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Some guides on enzyme selection

R. D. Mateo, Ph. D., S. Hwang, Ph. D. and P. K. S. Chu, Ph. D.

Introduction

Feed cost is the probably the biggest single contributory factor to the overall production cost. Thus, it is vital that producers should maximize nutrient utilization from available conventional and alternative feed ingredients. Enzymes have become an integral part of the animal and feed industry as a tool not only to increase utilization of raw materials but also to decrease feed cost. However, with the ever increasing number of enzyme preparations in the market today, the question arises: How do we select an enzyme preparation to use? A few points to consider Enzyme activity and substrate availability It is very common that most diets especially in the SEA region for both poultry and swine will contain one or more by products which are cheaper than conventional ingredients but are very high in fiber. Unfortunately monogastric animals including both swine and poultry usually lack the necessary enzymes required to breakdown the fiber component thereby leading to inefficient utilization of energy and nutrients. Furthermore, the variability among by products also entails a variety of possible substrates that will require enzymatic degradation as shown in Table 1. This also indicates suggest that an enzyme preparation should contain enzymes not only for corn and SBM but should also contain enzymes specific for alternative ingredients such as the ones mentioned earlier. In short, enzyme selection should contain specific enzymes targeting specific substrates contained in the different available feed ingredients utilized in swine and poultry diets.

Table 1. NSP contents of common feed ingredients Feed ingredient Beta- glucan xylans Galactosides SBM 20 56 Copra meal N/A N/A N/A Wheat 5 61 1.2 Corn 1 43 3 Rice bran N/A N/A 0.2

Mannans 15 250 1 0.9 3.2

A commercial farm trial was conducted using a total of 60 pigs randomly assigned to one of two experimental diets containing rice bran and copra meal supplemented with or without the multi-enzyme EndoPower (Easy Bio System, Inc.). The duration of the experiment lasted from 55 d to 74 d of age. Parameters measured included body weight, ADG and FCR. Composition of experimental diets is shown in Table 1. Both diets contained 3180 Kcal ME/kg, 18.4% CP, and 1.2% lysine on a total basis. In summary results indicate that multi-enzyme supplementation to diets is a cost effective way to facilitate the more effective use of alternative raw materials (Table 2).

Table 2. Efficacy of EndoPower on growth and economic performance of starter pigs (55 to 74 d of age) fed diets containing high levels of rice bran (15%) and copra meal (8%) Parameter Endonase Control Initial wt, kg 17 16.1 Final wt, kg 24.5 22.7 ADG, kg 0.400 0.361 FCR Cost PhP/kg Cost savings PhP/ kg 1.65 18.43 0.39 1.82 18.82

A feeding trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of the same multi-enzyme preparation on different grain based diets on broiler chicken performance. A total of 350 day old broiler chicks were purchased, group brooded and fed with a chick pre-starter diet for one week. Treatments were as follows: 1) corn based diets + Enzyme; and 2) Wheat based diets + enzyme. Both corn based and wheat based starter and finisher diets were formulated to contain 20% and 18.5% CP, respectively. Both diets contained 2850 Kcal ME/kg diet and supplemented with required minerals, vitamins, and amino acids. Table 3. shows the ingredients and calculated nutrient contents of experimental diets. Experimental birds were fed with their respective starter and finisher diet from 8 to 28 and 29 to 42 days of age, respectively. Artificial light was provided to allow the birds to consume feed and drink water during the night. Body weight and gain were measured periodically including feed efficiency and consumption. At the end of the trial both livability and dressing percentage were recorded. In summary, results of the trial indicate that multi-enzyme supplementation was effective in wheat based diets (Table 3). Table 3. Growth performance of broiler chickens fed corn or wheat based diets 1 supplemented with Endo Power Treatment Corn Initial wt. 142.20 Weight gain, g 1665.80 Feed consumed 3843.80 Feed efficiency 2.31 Dressing % 76.80 Livability 100 1 ns, not significant (P > 0.05). Item Wheat 143.10 1804.90 3892.40 2.15 78.99 100 P value ns ns ns ns ns ns

