High Voltage Engineering Time Allotted: 3 hours Full marks: 70

The figures in the margin indicate full marks Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as per far as practicable

PART A (Multiple choice type Questions) 1. Answer any TEN questions

I).Finite Element Method can be used onl with !a) fields which are bounded !b) fields which are unbounded !c ) fields which are both bounded and unbounded !d) when high accurac is not required II)." unique feature of the #oundar Element Method is that !a) it can be used for electric fields which are uniform onl !b) it can be used onl with bounded fields

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!c) electric field are proportional to the charge densities on an enclosed electrode which is simulated b real charges !d) none of the above. III). $pen geometr does not pose an problem with !a) boundar element method !b) charge simulation method !c) finite difference method !d) resistance analog method I%). "ccording to Townsend current growth process the current !I) in a uniform electric field gap is (a) (b) (c ) %). Ioni&ation coefficients '( ) are functions of !a) applied voltage !b) pressure and temperature !c ) electric field !d) ratio of electric field to pressure %I).Time lag for breakdown is !a) Time difference between instant of applied voltage and occurrence of breakdown !b) Time taken for the voltage to rise before breakdown occurs. !c) Time required for gas to breakdown under pulse application (d) *one of the above. %II). +treamer breakdown e,plain the phenomena of electrical breakdown of !a) %er short spark gaps. !b) -hen pd is less than ./// torr0cm. !c) %er long gaps where field is non0uniform !d) +park gaps sub1ected to impulse voltage.

%III).2aschen3s law states that !a) #reakdown voltage is a function of electric field !b) #reakdown voltage is a function of pd !c) ' and ) depends on E4p !d) Electronegative gases have high breakdown voltage. I5). The parameters that affect the breakdown strength of liquids is !a) 6 drostatic pressure and temperature !b) 7issolved impurities !c) 7ielectric constant !d) 2ressure( temperature( dissolved impurities and suspended particles 5). Conduction and breakdown in commercial liquids is affected b !a) solid particles !b) vapour or air bubbles !c ) electrode material !d) all of the above 5I). The usual mechanism of breakdown in solid dielectrics is !a) Intrinsic breakdown !b) electromechanical breakdown !c) Thermal breakdown !d) chemical breakdown

5II). 8ong0term deterioration and breakdown occurs in solid dielectrics due to !a) Thermal phenomenon !b) surface discharges !c) Internal discharges 5III).#reakdown is permanent in !a) 9ases !c) +olids !d) treeing phenomenon !b) liquids !d) in all the three

5I%) Time to front of a impulse voltage wave form is defined as !a) ..:; times the interval between /.. to /.< of peak value !b) Time interval between /.. to /.< of peak value !c) ..=> times the interval between /.? to /.< of peak value !d) ..:; times the interval between /.? to /.< of peak value. 5%).The peak value of lightning stroke currents are of the order !a) .// " !b) ./// " !c) ./to .// @" !d) ./= "

5%I). The #I8 of a power s stem is usuall chosen as !a) :;A to ?/A more than the protective level offered b the protective devices !surge arresters etc) !b) ;/A more than the protective level offered b the protective devices !surge arresters etc) !c) ; to ./A more than the protective level offered b the protective devices !surge arresters etc) !d) 6ighest lightning surge voltage e,pected 5%II) #asic impulse level !#I8) of a power s stem is defined as

!a) The minimum insulation impulse withstand voltage of an power equipment or apparatus !b) The ma,imum power frequenc withstand voltage of an power equipment or apparatus !c) The minimum power frequenc withstand voltage of an power equipment or apparatus !d) The peak value of highest s stem voltages. 5%III). The electric field developed within clouds before a lightning stroke occurs can be of the order of !a) /.. @%4cm !b) ../ @%4cm !c) .// @%4cm !d) ./ @%4cm

5I5). 2artial discharge inception voltage is defined as !a) The rms value of suppl voltage at which partial discharge occur !b) The lowest value of the voltage at which discharge disappears when the voltage is reduced !c) The lowest value of the voltage at which discharge appears when the voltage is increased !d) The voltage at which corona discharge starts. 55) 8oss of charge method is used to determine !a) Insulation resistance !b) dielectric constant !c) 8oss factor B !tanC) !d) rate of charging of a capacitor

PAERT#$ (%hort Answer Questions) Answer any THREE questions :.

