<> New Scanned Copy By MASTERING ARABIC 201 i “Ws — al @ SR pera oO dag DVD gel ydi ge Al-Kitaab fii Tafallum al-CArabiyya with DVDs A Textbook for Beginning Arabic — ae blogspot.com ~ Part One Second Edition dal ag ayy Gia, S = Abbes Al-Torisi‘TABLE OF CONTENTS ender $y ela ‘The Debit Arie x Frat Second Eaton ~ Toth Students as GOily haath gas ml Acioowlegments , testi : hai! 5 niente UH © Asking Questions JIS w Hee w eee ale ge Sa + “ ‘lait! ” shageyLle grenades URI Siijee Pronouns staal el w eal n "NowHuman Pl Agree gal! ” Misa¥iy hdl ge plc! . rile Lat n a Soll blo eelee te sess Rl5 Pal Laan Gall par taaly LS ” Real tata «“ ose ALL . Ae ete Bape LL MS cloaitt JS teand ios * hat! S eal Ua n ThePreoert Tene all esl! sels “4 Negan ¢ JG8L Jal gt w “eta aL w ‘More About Questions Ja! w HMI ge plu! « elle GUE 1 senile Aah x (C5 ste u peat SS bat igsIe aa w !Aypiped Ligne Lani ¥ < . taal! Advis pil oasis ely “ Nowe Adjective Prater sal pl w Evan os waht! ple “ eaallglle Bath 4 9S Sys % stelle jond UU a Sesh a slles epee te tele Rall a Tet TeSp ge JS aks Glee yaya ga es gol gabe rs SI saz ke Fst fale ey Adry ead Ee fall ay atl il ga Ls ha pay ates rnted Predicate Loa a aes Rell ota ey Hit ee ote! sabbla yal Leth al ell Las Rage lle Seale capers epee iw pall Se, ot a Nein yet a sees Lally pall Jal 3 Sally Sat ‘he Abie Dicey pl yet) Ve =A ae Re Mn Gath tal ge seettese tale dalle aus ui wu sel saa aun ia Lata eansivi wv Jai uta ela seat eat Sueilly Lashaall yb pigs iam 4 ‘elayatl es ll gf Galak Le Sg) gan UBT Tapa pla otha dae Reel alls aad se ‘Onin Numbers San a What Time? aa S pein le ns lg Sonia Sal eal Sg il clement tet Lat cay 1 8 Ugly a ae gt ee St pee leh la ley Cleat waite tall sell paella! jest Promoine all ln weal one ly palace slg Ale Coe Cini ped esti 19 Shit sie lle yas GM total estat ela quasi / pins / sans goal glue He aia ueSty lle plaid stl at any cel deal nts Ralwe glee gh ob ena V0 ut api te TeeSiptive Jett eJashs sey ™ sant ™ a we Sse eb Agena Ll al a ently ity Sel aw “asiuae a Galpin pled! ™ Darekd eis sina nile A sIok als Sala ww Tip gb elit oy3b Vr we seetsetaeianan Stal we fenlgseatieg galltgas al m (oa) silly cont esata w (dsm) eet m we ~ atl easy wa Matyi, guy Me erga iinesettend ataelenecs aul " tt a oh Mi gaa 1 wr ela WY ring Mace SLY ny eee! acl wn ‘enon dette ay! bal tb ‘ ott ww sdecaty Bl ts egeoraios . Sis ele OY baleen Haea ball ™ Seti eS papa Maw ™ Selle geil Soap sala w. oul ~ (Soi) Negation lange w see ub ka ww spe a ™ uate pLbaYt Wah ios teste ee Ele Rll uw ge oe dan 9 us lai uo aos UE a TreComprtve Jas) Jal sels ww Bolle w a Sy dal oth w veel coatlststel pall ole! . lS ge tw seule te gobs ela! FE leat Uleses call athe I BURN rn WpB A Riaengngae oe Ulys Ral ve. oat ratily ple JS WV vs ohyatt wr pS aoe ‘These plurals, called “sound” because the singular stem remains intact, take a pair of ‘ndings that alternate secordng to grammatisl function: in some cases, you will ew she sending and in others, jx. The inal La 24 on both endings isnot usually pronounces ‘except in very formal reyisters of Arable. Both forse are used in formal Arabic, eam to ecognize both, and choose one to use for now. In spoken Arabi, people use the second form with oe (6 spepua)- Almost all L_+ adjectives take this plural but note te Important exception3. His Soo Fae Pamie Se pt gee ‘nouns and ajectives that refer to human females lak the plural ending t= enna maa nemans 2 ewe or pmsl gon = ot oy Utes be Si ae a ay ist ue al ae sad a |{ane rms nownsuan mumais; SE see bee {2 yostten to and memore thee plurals tolierarmgnittpascestaae [a eo! ths inal ef hates and here faulngpown dis ura he Dana [lacie lowed oy wate ers ho eect ren fear” [oxy Pp sles ioamoll caren no eng a vod | oo sik fu tole [pole “8 | un am | ao sue Te ata | wae tas | ae we | anNon-Human Plu Agreement aol ‘The essential agreement rule of non-human plurals informal Arabi that they are slays treated a if they were single group, and they take feminine singular agreement ‘Yousow ts when ou eared nal a: toni nn-human purl noun an Uherefore the adjective 5%". und must be feminine. Remember: in oder formal Arabic, non-human plural nouns bchae likefeminine singular nouns in all respects" The folowing examples demonstrate: ead DSi oleae eens Gale tL lene oben ole [Note tht emesis non-human plusaL] fyeeS % pall YI ya (coat gi) wot [0 ee Desens res cnours usin uals 8 HE a (Sei lth) SaeSeate Gas the (G6 ae) pas (peso ts), a ail taal Qatar Gs) este = (eles daa (Gade) sata gles sae of (Bob sates) sBysargessmmalegcliigan § (pte pase) Fal a ae (Stes Spt)! ale Jaga (Seria) SSK etalat eet A (soe RRL) ape hy ae caltne A (st aby) re Baal lb LOW, ye Last. (53) ga te = (pias) st an (gaze kia) cL tale pa Set ae wT Bagg Gay uatill oF (gee te) “inspoken and Casal Arabic hue does ot always apy(salt gi) tsi satanic [one Won onoves oF 3 on 4 ano ust smu axe una moNGuNS. Tha OF 45 MANY BER Soalshte da tole ctl da Are Haves, ron On uk moa. dye ied! @ subject (in dyed de) predicate ‘Thus fr, mont sentences you have sen and heard have abasic sentence sre Shai led in Abie La Ua rom the Word pl whihin ganar meas out La! Laisa sentence that Begins wth ann o pronoun. The felling sentences ae all ane SS Saal Salah go asst gh Sad le pa healt Jat Ll a ph as ally Meee tse cee es phals oe G Sentences) and (1 contain verbs. They are sil considered {al Jun because they begin with nours, Sentences (1), onthe other han, have no overt verbs, ecatse the verb foe in he present terse is understood but not expressed in Arabic, To understand this kind of Lael Uae itis ecessary to determine where the meaning amare belongs the sentence, ‘hati the subject and what i the predicate. How would you translate sentences ((-t) shove? Try to identity the placement of ania. What clues helped you determine the ‘meaning ofeach sentence? ‘The part of antl Lal are called TA2 Cas! sj and predict literally ‘new information, what is being related about the subject), In order to understand this type af sentence, you must ist identity its two parts, especially in sentences in which the ‘eth be is understood. As you can see in he examples above, canbe anythingoun, adjective, veb, prepositional phrase, ete. Look again atthe examples above and ‘ientiy the parts of speech and definiteness/indeiniteness of =i! in each. Note that _>ssiltend tobe indefinite when it isa noun or adjective this a wl lp you to entity where the sentence break between the two pars les, The following diagrams show the ‘breakdown of 0 Zac! Uae wi In this type of sentence, nouns and adjectives in bot all andy mus grein gender (both Sis orboth 2.35.) and number (both 3 4 or both a flowing the agreement rules you just lead), asthe following examples show (note, however that jl is ofter-but not always-indefinite) pee erecta) Ngan eval (cesta) deat test [Vou? Maer ats mouse Fo we Amomie yb cone yt Pay ATEN TO a ” SELL slate Bye oh engl aby! Spel tute Ubslea ye(deat gi) trout teas [rout Toon sor Tall aso pall mse smnees bea ole aly ily alt dls Jae sl oF siseeeSll gb Lesede Sally Rapa alll sat gat agua a Baked ga 8 Bomed egyall 2 SU Saat ga (salt yi) tne wuts [Roy Poona Jeoranow mate ans to Qu vou cassunms ch rhtn rina Lint mands oe oe Real beg Slt SEL pk a Riyal gh al SLL a ae ol (tg) ttn ata es [Toe Wiraln DVD nme teen SoS ca Seas (asa gi) ib wuts [one Rao veh THE ow THE MET PAE OMPARE THESE BES AND GOK FOF AIS Aa ath agg ay aa ~ gga aah Sigil aa at Se pa ce oll apt tt a al eMail Ba os tu age eal a ighasig at Ab gland = SL rete a alla ‘att ya i gst spel gan HLA alga Labels ~outlLaly olga lal Sail Wega ole Kone Se Jat pa leva pole th ga Rete apa La agg lyn at aca igingabal hl 3 a 5 oh gail pl enn al pu Rae ya Foner REY By Sinan lg lal Bella AT oe eee ew al Ua ae een Lastly al Raped all LAT AYAY etal ae all eae Spt ie ig Cen teak Ja gl BM gaat pote le Rill sya Toa alge out Mag clay gil lat Rape ela Mg teal oe atl en a at Raye gal ES Ag Hoh gall gaa i a!(eat yi) ses suds [roo SSS ae peas progam obs ancient of or thugs nat people) fare Near ast il Sail = Mile Bast A239 ju es 0 cours om 8 AE LET 1. What do you think these txts are? 2. Find the Arabic words for coer _ and department 3. Undetin al languages that rele here. Why re thi names all? 4 Gur the meaning of Hasis ele en 5 Find the folowing words: where and how ae they used?” Guess thei meaning — me Me ta aga /dagnas— As puge nal New York Univeray New York NY. ea dat GM Gt OL SiS OSL So: abil Reaetdly pall Lela dad ia Gp ly ol agop Kevorian Center for Nest Eastern Sts, Department of Near Easter ‘Languages nd Literature, Dypartmen Her a Fac Sts ahyS9 ata epi deaball dayall Tie ple dae Ali) Lyall UN + dae Gt Lad daegee IMD eK (pin dan sgt) ZS Ree als ale pace gee Als) Rell «gel tle spa HAN gall Zepall gy ll Jal a al aae sve of Calo a Bseey esly.CA HOW Listas. bad ZOLLy Se + Les gb Lea Lal gees le aes Uigphals deal dae 52 eer for Mie Eat Sain eprint of Ne Ease Ste Uniergaate Min Nd Sais Reda deyall shhgS9 (GM GAN Oleljay LSU GS) peels epi Pad Ll Me LE gs gull, 2231 Gt abl i) ( guall Sih ile plies dangse vgslial) Zeya AN deel GA OL glad) Ree sLil (pie dane vgHlase) ESA) eels Bile spina ego 4 Bld) pall « Cewls2 dle opin lange ea dap gill ST tye «al MTS eye Pe ea Rl es a td YA a hal eee Treyetge eS, ew ris Bal AI yu Wr ou eo 7 OW MC ST LEO COMMENT NOM TOMAR NERC eh bal gl Lite ph GS EA Rae Ups ULE Ghat pale us Ad eS inh ign Jang all ral gh Casha Leal Se ad ce nana phavia [stone haere Asan i Atenas QUsTONE UNC oD AN Hoe VCuMEARY wane ABM gue = eG ie soll ph a gate vl all pb he ake oy OS AIL, = tu ges Sigil Nl a a Lago eda = +S sua eke A ede at all ys cidgshe = spill kg SLI a gay sgl ey teeth Ql etl gale A eal gall ga (eee see ue st SUS hake Ua Dlgay al ge SU Ha sat dae ae [eae {es 1 gs Acavon vo DVD sno HU WH RAY WORE also o —— wt So >: ina, gly Lay dass ~—— » i deat e jb —__ Poul ou! é e¢—— 8. a ¢ sasdals 2a ' —29 Colonial yaa Siagep ab uP dina = oon gestern sor cog Es At ‘waters dows Maha foe Ls? arc me aioe on 3 DVD 1 comsoau ‘Who s Maha talking to and what are they taking about? ea scat gs lis pis ete g testilee = arssasle ot ae asi pooleally hls wt eabtes alll ee Rall till & ULayle aslyill Passi rmoins USM lad © thay ital ao gleiall! Jal aly Sell ame tale © Belyill agilly tees Lah © Mela! SUL L ga cee dayear suo fiais family cousin (nae paternal) samy scaly, in aly ats heteches a ‘ewer le) og Ula ‘husband late esd erst roe wife sb og Gy) picture Joe Bane ocr Bile g te "0% wy science pole oc ple politcal science at pyr ternal uncle pach ge sy (ptemal once a“ (exended) faaaty ele g Ue weave wptl ie mt college, schoo (ina university) euis ¢ Uki) data [Voy /Ay Anas ver src rat2cy To aR Fo MRR Fal! YoU MAE LANSDORP ese momo MARA: a ne, UL, AND el ANON rt YU CAN ERAROLATE HE EE. Unewontvou com aur SAND 47 CMTE POLOMTNG AGRA OFTHE F's oT oes oF TEFL, LEE ALN, UNS IR AND AND MS AND CERN: AUyg) Abe yb Lae gyjrtee ag Abts gb Mees rue ° wees ”~ B, Now otam yous om ray re, MELD [Ante WORES Fox AL OF OUR ARATE (asait gi) Fowort [Tone Feo somo wri cas 1. Who has a relative or relatives inthe US, army (r any army), 2. Who has picture of her/his famlly with her ie sight now. 5. Lives witha stepmother or 5 stepfather [hint you need to use wo words 4 Likes the movie of “An Officer anda Gentleman” (Je) 5. Whose pateral uncle or aunt ia doctor. 6. Is majoring in political siece 7. Writes eters with + pen and pape. 8. Whose mother or ather teaches. 9. Who doesn't know allof his/her relatives,22 wall! Watcha ite spas yaa [4 sapd 1. Whose pictures i ig holding? 2. Whose names does ge mention? Sang Le Sle ga ge SOM dans cat Sana gt ga SU ph oe SHALL Ge > Watch and gust yay Iga 7, Listen fortwo uses of the preposition and guess what i eans inthis context = SLY and Sah aol 4, Write the name ofthe univeity where sa teaches now: Sue tay (sad yi) dea ge [0 907 | ‘es ottomns smo Acme As you 10 WARE He DVD Achy ET WHOL SOUND, TNR ou 10 ros 08 Ha Ma ane Ne 4. With partner: One of you play Maha and th other an inquisitive new acquaintance ‘ho is asking Maha all sors of questions: Wht are thee pictures? Who are these peop” 2, Listen to ly agin and work witha partner to iSenify the trcture ofeach Zea! tLe youhesrin the text, Plckout yoiily Lait. What cues hep you identify the separator Point between he to parts?aaa sae Youheard (ureter to sans sani fae eventhough ie cher ater's cousin, The words ja, oe, ULE, and JL may be used to address dst relatives and laws 8 ‘well as terms of respec fr olde people outie the fry cre. For example, aman who _narvis ino the family may be addressed by younger members ofthe fail ay 2 other ap fatherivlaws ae addressed and refered to a8 fuse and ne U5 an ian femal elatve may becaled 3. Astepmoter maybe addressed as SJL “The ecact sage of these tems vais according to regina daet aed local custom Relatives by marrage, om the other hand, ate specie sing terms forustand and tafe. In many dle the word i (pronounced in diet mina or mar ised for wife inthe following expressions _. sunt (marie toa) fae Hat aunt (married to J) 8 sal Sy analog, how can you use the word 30 pec your aunty hushands? Irisinteresting o note that while the Arabic langage aks rt cto spec the exact nature of blood relationships, and even separates tecminology for selationships by ‘mariage from that of blood relationships, cultural usage ofthese terms among speakers of Arabic is moe inclusive of nor bood-eated people. This difrence between “dtinsry” and usage ian important ne to kep in mind when leaning any language. The word ge alo used a «term of respect for an older man of lower socal sto rin joking or intimate manner among close ren 3} Sepa ta ‘The concept “family valves” in contemporary US, society implies »concesn with faithful marsiage among heterosexuals and a focus on raising happy, heathy hildeen. In ‘Aa caltore these values ar of equal importance, but they ae not part of publi discourse, in part because they are not realy contested. Arabs usualy astume that family values ane shared among all members of society In genera the extended family plays a somewhat bigger roe in Arab society than in “American society. Family members visit each oher often, n many cases nce a week oF 0 if ‘they live inthe same city. Many people count their cousins among thei frends. However, ‘many people also fee! that this general tendency has deceased in recent yearsaclgitt Muay & ‘The :Dage (socalled “he construct phase”) is neo he fundamental structree of Arabic. Formally, Lay! conto voor more nous stung taper eons stionshipofpostession or belonging, You have Seen many examples of int sang them oll ike Castalia Soseseitaaly ‘Thee ac thre important pin fo emenber about any (0) Te relaonsip between the two or more) nouns maybe hough of as quae oe Englch constriction 9f_ Arabic aso alemative costctin fr exresing tis raion between nouns. Thus, to say te womo's sry in Arabic you must fet rcontce Phase to thst of the coman: sh ja¥l Xan. Note at many compound wont te Engh rv ao exprened using Lay! or xample onsework all Je (2) Only the inal word in an a) can tke J! ora posesive wut the lowing cxamples note that theft word each LAL] i deft by definition without I. ie {be ral example note that New Yor is define bem pope nun ‘he family of my father = my father’ family {he oie ofthe professor = the protestors office ‘The Univesity of New York = New York University ‘the notebook ofthe stent =the students notebook sells! as These smnple LiLo all consist of two nouns. Complex =.LL.a), on the other hand, ‘onfain more than two, in which case all non-inal nouns behave ike the Ast and never {ake ti Examine the following 24a, which contain four nouns ‘he son ofthe nl of he father of Maha Maba's father's cousin tga ay ee gf! saa Youheard Lys use a similar Lita]: LS gh anne ge Wy bat! ay aS I Sato Ml thal ea aa a a at) tain al dang Ada dla i TV acy dpe dal Aa ait Ie 9S al alate ooo oe bal elle pS a a gt of Bayi aan al “pes sl Jat wel peel JS yee LayStIASe aly wale dae TA yan Ul gas) Ans gle gle dyna a 94 CM a) Lae la gang > a Lap dpa ayer pial aan AS ap La me ab ple dyna Uy dyin Jel be dig knee dT Ahan dU ae ll ad at FTO ge Le oy oo CY a ot dana ed pies el Baga Lt gaping er ad pat ae pee or 12. am /6/300 saldass Be Lg Base tangle al # Aloe 33 © al pall ® sia /isae oll ob ee ot aa ® coset sally atl Gea ge yall © Elan! aul Yb) qaqa Gaia ead YO sywoall ia gi eal! Y aclu beta a! taalof. descent cold adjective) vey weather Tike, love hot (adjective) the best sometimes egee temperature spring (sensor) omiity crowding overcrowdedness + on acount of because of eo have flings of aot much advert) 2 fara gomeone) is concerned loneliness 22 clayall aijtioe ne + ual Soe Indetinite sy ea + cael ous a BLAIS pronoun sic / ae +} Geille anglltd ee | (cell gl) Sagat tats [1 ape ‘Cour r srEes HH APRAATE WORDS OM THEM VOCALLY ad pant aly dl Baten le = ak anal gt Le tly hand Gaal oo og tell oo gy Goal! pt hae 3 Feed ib alae Lagat at aly tell ae Shoal atl 8 1aLe phy pas Lpaally HS 0 ———— (Li) Sones ph eee alee 1 hnojt) Sl plat Ia a "an lly gn it bats onsale gd Cannan ipeally ag taal ee F Gil atl pep ab SN gall es gall gh Nap h HF a a YAY aula! anal! ob Yl gd tale gt ginal gl eel AY(aaa yi) Sees itlent [Toned Ormion Ps Ask sae La AS YOU CRY THEN POOL YOUR SERS How many ote like hot weather? Cod weather? ‘Whats their favorite season? How many people can't stand high humidity? How do people fel today? List top Settee How many do not like big cites, lots of trafic and high buldings? Of what descent ae e311? ‘Were isthe bes cafe on campus? 