Vehicle Sketch Pad Applied To Propulsion-Airframe Integration

Presented by Steven H. Berguin stevenberguin@gatech.edu

Friday, August 9, 13

1. Introduction 2. Modeling & Simulation 3. Example: Isolated Nacelle (Powered) 4. Conclusion 5. Appendix: Over-Wing Nacelle (Thru-Flow)

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Introduction

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Example Advanced Concepts

Joined-Wing Over-Wing Nacelle (OWN) Courtesy NASA Hybrid Wing Body (HWB) Courtesy NASA Ultra-High Bypass (UHB)

Courtesy NASA

UHB makes integration more difficult

The increase of the bypass ratio of the turbofan entails a growth of the engine diameter, thereby intensifying the problem of the aerodynamic interaction between wing and engine. [2]
Hoheisel, H., Aerodynamic aspects of engine-aircraft integration of transport aircraft, Aerospace Science and Technology, vol. 1, no. 7, pp. 475487, 1997.

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Propulsion-Airframe Integration
Mach = Cruise Optimum High Total Nacelle Drag/Weight

Overall Efficiency Considering TSFC, Drag, Weight

Low Total Nacelle Drag/Weight

GOOD

Optimum Uninstalled TSFC

5.0

Bypass Ratio - BPR

20.0

NOTIONAL
Berry, D. L., Civil Aircraft Propulsion Integration: Current and Future, Purdue University Short Course: Integration of Winged Flight Vehicle, 1997 ! Unpublished, available upon request

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Scope of Research
Mission Specifications Assumptions Mission Analysis Constraint Analysis
Sref, WTO, TSL Flight Conditions

Starting Geometry
Updated Geometry

PAI
OPT
CD, CL

Empirical Knowledge

Aerodynamics
Engine BC

Starting airfoils Starting engine location etc.

Non-technical Factors

Treq

Propulsion Noise Structures Weight & Balance S&C Performance

Maintenance access Safety Clearance FOD Manufacturing Marketing needs

Converged?

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Final Geometry

Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Scope of Research
Mission Specifications Assumptions Mission Analysis Constraint Analysis
Sref, WTO, TSL Flight Conditions

NOTIONAL EXAMPLE
Noise

Drag

Starting Geometry
Updated Geometry

PAI
OPT
CD, CL

Nacelle x-location

Empirical Knowledge

Aerodynamics
Engine BC

Starting airfoils Starting engine location etc.

Non-technical Factors

Treq

Propulsion Noise Structures Weight & Balance S&C Performance

Maintenance access Safety Clearance FOD Manufacturing Marketing needs

Converged?

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Final Geometry

Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Scope of Research
Mission Specifications Assumptions Mission Analysis Constraint Analysis
Sref, WTO, TSL Flight Conditions

NOTIONAL EXAMPLE
Noise

SCOPE
PAI
OPT
Updated Geometry CD, CL

Drag

Starting Geometry

Nacelle x-location

Empirical Knowledge

Aerodynamics
Engine BC

Starting airfoils Starting engine location etc.

Non-technical Factors

Treq

Propulsion Noise Structures Weight & Balance S&C Performance

Maintenance access Safety Clearance FOD Manufacturing Marketing needs

Converged?

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Final Geometry

Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Problem To Be Addressed

High-Dimensionality
[1] Smith, S. C., Nemec, M., and Krist, S. E., Integrated nacelle-wing shape optimization for an ultra- high bypass fanjet installation on a single-aisle trans- port configuration, in AIAA Paper 2013-0543, 51st Aerospace Science Meeting, Jan. 7-10, 2013, Grapevine, TX. [2] Leung, T. M. and Zingg, . W., Aerodynamic shape optimization of wing using a parallel newton-krylov approach, AIAA Journal, vol. 50, pp. 540550, March 2012. [3] Chernukhin, O. and Zingg, D. W., Multimodality and global optimization in aerodynamic design, AIAA Journal, vol. 51, pp. 13421354, June 2013 [4] Jameson, A., Vassberg, J. C., and Ou, K., Further studies of airfoils sup- porting nonunique solutions in transonic flow, AIAA Journal, vol. 50, pp. 2865 2881, Dec. 2012.

[1] ! 146 design variables [2] ! 225 design variables [3] ! 125 design variables

Multi-modality

[4] ! Transonic airfoils with non-unique solutions [3] ! HWB with 8 local minima, transonic wing with 7

Expensive CFD function evaluations

Can be overcome with state-of-the-art adjoint design methods ! gradient-based Could use multiple restart to deal local minima

How can VSP be used in conjunction with adjoint design methods?

