bio-diesel gives lower engine wear.

 By using Bio-diesel from renewable sources such as agriculture products, agro industry residues, Re cycled cooking oils; there is a reduction in the disposal costs of government and industry. Bio-diesel Reduces emissions. Bio-diesel is non-toxic, bio degradable. Blends of Bio- diesel accelerate the combustion process. The exhaust smells better than that of petrol diesel engine. It freezes at lower temperature. Bio-diesel has more energy, it has higher cetane rating. Bio-diesel gives lower engine wear. 1. Seeds and leaves are toxic to human beings and animals

2.

Toxicity is based on several components (phorbol esters, curcains, trypsin

inhibitors and others) which make complete detoxification.

3.

Incomplete combustion, characterized by nozzle choking, engine deposits,

lubricating oil dilution, ring sticking, scuffing of the engine cylinder liners, injection nozzle failure and lubricant failure due to polymerization of the vegetable oil.

4.

Brake thermal efficiency is lower, brake specific fuel consumption are

higher compared to diesel.

5.

Exhaust emissions such as smoke, CO, and Un-burnt hydrocarbons

emissions are higher compared to those of diesel. When the engine is