2 3 5 6 2. Whyhoky mot? Y ISU / WSU St yy pe Laas Je Ses oe Sat UL the ao i tga SNead Eel ad nal a ttt et Wy 61 Sagas yd lee ph LS ‘piss ynaial [sre ot nan Hr HONS THE EATANATION OFA HEU TATEMENT MELA LK A ote I ENC. ge tS Ts aac Tk. WAITMENT YOU HE oat. spaeSl Lgall oa yd Son lly Gat yal (Gemenber that one leer particles ar connected to the following word) pS dysepes psa gal YH galls.Adverbs GRAM (ugk Sa tan (oie te Guat te ets cas “These words al share the grammatical ending gb) p24! One ofthe main factions ofthis ending i to make a noun o adjective ino an adver (a word that mdifes verb). Most adverbs that end in gb ya ae spelled with alt C.. Taegu, unvocalze texts, the symbol is often omitted, eaving just |, a8 in Lats or las “Knowing tis helps you identify adverbs in texts: look for words ending in» they are ‘not proper nouns chances ae they shouldbe read a8 9s: CA few words that are ‘commonly wed as avert end in remember that § does ot take an ali speling with Sul! 5. You wil earn some of them ater. ‘Aver placerent fit exible in Arabic and generally corresponds to English ‘word order, except that in Arabic adverb fend to fllow the verb, Adverbs may also folow the object of the ver, or come atthe en ofthe sentence: Ky toonsetieald — Ltledpegully * Ltda aul Like thee English equivalent, the adverbs Ligh, Lots and Sad may separate isl! and a Lag ata or a Ty Sad oylghte ph or Syl phates Sad a However, noe that the aver ams follow the adjective it modifies in formal Arabic thay The gt hap alate cms St a Iga ell ae at ple dd agg Lull oa 5g $505 Ja “an adton ts function aan advert marker discussed ere, el! 9 has cher fenton ‘wel ining marking inet diet objects in formal Arabic oly.” You wll easonally Soe Ue herrous marked with De ening informa ont: Sono, you need only recognize asa (rama ending, The gamma roles of 9 endings re presente in Capes 1 and V7.(eal yi) ayes wuts [i gos Ware rw steoncs ots AT YOUR MEO AND sey snAS AnD ores BOINDT Bs Samay — SS = alate ~ une - La PS ate — Galle ~ oy Sty = Rie = als “i pp nt Mar wD ON MY LAE AND APCTIES THAT HEE To LOCATION IT (om sta, Rennas 1m FOLOWNG HY ARNE ABHERS OU OFTHE CORNED RAs (HEMMER 10 nce 0 se eg FoR oA, Votes lal ge Lane ¥ ss tbe eldallgd Stall Lh YY A shag el asl oe Leading Sas Ua (94 JS yada can sat he US Riga ctl! Bayi 2 (as yA) 0505 tytn [Tone ‘oe pS.L0} FORTH yottomec rom, RIAA TO RIRASETHE QUESTION A CORD reason met si st. WU sontone osm ou, sn Lat. SUS Syed ih ile 8s Stag ola oe = SU Sink pal aa ua Yow haan sas oo Sith ate a SL A te a $Obal lust 65 ¥ ov aaa coe Led Se oe A Shane meats Sat Aown Adjective Phases Hawa! + aut) oun | old g gael adele Lee g Ue In Arabic, nounradjective phrases and 2a! Jan resemble eachother dosely. Only the presence or absence ofthe definite ate 1 distinguishes one fom the other. In act, 1s one ofthe most important particles in Arabic and paying attention to its usage can ‘make 8 big difference in comprehension. Consider the thre ses below. One of them ‘contin tase ug and the other two contain noun-agjective phrases: igcles passin | thebigelss —eiSstiiast | Theclas stig pa aa abigclty tye tgae | thedigctly ssi ieatt | The cityis big ips teas ‘Set (\) contains {pai Jag, set (7) contains definite noyradjetive phrases, and set (F), Uy lle say Jt UV 8. The English equivalent of depends on the tense ofthe verbs that precede ad follow i Translate: Spe aod Bae Le Sally oH pally cals Se Line haa te oeaslgit! pikes + gogaiey ‘Te pronoun forms sed wit preposons are easently the sn asthe possessive forme given in Chapter. The following chars give these endings with prepositions denoting possesion. Listen and repeat: u 2 tue ol Sie kee oat ; aise | ote ww * | ute ‘A its moaning implies, indleates physi possesion of thing atthe ime of spesking: Do youve. th you? Spl pcee Sate ‘While and ae overlap a great deal in spoken Arabic, each ofthese prepositions has lighay diferent connotation informal Arabic: is wed to describe human relationships or possession of highly abstract entities one cannot physically possess, such ass past or 2 {itr while sie denotes sraghtforwand possession. Some speakers of Arabic we ae for ‘Raman relationships as well (shee) 98S sisal yh ap8l Ua owl, Do you have Bola date Segall ph sine aie [Note that these prepositions are not used to describe places or institutions, a in ‘Phrases like the university, or ur use has) Rather, Arabic uses the prepeston cexpressnon human “possesion” Bras igh eo ee gh lS ead ad lal "However may be wed to attbute ight astro “posession thingy such as eok gest etal Foro oe on sng 3 when dscbing ain ecInmmaem formal Arabic his hind of sentence I negated with he verb yd, which you will lam in Chaper 8 In spoken Arabic, many dialects negate ee prepoctions with L Forexample 1 don't ave yee Hoel 1 don’ hace Bole gate Le PaaS gata Le 4 (ea gl) gop ate [6 ope (46 ie) a8 eg ats (os04) ate gaett (stew) s Sa tly (p44) suhag! at (ost se) ‘pins ota, (Slt se) $e. as (ete) dealaigs ts ( bea) Ral Jat ona ya A (Ul gs) taboo) (4) < Sant dal. [Now wae STC OF YOUR OMY USK, AND Ae WI RONG!Fronted Praticete SAAN pl cdieautl Dad YYouhaveseenboth sie and se to indicate possesion, asin Slee gis Rab Gent ua ‘These words are wed to expres a verbal concept, 0 zoe but are not themselves vets GGraaaticly, they are prepositional phrases, and the sentences in which they oocur ae Lee Jag! nth kind of Span! Ul the order of isl! and pl is reversed and “nal is fronted, Inthe examples above, ie and 1 begin the sentences even though they ‘elon to pill, This word onder must be maintained because an Arabie sentence may not begin with an indefinite noun. therthewis/are La In Arabi the revered pa! Lee is often usd to express the concept to ave and the English construction thee here are. In hese kinds of sentences pl! usualy consists of» prepositional phrase or the word lh the asthe following examples demonstrate: ‘here are many students in this las gS Hh aa a ‘There any ome daughtr gel me aay. AB alot al ‘Ther are many Egyptians inthe Emirates HLT gh Bas Soe pene Se “The following diagrams show the grammatical structure of reversed teal Uae ape nally 22S he aa La gb jaa A alos gill Bid Sealy Boal Pere SUL aia Mba SLY gd SoS Sone asad pall ‘dest ow this Kind of sentence woes think of “grammatical tansation” forthe 640 langle given tv sn named Nada Mongingtome and'A cai me(eat i) Sout test [TouF Tne lly Slr vttowe ares (NOR ADEE AND AVE Aa sols Gense ie pela y toll olpatee pas © GM ke date at hee Capes gS LIS, Teale Te wa Stipes Seite banal LS 1 Nag Fas Lyd call Ka ol ph oll yuk Gage gh A le yA IS Bagel oda gh A (pt gi) teasers teat [Vane Asx rx TO MOR AYO Saaly Wee Ue lee Ch Saal te le Sei oto olely ebm aes aly pal fat Bohpiaeos ‘The verd SL is used to situate actions and states inthe past as these examples shaw ows lth tt shewes Biba ya wewedte ROUT AAU! yest ES Quy! a gos Iallof these examples, te effec of 1 i to place the action or sate into the past. Note ‘hat gS in conjugated acconding tots subject. Leam the conjugation of this verb When the wet 315 is used to pat possessive and there t/a sentences inthe past it is often used as an impersonal verb that puts the sentence as whole into the past. In these ‘cases it precedes everything and remains fixed as 31 , not agresing with anything nthe santeee’ Examples: lol tgs gas a Np. ae bd bial Leys UAGL oda gh OLS AE Say Gene URL a gd Memorize these phrases) a GIS = J gi - ate GIS ~ dha gis ‘informal Arabic you Wil nd anther varston of agreement in which the verb ot agrees with the grammatical 12+ ofthe sentence, which sol he poser but he thing osssed. Sty the eample in which LS agree nt wit ogi English subject but with the grammatical Arabic subject Lan (A car tts ain), Remember Wat he, ot gal That bogs Bitaeyale‘The verb ji may be negated using La these examples demonstrate: wi rt have Rise Lhe apne Wade gS were you nl esa pgp eal yh OS LL (owt; Sure Ts AcTON® AND ATTA UNG THE CORRECT FOR OF 5 pie She Yt a yd Se} 8 coal! cle ah ad bt Banal pal gph bygsS Ups lly LenS ph JS lb akg yell ll aes tl an Coa gH Ih ge pleat! gies ht iS Jit ute LAM paeg canal pe 3 toed Jad Gale al us Peet Ut yuna wen Kg8S Lasalle Clesal opb pie gle Ulett tse Se pS placed Gate ” (eat yA) oases iat | 4 one Fo ov mos you asses 1. Where they were on Saturday 2, Whether they had acarin high school ‘3. Whether they had alot of rend in high school 4, What they used to ke 5. Where they used to ive 6, What they used to watch on television.Yeates we How many? spill #8 oS ‘You have lesmed the numbers fom one to ten. Now learn the following rules for equating and giving quantities with these umber: tes oi “The interrogate particle pS followed by a singular noun is used to ask about quanti, Informal Arabic, the noun is marked with el 933 staat Shad es Ses le 5 eal Sth Ss teal 3 Cats Sad ‘Thenunbers/soly is not wed as a number i counting objects, To express the quantity (\) the noun i used alone: oneschaol nyse one girl ase ‘ants / an lymay only be wed as an adjective to emphasize one and only one: bib aly ls ae AA unl pane gate Inthis case, ¢/ lym agree with and follow the noun. 1 tes no thedual JEU ‘he number gst / not edt count object To express the guaniy fa, you ust ad the ending 2 (Goa the word 351). Sobek / gohan 7/3! tothe singular noun’ This is called the doa, or see ae “repoten Arabic ony = & wed Team to rsognne pa «formal vaniant. The inal kara pronauneed nly in oracles.Remember that always changes to when the tending ie added to Lookatthe words eal gis, and Le above and ne eit formes otis se Seda ean / Le ad nha Lil eect "Note that there exists a special form of °s4! for ei Oae8l / gtsal a her tas Nembers rom he ten ke gaa nthe lloing! staal the Soebtet tyes pated eel tans elle ge tee ne How much? (price) ay ‘To as about price, use *«<_;. In the response, the price its is also given with the preposition Ueto = Saal bags LXer Spal ss os Lge ESL ath gs se sll (Se 2 ayant ach Arb country has is own currency and, although some ofthe names are common to several countries, the vais of the currencies themselves differ. The names of these ‘currencies ae all foreign in origin, Some were borrowed from Greek an Latin and date ‘tom the eighth century when the Umayyad Caliph jy. oy sit as dered the fist ‘Samic coins minted. Others are more recent, refleting European colonization of some Arab ‘untres in the ninetenth and twentieth centuries. Go to your DVD and look at the Pctues of currencies from various Arab countries. deny the name and couty ofeach, ‘2nd look for any othe information you can find. "formal Arabic there ae special ules forthe frm ofthe umber such that smetines tie ye and other tines <3. For now, concentrate nung the purl noun With tha ns oe eam the agreesent rule ler(ead i) See Hive Com) cance ae cass Bre som es Yo cash Tey wae romrrts, Iv SMe casts You Mar WAN 70 RIC MAL TES CRUTS, 5 (ett ot) tes [hone Som now sae (Sk) ol Yd sth te (saad ts) Vib dal ah cae x (poe be). GUY oi ys 4) fl teed (ons gas) fob et wy lane (HG el) ny ues my HSS seal ays (ou). tana Pere neraray (e03) / 85 (dss) Te RS yo eel 4 (Seni) aay agsally Dually gall | (Gan) 5 pall date wo (to) gone g@ sts ela (4) - Gest as ar sll ia pb Gylany ita at Gb) soso seidee [rope Sku rns ATC LOW LOOK FR NORDE OU HNO, AND ANSE AS ou can Stthen ae onl * 2 ‘Skim the text and cic all instances of 321 (ignore the wnvelated word 3), (Pint: heck the plu ofan before you start) 8. Find and undestinefve noun adjective phrases, and bracket hee Ses gh Spb ls sda Be Gh Lady’ Tree Lael he Slagle call Joh oe! Lag eld ea “gly GAH EI poy ca gSHl gy all Le ge hl 9 AI abySl sybils Gly cag GLa, atl! cal AU USL Ls! La Le Glau ge wh Waly HLast eal aby. Slalls cuss ee see Bal lll oe elghs ol genet yd Lia I5y Ly Lapis le Jounal La SL Shiels ola Lally sl goal YO geal le dare 22 glial! ddan ities a [iPone ay Uoek Insuchaway 1a dial th Splat Jaa ite Se oe aty US Ly Fe Gas aS22 au ‘ety Liste to interviews with some ina yuan tut about thei =\y9a:0n your DVD, Aang Soc enjoys renews popula Uveupout he Anh wor. Sie he pr tsquiteequpment chen can py tin sat een eg he vena tincan. Rein nana and intmateal utes on poole oe een tatoo, Wath your DVD franc seem es ae ids [ioe Mae Aram macs mov AN PAL LEME SCL TH OO LACTIS 4. Look atthe title ofthe page: ALL cl5suci a does men Semen Rt 2. Win wethe mst Pepa lea? 3. What the age faa edule? 4 Pda many foal ie oui Lenk rig in ton. (Tw ‘be Several others that do not have any of those leters; your teacher wil help you find those) Do ct! clylsascem difrentin anyway from tat! Lia? Peay atthedeceoed Vee yesterday ot eat /eh 3/5 teas om tie of repetorsmeone who has completed the Eyl / ctu Pgrimage to Mca, all A. Reno yottowe Yr, Aka ROM TE CTUARES, AND FL Lege all pel Revel espe 0 8, List wo family names and three place ames that ecu inthe ext. (Look for a preposition that can indicate place) File lad oF rt tt 5. When did the funeral ake place? 1B, Now co-meoucn mer AHN AND ANIME THE IMO US OF J: (A) NSTIADOF con, TOS "NGs, AND () NSTEADOF A ro, To MARE THE EGS OF h WEN SEN. To Btn EEE THE st, YOU MUN 00x CAEL 42 CONTEC. FAK, L008 FOR USS FWA yA {TOF mona ANo ses, AND MLCKE ACH ST. SECOND, LOK FOR WORDS THAT NDIAT YL ATONSS 40 UTHER CRANOUMEAL CONTE LE, Lense Ung no LAL 10 MRT TE asin. Fro: 6 5 Wl Ging Cal gs Underline thei names an ies 7. Bracket the names ofthe grandchiltrenpelt hamll pgnatly gua! Fans asi giag) oa, fol JU at ea, J sy gagieall Je GLa gpa Lagaily Sy ll ght Jenn alas SAI Gisinail le ead ee a ct oll gly ial 1-———_» Siar eae saga sane glass Lassie gig ply cual Poe gig waaay Lyset Saat aS eeay Gang cay Sas Gaaly Seaany saaly edad, lle ela gol sal Cl ae Sault ee faldl dae Sally sual! Bay aganay dq! BH a Siang Bas Ages} ky On g5Is Jaa Syl gual Aina lay Agua lb sane eaAlgal! pal dyad pug gly Fagiaall Leajes Byala etl dg Sued “Ealaty cate ESky ode Epes 0. ee a SIN saul gly) LLALT og ity Sogauall Soe Quaigtt Sagal Laude wots N3) galas Gattyy Su pg gl ga Ghday Go platy Eaigay sasinal Gane yuilly a Sagal Ale wusighly 19 vas oa fg (> Gigiaall Lssey sae saa Pet Galatta al gd Lisitlly Cait Sagat) Shiga cage fg al a ga cal ese poorll pa saga! Wi Saki) Alla CC oe (Hal athe Gb sane gh spall pall pymally all 5359p SAO st oeal yh! gud tape | get Con 80 A amoemT MOR tae Conall i od Ayo oo at yaa or heath gh oth JS os sr Rapa yea GU gg sas aa thes A aaa tt Seal ty ie la Sa lass WANS $s ph fe IS a ge 8 Lael pe anal A WN es yay a ls aally Lalyall Caps yl big ua Ss Leal Gall yh pas a et dell mie ope Ul oa AT Beall ph bag hy ae yd Gig A aU oleh Gays aL apa a te etd one LW one ee ad oy Cena eat Sane Spe Leal ob Eel Slo py fee ha gW Bl G56 han od Mone yep lS Sage Seale be oe a ty 8 Uebel ag FS Leal ph alll ga GY Up QW Tae ea 92 SS et patel! sSeeoll Rips coe Sally shaky Lae con Valls SL ve GEA pes ally Weg he ad Ss UT Sages espaopted te Ltn ou ‘Uae ene vu so Yo Seen WHA He EOE AE DONG. RWRHRR TO MANE THE VER ACHE any Vk qa ably Kay gate Gane Geae oaty onsty See dane ase Una ha tee Bally 1S oae3Aalal! endl ae Be he UL ada usr pal) Laake gh Kosei! pl! Mh ani ee sally Slr abe salgbe Uy Gaya! gilhaal go DE Jatt tas Ja pe a ial gallo teal oN sonst Call! ww Sagal pet ws ewe soe Uae hee ne Baal we all poe soil go STA get! SS taza GUS Gyaly ale WY wo hae BIT BE nly Le getty we gt paca [Moved SAS slpanye ills e oy ae ao e Poh sale Aollh ule: ple pal anny ——_— : GP Lense ily ee 28eo ealal! Spares dan - Worot rx anor riot ‘What word does ese for Ja? Se edt oe opal? Warot pall sey sl coutvone nom La! ‘What do they ask Sal? What do you think the tite of thi scone means? USI oi Igy ae (beige) te 3/ pane WS aut! She ba gol vat ell 5thcal ge pS lla © ea a # chal inl # el ll © YeeNalue¥l © clipe B tales St Ral) AN Sane Gla 5 La © Aad Sta a ® slqall tals Leal © Jia alle agonlne Bel gles! ‘ala! + gall Ih ghally Jar Tot tana Teter Tener (ap salah. Las Tot (gover lesson, view) ost sal (revi eons ding omevork) (ees) sic erion lea ‘ntisopinon ah ered wane Ga Ini mate o's) he wanted to plas dass BIL Ianto phae ded St at help, helping (sume) Bae "hep (someone) to/in doing) ere aetd hvoughoat tine pr Jib than to ele ae future a * we us jo ene cho ay pola pary, goverment servi) 2 sa 0/8) os thee isnot wa et she/he oes ot have Wh /a od i doce not have (or paces, nitions) teed / seh the mcd in, pase succeed in, passByatt oteiss [1 oo Pascesvateno vores. RINE TE NON WORDS cnRET Ais TAT TOE plesi py ad oa gd a ra eh la ae ygBS saleny of asae FY 35a! gd dal elt SL Riel! ph lb GW Ly A Se ala SpA ep Lys I ptt Le a a poten gle Jpunall posh ly eden Se stl yl ——— AG gh han sale Dapezed ph blll ge ey aT 1g &f aang 2 Ue ah US A oY) Yi A Gyheall Ses COSI Gh Yale) el ly CLUS UU +L of dal! ES ohet SB apa) Haale oe gaa ate wV had saat WY alah pladal yd atly ill gay US GN tla ga IF nell hy gel ne Yagly ME 55) Leal go cane ad sll v8 soso tot [Tone Pesre ner cae ‘othe bp ir mathr with ©) Rouework? Did heya hel? Dette) hp ter clsautes wit homenort? Who dothey ask when hey want he? ow many hours do they dy (evi) ne ening? Wat do thy want inte tae? tines for (=) entance ae fo aw acolo medial ces? ‘Wats er pon about women joing he anny? ‘Where do they go afer da? ‘What do hey see Inti the hesbings? Ae they He ther mater or hel tate?