Chapter 4 Notes

Thursday, August 29, 2013 7:00 PM

I. The Bonds of Empire, 1660-1750 a. Preface i. Alexander Garden, the Church of England's commissary 1) Garden threatened to suspend Whitefield if he preached in any church in the province 2) Garden accused Whitefield of jeopardizing the stability of colonial society ii. George Whitefield, a young Anglican minister 1) He preached that Garden's ministers were unsaved and were endangering their parishioner's souls 2) He criticized Garden for failing to teach the central Calvinist doctrine of predestination 3) People viewed Whitefield as god because of his bravery 4) He was the greatest English-speaking prophet of a powerful revival of religious piety sweeping the Protestant world 5) Enlightenment was a faith in reason rooted in natural science iii. Navigations Acts were introduced by England to further tighten the economic bonds linking the colonies' economic fortunes with its own iv. By 1750, the movement of news and ideas made the British Empire a leading world power and distinguished its colonies sharply from their French and Spanish neighbors b. Rebellion And War, 1660-1713 i. Before the Restoration in 1660, England made little serious effort to make an empire from colonies ii. Royal Centralization, 1660-1688 1) James II hoped to rule as an "absolute" monarch, so he prevented American colonial assemblies 2) By 1680, a "governors general" such as the Duke of York, ruled 60 percent of all American colonists 3) New Englanders were defending self-government and resisting crown policies a) Massachusetts declared citizens free from English rule except for war 4) Royal centralization increased after James II took the throne 5) The Dominion of New England included Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, Jerseys, and Plymouth in one administrative union with capital at Boston. 6) Sir Edmund Andros a) Governor of the new supercolony b) Suppressed the legislature, limited towns to a single annual meeting, and strictly enforced toleration of Anglicans and the Navigation Acts iii. The Glorious Revolution in England and America, 1688-1689 1) Charles II and James II ignored Parliament and violated its laws, issuing decrees allowing Catholics to hold high office and worship openly 2) William of Orange and Mary were summoned a Protestant army to England in November 1688, where most royal troops defected them, and James II fled to France 3) This bloodless revolution of 1688, called the Glorious Revolution, created a "limited monarchy" as defined by England's Bill of Rights of 1689 4) On April 18, 1689, Boston's militia arrested Andros and his councilors 5) William and Mary dismantled the Dominion of New England and restore the power to elect their own governors 6) Massachusetts had to tolerate other Protestants, which further demoralized
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6) Massachusetts had to tolerate other Protestants, which further demoralized Puritans 7) Leisler's Rebellion a) This was New York's counterpart of the anti-Stuart uprising b) The city's militia seized the harbor's main fort on May 31, 1689 c) Captain Jacob Leisler took command of the colony, repaired its rundown defenses, and called elections for an assembly d) He jailed many elite New Yorkers for questioning his authority e) He was later arrested 8) The Protestant Association was organized by John Coode and three others to secure Maryland for William and Mary a) They seized the capital, removed Catholics from office, and requested a royal governor 9) The revolutionary events of 1688-1689 decisively changed the colonies' political climate by reestablishing legislative government and ensuring religious freedom for Protestants 10) A foundation was established for an empire based on voluntary allegiance rather than submission to raw power imposed from faraway London iv. A Generation of War, 1689-1713 1) War of the League of Augsburg was the first struggle to embroil colonists and Native Americans in European rivalries 2) Civilians tried border raids in America after an invasion of New France in 1690 failed 3) The Five Nations Iroquois Confederacy fought almost by itself against enemies 4) By 1700, the Confederacy was divided into pro-English, pro-French, and neutralist factions 5) The Grand Settlement of 1701 was apace between France and its Indian allies in exchange for access to western furs while redefining their British alliance to exclude military