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Modeling & Simulation

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Mathematical Problem Statement

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Mathematical Problem Statement

CART3D Formulation

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Mathematical Problem Statement

CART3D Formulation

9
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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Mathematical Problem Statement

CART3D Formulation
aerodynamic

Flow Solver

Adjoint Solver

Optimizer

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Mathematical Problem Statement

CART3D Formulation
aerodynamic

Flow Solver

Adjoint Solver External Analysis

(e.g. airfoil thickness constraint)

Non-aerodynamic

Optimizer

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Mathematical Problem Statement

CART3D Formulation
Design variables aerodynamic

Flow Solver Parametric Geometry Adjoint Solver External Analysis

(e.g. airfoil thickness constraint)

Non-aerodynamic

Optimizer

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

M&S Environment
VSP Environment
Parametric Geometry External Analysis

Flow Solver

Adjoint Solver

Optimizer

CART3D Design Framework

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

M&S Environment
VSP Environment
Parametric Geometry External Analysis

Flow Solver

Adjoint Solver

Optimizer

CART3D Design Framework

10
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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

M&S Environment
1 VSP Environment
Parametric Geometry External Analysis

1
Flow Solver

Adjoint Solver

Optimizer

CART3D Design Framework

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Introduction

VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_3"/> <Variable ID="x_12" Value="0.2900" Min="0.2320" Max="0.3480" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_4"/> <Variable ID="x_13" Value="0.1800" Min="0.1440" Max="0.2160" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_5"/> <Variable ID="x_14" Value="0.0810" Min="0.0648" Max="0.0972" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_6"/> <Variable ID="x_15" Value="0.3470" Min="0.2776" Max="0.4164" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_7"/> <Variable ID="x_16" Value="0.0668" Min="0.0534" Max="0.0802" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_8"/> <Variable ID="x_17" Value="0.1860" Min="0.1488" Max="0.2232" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_9"/> <Constraint ID="g_1" Expr="tmax_1-0.135000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_1"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_1" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_2" Expr="tmax_2-0.135000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_2"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_2" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_3" Expr="tmax_3-0.131100" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_3"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_3" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_4" Expr="tmax_4-0.124800" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_4"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_4" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_5" Expr="tmax_5-0.117700" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_5"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_5" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_6" Expr="tmax_6-0.116000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_6"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_6" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_7" Expr="tmax_7-0.113000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_7"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_7" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Tessellate ID="wing" Sensitivity="Required"/> </Model> !

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

M&S Environment
1 VSP Environment
Parametric Geometry External Analysis

Flow Solver

Adjoint Solver

Optimizer

CART3D Design Framework

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Introduction

Friday, August 9, 13

VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_3"/> <Variable ID="x_12" Value="0.2900" Min="0.2320" Max="0.3480" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_4"/> <Variable ID="x_13" Value="0.1800" Min="0.1440" Max="0.2160" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_5"/> <Variable ID="x_14" Value="0.0810" Min="0.0648" Max="0.0972" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_6"/> <Variable ID="x_15" Value="0.3470" Min="0.2776" Max="0.4164" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_7"/> <Variable ID="x_16" Value="0.0668" Min="0.0534" Max="0.0802" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_8"/> <Variable ID="x_17" Value="0.1860" Min="0.1488" Max="0.2232" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_9"/> <Constraint ID="g_1" Expr="tmax_1-0.135000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_1"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_1" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_2" Expr="tmax_2-0.135000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_2"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_2" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_3" Expr="tmax_3-0.131100" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_3"/> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <Analysis ID="tmax_3" Sensitivity="Required"> <Model ID="wing" Modeler="vsp" Wrapper="vsp_wrapper.csh"> </Analysis> <Variable ID="x_8" Value="0.2420" Min="0.1936" Max="0.2904" <Constraint ID="g_4" Expr="tmax_4-0.124800" Bound="Lower" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_0"/> Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_4"/> <Variable Value="0.1040" Min="0.0832" Max="0.1248" <Analysis ID="x_9" ID="tmax_4" Sensitivity="Required"> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_1"/> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_5"Value="0.2860" Expr="tmax_5-0.117700" Bound="Lower" <Variable ID="x_10" Min="0.2288" Max="0.3432" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_5"/> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_2"/> <Analysis ID="x_11" ID="tmax_5" Sensitivity="Required"> <Variable Value="0.0334" Min="0.0267" Max="0.0401" </Analysis> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_3"/> <Constraint ID="g_6"Value="0.2900" Expr="tmax_6-0.116000" Bound="Lower" <Variable ID="x_12" Min="0.2320" Max="0.3480" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_6"/> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_4"/> <Analysis ID="x_13" ID="tmax_6" Sensitivity="Required"> <Variable Value="0.1800" Min="0.1440" Max="0.2160" </Analysis> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_5"/> <Constraint ID="g_7"Value="0.0810" Expr="tmax_7-0.113000" Bound="Lower" <Variable ID="x_14" Min="0.0648" Max="0.0972" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_7"/> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_6"/> <Analysis ID="x_15" ID="tmax_7" Sensitivity="Required"> <Variable Value="0.3470" Min="0.2776" Max="0.4164" </Analysis> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_7"/> <Tessellate ID="wing" Sensitivity="Required"/> <Variable ID="x_16" Value="0.0668" Min="0.0534" Max="0.0802" </Model> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_8"/> ! <Variable ID="x_17" Value="0.1860" Min="0.1488" Max="0.2232" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_9"/> <Constraint ID="g_1" Expr="tmax_1-0.135000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_1"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_1" Sensitivity="Required"> 10 </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_2" Expr="tmax_2-0.135000" Bound="Lower"