(deat yA) dead actly ee otets [ Fou? ‘Wa eer Bsc A OFIMON POLL FOR YOUE CASE. FOCUEON URI A MANY MASDARE AF YE ‘chon men La an Mey, HR AE ot DS TOG YOU AT Sally GLA! pay Le Pre spall Sogethys le Soonane (2H) le 22 tail! sbyetSly Igaalad, | $ out s(iSte ee fplSte (age) ae Spe (abe ve) a ih pa paypal Sealy alg Le tuagay of all a} SER Le BG Ly Sut Lays gh LE ay ly Le ll alld al 318 coe Nya gaa ‘evaluation: an evaluation of a student's overall performance based on es comprehensive eam gven atthe nd ofthe school year, Sores are five foroaie in each ae then 3 gre bad on the am eos angio tis ln a ery nd Ln ad 1 dpa cpa, sing tothe ang grade of ean ck ot Spl Ha gle wl a UL Sally aL jaa BIC Le Ghent yi) tear ge [Pont Rous Pur: Kio ao sat of Kit a Ws se CS TIalg! aul Jaa ® part gall! In Chapters you leamed tat ¢ LL! Jacki! describes incomplete nd habia scion, sma othe English present tense. To describe past completed actions and cevens, Arabic uses alll Jal of which you hae seen several examples: ene all galls Le phe eps Wh ally Note that al! is conga with fics, an that most ers haves, bat nt dential stems fo he two tenses. You mist memorize both stems LA! and asl, foreach verb. As you lem more verb, you ise that they flow certain paters, and Jul be abet deste new verb stems based o hese pattems. To work towards th fal start paying attention othe syllabic stuctre of both ¢ La! and pL vers inning with hschpter stems for bth Lal! and atl! willbe given foreach now verb, Make ita habit to lear both stems together. The following chat shows the configaton of atl wing the verb ft de Be poll! Jatt [Note thatthe afon the plural ending | fr ga i spelling convention only and itis not pronounced (ike the aif onthe p Labs suli Iya in lab)Remeber hat you ered fo conugt thepast eb LS with twostems, ~ Ls and ~.26. The vert sllalo astwostemsin geal! av shown i folowing due Memorize 22 Negtion galt pib oLLabland alt are negated difeently informal Arabi. In Chapter 4 you learned tonegate¢ Lal with ¥,a¢in ial ¥. There are two ways tomegtethe pas terse in formal Arabic the one we willuse for now is alll + Le The flowing examples demonstrate 1 i not graduate all oe Habe tahy were you not Seal a i be 1 she i ot mtr (go) Rall och i analy Elacally coll) fads! datys ® Whenever you lem anew verb,memorizes jLal!, pail! and jsualltogetheras tet All thse willbe given in new vocabulary Iss in hid masculine singule sa), which fe the convention used in dictionaries, to enter dys a. US Not that fo ents not a translation of (Js, just away of isting the meaning ofthe stem. ‘The vocabulary lists will ive you the stems, but then you must do the real work of learn to ue the vers in contest. The following chart contains al the verbs you have learned,‘As you listen to the chart pay aon tami Syllable patiems, especial ng and shor vowels. There rea mited number ofthese pater in Arabi and you Einase them toheip you Sound alike toe tis {host hell lsen tthe San repeat them aloud {un you cant summon up the say dey sound in Your er. Tipe p jl kof LS ie wed in tre anette contents (i be and ob), whi will be inode soon“The verb inthis chat have ferent pattems, voli, theadditon ofa shadda or Jang vowel or ta. Thee of| those patterns have a Dacia inthe present stem prc. When you memorize thse vert you are Paterna at wll Dates tht wl lp you Understand and take vantage ofthe verb system in aris cell placed | ll gases] pl! Qabe ately | 25h (eat gi) Hyta tte [Vanek eA AAPM A IG ST I NG LOM Wa (en) tesla ya yas a ts (Sa) ally ile gol ta gla (09) Bane go ll I (3) taps pall lf Sb gw (S50) lee Nygoneyth Haj e (Gan) Paley dy gly a (Jae) steal! Jig iota Gi gaat ov (AS) susp He ae ta (Sully Sls ta ll shell fae Oe (28) esa pe pate 8 tt (ab otal) 4(ag) ipa te a5 tila [Vout Pracrc 0:06 AOUT PATENT HY ARNG YOUR QASOUAES ESE QUESTIONS. THEN REORT HAT 5 Fagin alll (gta Ja \ So phalls pt on ee 7 8 bog enyae gh oe 6 Maal LS eg ae 6 poll dps Iylae ogi / Le 2 5 cepa Shope gh Ci yea A Fl LS oo lV Sg lesnl Lan gpl! ll Lp Ja A 5 gone bia Liss OS Uh We tad Gh aaas wits [A ood (Gove aso on oH TH OLLOMING ACTON AN RTUATINV LONG STENCH Seal ia ces WUy Raat og ca LL) Rilo ALe (LLL SY BU/ GM yet ll gh as be SY IU/L tag YS Gp Seay cele da ot SIG seg Legal Gh ones WH ghlg yd! patlem 339 ‘You have noticed that, in Arabic, words that are related in meaning tend to be relate inform a8 well in that they contain the same core group of consonants. For ‘eample think ofthe words you know having todo withbooks and writing: ES og GES Leg Ue SIG A YURI S/S Likewice you know several words hat have to do with studying: wee Ot canal ge eal soe Legal ease ot Each group of words above shares three consonants: the fist group shares ema and the second, ye-- This core group of consonants that gives the basic meaning to family of words is called the root of ji-all , i-—all snot a word, but a group of consonants, usually thre n number (in rare cases, two o four). One of the consonants in = root may bea yor gg, a8in p.yz0r cave. Alifcan never be pat of jail but hamza can, as in the root «= that has to do with reading. The order ofthese consonants is critical to ‘Be integrity of jSall = eye isnot equivalent to sue -and rend is different foment “To identify 3a, ook for theee “core” consonants. The following cases are straightforward Ai | oy acer be vest | deter itt ‘The in of other words maybe les obvious. How can you identify il! of the foloeing words, hk have more than three consonants? shea oak tee eke Fist climinate any prefixes and suffixes and! . Second ook fr long vowels —especially lita the consonants, Ge ¢ and. These letters are often not part of jas! but‘ther belong to 45, oF patter which we wil ee shorty. Eliminating these lees fom the previous words, we are left with all alan! oak dat okie woes oe bers Sit Keep two final point in mind. Fist ifn looking for ial you see only wo root, For example, Sal! ofthe word pais (pg and that of Chae is Greve? Second, sometimes the plural ofa noun or¢ Lal of vei will cart a ising ltr of {tS For example, only two consonants appearin the word JL However, the plural, Ulsl, shows a third oot eter, 5. Sinlay, the jin ofthe ve mae (eye t) Is shlong Ll but notin le (gt!) Leaning to identity als important fortwo reasons. Fst having an dea about the basic meaning of i.» wile help you guest the meanings of related words ths increasing your vocabulary and comprehension. In aditon, the vast majorty of Arbic icionarie do not st words alphabetical, but rather by jail. For example, fn the word Jit, you mast know tolookit up under Ji 2. Kenting pial is sill tha takes practic. You can develop this silly identifying. ial fnew and ld vocabulary, or by looking up words you already know nan Arabic English diionary (ot the los). In Arabi word formation, the consonants of ie iio slots of «patter (olbs1.¢) 535. A cbs iaa skeletal strusure of vowels and consonant that gives the lb structure ofa word. Every word in Anbichasbotha je and a g.33. In Arabic gammur, 313 har given sing the conconants +g a anew jin. For example the ofthe word lle JL. You can se that he consonants Jo canbe into this gm place ofthe consonants Jp to form the word all The allowing 313 are faa to you fom you voeabulay we Be ae ne weS dee th Le hy as ly "Bonatconfae he Zs herewith £2 tn words ke yy, which already have thee ea 00 consonants, The ater Za pat of 33 se below‘When a specific yg intersects witha specific 53 5, an individual word is formes “Ties the process of word derivation in Arabic. Theoretical, ll combinations ae posible in practice however, only ome are used, The chart below gives you a partial overview of ‘his press using some examples: esis | gay | as | sass 177 (comeing) suet] —— | netmait | testes | ye | eens | ety |e heard, audible | ne titred | he made tohear | he heard | 7" Arabic has many 5131 some commonly wed for » Lit, others for cual! othes for ja sal! , and a et of verbal 3154) (more on these later). Some 315 have more syllable than others (suchas many paral 5134!) Longer ols! are derived from shorter ones and expanded ting certain consonants. The extra letters used to make up longer sijglinctude 38 long vowel, and the consonants ¢, ye 1 and occasionally ‘The following are some ofthe hat contain these eters: deals etd in or Sai an Most ange 3h are related to verb: we will tur o them ater. When you sty ‘vocabulary, note which words have the same 335, and practice saying them out loud this ‘willhelp your pronunciation, reading spelling and vocabulary retention by making it easier to remember the rac shape and sound ofa word(tt gi) itt [Rout Toor Sql or recom WORDS . = Bae il oe ake ae= Ul — asta wal = a ae (ett gi) sintt Lis poe (Css ne wonoe ro tow woe Hun Waar rams can you ner ovr? For Bass, oa 3i5g seme ro matne wots oF Aco OMIMUATA eHTECON? ah | eth | aia [eed | sed | atest | ad oo ols yall Jee ies Jesh lly pul au dod ole se she Gin tal elas eo hal ge at The Arabic Dictionary pty yugeaLll Arabic dictonares ist words according o jal. The consonants of Sa) are ste in alphabetical order with ai representing the consonant » (remember thatthe vowel lif cannot be part of rot), Thos, in the dictionary, the root y-w-f precedes yw which in tum precedes 5~ + Doubled root suchas Gr grr of Uiaia are wally listed scconding tothe alphabetical order ofthe first two letters only, such that = 3-¢ precedes Jc » Make sare you know the order ofthe alphabet, because to find the ke _youare looking for, you must look up each Teter in tum in that.[Each dictionary entry presents one in. Within tis entry, the ist section Iss he verbs, (We wil discuss thie section in more detail n Chapter 14) Skip down to the next sub-etry, and you will finda noun, aawally ofthe « ais: , followed by othe nouns and then adjectives, ll sted by gy. In ome dictionaries, internal vowels are given i transliteration (English tte). Each noun entry should give plural and good dictionaries will give prepositions and idiomatic expressions as wel. Its important to pay attention these when looking up the meaning of a word (Gat gi) gupatist aw [1 ave Pricnar time gal] sone UIE ROWING WORDS WI A aN FTE TR (oh (Lr ann he A20CT WRATH ARRCRDATE MERSIN OF TH EN ORD WE HE) “Tio ashe WORDS APIRETAL ORD Yj Seal AD WHITE RTH PACE MOTD, Fry L008 TR WoO ALE ORD AND WHE THE MEANING clade oes pes ike as<1 staekt @ ‘Lear the nuntbers from eleven to one hundred: 22 ‘Unlike the numbers fom 310, which ar folowed bya plural nou, the numbers from 11-100 must te flowed bya singular noun. Informal Arabi, you will ee nouns folowing numbers 1199 written with ll 45 ending, Study the following examples: GUS (op pde) Ys oid Ce (oapdes ESLe) TA pl ah ee (gil y coe) AV La par cian Lie (Epc gant) Mg ne "Tate olen poling St for does ot ats pronuncaon “formal Arabic imposes green les tht fet he gender ofthe numeral. You wil em hese Fieri Spoken Ara use ued fo tht vary alight from dls oat but te easly Thiet ace you know the bse une fon preted er.(Cael yi) SE “nes 10H 7AP A ARLE EMER OU HEAR ME Wye ” “ w \ wv u ” . . w . w “ w w w “ ve we \e x w va ny ¥ ” “ w 4 \ t o (esa) Liv gud ‘Asean onsen SED HN REXANG PAGES A RL CUT OF A RAC MARCHE, OnE wo Ate ne (sat gi) ptr Liou? ay Bincot Dave uF Boico SEES ni HVE HOWE AMD HVE COLNE CONTAIN HOMERS OM 1198, Ov ration AP AME ACT A THE CALE, CALING OUT MENA ANOONGY, ANDTHE TIES “nc or 1 thas ay Hav THE MS EON TO‘? FIVESTAIGET ACOSO DAGONALY ES(cinatt i) bot ts [Ve ope aL a ips company She St innecdof wa so ou ADERTEANT 70 RAD THE MCAMATEON REQUESD: 1. Who place this ad? What do they need? Whom would they prefer to hie? 2. Find the section which ists educational requirements. What are they? 23. Fin the section which indicates experience desired. Name to | Where are the benefits described? Name one benefit given 5. For practice, choose two words to look up in your dictionary. Choose well: identiy words you think are ley to understanding a certain part of the text. Before opening your Alcionary, have a sense of what kind of meaning You are looking for, eg, 4 noun, an adjective, o something to do with a particular Geld. Then dentify Sa! and look it up. Gy taileg 1S pi Se yang Ug ys Sw I} alae aga oat RBA I Jad ld poh oslSenY Rode W ponsts¥ Lille gai eh pS KS obpne yh Ge UE Yih Bost 1 TBM ce ely gta Janie a ty Sia Ral MN 3 ay RAL le Zl 4 Rag gif UA ys gl gl il We Bek ale ae bat he ell Sl — enh SL an ne as GL lo cep gL TU gL YOY =2lagas— ORV a ye Js BUS oe eb WAY Spl ane« Twas ate, fll behind Sad ly gt oe SlSSe festbaal waseodl Soroteod steal gb nose at age be spill ang date pe abet ScaggShglll gb sabe gh cing File ayes wuts [Wont Wire 4 sont Land as 4c se oF retoas, Useas ova all AS 00 ce ASE eal cena peGuay tiny ted wits [1M ond ‘You way ets uRHNe AN ANA CONTR, TH TOWING AN APLCTON TOON soon moc Read TOUOH TWA PART, AND ASYOU DO 80 RL OT HE ORM OR HER svi qoarion om Anan oF count) GUISE WHAT YOU CAN TREN CONTE AN wall ano worerP ne nes, pts lg tle. Beal BD gee Ved aE ge ai dsLoial asl g aelll aaa gs digg sell Zell aoeoy(hat ged lan) a eal = ball kai a ttheue(T= & woe OD gyike CD apetagas 9 dalle - Lgl il plat Jal = 4 SU JB jaye de pope DESL bipa-! Aaa SE aall pa = eatet iy yg SLED pd a ey tn gang ga ASAI S31 N ase Nin ta IML all $3 pe AE, laa! estilo HS ea Ee] ple oe ae | ee | Re ee ee saa aad congo 31 saa | ball =e |e | ear wun | cain [eee feat | cant fovenn | ut nr“Saath! gala gad aclply tayae ChedS | 14 Ooe Dever ot nwmen? Dra or mts te ar even. Ks 3M) Alia ph alas gy JS Sagal! lst) (1a), pr et te cee (ese) $a pal cat ua we) Aidan Se eal lS of a Dey all 4S lbs 8 (et) $k te lle Sah Se a hd Ge (Shag con) Seg auf iy ghee (coe) (est) | heel Gt Lakes gSKlh gh lle ake all gl gy all gel pee Jule Cael ee aS LAL SLAIN age ale ySIOM! ag Yall US be hy esl ful Lal oe Lg elt Kall AS LIS lene ae eoey Laat gaAl ga ah be Lg LS og ayy Uae ones Ube EAL ye Ly gp Bl any OSs pal Bt ed ae gt Ll Aaja RALL Lage al gal Saale Fine he Anata! Igbo a3 LbseaL taeade La Ips ats it patil [19 gene ‘Aus van one ve aes above rom THE TIE. Fos YOUR APHATION OX FLLONING THE TAD “ornantaio wisenne for YBa I AM0H STN OR asa! AKO NOTE HOW IS USED, —_———_ wee $y tne snags a — Ja uw she daly pals ws us 4. ete) ———_v Ramat teh Vig i le eg —_—$ 2 Gaal! ilgatd felt? saad = War Ue ra sony comoauat, Listen forthe collouial of Jb and 31 Sadia ipl t= usr 0 sven et eo NCU What can you understand? halt 0 1g) eh paul Be aur dL VeeM alae ays atl eliteswail dasha! gd pig gia 4 soll Hag psd le gai © Saal eile ait Sipe put hn da eal eal +a alg gl ae # Stell se piaualll le umes bly © Bg zit all gabe # isl tla go Ela sly Bae Tell giements foine Real © yal sila al clans ©oer tobe some (08 then, Ll ane sevopaper fost around, about to leave (a place, eg, room, howse) + qasill oe A special ts) wn private adetive) ney roomate etd. oh sich (aotive hour dock lock wath ese tobeableto altemoon tomtum aE BSD 6 thay Ate or ote og ote hunch ta to eat breskfat caghitl «fh. hoa tas Su tophy cali a Sa club (eg sports soil see 43) plsll og gat toleave(the house): erally todescend ye Jg3ile oe J 5 + Oe JS ba : = towake(comeone) up (¢ JA) ae me obec of ver) a22 plait ei alas [hrs pa SECON of EAH AFER YOU WR EN EHO EH VEE TOMER OE feawtans yong As 101 HW Mon EARNING LS, THEE YES HAVE WO EMS FOR pall! By ew 2 es suet Tumifonet] anh ee /onssss Vyssna/isrsea| aan Agile En gua ak Nehint/oonchind| gab poten \omahlines/ionehinns coh lye! (eh gi) op guact [Vane Uneven lao (Uc atrecmmnanataome, Nn nition jail ee aghill Lod bgp = At Lisi bis tt + it el ne SF yours Usha tabaci (a3) 196 soa thst A ga pill Ss) Ja lan gly hee pall cull itll cal oe gyphl lgNg) Sagat ctapatt [1 oe? dal gh bapa aks iyi fo SS olpe Tellae ange Ul ogee gS cles JS Rael yy 1 ya pals pall aad ge Ah gull gh egal 9 anlyll Rabel Jad call oe pina taal poe 81 Sand nn gn py bell a BS YS Oe agg A pall clea Se ae A 2 gobll Ia if Joa gh gobes Y Rael 0 hs th Sy Y clea SB gs) AS Ha BS aT YT OM gghaty pal ie A teal ULI Ladys tye PIS HIESILy Se + paSeohe} tgdiaat LY oot 1. Whotaves their howe rom belo eating real!” [Remeber to we psi + J] 2. Who seadsthe paper every day? Which poper/s? 2. How many hours per week do they ply sports? 4. Dothey smoke? id they eversmeke? 5. Who has joined a stent ub? Which one? 6 ho gts («etme home ate in the evening? 7 Who begins tadying (Song homework) nthe afternoon? 8. Whose cases begin before non? 6. ts there a special room orbuling they ie tosit into sty? 10, Who wakes up his/her roommate in the moming?22 tail (at A) nas tqaats [Tonk 1, Menon something i does: te a all Gi oa it ips peat 2 Onder the following activities according to what ts does: SES lol ohh Soa all halla Rb casi HRI iy Iga Iga Seal a lle poi te SU gb Ghats tas oe lal aad Jods cael oo capil say Jab Le ell gi Jane 7K wed a forma veto talkabout esting lanch, Wate wha you ea: sat ‘This ver used mainly in formal Arabic and must be mentioned witha mesh Aa / sat / hail Jytah 8, lL introduces anew top, deal sing the topic siched ss for, ae Peal pos oe WK US ie 9. Guess the meaning and explain the grammar ofthis phrase A isle et as(ait yi) tear ge [6 on? ‘Wo a aera coneate your sommes 0 Har oF AIL. y coureTG THE CHAR LOW. ADD ~ ae deka! we way BE gol gh gpl fle tysEl ga Lo In Egypt gl! offer social and recreational facies to those who can alflord them, much ike American country chubs. The thre largest in Cairo are 315i pols» gol SUL and gla gall Theater vo have gal 4S teams that enjoy # ge following and flere rivalry. ln addition to these private clubs, some lage companies, profesional associations, and government agencies offer sls to employees and their fae, such as Li) gals. These cubs are more social thn recreational, offering places to et drink coffe, socialize and host events suchas weddings. Watch as members ‘of geass gal talk about what coe it pays in thee ives, BE Map pl opilbas ae satis refs smoke in ont of aly ember usual? Watch he interviews cen your VD torte opinions of some other Young smokesasigit Keel Leds + yaad & Younaveleamed how ose Lat! al witha tented yu to expres the concepts of possession, accompaniment, and there e/there ae, You should be able ‘understand and analyze the following examples ofthis construction olulh Ba dS (1) Fone sie (0) tee d(H) Joga (9) Jn fomal Arabic these Kinds of sentences may be negated usa a" Compare sents 14 above with counterparts 1-a bth 2 IS gh Gad (1) ores gate Ladd (1) ete iad (4) Yee (1) ‘Note that must come atthe begining ofthe sentence, preceding bol and jail Those Lee! og may be pu in the past with jC or negative past with tS Le ‘As you saw in Chapter7,oSshould nate conjgated forthe logical subject the poses) butrather maybe hought of ar xed expression. Like yal, US prcedes both aah tok yl ov ange gael 25 Sale ge GIS ctl ces pall ghee Gate 31S Le FSI La all gS tial oS GIS When describing places or inatitutions, do not ue ake, which refers to people Instead, use for physical posesons and for intangible oes we AS Gk ad al deal eg ad gall oa oowever the abstract word. tne sally wed with sie 1 on’ ce tine! sy gtte gad "Eater we noted that may be negated with Le segpoten Arable 8 niga ie Le, Hee we presen the formal neption with yal. These bw contre fer in usage notin mening,(at yA) dapat dau itp [Tove 1. There are no students of Arab descent in Ou as. 2 Last Friday, there was no tafe (overcrowding) nthe streets 5, She refused to talk with ras because she had 0 time 44. Ths area does not have many restaurants 5 Does this lub have special programs for bids? 6. Inhis cldhood, Beirut did not have MeDonals restaurants, and now ithas seven. 