cooperation 6) War of the Spanish Succession, England fought France and Spain in colonial lands too 7) England's own forces were much more stronger than the colonies' forces 8) The Treaty of Utrecht 1713, showed that the French and Indian hold on the continent unbroken 9) The clashes with France reinforced their identity with post 1689 England as a bastion of Protestantism and political liberty 10) As a new generation of English colonists matured, war buttressed their loyalty to the crown and reinforced their identity as Britons c. Colonial Economies and Societies, 1650-1750 i. Britain and France sought to integrate their American colonies into single imperial economies ii. Mercantilist Empires in America 1) France and Spain encouraged Mercantilism a) Policies aimed at guaranteeing prosperity by making a nation as economically self-sufficient as possible by eliminating dependence on foreign suppliers, damaging foreign competitors' commercial interests, and increasing its net stock of gold and silver by selling more abroad than buying 2) The Navigation Acts were Britain's approach to Mercantilism a) Colonial trade be carried on English vessels b) Barring colonial merchants from exporting commodities to countries other than England 3) Molasses Act of 1733 taxed all foreign molasses entering the mainland colonies at 6cents/gallon
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at 6cents/gallon 4) The Navigation Acts affected British colonial economy in four major ways a) They limited all imperial trade to British-owned ships whose crews were at 75% British i) The expansion of colonial shipping also hastened urbanization by creating a need for centralized docks, warehouses, and repair shops in the colonies b) Barring the export of certain "enumerated goods" to foreign nations unless these items first passed through England or Scotland i) Tobacco, rice, furs, indigo, and naval stores ii) Tobacco growers held a monopoly over the British market iii) This minimized the added cost of landing tobacco and rice in Britain by refunding customs duties when those products were later shipped to other countries c) Encouraging economic diversification i) The trade laws did prohibit Anglo-Americans from competing with large-scale British manufacturing of certain products, most notably clothing d) Made the colonies a protected market for low-priced consumer goods and other exports from Britain 5) Mercantilism had given a rise to a consumer revolution in British America 6) Tea was desired by colonists because it was a social occasion that called for fashion 7) New France gradually developed agriculture self-sufficiency 8) French Canadians enjoyed a comfortable, modest standard of living, but lacked the private investment, extensive commercial infrastructure, vast consumer market, and manufacturing capacity of their British neighbors 9) French planters emulated the English by importing large numbers of enslaved Africans to produce sugar under appalling conditions 10) Spain's colonies in North America wouldn't have survived if it wasn't for contraband trade 11) In France and Spain, most wealth was controlled by the monarchy, the nobility, and the Catholic Church 12) The British government used much of its considerable income from these duties, tariffs, and other taxes to enhance commerce. 13) Bank of England created in 1694 to ensure a stable money supply and lay the foundation for a network of lending institutions iii. Immigration, Population Growth, and Diversity 1) Britain's economic advantage over France and Spain was due to its demographic edge 2) Spanish relied on soldiers in forts for defense plus missionaries who would settle loyal Native Americans at strategically placed missions 3) New France's population growth in the 18th century resulted largely from natural increase rather than immigration 4) A large part of the immigrants coming to North America were slaves 5) Conditions aboard slave ships were appalling by any standard, very nasty, unsanitary 6) Slavery was primarily a southern institution, masters purchased enslaved women and protected their health so that they would form families and have more slaves for free 7) Favored creoles (American-born blacks) tended to easier jobs than normal blacks 8) Rising employment and higher wages in 18th century England made voluntary immigration to America less attractive than before
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iv.

v.

vi.