A study was conducted by researchers at JBS United, Inc. (Spencer et al., 2007) to determine the efficacy of a multi enzyme preparation in piglet diets with corn-DDGS included at 30%. The study involved a total of 300 piglets weighing 9.0 kg at around 31 days of age randomly allotted by weight to one of three treatment groups. The first group was fed a conventional corn-soy diet (61.5% corn and 28.5% soybean). A diet (35.5% corn and 24.5% soybean) containing 30% corn-DDGS without enzyme supplementation and a diet containing 30% DDGS supplemented with a multi-enzyme preparation was fed to treatment groups two and three, respectively. Results indicate that the addition DDGS improved gain to feed ratio Furthermore, enzyme supplementation allowed for improvements in ADG and gain:feed by 6 and 8%, respectively by nursery piglets fed diets containing high levels of DDGS (Table 4). Table 4. Efficacy of Endonase on the growth of pigs fed high levels of corn-DDGS 30% DDGS+ Parameter Corn-soy 30% DDGS Multi-enzyme SEM ADG, g/d 0.530a 0.540b 0.560c 0.011 G:F ratio 0.665a 0.722b 0.713b 0.007 1 abc : P < 0.05 (Adapted from Spencer et al., 2007).
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In Vitro studies using the sugar release test also indicate that indeed not all enzymes perform the same especially when faced with a wide range of raw materials (Figure 1 - 5).

Figure 1. Concentration of sugar released from corn and SBM (7:3) by different available commercial enzyme preparations.

Figure 2. Concentration of sugar released from DDGS by different available commercial enzyme preparations.

Figure 3. Concentration of sugar released from Tapioca (cassava meal) by different available commercial enzyme preparations.

Figure 4. Concentration of sugar released from Palm kernel meal by different available commercial enzyme preparations.

Figure 5. Concentration of sugar released from Rape seed meal by different commercial enzyme preparations.

Stability It is generally known that enzymatic activity is affected by different factors such pH and temperature. Enzymes which are capable of significantly withstanding such factors will allow producers to maximize the potential benefits of such preparations. Stability under acidic conditions: It is not enough that the enzyme preparation contains high enzymatic activity primarily because these preparations are included in feed, they will have to survive different pH conditions encountered in the GI tract especially the stomach. Thus, the very high levels of enzymatic activity the enzyme preparation possesses will mean nothing since enzymes are proteins and can be degraded by proteases normally released by the gut. The enzyme preparation of choice should be proven to be stable under a range of acidic pH conditions.

Figure 1. Relative enzymatic activity of different available commercial enzymes after being subjected to different pH conditions (2-5 pH). Stability under high temperature: Feeds may also go through different processing conditions such as pelleting. This process requires high temperatures of up to 85 degree Celsius or more. As mentioned earlier, enzymes are proteins and as such can be degraded by high temperatures and resulting in lost or even complete eradication of enzymatic activity. Thus, similar to the required stability of enzyme preparations under acidic conditions the same applies to high temperatures. The enzyme preparation should be able to provide data or be tested on actual relative activity after undergoing such feed processes.

Figure 2. Relative enzymatic activity of different available commercial enzymes after being subjected to high temperatures (105C ; 1~3 min).

Conclusion In summary, the article provides producers and feed manufacturers some guides to consider when choosing a commercial enzyme preparation. In addition it is also of equal importance that one must inquire and review data, both academic and commercial, provided by suppliers. Such research data should be consider as the basis for setting matrix values or any recommendations set forth to be used. Finally, the chosen enzyme preparation should also be cost effective. Evaluation should not stop on the price per kg but should also consider the cost of final feed especially when matrix values are used. In terms of application, the specific enzyme preparation should either improve performance if used added on top or reduce cost if used to lower diet specifications while maintaining performance.

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