7, Last week we ha a very hard test. {8 Theyhad two sons.and three daughters, but the oldest son died {9,1 doe have an opinion bu would ike to stn to yours (cat yi) teaaat tor + ond [Yo Waar vo oko ns rts ao PAC OT HA: o! ae a alk te eps teOrdinal Numbers dapat) atac¥t ‘You have learned the cardinal (counting) mumbers from 1-10, Arabic also has ordinal numbers that are essily derivable from the cardinal numbers wough the sand ji system. ‘The “sof the cardinal number is put into ‘he patter «Letts (feminine tat ‘This combination produces ordinal numbers from 210 2-9 are also used in combinations above 20), [Note hat the Arabic for at derived froma different; than that of sy (just as English one and fist do not resemble each other and that jal of seis ally Gye and not cree ‘whichis a later development of the counting number 6, Listen to and learn the ese and Sis forms: 22 esha Sank 1S pa gual gall gh a Fy Saal za! OS8I/gb8) wud fest el Veni ata oe eat aya taal mtu pall pe lal tote tat! Spe GT coll 2 ae ALUN wl ay OF ye a Byte CLR RAL ph oad pate Soe Spe vB Cad pltne(cot yd oa ono 1 HENAE HHO Ot atl 2. Uya5 e2 N bte ULp — d pal ga egal LT et sey pa etl leh ot oath gh msl pae th th ee haga esl Lt toe What Time Is 1? duel oS time (aan abstract entity) quarter eb third iy Byte Lalli in olen Sl ae es tral: xcept) y Lenad H] Sunlyll Leladl = 1108 minute gilih.g tas 1s gaphaey goad HULL gL! Atwhat time, ? So Relais cline JS call Soe ee ph Lang gh Listen to various times given it in spoken, then informal Arabic on your DVD. In formal Arabic, ndnal rumbers are used tell time? Remember: eng tine, fl etal (oth YF Re Lat se for 100. Vie stad eaLily ent = eX gly Bayo aabal "Wnapoken Arabic, cardinal numbers arewsed tl tine Gal a naan 0 forthFoden gi gh eset tat [Sone ‘ax Le oy oo ase ArT AP OWN, IF oY, HAT MAE? Be HE TO fatiney alll sagan hae GO 9° Shall oe Gude Shall ll gpa OC @ patie Sut osha esl Al ogee B. Dron bow or mes enc Arora Tt esTEROH esl?iedauts [oe shel oe pas discumion odie (ues) esau aa uo ou. Ns aie cone om tN Ha, Ts ABE ESO TO 1. Fis, sean the article to gota sense ofits overall structure, News articles usually have 8 predominance of fads! Ua; use thisiformation to help you Keni how many sentences this news ate contain 2 Find the basic information ofthe article inthe fs sentence: Look carefull atthe structure ofthe sentence. In what order do the pieces of information os ns pani Bilal ga 5. entity at ya ether “new sentence” © 7 the tt marian bree a i pian ol os a i 4. tcktal proper rou pass Whateps | san NonLs Sf ol O yo ety the? osnalge pipa ce Seana er porous om 6 Choose the word you thik the mast | 5b ln do gn Caporuncone oa dontaw andiokitup. |Salad gl ki Sees aah wo ane oe aR Sd ey GTS ae Sel pe sone Sly pe 5. Find tive diferent adverbs lease LL Ll LL or ee ae pe Sl SE, SL oll IG al pad SRAM (ete) at aeae plain! Aisi sia go viata Slee dans Lil ov Spa SS teat ULF $A pate tye Let eee UL yc oo (aa yi) ip outs [iroue LehS oi ptt the word ust dtd Rawisge etal) gall 0 t00K on TH WrotMATION EQUEED. Waren OR jy YU Be a (te) LU ys SEES male Haley ele Lethe aly dla ag ost) Saal aly li ey ah Sheet palin ia oat F Sabb Sas of gubias ping oul SLLy tyaalas gf Spans SL gh Agu) MBCaKa 1010 he BoE ee a a 10 gh (308 SH Aah RM gee ale SAB 50 si 5 gh wt o8 135 ‘Fs0 anges 1930 gall arene 180 pe ged in 2220 all ga ne Se as ye a 0008 at 01.30 Lae apap Sterna 09 i a0 pr pec geo a ae Seon 50930 goneyS debe ota pao sag 1130 lp haw 10) Saga ta Lae 1250 paige par OO FA Go Fpl te 1850 gargs danse ole a ats 4.00 ys dane 1520 post ne dn se 1 yen gee SO TBD ganes oe—pe dm Sood glee t= 1800 gangs aban Had ~ del tnseota190 pn pooh nm 200 Loe A 20.0 oom ony atta ete ete (me) gift ins sea jae cl Sa ded coloome A Sawa «. 2003 ype 207V gael pat (chap saan fbn Jair ON ely 0630 io gp ta SL 107 ae etl Jpms nae 10 1200 Yas apa gh 1430 ot 140 Sea ete yg 189 al SL ne ROO jay gate 17.30 fay Lad Sone 1600 19.30 la angel 19.0 Ja Sy Jae Sy 2090 8 AS ne Fete B90 ag eT e210 5030200 Fl ali O13 ake Paso 0220 ph 0210 ey Fat aMt gy Jat 08.0 as ay 02.0 Honey TShrank The Ks O40 (isd) Sad! ‘sg 21 Saat 1.0 $Bg 10 SS dae Ady 10S Road sM0 Lal aghon e215 LAS Pe 144s Lag 0 god ne 1530 JU 2911500 pal aan 1 TRap al Sn 125 1700 ppp Valo 3 AAO lenge! fost om 2000 at ge. 22 sat gu 45 palin 3.20 pa 1S De PiScleal ata 500 gpd Sm 450 nt Ap 1005 nade gy OS a stat ge NS pee 1530 pall So 190 Lain Sota teas aus aire pa 2000 ple Help SSL pees see 23 50 oot he ite 0 eee eT ey Ae) pe suucp page noaas Maen cs Lessons Fehr acirr ger hme TTET Sree soa a as {Doha ete iteGaal! gals otnde [Noone sie JS gh dels game st seal eB pe ¢ ool cosas gale alee obese gle J Aestaly cal ysl Leal! Ge — en phon ete esta 4 Sai pb ol ygiSall le pine cate cathe cence chee J ane pag US itd go gall 338 agehae settle Ce Lat LL gh ale eo Aah ao aahill = gta gh cuanto Gal para Tali Rest sang ot Lagi ba gd LISI! Gey HL fisti ea areal pail! palin ieee ned oe a danny SUL JE gh te ga Y oe erall ph elise take vlan isk US Ge Shld sel» sha Erwan sles obbhest Rael! if alle Gani opal ay cel LAU eh NaH aps ell i) SU Pees ob a lala ie heen ot Le gall Cast Use as lag = tes [Nowe ‘Sac wow sa, UN Tt CORRECT Fon FH NOUN, REVIEW THERES OH USING ROXAS WT ssnmonen Cranes 70 Bo 0 ro. (sel) © gt sag is pd (oleae) Spe JS wld ohy —___ ys (eo 8) Shak} a pga gue Lule UL (hls) - apse 0a lon ll tal all (se) / rh a alt lig te pal ul (oeel) Late yt glace yp sate Gd (en); 0 apa isle tes W yae gle al (eds) Lsawa movie didn tke i 1. He's in love with git he met st year. ve watched every game they played this yea, [remember that fom 2 book Ir {Last year Thad roommate who used to slep all he ime. enjoy every lecture goto. ‘She is busy with friends who came Thursday night ‘have an appointment want go to. "vein an area that has good schools ‘She got engaged toa man whe lives in Morocco. 10, They're talking about anew story she wrote Rpt 4 2 J oa pa (sua gi) tian ther od [Trowe at ae ool Sal Hy og Wht Usomune nt an Jam Yu ca Ripe tens een gale Upset Land lpn ol oases de a yh Se Seta any hig igh ale gh rote ae oh Sel ll GLa atthe Ob cay OSL hangen Jas Bye nate ge gla Sl han pl eg le tay lage Stl pally BUS ashe tng sata (Scuba AAA ge PIS ga Canalng Sg yp aa Ha Gua ad Eke Ug a da — «Lae Shag Tang Gabel alee yl Bll oo han Mays abeQuanifies Be/ elias / yes / Is & one none(@) (olga) sald People (o) tu a setiestus fechevery indefinite ae + ys sever indefinite gan + Se ‘You have leared a ange of quantifying expressions in Arable. The ones sted with Hin the folowing diagrams are followed bya definite plural nonin jot dels w@ (shoe wit) espe py iS | ype baal ay dial Real ys lle pi pine Sh Se le cas ul Note the use of to specify part ofa group with numbers, Jus, and jaé An Choke ll a Jal ps Sa pe gt ad Ane pe aa ll ole abdul oe(ae A) haa Jay ¥/ Jade oe [out nn mo ots HS Ns UNG QUANT, A THE AE eal ashae oth ine lane lhe Rib gan ie leone eo WL mentee HY pS ae Jal ety cel par ane f peed olele EIT cll ay 2 An paedal ae 3 Ge tale poe (ana gi) eb wuts [14 got sek a pals uber (of) slael og Se SGN ng Lil ga Le gol oa Lage Gaps gl gh 21 context J} meting Lins Iga 3h ginko gall ganl) LISI JS Ips Y aad a Log Riga a gh Gu Ge gga LE pete bed Guta! JS the BU /oLI/anly Hie pine any gett bel 9 (8 ae Ja np a ageof Seal cbiata bl os ab emia a tac oie so te RS) Bata ae Sy oe Ba Eh a ciety ] eas Myke st ut J 2 eo ona 21 pa eal bey lec de BEES val wees FE) sat eslae fil REET GSA NEI sly A galt Sm EIT ta er Bd a Barre ge ve sans wn — HESS or Bake tt ya MEN ga MUN alter ghee Sao She saeomeweg NON lla al Jbl at oe Sue RHO. +08. ES RTE APRA Sy lat or et Rel AI Ty a EE Ye gga CN gst Be EOi ®,.008, 8,868 Ter cya © NAVE pl GANIVIAGIVIY Sly « in, dail gi Jit ae oor BBSSORm — ge MONET pth ONIN la « ee Sl HEXCRERRE = = = SOSSNR 20m BOSRNOE...,.8.8 ame Tarr Sth «EVENT AAG LV Avie bly gla BOOM Bi BOB yy. Bu Be Boog EOE TpSth cutie Fevite AWN PW FONT lc glee asthe a SAGOS .AOSS. » ny ow ED avert ge oor BEMiapous Dene LaLa ge ambassador ele ge Dealt ust ygSly apace Bae oo nab hh Sor yall a 2 Inthe ist sentence identify and abel these grammatical elements subject —ver>—objac—adverb of ie-prepsitional phrase indicating place 4. Look atthe phrase 51! las and gues from yal! what it means 4 Knowing the source of the ati, gues the meaning of the word sia 5. Inthe second sentence, nd ll cases of jail. Why do some nothave tI? See how many cases of Lin and Ue + pus you can find (arene ere ya nee) (ginal pall Jol Qh «2 | ely estyit (EU ee nae Laat iy lle J FB cea agg see el Bylo lani Le SDS Say aS alge gal lat ued oe Sy Nagpal egal gas ausauts [07] Warr anor Lissa, reo an anor vou wnt, Tri oun ie Lhasa» RODEae gaint! waa [woe] Liste menses o8Youk DVD 6x0 WATE jana! Hu? YOU HEAR, Reman 70s Om clea @ a cps Se Sab oly Pallas gly diy glee! bones ikeglly sssall Weta ot lege cSt Liste Lepall ge Las! (able Soyoalt obssls ad esl 20 tially ita en [Age | yey DVD Iya calls api ga oe Sele Se § Jase gel Sane le 1 Spell eae et 8 SM ppp abe BL ot SP GU/GL Falla Joe ga aMaalyh! gle 1S ou “Ts eeesens At MANINCUESE WOU TERT EORTIN, Cove TH elphe phe de all fae Gal Bey Lat dat fate call wa Slat opie! shee of ah ae Reet! ball Jad gyal gal gh ese p95 ee Gf any Sang tal gh pe al 2nY che bapa! sty dale bs eo GU ibaa pins siya A iy Lyall al Gi ale A Reeaall = Geng a¥ elds (Spats BY cuts a. eal al AY Sal pooled Bets ont [toot Se Gay Ll ce CAS ll oLaseal e kaly gang eg tb Coal Both Gab pan occa eye Ga ae le ewe 9 pol ay Lag I Lal Ht linn Cael Leal eg pl oh pul Le Jay eh el oe Jibs (Still oe pe Lhe Leal LAL ob fay Coy ad sacs deal pe ate pl ane Lil ll coal Ub syns Real (Hob Say all St any Sousa eA Hl pH) bay A ge ay Ly ans Y Gu ABT eh NR tas ph Sy Hp aBS WL amy GU pases Ge GoalSiy Genel tee CRE IS gl Sl ge aC ag Al Et Uae a Ha The Us SBS Ue ness Geb LI ne 94 GL Le) yaDE ake Le tgeiSly athe Ipmezaat [1 pee pbs ot oe alas US o» 583 —__—_____. pt ge sayy ——— al 3 rs ots ’ et es loud oY Gea! Pte i o ———— ———— + ——_ con} Joga 2h sy ——_ —____ Raya ae Gala! SGilgel Jnl Gaoty” east - scibey ates ue ebSiy Ils Ina Listen to the way he says She las gl coal and Gaasle Sad SdeLe tig ante” — sacipasny 1S byl How does the gi say’ “theres someone” in colloquial? CilglSI ob 193i vu aly Wally getsite tau ra sy eg ote sloch gatesie toi amual VY nll Tag 7 J lly) aaa © The Sopertoe Jul Jul © ashy! Subj VerbAgement i a # seer aslul ye Bela obala. & aye tl ce © Glau! Pel ale Rahal Bas fase tual ©to take as thei Inde i ad» th tosay, remain ay Mlogetter ‘vacation (atte =) we tovisit BEE sas 5 (hte maser eb gall» (Lage) Sole = il the moet feu indefinite yh ead» a in adn to rc ‘of course, naturally cones ay off, 33la!= Vie og Ube toleamot pall pl He 1 was appointed ey tobe een fom, mise ce AB oe Si oe Es to decide to sat opaatl gan) decision ¢ 3 comparative (adetive) ae to spend (ime) ea pas. ph setup award rant feowship re) vere us: 65 25 Now golly sinlormiee baeuy clas ms(ctl gi) Ratt otnaat [Fone 90 SS eget! gh ily Late Sts 2) As Sa le lynn ane eal gf Hage sty Gefally laa Colb qlee 1 pee SE Be hae Stl! ale Glos Rena AlN A pa BL Walang nee gly gah) a ED all pany il yalall Ge ally Rapin WS5t Gaal all GARI sila 10 Rpg lp a 2UASIYN any all ll Sagal sally asi! gb ha ected! slaid Raja Gn som taale Ge le eae ME Repl! US sally pH GAT SSG Ld Ae Apia pS line Bayle AA Soptedgan giptaa tte [rout ses 5 oF Wows 0 wre Lh hae wr ar aa ont “nen serene” 5. Fons om ALL fd / 315 / Speed ony / ogUbaly al 1 Bay fle J SB pak / pill poe / ae oy lagen Ja / 8 / 13/8 5 / alll pal pe yl ayy ULF lease / gle aad / 8G / ut(Soll yi) pad asigs dayne cteis [Fone (Convers seen Uc A LAS NEM LSB tac sec. Reta 10 tavern "Yo THEGRANOAIALSHLETRES OU MED TOUR TH 3 yy 3M A ae set a ee ses , state tne tt ie i ti tit as ——_——_____. Seay v ti (nad gi) 500 tglat Coane "Who wt them and whom id they visto he ast vacation? How many times i semester do they vst thei lames? 2 How many hours per day do they spend sung? reading? 5. Do they stay here on campus onthe weekends? 44 What was the best decision they ever made (=ccided or took) in their ives? 5. Dothey remember where they were when they leaned of 9/11? 6 What wasth hardest lass they have taken took in college? 7, Do they spend time (=) with ind every day? 8. Do they miss class or work often? Why /why no? 9, Dothey know of any scholarships for summer language sty?si pe ut tbs on fll ag pale os ll Sade IS (Ie ga) pad + Saya a oaall Ge Use Le STAN aka Spal Hl ee pala Ge SRAM Gd Southey SA pay Iga OLAS ob gine gts Ye oe ie etl pe © Rusia isla! Gis! 19 Ros Poy (dat yi) deat ge [Vou? ei ade senay JL 6 opalSiy hay hanes Ups ya ll pa Jab lag Lge ot ike Taga Splat ob Led pansThe Superatioe Justia Jaai & Yowhave seen sever examples of the supetative Sy 8h baal base! The superlative adjective named Jeb! Laat after its 3, formed fom snipe ‘jective By putting the 43 of te adjective into si 335! Listen tothe Jat tome oh Shee adetves cm the DVD and complete the car. (Yu cn se that adjectives whowe sg ‘contains a doubled consonant, ike (a and sing , take a modified form: lear the ones shen here) QB st eu] ete en) vate gull "Remember that these words ae fixe in form and cannot ake 5. Remember also thatthe superlatives fst and lst ake special forms: 2 a Si ‘The Ja! adjective can be wed to form superaive phvapes ie the ones you have sen, ln this case the adjective acts 36 noun al sued in a kind fan with on Indefinite noun, te kindest an the nicest woman the sangest movie "in gevera Soe ative and adetives with anger ike gu. pe or ake, tase ih eta consonants cannot be made ruperaive by aig tis 5“ae most important thing to remember about this superlative construction is that although ‘English equivalent is definite, the Arabic is indefinite. When vse ina sentence, i isu ike an infinite noun, and often occur in Xa Le (ee Chapter 1) (bg GS oLaaLt plas yal (6 Rayan Lagan Sh 5yatilt (9 the ist sentence, note thatthe adjective i, a+ Is indefinite, because it modifies the ‘iefnite phrase Lazu pS Inthe second sentence, the phase plat, modified by ‘Latta whic describes an indefinite noun, ‘The supelasives and I often occur in contexts ike the one you heard in the Th ast me fin ich) ep EA Be lS gad pe 95 Hye stl ote the us of ig to complete tall Ue The preposition 4 indiats locaton in both ae and space i Arabic and you wil $e and heat in such contexts often (cet yi) Jaina tai | out Desc st TaN URN HALA Sei i iague Sl soe Ue ees tat a ply age ell ila a — Derren dees eet agile ene o vi ats aa cle} sn wos to Aly Sh he tty a sos WY) ’ anal ea a Raa he22 Sala! Spal gi ach od ag” hei folSiy name gua usd Jade AS Fegan Jobs ds sent Soe pan” ly LSS Lge pa SLAs! ga gid HSL SUAS! 0 153i wll phaal coat (sbi aayer fo \ lece ® Gaal! CSUN eas aud! hale asl Deiteand inte Lay # rpallly Jal gh) & eves e shit ode Bi yee Elaine! * jel Web Et gio ha call Sagal yuto eave someone or something) ‘whappen arden, yand publi park hataroom, bath swimming poo! ‘recall to mention comfort ease irag oon) apartment katchen| fave, sory Pa, nak Something) ready to receive, to welcome previously, belone ‘consis of tobe made up of place tohope. wish for someone) to oie ghs pee ee ke Stl g Gok ley. uals el we gus Wa Jak a dese Soh ot BUI g oe AY USS ot RE iy Yat22 etiisyaie SE ls iy Si" pals = a z - fi e be o a 7 ee | a chet me ree at teat(St yi) batt otyaat [Toa Behe ed oad aay bas Gk Uy B5 ee Z ete SSF yt ab Sie aay Jam aly os Sale Ue Gul ty Sys heal gi Li yghill ally OA any Geakie Ualiy sal PES ht Sy lel Lia Lat a AE By pe th all go SLL ALY wearing +See he Ge aad Se J gepet Soe th I SL Se gl HL at Sams a onl gah Gail ap Ga Rubia oe gs tu Bt se Pole pel gall Hh pk 91 LN 3) UL Spal te ie gel asl Spsst hu i6 bh ar 8! aly We WY cade Late lyn a SAN AH 22t05 Sal eda rt ll Niassa (Slt gi) Lead pds Sapa olenaa [Fond tes SE ETSY(ea gd) Armee erm ok Uk MNCS Hs Ne Js 4 Who has mom more than thre tes nthe past ive yeas? Wows to move to another ity ater graduation? 2 Whereis the bestplace to rent acar? 5% Inthe opinion it beter torent an pertinent rive in he doen? What do mostapartments consis of ‘ Whoprereres her/his food at home and who ests inthe enetria? 