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

M&S Environment
1 VSP Environment
Parametric Geometry External Analysis

Flow Solver

Adjoint Solver

Optimizer

CART3D Design Framework

Introduction

Friday, August 9, 13

VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_3"/> <Variable ID="x_12" Value="0.2900" Min="0.2320" Max="0.3480" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_4"/> <Variable ID="x_13" Value="0.1800" Min="0.1440" Max="0.2160" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_5"/> <Variable ID="x_14" Value="0.0810" Min="0.0648" Max="0.0972" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_6"/> <Variable ID="x_15" Value="0.3470" Min="0.2776" Max="0.4164" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_7"/> <Variable ID="x_16" Value="0.0668" Min="0.0534" Max="0.0802" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_8"/> <Variable ID="x_17" Value="0.1860" Min="0.1488" Max="0.2232" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_9"/> <Constraint ID="g_1" Expr="tmax_1-0.135000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_1"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_1" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_2" Expr="tmax_2-0.135000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_2"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_2" Sensitivity="Required"> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_3" Expr="tmax_3-0.131100" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_3"/> <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> <Analysis ID="tmax_3" Sensitivity="Required"> <Model ID="wing" Modeler="vsp" Wrapper="vsp_wrapper.csh"> </Analysis> <Variable ID="x_8" Value="0.2420" Min="0.1936" Max="0.2904" <Constraint ID="g_4" Expr="tmax_4-0.124800" Bound="Lower" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_0"/> Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_4"/> <Variable Value="0.1040" Min="0.0832" Max="0.1248" <Analysis ID="x_9" ID="tmax_4" Sensitivity="Required"> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_1"/> </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_5"Value="0.2860" Expr="tmax_5-0.117700" Bound="Lower" <Variable ID="x_10" Min="0.2288" Max="0.3432" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_5"/> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_2"/> <Analysis ID="x_11" ID="tmax_5" Sensitivity="Required"> <Variable Value="0.0334" Min="0.0267" Max="0.0401" </Analysis> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_3"/> <Constraint ID="g_6"Value="0.2900" Expr="tmax_6-0.116000" Bound="Lower" <Variable ID="x_12" Min="0.2320" Max="0.3480" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_6"/> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_4"/> <Analysis ID="x_13" ID="tmax_6" Sensitivity="Required"> <Variable Value="0.1800" Min="0.1440" Max="0.2160" </Analysis> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_5"/> <Constraint ID="g_7"Value="0.0810" Expr="tmax_7-0.113000" Bound="Lower" <Variable ID="x_14" Min="0.0648" Max="0.0972" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_7"/> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_6"/> <Analysis ID="x_15" ID="tmax_7" Sensitivity="Required"> <Variable Value="0.3470" Min="0.2776" Max="0.4164" </Analysis> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_7"/> <Tessellate ID="wing" Sensitivity="Required"/> <Variable ID="x_16" Value="0.0668" Min="0.0534" Max="0.0802" </Model> VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_8"/> ! <Variable ID="x_17" Value="0.1860" Min="0.1488" Max="0.2232" VSPname="wingKulfan_Sect_1_Au_9"/> <Constraint ID="g_1" Expr="tmax_1-0.135000" Bound="Lower" Sensitivity="Required" VSPname="minThickness_1"/> <Analysis ID="tmax_1" Sensitivity="Required"> 10 </Analysis> <Constraint ID="g_2" Expr="tmax_2-0.135000" Bound="Lower"