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immigration to America less attractive than before 9) Wartime devastation had compounded the misery of Rhenish peasants, many of whom were squeezed onto plots of land too small to feed a family 10) The 18th century immigrants were very poor, few settles in places where land was expensive 11) Charles Town was the second-most popular American gateway 12) England shipped over lawbreakers to America who were then forced to work as servants Rural White Men and Women 1) True affluence for whites was reserved for those who inherited their wealth 2) Inheritance for young individuals was limited because they couldn't make much use of it 3) Young men also went to the frontier, the port cities, or the high seas to make some money 4) Farmers often supplemented their incomes through seasonal or part-time work 5) Most colonial parents freed themselves of debt in their late fifties 6) The more isolated a community or the less productive its farmland, the more self0sufficiency and bartering its people practiced 7) White women had limited authority, the only choice they can make was who their husband was Colonial Farmers and the Environment 1) 18th century settlers had to tend to their land before they can begin their plots 2) Deforestation led to the decrease in wild life in a farmers' surroundings 3) Firewood was decreasing in amount and increasing in price 4) Shifting cultivation was practiced by Indians so that the soil can refine itself 5) Colonists ignored new European ways of farming because they couldn't afford it The Urban Paradox 1) The cities were British North America's economic paradox a) Keys to the colonies' rising prosperity 2) Philadelphia, New York, and Boston were key cities for economic success 3) Cities were very unsanitary, therefore spreading many diseases and killing many people 4) The amount of poor people increased in major cities, these people couldn't pay taxes 5) The growth of poor people was very low, and the elite group controlled majority of everything 6) Charles Town was another large city, where poor whites competed for work with urban slaves 7) Widows looked towards the community to help them survive Slavery's Wages 1) Slaves were cheaper to manage than indentured servants in every way possible 2) Most slaves toiled until they died, many never had happiness or rest in their lives 3) Slaves were able to make money working under the task system 4) Carolina slaves had greater autonomy, but racial tensions were even higher 5) Large gatherings of blacks that were uncontrolled by whites were prohibited 6) Stono Rebellion a) 20 blacks seized guns and ammunition from a store b) They then met with other men and burned plantations, killed whites c) A mounted militia then killed all of the slaves and put rebel head on every mile post 7) Although city life afforded slaves greater freedom of association than did plantations, urban blacks remained the property of others and chafed at racist restrictions
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restrictions viii. The Rise of Colonial Elites 1) Elite colonists inherited their advantages at birth and augmented them by producing plantation crops, buying and selling in the Atlantic, and serving as attorneys for other elite colonists 2) A gentlemen was expected to have responsibility, display dignity and generosity, and be a community leader 3) Higher incomes enabled elite colonists to display their wealth more openly, particularly in their housing 4) Colonial gentlemen and ladies exhibited their status by imitating rich upperclass Europeans d. Competing for a Continent, 1713-1750 i. Europeans competed in expanding their territorial claims, intensifying both trade and warfare with Native Americans, and carving out new settlements ii. France and Native Americans 1) France's imperial focus was on Louisiana, where New Orleans was the capital and port 2) Life was dismal in Louisiana for whites and blacks because of a corrupt government 3) Louisianans depended on exchanges with one another to stay out of difficulties 4) Upper Louisiana's principal export was wheat, more reliably profitable 5) Natives expanded trade activities hoping to secure commercial and diplomatic ties 6) The French fought with many Native Indian groups to prevent development 7) By 1750, France had an immense domain, but one that depended on oftenprecarious relations with Native Americans iii. Native Americans and British Expansion 1) British colonial expansion was made possible by the depopulation and dislocation of Native Americans 2) Carolina faced many issues with rebellious Indians who wanted to overthrow the colony 3) Catawbas were Native Americans who fought for the English so that they have security 4) Covenant Chain a) The Confederacy helped the colonies subjugate Indians whose lands the English wanted b) It grew more powerful with Pennsylvania's entry in 1737 5) Walking Purchase: Three men were hired to walk as far as they could in Delaware and the land that they walked came under Pennsylvania's ownership iv. British Expansion in the South: Georgia 1) Georgia was expected to export expensive commodities like wine and silk, but instead it became a refuge for bankrupt but honest debtors 2) Georgia was directly subsidized by the British government, only other one is Nova Scotia 3) James Oglethrope a) Dominated the provincial board of trustees during Georgia's first decade b) He hated slavery, and he though it degraded blacks, made whites lazy, and was a risk c) He recognized that slavery undermined the economic position of poor whites like those he sought to settle in Georgia d) Parliament made Georgia the only colony where slavery was outlawed e) His expectations failed because of certain other rules and regulations that were placed v. Spain's Tenacity
