Chapter 17:

Ideal Gas molecules are sufficiently far apart that we can assume no
interaction among them. A gas will expand to fill all availale space.
!i"uid molecules are close together.
#"uation of $tate %descries the thermal properties of a sustance& for an
Ideal Gas: '( ) *+, - for a fixed numer of molecules. *
+ ) 1./0 x 11
-2/
345 %6olt7mann %1088-191:& Constant&
*
A
) :.12 x 11
2/
molcules4mole
n is the numer of moles. * ) n *
A
;hat is pressure4temperature< Imagine tiny marles anging around at
random. exchanging +inetic energy with each other. and anging against the
walls of the container. ;e call this '=#$$>=#. ;e notice that if we
doule the numer of molecules. the pressure will also doule.
Alternatively. if we shrin+ the volume to half its original value. the pressure
will also doule.
'( ) n *
A
+,
*
A
+ ) = ) universal gas constant ) 0./1 34%mol?5&
And so. the #"uation of $tate for an Ideal Gas can also e expressed as:
'( ) n=,
A typical region of interstellar space may contain 11
:
atoms per cuic
meter %primarily hydrogen& at a temperature of 111 5. ;hat is the
pressure of this gas<
Picture the Problem: A volume of hydrogen gas in interstellar space has a given numer of molecules and
temperature.
Strategy: $olve the ideal gas law %e"uation 17-2& for pressure.
Solution: $olve e"uation 17-2 for
pressure:
( ) ( ) ( )
2/ :
1@
/
1./0 11 345 11 111 5
11 'a
1 m
kNT
P
V

Insight: ,his is 111 times lower than the lowest pressures achieved in a laoratory %11
-1/
'a&.
Aou are not responsile for the material etween the dashed red lines. ut
read it anyway.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5inetic ,heory:
B A container holds a very large numer. *. of identical molecules of mass.
m.
B Colecules 7ip around in the container. oeying *ewtonDs !aws.
B ,hey undergo elastic collisions with the walls and each other.
$o. what is pressure< =ecall that

x
x
p
F
t
. see elow:
In the same way as when we dropped the superall on the floor at the
eginning of chapter 9. the molecule shown will collide elastically with the
left wall of the container %using the standard x-axis&:

x x,f xi x
p mv m( v ) 2mv
$o. what is Et to the other wall and ac+<
From chapter 2. x ) vt. so

x
2L
t
v
'utting this all together. we have

2
x x x x
x
2 2
x x
2
p 2mv v mv
F From the fundamental definition of pressure:
t 1 2L L
mv mv F 1
P=
A L V L
,his result is for Gust one molecule. Cany. many molecules will have a
HdistriutionI %CaxwellDs& of speeds. v
x
for a given temperature. ,.

2
x
AV
x
m v
p
V
=ememer that we have * molecules in the ox. and they
all oey this distriution. so
2
x
2 AV
x
AV
2 2 2 2 2 2
AV x( AV) y( AV) ( AV) x( AV) ( AV)
2 2
AV AV
2
AV
m v
!
P ! m v "ut the #ox has $ dimensions, so
V V
1
v v v v thus, v v
$
1 ! 2 ! 1
P m v %e &an 'rite this as P= m v
$ V $ V 2
(emem#er :
PV !)*
2 ! 1
m v V
$ V 2
_


,
+ +
_ _


, ,

_


,
2
AV
!)*
2 1
m v )*
$ 2

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( )
AV
2
AV
A
rms
A
A
$
+ + +, )* + + +
2
v is &alled the -root mean s.uare-/
$! )* $)* $)* $(*
v %here 0 is the mole&ular mass/
m 01 ! 0 0
0
2n the a#ove e.uations, noti&e that m /
!