5 Dothey real the fist word they read in Arabic? (What usually happen inthe fat clas ofthe semester? Dothey usually fee amore on that day? Why /not? 7 What is the most beauifulpace they have ever vised? What do they eal about thle visi thece? Sensor: oka nth rary an now ht hey wb here when you yet bac? 9 Where do they hpeto sete down? What do they hope to have? all aS Tan pS) Sphoaalad oT See Sad alll Styl pu UU a, SI ees So St see en tt a Land oF Sze Ly Loe glee 985, PAST Sy yoS cosa toa eS kaatal US Sl FH ine Lae al ays le SI ea yg LtSeal ll be cate ge SOM lye as oad MUI as a cake a ipa ae 1 ABU Sa dates 4 og Ute inane weno a Bat soe Toma rman cai Fl coal the tye ge el AL GL ASH Shae OM tae a ge at sy Se A ote as a sassy LU |YiiAT ARE THESE ROOMS? (Do twey conassronp ro Rous w vouR House? name ———~ uaa: Tau ae — pasty Werrmacn na Maange NAasl gil Describing Places SUA inag snail ied! Note that ga uses teas! Gaal with everscd pai ates to desert the howe In whic shelve Raps Hpac aL pet pans ely antl ye I Ee YI Sl Youhavelermed thatthe order of al! and +i is reversed inthis kindof Lea Seay! because 141 i indefinite, and thas cannot begin a sentence, In the soon jeample above 14-1! consing ali of tens some of whch are indefinite; theretone te same principle mutt aply. Notice alo that (nots) i used to ascribe “passewion” toa place (English hs): This ora. ab Galak gad ULL aia = 5g Mishwse ha Gag BH Aah cal Han © Sly 3S Sl a ya Geta a aa ‘This Kind of sentence is often used in describing spatial relationships as well ay possession and asocition. The preposition Lai not of oe, relers both to spa) location and abstrat choices or eligntions et 5 Ga CURL BS ah pa Remember that this kind of sentence is negated with uJ, which must dnely precede rill and that the tense can be shied by using Ss / 51, which must oo precede sll. These prepositions will help you describe cation: aL oie pada, between a below, underneath es next to beside Seat above, on top of ash bind ws Eahee pae spall Gadd la GsSeeeSyS Than ay oj y ged le Soe aS Uy Gy le Gy a lt(St A) pate sat inet tte [Wop eS ple BU a ad SoelS yop anne pl ee aM eS ple uta BS ad Bale Bane gat Late toby Spel aa tt hs pas tole ate ae Balen plen aS cole Rea ll gt loh eels Uae tae Silvie SLEDefriteand indie La) Yor know thatthe lowing phrases ate examples of aay) the bedroom peal the parr rein rom head! Uys ‘he ising iy rom Rall ne os that these phrases ae all definite. How, then, are the concepts my bedroom anda ‘dram expressed in Arabic? est remember that onthe at noun in an 24a) canbe marked define, Ths the Possessive pronoun sufismst come at the end ofthe i my beraom rote ‘ei parr pelle Sons. dition made between definite and indefinite ia. The example seve and most of the LiLo that you have seen of at efit because the ees ibe LAL Is finite, An indefinite iL) is one in whichthe last word is nates Compare the definite examples above o thelr comesponding indefinite toe 1 Bahoom pte parton ae 1 iingaiyrom Reta Soe hee a indent phrases they behave jut ke any indefinite noun. For camp, adjectives moving them are indefinite: Reape a.) ane J a oe Nove ha th adjectives yaad ie are 5s becase they muy aye ter mle for definite aL apply a well nde ones. In particule, ‘emember to pronounce 5 on all nofinal words of any Lt (eat ghia cel A) tnay to wuts Ago Sails Faw on onan aerator «macro acca rst scrawny eal 2 Meso oun EECENON WONT SHOMINE THE RETLRE was A anton dh SeRESION OF HE MCTURE VOW An ext. Whew ltt nas momen cee22 (ony) tags [os ‘You wit iat Ubr oF rHRAsS nnaD ON T4E DVD, Watre vows eat int, AND a oecumess OF LALa) , then wevTY wen snd yaatiolers | alae iz 1X sean ed seth few ae Ly wwe hve ted v jet tonne vethout hee x0 vt ty canfonson 7 th fms sas i Form ite = fare Wsincides — | ott vin only to 5 x complete the | Dah p vec picture = iad x Now let us look at concrete example of how this system works. You know the ved (ELLA whose root is pots and you can see by looking the chart that its Form VI, or Unis! g3y. This same rot ¢--j combines with other gas wel asthe chart below demonstrates. Note that the meanings of all these verbs are related in some way to the basic meaning, fo ca, which isthe meaning of J5¥! 591! Each other jy adds someting to this basic meaning‘The root z=Br-g was chosen to demonstrate this system because it happens that ‘most ofthe theoretically possible forms can be derived rom it n other words, ie has ‘sn actual verb for each possible 3 (except DX). Most root donot make se ofall of the ‘heoretialy possible 5) and thus have verbs corresponding to only some of them. a= you wil see when you practice ooking up vers in the dconary oa wat | gua | pour | ast ‘wait ii Hi | twctop up ahs 0 ‘wautott " toaivide up and) | —guayn Ty he ew [ae [i ea aa tobe chopped up wa |v | Winterset vI | [tobe cutee vu ‘othe a cto ei | ao [vm ~ & to deduct x '¥ you took atthe meanings ofthese verbs, you can se thatthe are al related othe basic meaning of 3. focut. Arab grammarians have s saying thatthe mare eters You sd to the asic 25, the more you add to the mesning 30 thatthe higher 3 ae lnger {and also ten to have more complex or abstract mesnings. Some ofthese meanings involve passive and reflexive meanings (o be Xe oe X onesel). When you have more vocabulary 'o work with, you wil lam to predict the basc meaning of many ofthe 31531 when you know the basic meaning of jl! Recognising jal takes practice. Knowing the pattems ofthe 133i helps a great eal. The best way to learn the 53 sto choose ane verb from each 3. tht you know ‘ella use tas reference. We suggest the following (but use others if you preteros : dae oe 0 ut a v v vt vit vil x Remember that 304, whether writen «1, oF 3, is «consonant, and can be part of any si . For example the in of ati! is pms, and that of pate ‘The dictionary lists the consonant «as i inthe place ofthe long vowel (which ‘annot be pat of aia because itis always a vowel Recognizing oly sill of verbs whose roots contain or takes bit of practic Gemember that alifcannotbea partofa jis. and canbe part ofa jin beaise they fantin as consonants as well as vowels) In verbal 5133}. and gy altemate between ‘consonants and vowels depending oni! Koowing the derive >i ncuding al the short vowels, wil allow you to recognize these verbs. You alcady know verbs that can serve as modes for the 5) n which these letters tur into vowels these are simmarized in thenext char. Use these model verbs a references for recognizing the jie and 39 f verbs that have yor as pat ofthis rot.alt wt | mn 1 peal for | a iam pat fi ay wv an pri | ow ee emo | vm sandr | gandas es | x | Make a habit identity the 535 of ech new vet you lath, and practice Taiping ts jaune, gale and ¢ forme seat ys [Toes FL re se nrATION THE CUA Ao set! peau eu ost A a (oe) oe wat eau os oS oes al Jahn =aougelall In Canter 8 you practiced wig the diconary ook up oun and ajecoee Sor etroutave lama about Jat 5151, yocanbegin tw laakop vate en oon Sinn et stn he et submcton of an ened by then, The nag Rey sts the Foon Yor Ji! jal verb iW exiled in yi Fert ‘tema htyou nes ibe able canugateand see verbs gird ar well Leak ave you know by is nin your dictimar and ok rhe lowing peso inten ee (2 Atte begining ofthe eny righ ater 3, you wil find the Roms Trea enn icter sowing how to pronounce flowed bya singe vowel a wear Tee nay ‘eres the intemal vowel forthe Fort Lu ti, Dama, or kena nee ee rah CF we ales oF Laas), Isome ditnatiy ts ormaton gen in Arabic Pernt Bc: of eraon the Form 4 (ko spre hich maybe ive both in Arabic sept an Latin eters. titel ueral rhe 3 fm I hat ext or is Aric lah ‘Scoetas see su tha oun driv the act et for ene yon «wm according o patter, 0 only the number gen es eres enost wr tAc USED Hom AND WC 4) acne wr sr Jar(eat gt) saanois [tone [A010 SATIS 480 TAO A NOW VEE THAT MASA LAR jg Tourn oy ano ‘7 NetNAt VOWS ON THE SEH ACCORDING TO TE FAIS. Gusta aon senor non onal ence hall ae al yg iY pane fl) etl tll hee ee Jel ol dye nol Ell 8 6 ane Gg Ge dl oF GEE a Gesyall JS galt gh angh Ua saiF gill SAN al oat ly shelly Salat ah nth outs irons [Ov TNE rit ate wo ses or Pasona ADvETMees OF nL sete Sea LSI a tas eperene tak the (Peian/ Arabian Gulf eat ‘What informatio is incu in each ad? alate I aasene gl yo eee Ite ———— = ut = vss Fle ae aes the meaning rom conten, henlok yptocheck: ag 5. What ditferences do you notice between the to sets of ds?wae GS 9 pata gd date sept Sh nel th att a “ ele a aaa eur ts pets Ah Sa Sas stiles Lune Saad ea Rms ebigh thee gicls inst rarest) aint A Ba pled dle hla do ac Gao Lea gel lll Se pea yaaa ta ‘ou SAADISSAM beds 44-50 8d. vicTOR-Huco le tt srs cuiciy - ance ® Tess10% Ral ott ysl ute Baayen oc ReeatGiAl ant Jae ta poe oe nN Yue gly ye cal MAT. AVA tellin ge dae Reh gt ll Gaal gd ple Meola anal (die MH) gp ga La © AM lb Poses Gauall one Gash ySlaN go yell UE 4A Gg Jae Spi Jb gy Gl gh le Aa (RA) pag gs hae ll al 18 ge Anat aagpat Vis ch et alg papal wings etal Sl oda an gh pgs Ua (Line TY) cls ge a} © TN gen NR gl age sgh Ja ad ll at a hcg oil gst! Oia anal Rg gi aed stall yd Lea (Lae YY) gpa las La @ ‘aA al gana lj alpal AAN SAW sal geal hha gefend wis [gue hiner Sal se ULI ight pA pd ce La pal Sls gles Ole ati Sled Ble ll SSL! a G2 caRRUE Tian = cr stat | aw | oa E | I 4 Fit vo seteces in which connec signal cause and-lect relationship 5. Find at least one mew verb fr each ofthe following 531, then erie the numb and Took up in the dctonary. Note that you need the content ofthe verb to help you fine 1 which ofthe many meanings listed applies here, ad that iis not alwnye the tee meaning listed, (Flint: when loking for verbs, remember to look fr sbeyinnng anew sentence and for Zale a) as uu wan sal { For discussion: What changed in Algeria uring Bin NabisIifetime and how that change reflected in his ie?iyi gb le: ea a lle Bln Mae nd y= Seat lS Lae pa SLANE aba Ss Ral ays tet yely WA ia ad Sl gly al ld BS aay Sg ae TY 2D eel le fel gle BL Bay Gas only a atone BLO ae eye ig Vga By Oa gee A a dae oe cay ee ll ag TE a Gl yp — Sty ad ee Piette glee SU ANA Uli Sas te aysta a tee rebel ay Obs Ulta pl Sa 6 eo aa Bal Nh le YA cant day ea a ah Co a3 ale BM A ey al lial gee Seay lL a a GE le — et Ee) Slag Ja MA (et cont) an Me gl gal Lat yee atl celg no~ AA ay (Ua sat al Rape a Ky lt) Sl hl — in Ea Ug tae IS gall IL) a Re i i a gh ti ty WITT a Ly pe J al 3s Ue anes gat SS Bd LY SA A Le gl gl as Wa a eM a fy el il ae cee al eae lal ALAIN a Bad i a nae el ia = 3 yl od ll El VON le eae AS A ie iy CI sll OH a tats yl nr ee AAs gee opel Ns Las lb hy yaa Sa i Lan Uo ty al a an al Gall eel easly AE Cay eS A ee La ly Nal ay ga aley WAT LI gh hte Nev ia Wri i Mill Le ys ce be UES GAM las ost Gal Gua WN ety cea le age cles = Bye! DI SA pal VTL Susancane m0 IH rom a, ecNG OF rH omON cen, B eT seat YP ssn mts 8 one tt can nema ere (MEY MAT) alge 0 OAS AOU I ger cgay AS tll ye A tiie uae ly Sl Slap al Ll Fables Lapel REL pl gil cali le PTAA SAY pe all SRS ay Lady Sl SAAN Sl asl adil yn ny atleanen Uy lay its as PA a esl le laden gn YO pte oBtlpaLal ll tall ga)aaa! gold Goa] as os vp ar) 8 oe wis we ay coy a val So ay oa 19h Baal! LY ut geval at SF tly ’ ——— neu, Bt tw 5 yas HL pd lake nel BY 5S a Ut) Wale Jacl OW Ny aay hae Sal SHI ULL ast cig a Naat he IS al lt Gl caeesigll a guts thd lle USS as Saas Spall ye Mealy ae * Peal Ray GLA le able hal i 8 Gaal pay East Gal oh ya prereeen Dehn hy aR HS IVI a ee tall SI Vagsnalh Ly Al ld Sle Bh otha x ess! kad 8M Gaping Laie Lastly Ue Bh a ya Nae oI Ssteoe YEs i ig ge ot gaacn [nope ty 2 Salat Se ea nate at PSS ge uals Mise eas SN lal al SS Spat Sagal Iya Spall 50 5 Leu gh aya Le AUGlSH 0a fg)Siz eu ek pte te eet oh te uewry Lely ee te # Stil oe FST im pe 3 Jan © Unesll ail & aaa he She da wae sywoall Ti gh fT v wu aslgitt Bey tise ll gee Gaia! Spel shay Yyane ca Uy ail © sigh as # elt22 Stayt! exept 4 (vith preceding negative) only SE pA H/o / 9) ai eat dente) eh ge gl (©) sup of todetermine set (etme, top) freon to permit someone to sell GS aie revon to share, have in common, participate in 00 busy (fo have time foe thing ‘en boytiend/gitrend colloquia or poken Anbie tut rogetangry oe ee formal or Classical Arsbie an eas Je mules tovear paton lathes) ll ele. Saal Iam not Pret he owns, possesses au ae. ae ‘ofntend 0 BN gots. aati gsi they both of them 25) us subject topic cele Joke toa she was bom ou)weare not 5 | tamnot sh you (pl) ate not ELD] youdm)arenot oh yout are not ow they arent Lemet | hesitisnot we she/itisnot es Roe Uh Aili aay — east et a Sie eke LSS culpa ge 15 ple pel pac 5 tL 22 yout Goo ex DVD a0 exe or ncvnsTo ats Mons HoR-T or clone, Ra Pet 00 oS mm ESCH oN ARANC ER 1 ABNER Orc wna eBoy elle shad g seed eeeerane eet ee fli g a SW Ug cts salt gi: User oct sae Saal BN gh I Bh gi o/ sal 3h g/g te Fb oN ny Salalah Yond pe aad Le ee Si II aL Spe La Syl it gain She Saale ll ul thls yee hye a(Stl gt) Sati otnans [Toyz ‘Mane IS ph Leas yee Lak pst Real a ola a (edt ae ell we Ol neh nh tg le pall ane oY Osetll al al gt [Claret] ewer ene ai dual a Al alae ph WAST Sane YY Ugbe Gaal “ Sekt laa alge se ORAL Ph ae ah te psy LN pth A Se Ste i SY ale eg gE! La i a ln Te at gale a ke SS taal A sal Ul i gliosis 4 See Hees dae Ply ll Se Sal Bll pe al ENA gE BAY sl ae 8 tS ut 5 RLU GS pal Pee SL —— Lally ey all The gl lll NY Renal pile gh Gaba ptt ol ty Le Cate ats or ee lel gl ae SI cal ia go tg Ye 9 ae all Lalas yh a ua Hee Leach See IL SL IS os tah 19re os [Fel] saad Hae ya athe ‘Covsry, usm conte Fo oF yal An GA aS ee te BU ane Gt ee ess eats ha ss ty tise poeta; Igdlaat |b une ‘hopurtisptes in student chibs? Which ones? What ar he thing tht the club Joos? Whereere hey horn? 3. When ane they fo Bay ogo out with hee fiendet Do their iend get angry at them because of ha? 44. What do they intend to doater graduation? 5. othey hae (posses) the fiom th they want? {6 Dothey think the university should allow students ef the time of thee exams? Why orwhy not? Do they know person who does ot con a er? Do they fee shy when they talkin font ofa large soup of people? 9, What are thet favorite subs?22 well! Sapa aatcs [oye SOF At oe is Baga Ld a Lv le cs bee UL ye pe Ut GL Ea pe gaat SSeS GL Saks BI ge pubs Le Seal ll Eon bee oI Ul ge Sally Jaks GL ot Terie sd aL ga ga LS 8 See ls od Sf pe yas GL oe yiallys § You know ssh an interrogate; ere uses witha diferent meaning. Inthe {ist part ofthe sentence in question (7), she compares herself with someone, Complete 5 es lye ‘Bee word can ao faction ar a noun meaning aya gad gl any reson ii sormally usc in ts 5S. for, but in formal registers it may orcas nthe vy a om when it precedes ap nouns e961 ad Ui gla Y 9. What does ua say about Layla's parents? Write what you eat. What endings are used and why? hae Hales iS Las ——E—EEEEEEEBans ous ‘Wim amas romans occ ARAB HT, 4 ity Moun on os mew eT ‘TH NOW OF THe mrmEURY, ATA THAN A PhmasonascoKNSLON Th AaDLE Hoe oooeen "mE Ot OLR, ACT OUT A SCENE WMH Ugly Lyn ITO Mave Dagon, PE il oe ASI aye nae sty Ln aaa {AD key Sil da gh pal ea ge gl pany DVD yaa astgit! oi. EN OW Jqnogtl eit (ruman gag) 5s Be) gH (8) gid | Chapter 11 you learned how to recognize and form ial tay, wentence that ‘modifies an indefinite noun, a inthe examples 2S ye ate gi jase! heel gh pl al ae le as oy el mained Mhayaa Spa ce ‘The same stitute is used t form sentences that modify definite owns, with one ‘iference: definite nouns ave followed by a definite pronoun ealled. jy mu’ et hae introduoes the modifying sentence (similar to English which orth), These eative prone ‘ste npr wih theron they mosis, Compare |, Yand¥ above wth comepomcing sentences £2 and below, which modily deft nouns pS oe de ISS gS Gras pa uae Ral Ble yal att le ae Leal intl eA Ma a Spa a henouns in 1, 2and 3 are indefinite, sono connector is used. The nouns in 5 and Gare efit so the definite relative pronoun, Jy gl! aul, is used. Remember thar the ‘ative pronouns must agre in ender and number with the nouns they mri pill Let ale! gill Geselloy Le Te pono Leland. haloes union a line pronouns Yount Mae La ine wg snes a chit acts he eae gh alton gl a A AT gS glad = ay a th Le gts Pe ol head ally Halal yl poe gay less, Sey, feo ie gi ai on el ats SAE CS aso ee gots yl Although hy nt ke gil oy an ll gad 2) bth Le and sed te ‘ed whe the speaker vats oe ee not ape eet wt rp “hsh ro very pci ents, Conta what soar Lav EE A SN lll ga sah hats mighty aout an nspciel penon yet gh pisheco uy oh Teflloving stent Lan ate penal nme fly gh AR al Uatple ait ‘Note tat Land 5 donot aay ees rn hat es back then cain Frepsiton athe ist sentence above shins: 4; pti Leggs. terre een tsp o ncogrie Land when joe ee (dati yi) gape Vone Coser mas esr es WW Ls A810 OREN nts mt gill gel ow ll thon gil gallon pl gala a¥ Sad Le Spans Ja Se a de pee Se Ss nt (She ASS ce ospst Le Line Sa (Sl Sa Boal oe Slade Tl Gly alll oS le Joa ea of Te optional ut of referent abject pronoun with clasts may have to do withthe degree of spect im tat the kes pei the reference the les aly thre stab ven oe ron(nail 8) Spostt att [hone Phactcr oon rm stnucroM OF ENTE RATING CALS IN ABABC HY HeHomane 1A FORE sermcss is ENC 1 rma ARANE StaLeTRE, rE TANsLATE tt sternces mvs Anans ‘Auamc saucrun, Example [did't the the movie saw. —> Ii ike the movie whichithat saw it 1, Do the students you know study alo? 2 The years they lived inthe Middle East were happy [ones 3. The apartment Five in last year was oo sll, 4. Tid fnd the books I wanted (wantin the bray. 5. When went othe place usually sit in found «person sting there. 6, Some people do not possess the feedorn you enjoy in Atmerien, 2. Wie elt very comfortable in he hotel we stayed at in Caio, 5. Shes busy with her fiends who are visting her 9. The woman who usualy helps meis not inher office. 