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Chapternine
HeatTransfer in Aeitated Vessels
9.1 lntoduction Agitated vesselswith an extemaljacket or an internal coil are increasingly employed in biotechrology and otherprocess applications. jackets The most commol type of consjsts of an outer cylinde. that sunounds pafi ofthe vessel. The heating or coolingmediumcirculates in jacket the annularpace betweenthe and vesselwalls. Altematively, condensation ofvapor (e.g.,steam or a propdetary heattansfer mediun) may serve lbi heatingand vaporization of liquid (e.g., arefragrant) may serve for cooling.The heatis transferedthough the wall of the vessel. Circulation bafflescanbeusedin theannular space to increase the velocityofthe liquid flowingthrough thejacket,thusenhancing the heat tlansf'er coefficient. An altemative is to introduce the fluid via a series of jacket. nozzlesspaced down the ln this case, the momentum of the jets issuingfrom the nozzles develops a swirlingmotionin thejacketliquid. The spacing between thejacket and vessel wall depends on the size of the vessel, however, it ranges from 50mmfor smallvessels to 300 mm for largervessels. Figure9-1 showsdifferent configurations ofjacketed vessels. The pitch of the coils and the areacoveredcan be selected to prcvide the heat transferarearequired.Standard pipe sizesfrom 60 mm to 120 mm outsidediameter areaare often used.Half-DiDe construction jacler produce can a ccpable of wiLhstanding a highii pressure Lhan jacket design.The rate of heat transferto o. from an conventional agitated liquid massin a vessel depends on the physical propedies ofthe liquid (e.g.,density,viscosity,and specifrc heat)and of the heatingor coolingmedium, the vessel geometry, and the degreeof agitation. The type and size ofthe agitatorand its location alsoinfluence the rate.An agitator is selected on the basisof materiai properties andthe processing required.The heat transferforms part of a process operation such as suspended.
((
n<1 r-\l
D]
$l ,$L
S?ilally b!filed jack t (a)
(b)
(c)
Agit!rioDtrozle (d)
or dissolvirg solids,dispersing a gas in a liquid, emulsilyinginrmiscible liquids, or regulatirrgchemical reactions. When processing is controlledby heat transfervariables,a log mean temperaturedifferelce (ATLMTD) aIId heat fiansfer surface area will predominateover the agitation variables.Provided it is sufficient to give a homogeneous processfluid tempentue, increasedagitationcan only reduce the inside film resistance,which is one of a number of resistances that determinesthe overall heat tmtsfer coefficient.
Stiraed tank reactors in which an exothermic reaction is performed may involve the removal of substantialanounts of heat fiom the reactingmixture. Refluxing of a boiling solventis a common method; the heat of vaporization of the solvent is removed by the reflux condenser, and the condensed solvelt is returnedto the teactor Othei methodsinclude cooling thc walls of the reactor by meansof a jacket with a cooling medium, inserting a cooling coil, or using an external heat exchangerwith a pump around system: ln many appli, cations using jacketed vessels, successivebatches of matedal ate heated (or cooled) to a given iernperatute, and therefore the heat transtbrinvolves an unsleadystateprocess.Proper care is essentialio terms of charging, agitatiol, and adequatecooling of the reactantsto prevent the generatedL'ieat from subsequentlyleading to a runaway reactl()n. Design Equation Considera vesselcontainingan agitatedliquid. Heat transferoccurs mainly through forced convection in the liquid, conduction througtl the vessel waLI, and forced convection jn the jacket media. The heat flow may be based on the basic film theoty equation and can be expressed by Drivins - force Kare = Resistance
orQ
AT
rlu
(e-l)
In an idealized situation, the vessel and its jacket each operate continuouslyundet isothermal conditions.RearrangingEquation 9l becomes:
Q = UAAr
(9 2)
11 a realistic continuoussituatio!, where the vesselcontentsare at constanl temperature,but with dift'erentjacket inlet and oudet temperatures,Equation 9 2 is expressed as:
Q = UA-AT11ap
(q l)
whereATLMTD is the log nean tenpenture differencebetweenthe bulk temperature of the vessel contents, t, andthe temperature in thejacket, T. ATLMTD is exprcssed as
tn[(t,-r,)/(t, - .Tr\/l l
wltete rl t2 T1 T2
(e-4)
n the re..el ente.ing t l u i , l r e m p e r a l J ri e leaving flrrid lemperilrure in rhe \e.sel e r h ej r c k e l in entering I l r r i dr e m p e r a t u r leaving fluid temperaturcin the jackel
The overall heat transfer coefliciellt U is deterrninedtrom a selies of resistancesto the transfer of heat, namely
l+FF,+"'*FF,*
1
__l
hik'
(e-s)
where lli = coefticient on processside of heat transfer area, i.e., inside sudace ofjacketed vesselor outsidesuface of internal coil,
wn2'c
= lbuling l c c l o r i.! ' i d e \ e . s e l . m"C/w = Xru wall thickness of vesselor coil, mur k = thernal conductivity, Wm"C FF. jacket, m2"C/w - _ l = fouling factor, inside hj = coelficienl on inside sufface ol jaclei. w/m"C
FF.