Internal energy of an Ideal Gas:

$
+ + +3 !)* + + + Very important4
2

#nriching >ranium In naturally occurring uranium atoms. 99./J are

2/0
>

%atomic
mass u. 2/0
where
u +g

1::1@ 11
27
.
& and only 1.7J are
2/@
2/@ > %atomic mass u&.
>ranium-fueled reactors re"uire an enhanced
proportion of
2/@
>.
$ince oth isotopes of uranium have identical chemical
properties. they can e separated only y methods that depend on their
differing masses. Kne such method is gaseous diffusion. in which uranium
hexafluoride
% & >F
:
gas diffuses through a series of porous arriers. ,he
lighter
2/@
>F
:
molecules have a slightly higher rms speed at a given
temperature than the heavier
2/0
>F
:
molecules. and this allows the two
isotopes to e separated. Find the ratio of the rms speeds of the two isotopes
at 2/.1 LC.
Picture the Problem: A uranium hexafluoride %>F:& gas is made of molecules containing two different
isotopes of uranium. 6oth types of molecules are at the same temperature. ut since their masses differ
slightly. the heavier isotope will have a smaller rms speed.
Strategy: >se e"uation 17-1/ to calculate the ratio of rms speeds for the two isotopes. ,he molar mass of
each molecule will e the mass of the uranium isotope plus six times the molar mass of fluorine.
Solution: 1. ;rite the ratio of rms
speeds using e"uation 17-1/ and
simplify:
rms. 2/0 2/0 2/@
rms. 2/@ 2/0
2/@
/
/
RT
v M M
v M RT
M

2. Insert the molar masses of oth
isotopes:
rms. 2/0
rms. 2/@
2/@ uM118 u
1.99:
2/0 u M 118 u
v
v

Insight: #ven though the rms speeds differ y only 1.8J. this is still sufficient to separate out the >-2/@.
Work through the problem below to prepare for the final!
!atent Neats: heat added or removed to effect a phase change.
;hat are phases< Now many are there< !i"uid. solid. vapor. plasma.
superconductor.
O ) m!
$how the tale.
Given an ice4water slurry. the temperature will e at 1L C. If we add heat to
the slurry. the temperature will =#CAI* at 1L C until all of the ice melts.
Knly then can we raise the temperature y adding more heat.
BA 1.1-+g loc+ of ice is initially at a temperature of %a& If of heat are
added to the ice. what is the final temperature of the system< Find the
amount of ice. if any. that remains. %& $uppose the amount of heat added to
the ice loc+ is douled. 6y what factor must the mass of the ice e
increased if the system is to have the same final temperature< #xplain.
Picture the Problem: As a specified amount of heat is added to ice initially at P@.1C. the heat first
increases the temperature to the melting point. then melts the ice. and finally raises the water to its final
temperature.
Strategy: >se e"uation 1:-1/ to calculate the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature to the
melting point. >se e"uation 17-21 to calculate the amount of heat necessary to melt the ice. $utract these
two amounts of heat from the total heat availale. Insert the remainder of the heat into e"uation 1:-1/ to
calculate the final temperature of the water.
Solution: 1. a! Calculate the heat
necessary to raise the ice to the
melting point:
( ) ( )
8
1 ice
1.1 +g 2191 34 +g CL @.1 C 1.1@ 11 3 Q mc T 1
]
2. Calculate the heat necessary to melt the
ice:
( )
8 @
2 f
1.1 +g //.@ 11 34+g /.:0@ 11 3 Q mL
". $utract the heats from the total heat:
/ total 1 2
@ 8 @ @
@.2 11 3 1.1@ 11 3 /.:0@ 11 3 1.81 11 3
Q Q Q Q

#. $olve e"uation 1:-1/ for
f
T
:
( )
/ water f
@
/
f
water
% 1 C&
1.81 11 3
/1 C
1.1 +g 810: 34 +g CL
Q mc T
Q
T
mc

1
]
$. *o ice remains ecause
f
1 C. T >
%. b! ,he mass must doule also. All the temperature changes. specific heat values and the latent heat
value remain the same. so douling the amount of heat added re"uires douling the mass ecause they are
proportional.
Insight: If the heat added to the ice had een only
@
/.1 11 3. the result of step / aove would have een a
negative numer %not possile&. ,his would mean that only part of the ice melted. ,he final temperature
would e 1C. with 1.0: +g of water and 1.28 +g of ice remaining in the system..