10. My favorite vacation 8 the vacation {pent in Canada, (tl gi) opiaiigany git [Sond Desc TE RENE INO ACS PNG ly lon eile MRD, TFNO Jaap pal aout, all ga hia Syal o) oie Gul x SUL a ad 23 Ulloa setae eral ARI tat Gute ge gear Tale lay g sles a a ee len a ss Solel aad ols abe HL pene pul iS iUbael ge Jobe Yubet Cals Bi ev lal JS eh Y Lpnay. Reade satin A gle Jpeaall pis ¥ Raab ota Ly So oe al lll gd WL, 5 all Sol oseooe eS Uh od as Ja)Smo EMR RACE YEL MEAS LANG ASAIN WI Jel pa b=] ®t ell ea a tt cs Sail ga laa ttt $A et vy cat ‘ Spey Negation ui dmetyg Review the negation particles in formal Arabic: aclyat Negates | Particle eit clas feces gaan] y eau [wef a wwe uae |p sotto | aw | es ‘Nezaion is one aspect of Arabic grammar that shows notable diferences between the formal nd iefonma registers, mostly nthe parle used, Formal Arabic ses the spcationd ‘ezation particles that you see above. In spoken Arabic, Lis more commonly wed. You have also heand 24 used in colloquial Arabic orowe Avover nie UL mse you at un stn “NO! ro ree rome. USTASwR IBN: AGATION FORMS ASO CAN, AND MRE WAL THEE pd pny pane AND uno avn Une Glan GR Sa UY SOY Sus8ll go pa Gide day Sal pt eal ge Jo a gs Saal uaa et Job ual Lia p/p eis ot Selly ha oa ages go Capill U Sheed o/ oh. Boe Jol etna PMG oe Ly hea lafotiale le ahs Lav Sela Se SS gl pa pal es a Spa ese 55 pase a Lage Uke Lae a Fes UL el ada Sl le all gh a eo oI ase 1 Sef g3 Les bj Sy ally gee a Sle ge Ue ofp ve Sele see ose Ja teConditionals days There arte words fori in Abe: 1) and gs Sf te ast common used conditional particle. Remember that! mast be followed by gall no mater what the meaning ofthe sentence (past, present or future) and that 0 "salt case i the . flowing lis usually introduced by Flos SASS Sa of yh Le gat ta as FOR el gh ALAS Ve A iy gl GH td hang tll 385 te site Se A Ral go 8 as ye aly You already know rom te expreion iL fa lk, may ake av er in pat ss yo cn see tom the veh La orfypallg Leal! h nek fora an and way sin proven ope 1 sodas conn hat ume rps fli cha fey The rate node yd oth chaste ha ANS aed os ts tha IS ll aa 56 Spade gate ole OCce Soe It atl peUf phates te eset tgtbast [IF pane so our mar your assures wots 00 TF 1. They gota scholarship to study in the Mid East, 2 They donot find a decent jb after graduation ‘3. They find out there san exam tomorow 4. They had a vacation now 3 Ther werea “pase 5, The westhers sunny and warm tomorow 7. They owned a private plane They were not in elas now Sressar — SH if Stoo tile VF ae | 9715 Se a i pcs i ig ir ee ce i ti cc UIs of Sota Ja gi gyifypus gy eile ala dais et eta FU all alas at) LI ue Se Le) EL et a On mt tes (or een sr oN, HErBO AL Ut Wnty Lookers “mover 1 MR HATE MANE MBEIAIEGD Th SNM OMT. Glos wens ar eee ‘tuna OHTA TH oR, AND OK Fee ese Bina AGS hts Resse "8 .AK00 146 SHOW FORMAT, Give HE FaLAST wemcealg or CE Sst og ley ial As ype Yan! hoe Ue bl sree rental gs De ai ne ea aa i ele ye ee eat RIL aly te aes lpn oa la a aap YAS yh oa Obl ale ol al al ed ah olden ale ee ll A US ee Se i tl Ae ee ra eat VES Ly | Mike he pe iy ae BL HS ga ABs he Sil pl hoes Jl ane ll oS GF aa I ag LUG Lal ASB tials lb pele dl SANDE Sie ible ge iS YL Le pe bes bol LIL, Gls IL bal ie Shell lhe belly oe bol plasty al en isu YE GU oll LL gh cil St "Thename ol the womens magazin tat publishes tht adie cl,Maly LH iia) tall lle gt ts ay FE NSW ae gas MAA ae go ate tissu cu rt ce Py Salen 9 Gh SIA gly A sh Seal dali at rt init pins gga La set eal gt ph kl 6 = ow) Sis UNS a coal Poe et EN gd a av StU getast ae Aa lige al gt asl a all ele aee a | SAAN as hs yl ag 5) ae Bel ANNIE: Rdg a a lo al YAM haba pian a ile gag An gl tone Bea ste Rp pa El Rp a (NAME echt ST ae Stall ee gpl gl tal (ede aaghS 1 say logy eel pagal Dee aS aay lhe od te PRs et Lays pa at ll BS a Jal A ALN ay it SA pe ety SpA ILS est eae LM lh ASL pe ny pM Sey pe ig ely we ale Ace oa and yd lg Jalota SNE eg hagk OT ELD ag leg ET ae Lt (anatase i cA pe) epee Sol ys Sheng PIPES EL) wos pon ORs TS Ava oad ll (Gtk shoe al) td ents tot Seca a ip al i VL ak al i ap De JL a Sage AI ak wae ly Cat abhi lp he vas hg Des Rist oe LA A AL a pc neal 53 AO hy Joe UAE oS eM 85 el Ty es yg i ae ely a8 ally = 98 leee ala! tients tia ee [ea] tat a paid tach eos cts Gad, Lond (yu IyeSSy ya Salk ces ae tall 2 bia JL Solas as SoM as SOM Re Y La gl py SSIS ay lh Li GIS Lath gd oeMaly! quylei Abe italy Seesaw teas [Woe JEM LAS dat Je Hl Soke aly Sabah Jee ll Sema Jad ee Toes nse eens lal! Gly Cea Ae Wr aso 95 OU TO ROT [EEN caABOATICAL CONTERIS WHEN WEEE EA ONE FOR EACH SENTINCE AHLON, OUNGH wo omen ron Za! Lal 10 Lane Lag Ok VER ND OT ECS EINE noon ra OU LS A i, CH RA FRLOMING ARO MHC EDN ANON “rer ent nono Sala i ae Gy lnee Gay ly saa the Nan Sodan Soon yall ll Le pny lng sane gta Bid SA! pe gags anne pane te pA gt ae gpa pag lay sae Siig Se taal A aati is) RBS oa Baa yall gd lane ul Cadlball plns S T Ug Baye eal 0 gale as Wall gb oe ll Lyle SI Lys les Ral Ugh B58 gh ek ny peal oe Lgl 2 NAL GH Saas ake Bla Sak gd Spel (a) SN I Ayal aoe BTS pet pgs Leal eVtaew oss [Tage ‘Weer ano our (en ok Reno.) ree sr Ean, usne a PY gt Eat Lane an ots Haat as et Lk yl SE pins ge ot tpeains [age] a — + ——— a «. L es gill Yas fe Lan Up thay —— iy ore ——— +s, a ty, e — ua a22 Maal! “heaps heey ape ho Ut dt lat AS ga gna Tall fo Jas sgl Seapnlae gd ul sad yas? set ap ga yaa Slee Ja Ly Sal Gd Us OL helt oa g)Siz coerceeels ei uslsaote dail tet Gat PGI ihe pla ae ll oa oe Shaye Sid dah ol ils daa aval sual gl pall ce Kain nsil! tt 8 Bg Lyall eassoulsse Elaiawll fiend ela! (i tala tales22 Sait! ‘wondered expresion wamange wwsend toby pus month ep, repairing Lo propre or ety. thang ometing (+ nar one) eet towel Aya ig ibys les than obi ‘sneer to impersonal) Beato tedhot shoe sen so (personal ver, doesnot congas) Gi pj3Ul ga = yaa /he ay voawe I ll a it sey (Set A) Sagat gua isi [1 ae Maxt cakr fo Ja! 15 AND Use att oF THE WW vERIS, crv ead g shall = pat gaityou ley | key fey | oie, seas lobes Baar | Se; Igiiast Toe iw mach ime do they spend in) paring fr lass? ‘Whois estan 21 years ld [remember to se yal? What dead ining in thee apartment oom? How often do they saighter up thir roe /apartment? ow often do they change thee sts? Do they thinkit i neesry chong them every week? Do they know someone who knows how todnw well? Dit tey get the message (eter) he teacher sent at nigh? {Hit you mus rephrase to “Did the mewage.”] ‘Where do they usualy by thee clothes? Do they buy anything from Target K-Mattor Walmart? Why or why not What are they usually doing a minigh? Do they uly 9 lasso ine (= yi? ‘Tovshom do hey hao to send an email message (electronic ete) taday?oa 22 iat yg Hoth ppt a se Sol ed Jaa gl gall UL lal glee gy JED eee ally me gh bans pay (sald gully a Vy GUiay Lys) BAN tall pall he gh Lal Janis Span yd LS (Last Jas) Reel sl Repel yl gl Some ygit at Pe AE a baa at mon Spat oe Hae geal Best Veh vet IS og F08 ITS LSE ally Gale Gye gh oe ose Rael al aye et St ah | tl Ally mae gd om eee 7 ae wes ald Sige hes oe BGR 4 Soe Jed AA alos oe BaM gold ov ee = sy Po oh A we has A whi = ~ any - asi Maa a a aig ais or - _ ‘Tins oven cautoats Be OF ust HOE HY soe, SRLGMLLT IN IWAPIFnG AND snowing A VENS GAT gu W SHH Ye Gain) Gloage @ clre Nie Ibo gi aioe ds ate wuts [Foye For exc wor sme HE MORIANE SOREL ENT OF A AAMLAL ny, tH NE ~ AU Ly ae Rall ea gene = GE) Oa 6s ill tl Bill ad oy SAN age — El Lash ak a ll gl yell holiday, day of celebration shee (Se yA) apa aL ye dean dels tgest [Te Pe tt at i sb ee ld o Gase OF Uall A Joa of G1) VT cael a gl ae Sst sep J nL ase desl So tha ph gta gelGane Se by Shane Hg pe ae Lea Late of Sagan pale Si My ad cael gist 2G thy ALUN allgg sally Jang of dad OI eB ned a (8S at sal ae pct ev Eolae Hs LLG ell ph Lotsa Ge pal oh SL Shae dA syeheadl ot gst, geese! Sgpinbey pet] ke ll UL IH s AY pling ab an ped apa oh agi net gd all he 6 Gi ad soba pag eas yelled 0 ena Baty got sy Banlgll Kale heal 55 NY SoM meal hy U sth oUt Se old oa 1,2 tail 8 ou Spey tee hee GALL SILL eee ee aL SoaBSlg gaa ch sta atte ac ga ov ie gaa Seseshn ool SEAL PCy y tae meen ie SEN al plans ey alle le ane Le Be hl bee alts rel ge SLagiey ila ge ia HL Sle a al Sly (LLY pais Igwazat Ryan JIGS Lely tga ys A Notice how i sts the things his famuly must. Write what he says. What grammatical structures repeated that helps you identify thelist? PM se han chose (dat gi) Lantge [Tone Roomy: , Uand ge nee penny errFinally, note that the pronous 4 my. “svllows” the case endings so that no marking ecu. Thus words lke gl sand 44 donot change 2. Types Esoscs eat Coe poet Sip phe Indefinite nouns and adetives are marked With 42, Thus the words wats ‘th and ue may appa in fully vocalze texts as: sett | mnt | gota au | we | oe au [ae | ou oe foe | ce 3. Srecnt Carecomis: 281999 3115 JS ay Several categories of nouns have 3 slighly diferent set of ase endings: onc erting forg 54,41 and another that serves as both — gan! and yall. The ours and adjectives ‘hat fll in this category include dual endings 2>/s! and masculine and feminine plural eidngs /sand 2 The final char shows the cise designation ofthese endings Note stso that dual and masculine human plata nouns and adjectives take the same endings whether they ane definite or indefinite, whereas feminine pra ake separate endings ke ‘he “regular” nouns and adjectives omenberabo thathekans [oedema] epitt and fata onthe of dual and masculine pluratendings — | SNA) | taut) | Star respectively are not case " a endings but rather fixed Seemed) [oe mealll] Silt gee vowels that do aot change ‘They are only pronounced in formal contexts. ete | Sue ctu 7 Sts | ei aoe i eae “his aigory alo has another subset hat ncades certain wand pens (5.5) and prope our yo wl lam abo thi rou ershy heaven {0 oxo rar rc re Bae yl guns tir vous Tre name ofthe book om which his passages taken 31! Which 9 yand jag ‘thera come (am? Can you gues wha it meas? Which words do you seoprer™ ‘0k or the paral of gzand a ver that comes tom he same sins Caryn denne, "Satan guess the meaning? Gr sorsecond read, identify the case endings of the words you know an sce you can lenuty the grammatical category of words you do not know. Pracve nang te can Lnrngs seit orindefinite,¢ p44, gaaneot sy sq, Which cae ening io cect ‘er Mepostions? Soe you can pick ou the case ending tat ndiates te sue og {ook atthe way the txt istructuted, What ole does repetition play here? Where can "see pale words and phrases joined by 9? V6) case Ay UU oe bel rk Si, argu ce oa SE)" os ht oti oe) A haa GS dese ashe BN AS hla ARI ty BL Led Ly tg ok SAGspecs [rope “Ths ren one wen rk anomie evn ert nc Ma At HPA nC oP Dow AND BEMENGIR MAT PALF WHTIEN HOUT OTE As Wet YOUR TEACHER wit tr ou {OOTY THES LEER AND rr YOU STAID. LOOK FOR MORDS YOU KNOW A He hom yy ae aries, READO AIG Co SLOMLY AT RRS BL oR WL SON COME AUTOM oH eRe LAL ai gatas top: plese Wat I+ (eth jaa) gash hope you ate SSI geal you contac cll etin touch with (someone) ital NSS oA ly Ulta oh phe AS oyth s 1y 831 tes outs [roy Ware anes row 10 sae Cae. Asx anout Yu avo ae, comm anion oa mo "we, AND ELL Ao UK (KnAL's Nes a> WETHER YOL WOULD tke ase tow The LS Trae as UL AS MUCH AS YU CN AOU YoLLOWING KET Fo spall fae (sl) «sl fae _gretngs amd longings (ta 8 ou) Bless stad ry bs to, e/a poteAAEM Ov s2s8 aot BWW us owl thes ae LE, Gur AM WN st) WS pt leave ¢ Yr BA, Ysa} Sls Roe el Lene Ig oa! MGs Baie Rats ys Gey addy teen roid a lee Gaston nd a Sicubi 6 BF INE ee wl SU Wi aly ei cad, Shanes Vel ee ait bey 4 Lt aes Sails Loe arly whe ne brigasy & fie et noth ails a . : «ah Fi sey! Bp Byes Lah Qi Clete get Yah 30) pl lol poe 2 abdeocle 4 dl ay ab! Abbe Bo tt bb dl ows, HGsas Awe Sern! le yet, WI ot, cattl M25 tg one) Cus ear o's orig abuy only Unter eae SY ae windy ee Mi, ao Gye as Bat ra Or es . Bbk Dt ay $48 Oden wiS\5) Voids yasuroet N Sl apts teas NW Le eaten oY pal Bobs OLLI cil ood Warr Fash he is Cr Wb Chl we ei, email SL22 gain! gore ales oglacal bs [1 oe sit glacaat ely tle Ign sts s pec eee eT, ee $e eg i yelp gad Peale gph ead gS oS 5 UY Sys Bl sgh Seal S cae Leste A oh gaa Sa oS ys lt StI ON te the new ve you hr guess mening and Men sn. 3, the ook tpaay! Selb. us i Sete sa cs Se Soe a iL yy See taal tee Lge eel Sle pel at Ba el Ae Sled a as gay Easyaipelge tue ca olegl gen BAG ph sea pel Ss gpg U OLS ea Ie Sop Sorat Ss Ua I sO otuigey eee ce Soetas Leal pelos Se gl slates calle page OE Seal ITS Gl oe Goes Ley tll yar Nizar Qube petaps the sos widely known and read pot houghoet he ‘rh world His popolanty i dein pact this simple sty, an in part tothe ope he ‘kien. Known aad) pas pot ofl he wets masly il yu cilfnc tems enien own was sung By (May ll) RAL gall San Egyptian singer knomn es 2a) ao se! the dkcompexond nightingale, hirselfimanensely popular. While vos ‘ste reading and listening, note the role the case endings playin form ae wel as contre ‘hey len hytha to the ines and are essential to the meter 4 “is au ei be cured wa dangerous wah deep ut Sc gE ne ld JS gad lecheeal! guile aot ‘Counce rs ssc SNe TMS Won, CHANING THER GEA HR A NCESNY TO lly Say Upeall one pall Jel death aaah fae B we et as Bet 35 Hate Sole pet PSL Lange Lage Joe gat lad ally Lily ES gal pl (ts UF Gt oy da ASS GBT ola Le Mer ans Sake 5 paki iS. wr taal gle hs yas] ae DosR MN ial ge pee hen EN el gd Lally pd ByaDS ages ph a 3 Ll pt a sell eed ie ph lly Lat hat SS fille an he ll hy lp SI ne Bie ska eats Sa athe phe sph} Sle as of sey 89 «OSs lO glyph Si! ig ge cpt anes 95s SI Gl st an Pa gh LY le gh ea ele le oh Lae lS pl aah Shy GLa gall ae AW es pe Sane SDA GE AL Le hy Lp pall gs i gh gl Seat tal te AST Ao te he aBE iy tyes atte at tynaca [ions Mass 4810 ase ro onouN A om M a “pe ga ty” dat - Agalally edt Jpde dle yaa WG Ji as pA gl aa So ASSt SI psn ga Se Soe Syke BIL! ya ctsSty Ree ile sa pa oi tLe ua Stl all gph al a le store a ld alle J He ae wa dient ‘Watch the DVD fora shor visual portrayal ofa Cairo market GLAS! 0. gS wis earog sana ee ye G5) 3nd eae wet eg tt steal og needs li. le (ue) ge doe a dba!oer yuna Ci Shay yi gaye dual “ LG ean ie glee © GMT GEL Sesh Ja ots) alg sosatls yonailly atl MI el © gee esas eS Lathe Bg yl! silane ® ut Gs pla © gla! ith sly aa Iso atl © aha! le Sladaye ie #itappoars seems ta (he et remainder of noun) tome gather (with) wnt toi from Se BEEN ge ES oe La well fine (si of people only) real eaten before dawn during glade seat series, seal fn television) are tosupervsed NT le its ie Ut tobe/become (preoccupied with oes pat iets twcook ee oa ee toget used to, accustomed (ie) LAs jaeatGie (te) Ste (greeting used on holidays, bitty, ete) vehi ples meal breaking fastin (Lake, breakfast ou! rolled dried apricots, or asweet drink or pudding made rom them yl! pcs cafe At / see yaa ‘opetup a poke ‘hind of Middle Este pastry aus: toundentake, assume (a task or postion) A. Ss. ieu our i skal het Sins sa Ce fey Stns wiht Geet | ata I ploat ‘tae sts sie! (Sst 8) eying Samad adit sig) [ Yond os 3 5al!or au wow vem. Wir os cone FN 5 ym OU know? List ra NORTE "om ow HOH st se. Hime sve mirwm a jim Wats Nor mama rererseny {0set up omething IV RAY pas. gal to get ap I toset up hose, residence Bgattotant [Tone (Onto re es cMLENGI EARNING ABA ARRM 5 ICHVOCARLAR, WHET RSRSE ‘ttc nouns oFstonrs, To reAriceAcHVATNG su New ION, HENNE nvm LesLall Lebel le pas IS pill sal 8 att gal igh wet AS NS ey atboall Sly Sedll th Sh ga eal a gh Gy Loe Rel IE a al UG Aly Rael II ly cele Gos AI ae tS cH LN td kad gf aly sae se AY SIS Spo Leal! ll oh pea SI Sly cleLcay FeAl I iS Goh ye GEE ES Fase Cae le AL SAS BS pe ll opel Sh goth IS nay IL eet Selilly UG! a tall(eset) saudi ctnast [Fone ae JS gh Least! Rab SI gsi re eae apa Le gtte of Ga ge he ph pally Lyell ge ball Sa ae Clesal VSan5 St Rel pyle TS see Selly LISI any ph Saal Ge pasa Leal 4 A seb Sih aly pL oh a og aL aay 0 al Sty Rey oall TALL 36 By ASH gle hall cee Eh gS tes ae lee Sty alate pl SUB Ay all se BU AL yd call Hagel GLE, ote gh A ails Saati 1 get Chana pads g gd yt te. Hligan etre ds A Dally pl UN I JIN sanity alg pel lab ett oe abet et yd be Uitte a al Ses by LULL SON h pall le ape Fg Ll sal Kae ald UL seciee pel OY eS ph pull 8 ag AT Sta RAL ILS pany tee pe OF etlly Lat sae BE ee Aol ine Ne pa pa ant oe pl cee Lae SOY lye le om 29S I pe sh Rak StS aially gi ee oe Jip JV foe} a aa gaat geSeite ies [Foue When do they think woman willasime the presidency (EaldI) of the US? ‘oul they ike to have job in which they supers other people? ‘ave they ever had someone stperssng them they dint ke? What id they do? ‘Does sem to them tha the nespapers they read dir rom each other in anything How do they der? Do they watch oting shows on television? What sup operas do they watch? Which comedy (gas s)or drama (Ll) ees do they watch? ‘Si dtc [or them] to ge use toa new place of residence or new roommates? they se uptred, do they stay ted oe the et ofthe day? ‘Whoets with their eacers/lssmats outside of lass? Where do they meet? Is thece act around here that study groups meetin? ‘Do they everget engrossed studying unt lat at night and don’ remeber to et? (Ao Main cismates whoa) Wh dhe ett eft Hohe nn ma Moco rps th els? (Ask heratadnts wh st) When doy at (apa) ow dthey att eh' 22 au hd nel ae pl gy le Mosinee othe nt Mile asters who ft fuse Ant Csane (ahaa folow vary of ain races. Wath he eric on yor DVDs smo aout Eytan CopingSe hail! Iymerig oats [oye Se pad ply ple Jo lk Jos BL A Soles yo JS Rl ade le EU ips gaat Sealab ile $n le Ss, tes FB ee gh Olds go Cos ol oi Gf HE yy ly he se tpelaiy paaiaat 6 Write the connectors hat ll uses this sentence atl 18 cage She gah oth oe ny al pe BEM y eal! Remember thatthe comnector-i.. Li signals change of tope. What i the new toplc hee? You also heard the word 5, which is a partie used in pa at emphasize that an event has taken place. i is followed by all! when it functions this way and may be recede by. ora formal emphatic partic). Other examples ByaSY) opie pb pS Wale 2 as a Choeall pin Egpeey LIS Linn Ai gn Sad a cls‘The root J-{-J3 gives a god view ofboth ofthese form eccpaton, work Cy gh y Lnsipe UE Rake eb Salle it AV fo(put oneself) work, Rana Se pi dal — 6 celia 5 ota san ocapation (or oneself tobe ocuped with (isait yi) Jaastotsiee [Vouk Fon JA5) avo Ja 5 vans simoicari vane jaca or rH NDERID WORD TRE ‘seers, None mar as $1 DoMENCE IN MANN HEN ET FORMS SEY ANE mis or epee someone or somthing) UL yay pa Ve AS yl! aad «4 a5! oe BA Saal y Bae ay ola gl ‘obespurtet (Jada!) eel ell Ae Shee a Lag 1 Reep cyl tobe spent (ft), to pss ty (Jad) Spel ed Selly ate hj le ame 91S pel ll gis aaa ‘oak omsdfa stranger (Ja) take oneself toa frig country Ge la ash aT ye $$ pit te toposes for ones, (Sada) ‘ne oxners of ater passion) Le canal Lap Ey besa! gH janet Sab Gell ES yh 95 ce Call 5 shall movement a ‘obegin, get (onsets) stertd, (Jada)hen @ In this section, we wil examin the Functions ofthe case yy all yt and saul and practice identifying nouns that ae marked with dem in writen texte You are not expect to digest all of this information at once but you wil lamest by practicing, se we wil lay out here all of the rules you need to know to begin and then start you Practicing the endings in contents of sentences, For the present, we will ignore all proper ‘ours and avoid marking plurals of certain 5. because theres for marking them difer Slightly. We will also ignore nouns tha end in long vowels | orig since they donot take these endings: Like final gn the posessive pronoun eM. these vowels swallow up the case endings. ‘We will begin with 54a pau because thas he highest feequencyatnong the three cases, and sls because ts rules take precadence over the rules of the other tre cee ‘many situation where a confit might arise (this wil be explained farther inthe following stetions), Before reading further, make sure you know the basic grammatical femme and ‘concepts thatthe ease-markings indicate Prepositon we subject ofa Lye tag ine predicate of ta! Rag a subject ofa ad Ue, ew! Object ofa Lad Ue fe Unit! Pronouns, inchading Ls ~ ads ~ aba Ia, donot take tye endings sad! aut @ at) AN) St ke uh gs ‘The fit grammatical as that we wil