When the heat transferis throughinternalcoils or tubularbat'fles, may the difference between the inner and outerheattransfersurfaces be significant.
Inside Film (hi) Coefficients Wlren applying the following equationsfor calculating film coefficients in jacketed vessels,the physical property data should be accurate.This is especially importatrt tbr thermal condllctivity k, as its value can have a major impact on the calculated film coefficient and vary widely.
The inside iilm heat transfer coefficient (hi) can be calculatedfrom the following Nusselt number corelatron:
",'=..tu"!.(*)',(+ #)
.Nh(!L)" Nu = c.Nfr"
For agitatedvesseis,
(9-6)
where(Dr/H, WDA) represents vadousgeometric corection factors. For a geonetricallysimilar system, Equation9-6 becomes:
(e 7)
?"(YI(?i(r)"
where hi = DA DT = N =
(e-8)
heat transfercoefhcientto vesselwall or coil, w/mz'C agitatordiameter, m tank diameter, m agitatol speed(rev/sec) p = density,kg/mj ki = thermalconductivity, Wm"C CP = specificheat capacity, J/kg"C = viscosiryat bulk fluid remperarure, [(N.s)/m]l[kg/(m.sec)l p_ = viscosityar the wall temperatlue, [(N.s)/m'zl fkg/(m.sec)] The valuesof constant C aid the exponents a, b, and c depend on the type of agitator,whether baffles are used and their type, and whetherthe transfer is via the vesselwall or to coi1s.Baffles are normally usedil most applications, and the valuesof a, b and c in the literature arc 213,ll3, ard 0.14 respectively. Tables 9 14 and 9-15 give typical cofielations for variousagitatortypes. Fouling Factors aDd Wall Resistances Experience and.iudgment as to fouling severity are required to estimate foulingfactors(FFi,FFj) to dere.mine the overallheatlransfer
coefticient.Thesewill vary with time and dependon the frequency and efficiency of vesselcleaning.Wall tesistances can be significant and shouldbe calculated from accurate thermalconductivitydata. Outside Coeffrcients(h.) JacketedVessels Annular lacket with Spbal Bafflitg In heat ffansferapplications, this jacket is consideted a helical coil if certainfactorsare Ltsed for calculating outsidefilm coefficjents. The equivalentheat hansferdiameter,De, fot a rectangulat cross-section is equal to 4 w (w being the width of the annularspace). Velocities are calculatedfron the actual cross-section of the flow area,pw (p being the pitch of the spiral balfle), and the effectivemassflowrate W' throughthe passage. The effectivemassflowrateis approximately 60Voof the total massflowrate of the jacket.
w'- 0.6 w
(,r_q)
At a gjven Reynolds number, heat transfer coeft'iciellts of coils, particularly with turbulent flow, are higher Lhanthose of long, sbaight pipes, due to flicfion. This also applies to flow through an amnlar jacket with spiral baffling. At NR" > 10,000 the SiedeFTate equation for stiaight pipe, 1 + 3.5(D"/D.) can be used to caiculate the outside film coefficient.
$=oozz(N^")o',.'".f'"(f) {,.,,(+)}
where D" = D. = hi = 14 = A" =
(9-10)
equivalentdiameierfor heat transfer,lnm (fl) Meanor centerline diameter of interl1al coil helix, mm (ft) heat transfercoefficienton inside surfaceof jacket viscosityat bulk fluid remperarure, [(N.s)/m'?]Lkg/(m.sec)l viscosityat the wall temperature, l(N.s)/m'zllkg/(m.sec)l
r., _ p'v'D.
-.'
;*slilgiiiiigi;iiis
o
F.9
7
-i E G --zzzzzz G -D'n'n
z
.D
1n1i.--9v)
n? 9: ;x
I
|!
llJ
n
;ia!)!)
340ChemilEngineerirg Prccesses
i,siiiiS il;*iiiii
E
:c-:a^
J-aJra
\*
::!
r-=J= .F::iiK =
_n
\-
-!
ts
d-
-i'iG
::
'-4
Z j
=, n do
! : o x
.9
.9
.9
zv
6oB
E6 ,i ==:
tr
ut
342Chemi@lEnsinee ns Processes
,; i ,i;?t3i!';i::: i? ;;ft;i
E: +i?iia; i i : ai;!;EtZ=,;i
i*iiilzriEii ;Ii:i;;iii; ?i I
: z
&a
?+
=_B
8.9
E E
E.E
: e
rn
.f
-,..\:
i.f
-'ulu
;; ;;;i:!a;i ; 3i iE!:
z c,' d FP z
.6
na
9: 97
v6
6n t1
,i -{
i
+r
a:-
:F
EeU
:P
i !