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!a) 7efine the Townsend3s first ioni&ation coefficient. -ill it remain constant in a non0 uniform fieldD !b) E,plain the ph sical significance of the Townsend3s criterion for breakdown. !c )7efine intrinsic strength of a solid insulating material. !d) -hat is meant b tracking in solid insulating materialD !e) -hat do ou mean b a :/// @%( ..:4;/ impulse voltageD !g) 8ist the different methods of generation of charged particles for initiation of gaseous discharge. !h) -hat are the requirements of a sphere gap for measurement of high voltagesD !i) -hat is 2aschen3s lawD !1) -hat are the causes for switching and power frequenc overvoltagesD 6ow are the controlled in power s stemsD !k)-hat is a trigatron gapD E,plain its functions and operation. !l) 7efine the front and tail times of an impulse wave. -hat are the tolerances allowed as per the specificationsD !m) E,plain the difference between photo0ioni&ation and photo0electric emission. ?

!o) 7iscuss the relative advantages and disadvantages of different numerical methods for solution of field problem. PART#( ()ong Answer Questions) Answer any THREE questions (&!1'"*') ?. -hat is ioni&ationD E,plain the process of self sustained discharge in a gaseous medium as put forward b Townsend. ?E.: F. +how graphicall the relation between the breakdown field strength of a gas and the gas pressure for a uniform field with a constant electrode separation. 9ive a ph sical e,planation of the curve. ;E./ ;. #riefl dielectrics. enumerate the various theories that e,plain breakdown in commercial liquid .;

=. E,plain how internal discharge through solid dielectrics lead to breakdown. E,plain the phenomenon of thermal breakdown in solid dielectrics. GE> >. -ith a net diagram e,plain the principle of operation of a series resonant circuit for generating high ac test voltage. -hat are the advantages of series resonant circuitD ./E; G. -ith a net sketch e,plain the operation of a four stage cascade connection of testing transformers for producing high ac power frequenc voltage. -h should the lowest unit have the ma,imum power ratingD ./E; <. E,plain with the help of a schematic diagram the working of a Cockroft0-alton voltage multiplier circuit. Find the e,pression of ripple in output voltage. ./E; ./. -ith a net sketch e,plain the operation of a multi0stage Mar, impulse generator circuit. -h is controlled triggering required in an impulse generatorD ./E; ... E,plain the different theories of charge formation in clouds. -hat are the different methods emplo ed for lightning protection of overhead linesD ./E; .:. -hat is meant b insulation co0ordinationD 6ow are the protective devices chosen for optimal insulation level in a power s stemD -hat is #I8D ;E>E? .?. E,plain the high voltage +chering #ridge for the tanC measurement for insulators or bushing. 7efine Hcomple, permittivit I. ./E; .F. -hat are partial discharges and how are the detected under power frequenc operating conditionsD ;E./ .;. -hat are the requirements of a sphere gap for measurement of high voltagesD 7iscuss the effects of !i) nearb earthed ob1ects !ii) humidit and !iii) dust particles on the measurements using sphere gaps. =E< .=. 7iscuss the problems associated with peak voltmeter circuits using passive elements for measurement of high voltages. 7raw the circuit developed b Jabus and e,plain how this circuit F

overcomes the above limitations. .>. -rite notes on an three of the following K L.; i) Thermal breakdown in solid ii) iii) Testing Transformer +uspended particle breakdown in liquid MMMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMM MMMMMMMMMMMMMM

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