kainic and non that iso raked icaled jy! i! Anoun that 55-2 toon ofthe endings ated above depending om wheter itis deft, indefiie,jSix gun vor pst. Review the 2ase-ndings and remember the etic of ~ on pron sis containing Those ding maths tw fants “none/ on eer oath poten English eat of Arabic ranma(2) the objet of prepostion and £2) the possessive eationship of one noun to anaher on all nous in an 2a except the fie ‘Thus, all nouns and adjectives in prepositional phrases, and all nouns except the fistin an LaLa! take this ending, (The frst noun an AL! fakes its ase scording to what precedes itor what role it plays in the sentence this itcan be gym if preceded bya Prepsition,) Study the following examples of ois and adjectives marked a8» ypa-sand sce fou can give the reason foreach ending: Seat a hel Se Eh se at Hell ona SGM Salleh Lyaken phe aa Basle pale tah gee le ps ge Gai eat ee IK BSL ale gates es Gh (rt gi) dteatt [Vane ole ad yf we Ji) $n yin cell eg Sl gle dy in BOGS eal a sae! Beets eed ce ll lah Ye pan HN palin Se BE hel li ae haa ph na Ca iy gait 4 Dl eA ad ae any OE Nia ga Ale te A Rate pan i ys a Hae ACodd awd ‘Soemaa(ly testy Ste Suh yysas scat scala gan noun Hats so mated iced py ol A on thats ¢ 54, — takes ome ofthe endings listed above dependigg on whahoritc efnte infinite, JRaor Sis gan. Thiscaseis usd to mark Jeli in tat Lat, and 2) Both pally Saal! in Leet atest ‘xcept ll consists reposional pra, sch a asa Scouse, a you saw abow, prepositional phrases arc mathe says Sty the follwing example of 3! pa and igure out he eso for each nding HS pI AS 3 pa “gpa ally 1 Lestat Cans Seth aaa oe al a gyal aly ge "entying nouns in nll cite is relatively ey, because all you nee to ook for is repos and ita In oder toe ¢ 1, however, you mist pay stenton {olestructre ofthe enite sentencein order to find Jelltor gai! and 4) desu ttcas Poca] (ety) dean itats [age Bev micron ort Lal! NG Tall ao al nsec sp sh ounce ya oe Bans pail! 3,5 9 OB 8 ake Od GS es gl al Bb I LEU sa oe tl tld a Sell GLa! Se hee Ul eel ada i Gee aa Ny eh Seas Sell all ue pS ‘English exten of Arabic ths ase calle he nominate(Seat gi) sdiy Godott ett [Son Tore re seus OFS SINCE, THE MRKALOF HE ARMOR 9 y5-0 AND Spe (09 9) Real aig po oe SS 1 Ld a gt BS sedi 0 toned ane abel S544 La Septal an ee ated Gi aie a Waal eas Leak ated Shay Realy BS pee se ee ane Uy oe ill Baal Lage ally 959 ga JS aha hall Ol Gee ST) SIAN EA gall al Selly ail) at tC pay pall hss 2 Ste jad oy a ny US A sg gl ph lel pull gL hag gd Ugg JME) LB oe A RAN Rak a Hy SIL Ny SSN at oe Wigal 1 Pants ll Leg ltl ool dy ge Jol ha NY eal a esas san A SILT Ll ga Jap cng eh Snr ne Sal MY Rapala Rage ety sR Cal ge Ua gh AU Lipa SSE AT ogee hl alas al! Sassetl eat cee) osststy tet staat gts The third and final casei called wt, and noun or adjective in this case caled sais ! You know hat thiscae matksadverbssuchas isle and Lleol noun or adjective that 8 jana takes one ofthe endings ited above depending on wheter is definite indeite pak or 3650 pam. Thins mar (0 te dre object ofa we Jyal ana Chaves? eaybe uso think — pana sgling the answer the quests Le SsSand 5: Inthe flowing sentences he words lth, law! ue, med gp are sll pe ocase thei futon nthe sees so anewer one of ews tee ‘questions ue kas © SAS file eat as 4 ss te fateh ty SAS pl AH ane ols dad Ayla aly ‘ Asbal anlage ‘But within thi framework, remember that 4La and prepositional phrases oveside the cave ual. For example inthe last sentence above the logical answer to = ie ‘setualy the iL] phrase Leal pe but ony pa kes pat! beause Las aio the second word in LaLa}! and therefore 4y,-e-+. Inthe following sentences, he words se) Sil, iS, and Lu arswer the questions lsLe, pia oF wis, Dut they al ake 242-2! endings because they are the chee of prepositions andthe jy pm + case of Prepositions takes precedence aver juni! SS Oh glee ile AU a go at pd sh Hs bss alts ga "Ths ase called acest in English “arabes adver stelonging to seer diferent grammticlcategorie cach of which hai wn name, though they ali share the yaa ce. You wil eo the Rates types of adver te.(eat gi oent [0 one A. Cass acm ona ONG NAME CA AND GNETHE MASON FOR ACH MANNS NG ANN teat rated tent pe lg pil oe GT sel ad a ot gat 5 SS yey Lage go Lt gle ale ot et er eee Pat ak OY ah 8h pa a ha Ee lncoet ej seeeen ent oe pel el aah ay pe gh A Mth ce ge ae 7 yp ale La te tl sng aay LAL opel Jy Ske ga aS pb tale al ety soe clans 8 Segal Ll ele ASU id yb Gaeta Lydd A eee bale Sans A Cadi Gh Boe pet of Laka Lt(ieatt ga) ext [Ti ooe seals aati JS he te gs PY phe gai wea ales ee Reale odes Sate bi ed aoa ele a lle IS oe 5 ssn gaa — abi Ia aged ayy Solany cpdlige gel ot Ud yf Slapsn Shall aly Spun ap8S be al La ph eal loo SSB oe Ad pl ne Sal LeLal eh dna hag A Bb dae glee eesY GAN BLL pall pe Ua g pape ej B5 tine Ula vk A ssl alae I JURY gad CY al ge ad 6h Pregl ah Ca ly aly ef LA gle pn Cl a's 1) saw A any Losi gael Ud Ite call lI ale GY Ge Ga gy cunad ey Hath Lins gaelTre toty Quen sgyeoll Gis-all chapter (ofthe Quran) 8h Lead SIAL ely tae gall HN Sy git Sa ivoe NE hoe 982 STAI nae ag apa Hasna Sl gh! gyal gs gist aes pall il celal y same Sp ey gS gl yg pian Sel cena iS Leake 5b bpp jg ginny shall ggolle gull abn omy A UESAI yyully sau gy Ahn Ba gh Ssllin Y paely i Bl is considered tobe the highest slic model for jarad!! Capa! wel as a model forthe codification for its grammar. Read the following verses with your teacher: COU og Ae aes es worship hal ica) Shs 2c 3 ee ache OZ ACCA; @ LATA ANY; Osha OLESEN;seit aw cas tasting tots (panes pen) pa et a a paul cSigary alin Sy. KIRA AANSTEOA BLL BAe kb NESS Asieget [Tone rei oe acta Stas Hadith syns and dee ofthe Prophet) cole og (goss) See God bless him and grant him salvation (ofthe Prophet) Ly abe all Lae May Got be plese with hi cape (si oft Companions ofthe Prophet. laa!) goed ead nega al all pn yah Leela ppl palo pal LS at al ee ll sland ye yan Lah GS) as Cesk ayy) jane Beek aga oe SS taal len ys Gl at eg ing ae ea lo Ling ll Jl AR pel Sey lake i pee Ral Se Seta aS ay eg ihe an pail ye pal LS col ll angi guide LY onal has gle a ae athe Ge pats Sloe tad a age Ea UG 22 gleuail! Wrasiinnaiad esas Ls [iPopt SpAGll ap page Ld atest begs sits vp}ied wots Troae aa sige hing) pial lay ny eSB aL ood Unblay Daluabstatal BS 0) iby SL Sle gat oy Set sass fe fhm oles acl ae le gat oe aay METI seg Jol LE M7) Saale SBA el 53 HL) SUH ee eel Jae Le Sopa see 35H Galas) ine Iya 5 Parle strictre is extremely important in oral Arabic. You know to lok or pra Phos and clases joined by 4 This text offers a good example of how exer parle Secure Find he ist of hing that Cairo University decided to do. How doy ‘atch? Think about parts of speech and si! Bate wuts Vogue ‘Youswo youu dk ARE STUDYING AOAD IN Dake. AT HaLDY HM YOU Mant SUGEEST "EIN INCE oU AREFAR HOM YUR aM. FLAK WHI YH Wl DO To easmnae ec, one alesfysoucs [Tope (el phe nel Las Oe aT = syle tothink about oS a gi ASH tga Bet it SUN oa ps Se 2 Inthe paragraph that begin: ¢Lesall pi kt, follow the husband's account of how they spend the day by finding and undetining the main verbs ofthe narration tot 9 lake BL Haga capt al Sosa si Fel cphe eat Gade git ate lL SUNSIH aaa pine 1d (515,83) = chal badd : aed ih Inthe paragraph hat gine sis Jai ¥ SA a pits : Sent a | = Eels Gy Ui juitel pel ge AL eat 7. Choose thre important words to look up that will give you new plese of information to answer: $s 6 a5! aye FleSe Ws tee ak Lh. leat A a Spal gf avy! Weoy a «Hata nd Uae gh gl OAS ay Ss ay Las aud akg Sty gl ea gt Gilg a Aaa gl eps eb gs gle Jal aly = Reena Oe ghee yi ugh Syl op eu gsc SA go Re a a alg tual oo Ga id Sig aps SCtlaly Sola a as Gal “gail ple iS Aa gpl cay Baha 5 5 G95 Oh A Sat ss 5 AAS ol pS ahs GI Gag YT hy ts Ab ae Uhl Ba te age clasit! Pata tn 98 ad e— ep es Cad Aouad lal 138 Lg Sly ae - eggs Uo SHY Gy aie Ul ‘Sige a Pilg A pd ga siya ply al (cc) = Gila itt * dg ita Apa ls = 1 Seas cll BBS pe Syl Y Sas es at 2961 atl ih 58 gle Set (ail gi AS Pca ie Ge Gal Use BY 0) IST Yy a 3 28) al 9) 99H ge Ugh Eee ge Jal gl) ld} DY Sus y Sat Aida gt 5a pS ca ghey Bebe Sg Yann cae aa (0) pint tga Su gd age Siping Rall gb gy Bin Sap aa ly ast)Baath! Qulai Fu mas sine Eonar ae OM HE USE Bet gait 3 a 04 ou aN No aR CKD LED TE US gtlly I ee gd pe sh Sad oo Up 2S LY us at el Lo gale 3y25e ss Bae Su nglylav LY 3605 el pet Nl pg ape gel al gl ne pes oases ae Spee pal ph ie Gals pang Ss a 9395 ell a aS Mpls hea JL ose Lasill genase —— Syn ila oth nal oh A SD ph yg Le eS Ne a 8 Gl saan See ect lI Jobe ak loan sgl iS) plat Shy ak tsh pa iat a 8 Shell SU aie atl le Ss a Spee pe he SS Mpa pe ype UT SUSE Le Basa gl gh San Lad a (than ph olan Lgl pa. Salads pabsel rll pins 181A owe Paar orm “oun” ma wus se neces reat ss, Cone Soll ph als Ya st Ge ay ehh ea Yad CY pall JST le LY al slant ass gpI pa Gi git Sen tal AN Cea) Gt 0 gay UL pa Yt bh aang ag a atte, She selll GLA oe ell ph All Beal pd iS pla Sag pall hal ty oY AE crese et Yo p8 log Ite gd at ea ct BE nie algaisty ats oH ectad [gant il okey, —. oa 1 +b —_s — ets tel tied. — Beg as — us ——_—u. + Sule ye sab ae —_—___ a NS de a ot it at 3 at e chy patty aul ee Nepal Sl ily spall ga 2 gapat Lal PBee ey pt a guySaat! “oneal gtily die JS” cieahatly daadtt ~ eal Ses aa lll le Jp Ls Seema oe Sh Se ln! hase Se Bal ge oteally Gail gabe oy nes “be glia,” dessl Sypgabll Dokinast song ATE ok lpn! Slag af onc 1 alt 85 IgySii me or cies phelps paste oul et Jeeta poxnees eda wa ade (put) put ¢ dat“se nag a 51) gh sah A OAL they elie oe i ae Bola at a ply el ae Jig AM pe eel SL abot Le ® wale ashgill S73 obey « eb alavle Behl aT aule conn te © Glaus! lay ah ly ple eau © ala! salsmal, post ond part (of seal actual, ue dram lifrent (rom) orale sme intliget perhaps, maybe a to welcome young man youth abstract or ealetive) ste! to occupy povceupy form, shape friendship ‘oconsider meaning des, thought superior, outstanding org Sas tohint that eer AB. Si ly Important pore {he important thing (is) ot(See gi) hee JS Baga aptly danaia Dads gees [Tink Stee yyy ogy Lala gb GY Lae le abd te PDN yay pall pt Sy Sel Gal lf ey SH ane 7 tile a ily Sot Se sh calle ese GS Gta toys ta SI a hel Sy Ae FG gh ghd GLA had ae (ose VSS gat) ya Lh Ranga po Se olay Ly + ebsel gas A Lae bgt Baas IS ly le be LS JS add gd AD LS Ragga! AGLI Su Cage 5 Lag iS pe A pine GiaL neal in go Cat 9s a 8 Rates pana La gat eat hy te ol ae yl et ane Ce IN o8! Cs a. il ale gh gb thal oe. Aa yal ceed yal gh AY ph A ae Jaks LG SAIN) Sh Syl pet anal les a Jian By Le ae JS len Yel a i etl oe gh i BES ICES call hy line pee ped GV gu IE Alle Yee So (Pe om ee te SGI ad si JY Ce gl ples Stoke gay Cals Sela 9 tl peta ee Me (tt a) gd Cat hy ts gs dG 8dessus [roe ‘Morse Ung ron ros you snow, Wis THAN HA MRHDNY, Hu Rave aero 78 00 MBAS LENG Spud! ILLS AND Hee scone etre gah A/S Shai (pms) ob (at gi set gts [Tae Ae mm inp anno an apt Doty inkthat ten pul save gunner ‘sete sa ings prenatal ete? Why ony a ath tpn) he mente 3 o ey hk sto an de yuh pat Uso.tow? 4 Whey ou, wuld ty hung aye? What pat 5. watch sedge eh ldo them impr clsy etkng 7 Dothey by Bithday and holiday cris? D they buy pcan when they tavel? Wyo he not? 28 What ane cheurdrums or he fate? © Do they usually keto rea or watch rue stories? (edna gi) itty asgat [ogee ‘Tis PROF WORD SURE A Jie. Wa CAN YO TRARLATE AUTH aNONBUPSE TRE Jot ~ ya t Deke = gaia A ee ey i er22 wall! lyretly name atch [Vonrt Sn pA OU Se phe LL lb lbs ye ane Jy UL Bae hy hs pel yh la IS gt eit pe gaa Same day Le Pay eh pee a ke lf T Sioa ple gl Le Fla ggd sanagly be Singh hey ala gy Ls Salle tame Uys LA AR yg Iya eas euisi 2 Bereta dh pane ad A Hin: remember aa. What do you think the selationship between the two words =) > eam 5 Ue ott 4 Soil ale all Stapgally coma sane JG AS 2) meat ities [Voue SAL pe ke oh egy hogan Sa Syl hs UL Spi gh lal eae UL a SLeau! Sie ld ey 9S py pt ae Jl ‘While watching iLad!!on the DYD, yu sw pcursof thee Egyptian cultural nd politcal icons who were widely popular throughout the Arab wold fre ihe late itso the mid seventies: thee presides, poli soe JL, the famous singer 23s») an theheartha singer/etor hata ell A (who ang sl ons pe Lyn Chapter 10) The fst two particular symbolized to milion of Arabs their hopes for ty ane Progress ESN Ee Gh se py ANN th pall ue JL wy Se eA Gog at al ale Late pall he aad Je tae Met ee casi spell Snails Gell YL Lyall Se gpk Gf aay oe oe Saal Lyne aT AL ul gla! Un egee sec Ly Lippe lll pcs Weta pal gh SaaS a ste NV ple ly ya Co egal pay Joh pall peta Naser'smost note achievement inde The nationalization of the Suez Canal (40 set The United Arab Republic (VTN\8CA) Ugur ga Bangla Gaal opel The High Damn Aswan es a 225 aio known a jl! So Str ofthe at and ali Sas i Lay of Arabic Singing, anke as Egypt premier singe for decor unt es death ia 1975. Named after one ofthe Prophet's daughters, she staid the Quran ile grand Sean singing atria, or celebrations of the bith of the Prophet sn other hay Sure She use to give monthly concer that were broadcast on tao te salons steers and she als made several movies. Even now, some tity years afer he dest her wongs are heard dally onthe radio rom Moroco to the Gull Atnong the une fans are gpa Sh, LL ll anola @ color style ost acigit ‘There are two kinds of adjectives for color in Arabic: ordinary adjectives, most of Which re Lau adjectives and adjectives ofthe « La'31« 54.1 Common Es eos inch: 2 sy 3 /igles trowen w/e sd Loa puple 3 /( pe sive Liga ink ae [se | ee 7 caw | Basic colors have » 7 speci set of 315g unique to we [35 S34 them witha specie 35 sfor = lost fae) es feminine and human plural ‘These colors ad thee 35 wate [sae oe aa are sted inthe facing chart += Note that S35. has a es dierent 53. tam 5 Sal!, pales ; sedaseenbarcmebee [mm | [ek ra thatqaali wonlyueed ior [yetow | ae | aga | aa human plurals, You have already begun to see that Arabic and English ifr inthe ways they use possession to describe peopl and thing. n English, Wwe ted to use possession in desebing people physically, as in Try ae green eyes, Ske has back ha, and so forth, In Arabic, ‘however things that are part of you are not “possessed,” so we use pattems lke the flowing tthe li ate esha a TS ean ele od “Teri no reaienship between ji} Just and Jas of olor between hero these and Pres Jails 35 oven,in ation to colors, Jaa i used for certain physia characteristics of human beings such asthe following Coen les pimena) = meee | 2 |e |e i = ps lias a (ane 2) gb at gf a A a ce pal pt Ne atl stn Ll se ay Reale fy yall od try oe ot pli Cal, ei I ashi il ct Stat iit PM a a ta ae Te ie Se Eaaamly se cp pelt gall Lay Lely Lake yi pda ag Sg le ese ta ane nl a OS Lal a all py BASU lal SLL pas ees Nebel stat hen we present theo! Chapter 1, we mentioned that Form EX is are Th fom ie ‘aly wel or these yes for ae phys albus ads, Hereare vocsampie eae You can see how it works and recognize iif you sce Stil deol all aerial wobecomered ey) ‘pasha in og fotecomebiek stat. ae «SeadBE pematt Lincs sip ged hie Serve wm coon! AMAR FREAK GUTURE ICH ESOL CRS ANDO ‘acon fe Anat Minos Eas kind or goat heoted aia (Curative, of doctors and lawyers) cages oommich ys C28 = pa eT (ofoler men he sil inerested in women [ota] pa a apostwecolorin Arabic astocnted with ie italy andhope aS Sal fa get [eLpaa] Loan cage rosy ‘Tbe happy" in response toa request sonata pine oe ot Leet eles ye te tas hac, insults or ries people ele lal 2 seid of someone who steals Eso fee] ase) ‘unpleasant, obnoxious hey J_hb as A soad-haored, anny fan tobe wth ght as aos ssid expres shock upon hearingbad news opal USL / ape A sid to express surprise oras euphemism for spec! pat tes oak ty NY PE ike clepene tt bos [hae Fratox stom: YOU AHEMORKING AS & MABRETINGCOREUTANT FOR 4 GOLF OF FSO BESESI ‘Loos arte ictus on vous DVD ax arnt 4 PESTATION TORRETAK STORES ON He CLOTHESDM gh aS deste Cit gest igi Nowe lll sinlls aay Sit tL Sle (Gob) 9 Lal ys 0 ats et att Saal ph Sane Sepa ott sell ual ee ee GIS yall gd Gaunt -c Ua seal Lal a 51 Lah sane pal elle I bly ib Bole lla BI act 8 get Wate Sl $a ol gs is, sel plane 1 sl Lat sin Sosy Shoals Lge gi at Meecha bgue cae 1) VY (Eb See poli on ITwill & In goal, the quantity tu of anythingisexpresed with 231. You know that the dual of any word is formed from the singular by adding the suffix gor 3 , which represent case endings. You have als seen that dual agreement extends to adjectives and verb endings. You have heard and sten sentences ke: ep galas Gls 2S 2 SEL Le tee Conall eel a Yel gay all iy gpl These sentences iustat the asc as for, which we will tine hee Fist all nouns, pronouns, ajetivs, an webs tat reir to fv of anything must take 281) formal Arabic! Ths, ann as dul pronouns Li! you tthe oo nu a ty ttt them. Both pronouns serve as Si and 250 Second remember thatthe gender ofthe singular noun deermines ts gender a8 oa: (5h) la ghes — (5a) Las (2) ee ote eye Parsfthe boy that come in pits ae feminine: ee, an Jo ‘Words in ae ey to form you rene oe simple le: div the ta from the 4. the gender ofthe two partes ders, yas the default gence). Sady the follwing derivation and note hat ish added tothe sem of the singular ver gua ett ait! starting point 5 7(osls gle) om abe / alate] ae (oa) | Ce HARE BI / oad] Jas (pa) | (6 5eeySanle) Saks of / gatas] Juss (a) Lat ‘in spoken Arabic many dss use the dal ending an nouns, which then tae put agrcement nthe prnouns adjectives and estat fro them,your =. | ) mn |e ee SS [esi [lint mmowm | coy me ‘The next char sumunarzes al the vetb endings for 2! forms, Listen on 2: plaaially Ja sgt ovals pnstt|endtt uaa] aus | jeu sass sol st sak ed dae [ (8) a ra pa | eis [fea La] Dual agreement also includes demonstrative pronouns and Jy eat pea! Al 7+ forms show case endings and all pronouns verb, and adjectives must agree with he noun in gender and case, 22 tae [a [a pa ees a [oe [ae ieee‘There is one final rule for 224! that we will mention in passing the g ofa dust ‘noun drops whenever tis the frst (or no-final) word in an i_at--a,ohas s possessive ‘Pronoun suff. We