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

M&S Environment
1 VSP Environment
Parametric Geometry External Analysis

Flow Solver

Adjoint Solver

Optimizer

CART3D Design Framework

Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

vsp_wrapper.csh
#!/bin/csh -f # vsp_wrapper.csh # Set file names set xmlFile = model.input set vspFile = model

# Generate *.tri file vsp -batch $vspFile.vsp -xddm $xmlFile.xml -tri

# Intersect intersect -i $vspFile.tri -o $vspFile.tri -T # Error check if ( $status ) then echo 'vsp -batch $vspFile -tri failed' >> FAILED goto ERROR endif exit 0 ERROR: exit 1 11
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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

vsp_wrapper.csh
#!/bin/csh -f # vsp_wrapper.csh # Set file names set xmlFile = model.input set vspFile = model # Call C++ executable (accessible via path) VSP_make $xmlFile.xml $vspFile.vsp # Generate *.tri file vsp -batch $vspFile.vsp -xddm $xmlFile.xml -tri # Generate *.tri file vsp -batch $vspFile.vsp -tri # Intersect intersect -i $vspFile.tri -o $vspFile.tri -T # Error check if ( $status ) then echo 'vsp -batch $vspFile -tri failed' >> FAILED goto ERROR endif exit 0 ERROR: exit 1 11
Friday, August 9, 13

VSP_make.cpp
Acts as surrogate for -xddm command Re-writes *.vsp from scratch Writes airfoil thickness to XDDM file Had to do it for CST method

Kulfan, B., Universal parametric geometry representation method., J. of Aircraft, vol. 45, pp. 142158, Jan-Feb. 2008.

Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

CST Method
Kulfan, B., Universal parametric geometry representation method., J. of Aircraft, vol. 45, pp. 142158, Jan-Feb. 2008.

Wish List Include CST methodology as an option for airfoil definition Make sure VSP updates <Analysis> with new airfoil thickness in XDDM file
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Example: Isolated Powered Nacelle

13
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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

DUCT/ENGINE
DUCT/ ENGINE Pros Cons
VSP !"#$%
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Friday, August 9, 13

Simple Rotated airfoil Water-tight 1-1 connectivity Symmetric only Cant distinguish
internal/external surfaces

Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

FUSE2
FUSE2 Pros Cons
Asymmetric Internal/external
surfaces can be distinguished

No 1-1

connectivity

VSP !"789:;<89"!"(3-.==.">/?3@@.34? VSP !"#$%"!"()*"23*.4*/56* VSP !"&#'"!#$%"!"()*"+,+"-)((.-*/0/*1

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

The TUBE Element

0 1 2

Its a sealed surface that wraps around itself*

VSP !"#$%
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Friday, August 9, 13

*See

Jon Gladins afternoon presentation

Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Nacelle Models in VSP

DUCT/ ENGINE
Simple Rotated airfoil Water-tight 1-1 connectivity Symmetric only Cant distinguish
internal/external surfaces

FUSE2
Asymmetric Internal/external
surfaces can be distinguished

TUBE*

Pros

Asymmetric 1-1 connectivity See next slides Cant distinguish

internal/external surfaces
*Coming

Cons

No 1-1 connectivity

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Powered nacelle shape optimization is possible if: CFL number is low (e.g. CFL = 0.5) Multi-grid is set to V-cycles (i.e. MG_cycle_type = 1) 3-level multi-grid (i.e. mg_fc = mg_ad = 3)
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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Issue #1: TE Parameters

Suggested Solution Start at TE where sharp angles are desired, end at LE where blunt angles are desired.
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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Issue #2: One Surface

Current Desired
3 1 1 2

Surface need to be broken with breakTris Then they need to be promoted to GMP tags Robustness issues

Suggested Solution Separate surfaces natively in VSP Output *.tri with different component numbers
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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

Issue #3: center-body

input.not_robust.cntl

Description of Issue CART3D returns input.not_robust.cntl on some design iterations This only seems to occur when center-body is included Could possibly be due to 1-1 mesh connectivity when breaking triangles upon design changes
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Conclusion

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Introduction

M&S

Powered Nacelle

Conclusion

Appendix

VSP can be used for adjoint design methods Wish list:

Friday, August 9, 13

Include CST methodology for airfoils Write airfoil thickness to <analysis> in XDDM Surface identification for powered runs Reverse order of sections in TUBE

23