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v. Spain's Tenacity 1) Spain awarded grants of about 26 square miles wherever ten or more families founded a town 2) Settlers built homes on small lots around the church plaza, farmed separate fields nearby, grazed livestock at a distance, and shared a community wood lot and pasture 3) Apache raiders sought livestock and European goods as well as captives 4) Spain reestablished Texas in order to counter growing French influence among the Comanches 5) Spanish were able to compete with the English and French in deerskin trade 6) By 1750, Spain controlled much of the Southeast and Southwest, while France exercised influence in the Mississippi, Ohio, Missouri River valleys, the Great Lakes, and Canada vi. The Return of War, 1739-1748 1) The British began yet another war against the Spanish known as the War of Jenkins' Ear 2) The Anglo-Spanish War merged with the War of the Austrian Succession 3) Britain signed the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle exchanging Louisbourg for a British outpost in India that the French had seized e. Public Life in British America, 1689-1750 i. England's new Bill of Rights was the foundation of government and politics in the colonies, they were significant because many more colonists were involved as active participants in politics, in intellectual discussions, and in new religious movements ii. Colonial Politics 1) The most significant result of the Glorious Revolution was the rise of colonial legislatures, or assemblies, as a major political force 2) The assembly was the only political body subject to control by colonists rather than English 3) These assemblies represented the people and defended their liberty against centralized authority 4) Governors were vulnerable to legislatures' financial pressure because they received no salary from British sources and relied on the assemblies for income 5) The Board of Trade could have weakened the assemblies by persuading the crown to disallow objectionable colonial laws signed by the governors 6) Most assemblymen ranked among the wealthiest 2 percent of colonists because others couldn't afford being in this position because of low salary 7) All provinces barred women and nonwhites from voting 8) Most white males in British North America could vote by age forty 9) In rural areas voter participation was low unless a vital issue was at stake 10) Many rural voters were indifferent about politics at the colony level 11) Depending on their economic interests, wealthy colonists aligned themselves with or against royal and proprietary governors 12) John Peter Zenger a) He was arrested on charges that he libeled Cosby b) His arrest encouraged the broadening of political discussion and participation beyond a small circle of elites c) It implicated the growing colonial practice of allowing attorneys to speak directly to juries on behalf of defendants iii. The Enlightenment 1) Literacy and education permitted people to participate in the trans-Atlantic world of ideas and belief 2) The best educated colonists embraced a wider world of ideas and information 3) Enlightenment ideals combined confidence in human reason with skepticism toward beliefs not founded on science or strict logic
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toward beliefs not founded on science or strict logic 4) Isaac Newton explained how gravitation ruled the universe 5) Benjamin Franklin a) He organized a reading-discussion group of intellectual thinkers called the Junto b) He discovered that lightning was electricity, which led to the lightning rod c) He encouraged new thinking and experiments 6) Enlightenment followers envisioned progress as gradual and proceeding from the top down 7) John Locke argued that ideas, including religion, are not inborn but are acquired by investigation of and reflection upon experience a) He asserted that no human can be absolutely certain of anything but his or her own existence 8) The Great Awakening challenged the Enlightenment's most basic assumptions iv. The Great Awakening 1) Throughout the colonial period, religious fervor periodically quickened within a denomination or region and then receded 2) The Great Awakening unleashed anxiety and longing among ordinary people about sin and longing assurance of salvation 3) Religion was primarily a matter of emotional commitment 4) Jonathan Edwards, William Tennent, and Theodore Frelinghuysen were all preachers who wanted to stimulate conversion in prayers meetings 5) George Whitefield was an impactful preacher because he was able to draw crowds and collect a lot donations 6) Revivalists were known as New Lights and the rationalist clergy was known as the Old Lights 7) New Lights said that Presbyterian ministers lacked saving grace and hence were bound for hell 8) Old Lights condemned New Lights as an epidemic of enthusiasm 9) New Lights had seceded from one-third of New England's churches and formed separate congregations 10) Old Lights repeatedly denied new churches legal status in Massachusetts and Connecticut 11) New Lights won control of Connecticut's assembly in 1759 12) The Great Awakening's long-term effects exceeded its immediate impact a) The revival marked a decline in the influence of Quakers, Anglicans, and Congressionalists b) It contributed to the weakening of officially established denominations c) It stimulated the founding of new colleges d) The revivals spread beyond the ranks of white society e) The beginnings of black Protestantism after New Lights reached out to slaves f) White women's religious prominence increased i) The right to speak and vote in church meetings g) Blurred denominational differences among Protestants

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