will activate this rule Inter for aow leaen to recognize these forme and ‘memorize the forms for my tnt ad pars of the boy. tebe pronoun /eal# tally slally | mets pronoun / ead lly Pronoun / uel + FOROUN / uals Lage Line Satay Loa dn pills ual (att gi) gust [Voge “Tne outomne ENCES BEMONSTEATE ALE APES OF p32 AcE. ReaD TH SINT SAL gage Lg Lin ps te gy a ay al Lig te gS Lela ang ony JERE ME 9g gland Sete ob ay lta alle lle 5 pele eta ep gd ie oF By ae (ett) tay / tad te [gee (C3) At as AUS oat oo sag gene (eA) Spat les! Les 4 oe ss get (A) SL ga ee gay ate (ele) Dna pt AIT cate (sta) Ts ett Pall goat she ih (is) ap ty She eb5)____ Uv Us ate Li a (eked tt) eal lo i! oh. al cp ly pail ae (Si ado et) lL gale FUSS all 2 Se eo pale llidan [rage OH phe nel cs to design cal SIM he Jl matt lp ob Zak LIN aga pe LI dh Lae evant les Syme! UU a 51 Sail ge ULL 5 2 Creal fone yous 3 Use your apo ind verb of Sat ® da Whose pia you recognize the meaning ofthe phrase 2lals geile Can you enplin the ending on ge? sheinfomation ge abot the ight the ast sentence. sang sub olgast Us Ig hy Hig a Ss) Slag dehagh 1938 aly MOT pal lg cha hs pha Ay gd (ATY-AAAY) cca galigg (VAEA-AAV) Sly gS say Augily LB aga ys L Sa “SUglal saa hl Ge ay Us Ua Jy gl gd ale (agate 519] Stale allan Uganda ll je aga Gay Ui VY Ag 5a Jpn Jyh Sleauny Ugln pie Oe Qala gig ada Lady get Gagll Ue Baa gh Ag Ope glans Jyh N47 le jaa AGU Wala lag sag O90 ib Ld 11. odyGhats Js iyo ‘In Chapter 16, you leamed that Ja 33 normally has a transitive ‘mearung (to do X "senor song compared the mening oase sy Tee een tlaonship between the two forms I Js and VJ ds. Thcsininiy win en thew two ve abs, and pints lop meanings wel aera S659 isthe transitive wazn, while Jos 5.5 tums the meaning into a reflexive one, Soon wl cnt Meek al lal tehmesomtingomene az Ses Hall lk ee tocg yp sas pel Se gpl pt! toed meme) = torent nee member el“ fo mut sme or snctigte eT ee RE tote as ‘Youcan ste that the difference benseen these two forms that J s transitive an ass reflsve, The choice of 318 one of agency: whois the ator, o the agent ofthe seion ana if there ian objet ofthat action. OF course, not all, yi. ate uae sp both af ane forms but in general the two forms constitute fay predictabe pats (dealt gi) dain sisi Fr oye | Fox Ei Pk OF ATT, EHOOHETHECOMECT 390K TASER. Look 10 st TAEDA Soria a omer ma CATS 35.3 oceed Seal pops cath ia ff abe oe pe 4s gene it a ya aL pl seth oe Eola ph lass. a S68 502 ad oS toberealiced SEA. toralze maker $a ike ite | Sot ap psaBanginns outs [rooe “et des eet ti ye gh la a ie A etn nS! Sa Stl Ula tt ee LLY hdl Lead yatSt glay yeade dl SRN AVI LAI Jala vials TS Jas Lt 5, Find several instances of desired. age: What verb sued? Give ally 5 Sand guess the meaning from context © Fin the words meaning: divored — complesion and another word for pb a 7 deny, a! of the following words and use them guess the meaning = ey ss wie yb saw "os rx cosa Lorre UC ANA Tat gall Spake fl AL oll pees sie al + Se EY ay Soll ull Se Jo Sf ahs le SC ey Jig tL fell gh ALAM al pa 938 eS ell lil ae Cigale LS gi gt Jacl a ge + BU SoS 16H je ae wtites!JAY! Gaeill ld dates pe lg po BE pti ty ee gp sl ie Qos aan a Sea Wye ae i Salk ye GEV CL oe oe Hy datas Bagel pla il Ey Wal han Sh Ado Yate tape Fal cll ate ots Jel Gale ol le ‘yk ls AY St pepe aclvon TE Be Cal te CLO CS Ra Se all Ake lay ete STE ae Hy a pe Ein la aa ple erdeag TS SACI A ae lh ety pene Jae ge ea hg cage El A cl A Halo by aly Be Th le an Ty all ae Rae nan a BTS ae pr TS dia aa despre Tah dantslen tial a eenanoeel crepes erin gee ethan pat Lt See engage ae CU ch ghee ten abe aie cal wee Bie abs Senile Be ay ee aT dal ein oo LT Fs BUM J a See Heal a ae ey wahoo Teale se a8 ee Be Fegan pa TE we oe Chal aga ig Je ya Sg itn eb nt T Dla ete Aas igh din din a DRT oe ee SCL tilly nab Saran olen Sab ety cage Ts Bae AUS ae a he et noe Cb a Ra pel 2H Sl pps 2 Sepak SAT pe Eel He Wt gee cst ta TF Wy Sree A aa tps cage ae ae paseo OT ae yw a fe la Yip ye dey el Be imi pint tiny clet el ee a Wesabe edlne sree a EADS DAV, Sil eae ae the pre hn Cay Uae Gs, Dd eae inant gle gee cep Say HTN ihe hgye nan I TD byl Like aad yee ae a, Pee pm eeees ss St JS es We oN oe BS poe Joie TG Hl ep Bat at eee Bea gel ey esd gt Jos cae BANU ee thane ee oS yh pole Sh alg S S617 a socrtion daa gfe Saal ta / snl evga pe a Yee casnant HY OF aE BUN MHC US HAW Ms cub cease ete ous gas CAB BL ope be Sale ga yl See dae GU + Mens an writin the passage s noun that has peal! ending, Listen to the context and give the etson foro gent SLU Ips x EIS oo ann aeSG pegs & tn Chaper 7 you lame most of the base els. There remain odo ‘les sch certain categorie of nou that tke a modi set endins tava Jean gray, One additonal ole that we wart you to eam now the rate thot 4nd 3¥ mute the noun or noun pase that fellows them to takey-ast ang a Pronoun flows itisataced. The yao the sentence ater innate ad ome US Sonnets ple hee ag tad mS CAL PN pe StU AY Ge — mats [Wont Yow tse atts stow ost S068. REREAD THE a AND USE YOUR KLONLDKH oF 3) ein Ls Lema ‘sommes. scienon oF eNtannat vit (LOOK THM LFF OK CANN CUES THe wan Arte poet! By) yaw Sylae Pon eral nia al Bg ok Fei saly ULM Stats ashe Hae eA I Si pall WEI IES a SN ha aba Ul, aoa ty Lt ene Soil ye lala pa SI EI3 gl aay BAR ad oS Yl ag Ll Lo a ees oes Blobel BS aby gle EL Ullal, Eat ne leo IS LallaA! gated ee IS gh dene Lats gilgesst VA ae Seb ie HIS ile gad ay pe a dy ky ae eal Uy SEW ee Is Se lel pe Ath peel Se SoS pal) tll} WAR has pall abt Sen ad sel GY lll! UL cally Spat pe te pe all pay LAS ce Lal a gh EYES alga le dp ul BL ge Ly eee AS La a le ly SA el et a pi sa ae Sl ps) a DL pyle! a) pa oe gallp a ea Bakhsh I Mgt Lao! UAL Ley agli MRT E y ph HI oLN ye pals SPST 5a SRLS le LG Sige ggJ ph bas etsy tat Jon gees [Vege | ieee (GL poe) Spall clean Sse gla GEL lhe Uptp dente natty St et se (aie) ebay sell ah dad se ge et (AHO bane pt (ope 88) 6a ou asc See ISL) OS Gal pa gp as (Bote) ae ate (abe etd) yal Sa (See SS) st ne a (Seok atte) SI pf Se oe Ja (segs) ne ee AN a SS bane Glee ae Gye ell as Ie she ln) Se tye SE Nk gh ete ag (ep) A ea at Shesuail SoSE ade te nS sene gt ignetas [Tou] est HS at cs ee em tt “Ley a gi gl!” ea alate one ga Semtlibele da is as Sst pall Ge getigl Glia ¥ coil! ay ats secu Ba oa ips Sia Sa mater of ck and fate ese Lad yal pee Ao fa lS a SUSU Sta LS sane Salle peoe * a 6 wr Je Goss oe “ ~ apts eel ath alpha al les Ws 354i) Ae beVSlain als plana 13ke 614 yen a st LA allo © dal Swiiry BSS es s © aslgit au GY delat ola ve Beli yee ns © eit) lil kaa! © anal Sete a yas Ca gla sl fotle@technose srrangement ‘chavior, way of acing general) 2c action of behavior tat task of Gomeane to) omen, tend ‘0 pas by) drop by eee advice vo.top dpewl dees Us (haart ey ee pehe HUI GL lees tal SN ee pansy te pl Ss oe [iT var ea Foss [eke ea [oe ook wear | iets yatta Yor ou sor aru saa SEMA SER. You nave AD BN a yaad Oa en). Ie Act jana ORALY TAR Aaa oF Sms cab eg UpLe an SLi 95g ways. Ean vun mnnnronres cane choles absences requests) considerations) hunts reparations) ss Aeon meetings dlerencets ‘changes (choose he best 3 or your meaning)(St gid Sanat compass Tope ee IS gh tit LL gs Pcnce your ze! nem as ms oN 9 Jia. SEA ee el SNS laa el a A Hoga Ci Epa tae BS gh Ul at a Lan ae pets OS ape Set EUS ae apa aga ia aa Pe be ee tll cl SRO heal! i LS JS bi Ce st eA a on ea atl PRU Sy pa gh ee pa gis al gall ad Be et att oe alt CE A pt alle oe LY pel aed oe all ge ay BIL seeig ey ae a ae Se baad 9 Sy an 3 mbt oi ashy Se gate 18 Readily nad obpitl Gs wuss [Foy2 SA le eS a 1H gs WS) lM al da ls pe ow ee I A od eg Ly gy Ct Sl aan had seat of am tS ob Sas ree ass oF Sz ul)LUS A800 cA, WD OS CONNIETONS TAKE YoU Een one Joes Que woe SH Sippaut owSeis Iglu o os ha thei parents ak o them ant tee with hems i they are aia? tes last hele parents id things for thes? What? 2. hat ud hey do ia tend trp actin tike e/she usualy ats and began tat strangelt (= et JS Do they nd eu to mse hudsang alters longue? What so they doo nro gt stared again quick? 4. Dothey do well f= sucead t mtocieas? Ie itnecesy to dressup for interviews? Do they know a go place whuy smal gs? What kinds of scan one bu there Mave the caso tha clases tor nex fem? ‘hatairse would they offer feshmen who ate chrsing clases forthe fs ie ‘Do they an tne ries dav by pas by each eters rooms without a ae 8 Do they shin that watching some evasion shows changes clit’ bescior Wat should pars (= Stes and mothers) do? 9 othe asus say what they man? Jatt oti oak Wea, SA pax JAS. Reno re simon ES ake La all pS ig ag LL gd GT 6h es PI bp ideo gp! ae ( ahd Se ose alt sue Se ste dye 1 Sail oa wil Gn)2 jail! Vaemis aetna [1a us) Ae ae gaat Shel DB Jak pe lee td EL ee pa Ud ea ee el ane le Nydas Iga ge alga Us gest eh we pp Tt He he a aS ls ely em iy paaslgil! Somiarey GUS. LeS oS. feo @ Tre four patticesS, Jas, Las and ES a express amily o likeness, ut ther ‘sage cers sight in both meaning and grammar. Leam the fllowing cutee ve rig, fal + 8 he “He He rman dat excuse i em of an iL and can ake pronoun sites lhe Laie see eo cl + fr asisaprepostion and must he followed bya noun never by a promeun SN gS cl Glia data oe ee Se Fed $e overlp a great dealin meaning and usage, except that only J mavhe used ‘ith pronoun sutines, while tends to be moe terry, ans suse in siiles JULY pas oc ewe ly lle ata Se SS gi pd aS pe ies tee sues us “voces sentence and must be followed immediately by a vert. Ake peak Hi nal ue galas Sei UAS ISIS) yt) satel ‘ove tht when La links two dential or sina verb, means ako SON es hae So IAS cl LY ae Saw! dae + fist) SES or GLsy a introduces a idea tat might sera tre ut ot: mus be followed by » Gene! a, He tsi, at Hone Le ss phy) pa fate ot(eed) Sis ts yes Tvaye] SS AS i ie gos ye ut deus iges Di Yo¥ we AEDT ADO A RONEN OME CASS, NO THRE Wa Fo TA ont see Ste tee gS Me te at ota gi ie al a (att oA) S005 S88 sees OS et be Sb SIS SH ive a aE ee Ae IS Sates et ttl eae Sgt Les pt gb opens Oke ye as Pe I eeSi ae & i aa Mv hate feminine human plural matter for nouns and aden ‘as special human phral forms for vers ane Bae neue 4 Se th La al Sete ui asta! satel oe Pee oe soph aestS Bll ph Saat ws erations fori] and 32 have only on {orm that funcional tive SE ais eta | pou Sa aos Lae oles BSA iia) He leet eae oe Le Sie, dhe Fu oe eminie human plurals an take ether of thes forms tre ning but 34! 1s more formal and iterayy eu oF ili] he up nse "ne member ile sl vers Sore aed ee o the rope mascline "Pot > Badoun dere‘One demonstrative pron sees bth male and female hamans a FMA ole a lhe al SAAB pS a Hig J) ‘Htuman feminine plural agreement thas appeason all adjectives, verbs an pronouns You saw in pas in Chapter 16 thatthe ending sl hs os eo grammatical ndings, one for 41! and one fr both Wyeast and» yall, shown in the char ing cr ie noun ssiUn, Remember that he ending never kes Gx tvr cad eyes no a caseending ee aids mnat!| endl! eeu | Suu etn | Suu eat gt) Site as] Revo Sant THEN ALOUD THE FLOWING SATIN A EAI Ak 2s an on Maes it crawaanent res. (ABS ones sit eee Ld LS line lS as ps est es ya we ilk Shaes Stays eS IE Ee SS ph nt glen ot Sigel nae Yop! ad an aol st Leela et gg Ln nae Sepa thy(SM et) SE oh aS Stl gh dec gee oo] CEUINROeS ows sacs rousnctitontaneuur mere soe Shee 5 Smee et She We eS See ee Jer Me ale ae a tS ot ec ap Sea md ei aay UG oa Cae pee SA aly Mes I pate Jon Bane bie, ae rl dat 30 inset sop alas a ole Epa tage Bk ipl olin OS ee Ho ca 22 glad! Lt reer) Beara Va] We al gle evi en SIE whee TSH pipes gall Leh gs) Think abou jaali 55) Where aneceefyb its Wr Iya pe SO it UU pe Si St LH Lat ny Le SUL og pe Lagi lpg Find all 2554! pes tone si eis Choose wordstolook up to help you understand mone othe passage aI dept Se gh AY See Con pla pe Role Age Aine ian 2S CEES pa UK 8 wee peg lapel ge eg I) get pee age opie NUE Tg wm sa Sy poet kat pe ah AVG Le lig V8 haem ng eee eal lapel Sat ep dna! eye Il ps bpane uy Ae il adh eta el oy ee BAS Sy sah So bl oo yt ot SH jek BOS ipa Laecisvie "hewn nou i and btn a ery sl rp foun oa sha thew endings fons vowe when he uve pee poner ae ianiate Youks the ome tory bate adm tater, pa and pi hese orm because she pronoun swallows them. The follwing hart the me these nouns with ase endings an gies examples [se wie Solas | ona ae Gata uy bape Rat [Sete iemee ae Da ae ie et al Tet! au * common i many pats fe Are oH fr tamly emt address each other by the Laisa name formed 1: by adding the nine of the orecample, Yall gi sgpame may he addressed a al = yan hs se soold havebeen called ile 31, Some fai names suchas ss! 5s) orga {20 rom 9 LAS Tf there ane no sons, the nanse of the oldest daughtor ma ae seas ‘What cult our fathers and mathe’ is be? — betsy aut! otrigecss ga] (epee yo la oo le 2) Stee (ee (EN SSI yo pee we ste ce) (HD Sl oaks ae I) abl pt ee le tt ae | 1 he spoken fom or hee wor at es with ch sae) Horeample the fem ned nae a kage! ose’ ans ed onefobs aged BUN gs pie wets oaks asl petal ga) Femi tae sip seb ei Ss gpce ge GUL REL: oak als 2: ind the paragraphs the tess that ie snmmtion abut and reper influenced im esl) ESL So gd a Sots Behl empha! Sut bey “Tins rss AE OESEAED YONA SOL DELON HAIRS IOR HANNS BH tas soi at the fong paragraphs and 4 Which one narrative and sich ones largely # information give ists? How can sow tell” In the essen sazageaph the chm of the arranom by lentiring ne an verbs jk stn sarap, overine te intrmaton that given ists What one woud iis poeagroph oul fe ok up 3 paragraphs 3. and 7 bracket all presositions pheaes and es Ut ‘our knowledge of LaLay! and ake = ata hep tet thers shee omstona Dries began and end. When vou have finshed ieok again at the ees vsnackoi weed {and vou should be able to se cay the sain sentence srwcures “cet th 6 and name the POMS ca OF tas 5 Inparagraph 9 here:sonie une wont you do not Anos ou thesia wi a ns vou understand the sramerar of the sence What ae the ste the He ver TWh Ges this sages ats th ea ther verbs ane use hee opel a EIT as) ‘sno ome paragraph o reed with the distonatsiparigeagh 2 coniams« number of Serb ot ierent jy U vou are antensted in working them ae eae ateligenty favsan fea of wha are oki for an ok upon panAOSD Ae gael sty pat Toi lao sate pemrereenrrcarnener SS As ey te is nly goa ea de a Salo pgp om ee Lay Mena gigi prep pi ty tnt SS ciguas e Upd wi eens Chote aces sab jit tad Regan dg) baguee 0 gg take te aay Wega eg See clbal smal eegeas parece Ha Reel tig yo ie Jy yak fe yet Cana) 9 Spec ge es ore gan 9 gy ge ar are sa aay pale pose Wie a gag Sal tame p20 Base Sy a ee Sone pa ig janes gad ogi Pe igh Chat ye Gea eg ge Ee cae Cyakan agar ies ey See aa ake Gent nycagel daa Spore ite Oe pl Sig goat Bean eg tt ly ye A ey as gual in Sa a Se a Liat et gd age ang apps) yp DIV DF | Bee sows i Pa pale laa gt a ae 2 Slg a gle ge soca se BA nae ge dy! gay mon at gt Hepetgaiye ae aaty i ss i pple ay cos Up tre ety al copay py ge Us 9) ass grgne ees eae a a Hepat ype igus tonal Apdo ales Gino tien i dia ry Fp ys pleas a Ss Sete a ity 3 ae ie al ge ny Seager on a St ee ge ay pas te py at Wa ge gee joe SL, Aas et Ssy aoe ae p pts oom i at Jas ga a pas a aoe Boe A pat nay a ae oe ae AN ta yaa gay el hig ep ctype dy mpeg Oe na 9 atts penny ps Ae ete ney Br oa pita Deg Be am ee woul dpe wala, eae PU aly tla ogee nyak! gual ay pay A ps eg tet Yet eeePE yd igsiy ge iganat —on oy Lever Spe.oy DVD ax iis tae agaons WH OU AED 8, soma How erat ‘sctussiow oF rH rr wanab ws coMMeTORS? War okans a8 sts” Wher aatreis ron ot ey a a a st et a Tg cs a Pe a At ee Sl st Yo okey Seat at ae tt Niels dels ai pias” eat ele Si ge ga Dee Maha use fem nine ura steers?nad eS Ugg gas We ll ea ae gk alSII 080 |SY qual pli yee. aU a Te al alga Bal ISL etal @ AN Sade Beil ABlisely ae Bae, Lidl bela! pall at Se uw See ola22 laa! era: pura opie wr als tone ee pasort on roomy eal Gate ae lhe word this werd “u saben a ses pe, (et pA) basal Jail gigi gue [ssn vot na anna Ato Jaa! ro metr cuaer ND cash wea Som(Seeall AD sie Ji ph Bava lap pa Sein dats gsi Vpn Pao rice wen aon isc Real alae yd Gaeta can Ugh ys Ste le OU ey ea SSM ake ell et pe Yay nse peo peel Fe gh AS a tel pl aly ste a dee eerARM Bi trvees 2 nts ins numauene Anu See, ig om, an wete di thee ete? Sher Hr Ana van hadi ot? Wh garage amas? ® Swe money Je thes sat: caret hem When hey eael sor Who aeons radon tla heals Nese i ate> 'Nharrave thew eas or ed about the Mena he “Ara maton (ah ro nustad sometring ra foe is et ren” Wha? Vr oe ead wr ad tomes trom 1 Night "Yh ud ie tb sper + asin he tare the sud ow aru words can evervone thnk ot that she wt (et ptt go ted) Be ee ke Yes rar AM ca6ra Me ANGHRCENH ALAR Rt a Seer AN om ta, POA SAGER aaa ey wey uss bas eee (Sep ansLe Spas ba Sane yo be : ne) ‘eS pataas! Tod Behpd © BE pb eae pest > ceading or givin dates sor numbers over 1 noe that ne fe shotsands follows be senansts ther anes and inal tens” Ke-eme ve mows arf the namber «san the examen 2 (Aad gil Gust aia igh Te Signal na ban JS pt ae iefacge gf Yolas prot! You have sie ll he Basi sentence structures of Arabi, a now itis time to begin focusing dei and nuance, We wile increasingly concern wth rasmenee ‘hoices Arabic proves speakers o expres their perspectives, This sevtion so ne in ‘ot new grammar, but rather is meant star you thinking about diferent wops eet -Arabicallows you toexpres infinitive verte You know tht aa and — pani Ll! + constitute two way to express 2m infinitive ver in ay given context. You have sen conto in which seh functions as Jesse ina les Ran Study her fort rss psf cgi aah gale A Thebayinfsome shes and tue cay. Ahly Ag sph Cane 9 The arangingof thing hs tale pace The vets in he ist wo sentence, av and une, are common impersonal verbs informal Ara. As you know, these verb are not conugated, although ne ean Personalized wih the we ofa pronoun objet such as [ir] mn each entece, ae functions asthe sj. In idiomatic Engh these constructions aeexprsee lileomy, fen wth impersonal: iis pole for mes andi mary. Bul Arse has no wary

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