E H7 qI-e
i3-
gb
zt
3 .;
iiv :
Lr-e.!EFi
:b ::E 3:..:.!
:a:.E4YeE
e
E :O
nnl
Y 5 r: E i E fs 'nrl
E 5
z-
n ^.a@d
":-"1 !11
2l "2 :' :
>11
dr z
E
t
:
'.
;+
,:'!c:!.1
Ets
i" r.iE;'-
: , -!E
i;g"F'!
E E;iE-*: d rr rrr rr E
-roo<z : o E E ":a y ? 1
z iiE,::6
E:E:i= z rl
;, j
6+qie
r'1 .^
,3
.9.8
. E3 >7
(e-11)
where L is the length of the coil or jacket passage, mm (ft). Annular lacket with No Baffles In the case of steam condensation, a film heat ffansfer coefficient h i s u . e d .I n l h e c a s e o f l i q u i dc i r c u i a l i o n v.e l o c i l i ew s i l l b e v e r yl o w becauseof the large cross-sectional area. Ouloide heil Lransfer coefficienl" for unbaffledleckets underlaminar flow conditions can be calculatedfrom,
,ll*l D:,
I
\0.8
./
(No.)o
o'
(e-t2)
D.=1._D:,
F = coelTicientof vdlumetdc expansioll Ato = t1r" 6i1"r"n"" betweenthe tenperature at the wall and that in the bulk fluid = viscosity at bulk fluid temperaturc f$ Evidently, from the low value ol the exponent in Equation 9-12, the contribution fron natural convection and,hence, its practicalsignilicance is snall. The following equation can be used to predict heat tansfer coeflicients flom coils to tank walls in agitated tanks.
Dr
&-'lr.JtkJlu.j
(9-13)
where C is a constanl.Table 9-3 gives valuesof C for various agitator types and sudace ul. Hcat Transfcr Area Suface area for heatirg or cooling agilated vesselscan be provided by either exte.nal jacketing or intemal coils (or tubular baffles). Jacketing is usually preferred becauseof:
Surface
Coil Coil
Saurce:Chope!,N. P ahd Hi.ks,7: G., Handbook of Chemical Engineerins Calcul ions, McGtu|| HiU Book C0., t981.
Clieaperconstructio[ materialsbecause the jacket is not in contact wittr process fluid. Less tendency to foul. Easier cleaning and maintenance. Fewer problems in circulating catalysts and viscous lluids. Larger heat-fansfer surface, unless significant reactor volume js taken up by the coils. . Helical jackets may allow thinner walls to be used for pressue vessels. . No rcstriction is plaoed on agitator type, whereas if a coil is in\lalled il festriclt sg i t a l o rd i m e n s i o n , . Coils should be consideredonly ifjacketing alone does not provide a sufficient heat transfer area, ifjacket pressureexceeds150 psig, or if highlemperature vacuum processilg is required.The coil ofl'ersthe advantage of a higher overall film coefiicient because of thinner walls with the latter condifons, but the wall resistance may not be significant compared to that on the process side (e.g., with a viscous liquid). Example 9-1 Determine the heat transfer coefficient from a coil immersed in an agitated vessel with a diameter of 3.048 nl. The agitator is a paddle measuring 1.01 m in diaaeter al1drevolving at 200 rev/nin. The fluid propefiies are:
p - densiry= '120kglmj = 4.13cP = 4.13x l0 r (Pa . s) g! = viscosity Cp = specificheat= 2.9 krkg . K k = thermaiconductivity= 0.17 WmK (p/Ur)ora= 1.0. Assume Solution
Frcm Table 9 3, for a paddle type agitator, C = 0.87. The heat ftaosfer coefficient from Equation 9,8 becomes
(e-r l)
N = numberof revolutionper secis 200/60= 3.3333rev/sec. is: number, NRe= pND2A/!r The Reynolds
.,.....,(
*-.
(z.qxloj)(+.t:vto') r 1
0.17 = '70.45
re .::".lL.K)
m'sec I )
[ kg'K
n,=o.r (ffi
h" = 1,414 W/m'?r resultsfrom the MIXIR software. Table9-4 showsthe computer
Scale-Upvith IIeat Transfer The scale-upcriterion of constantheat ftansfercoefficient is suitable problemof the reactorinvolvesthe removalof whenthe predominant of the heat transfercoefficientis govemedby heat.The magnitude by: the intensity of stiritrg within the rcactor, and is represented
{e_r4)
that depends on the agitatordesignand h is where C is a constant the requiredinsidefilm heat transfercoefficient.
Table 9-4 Heat transler coefticient to fluids in a vessel using mechanical agitated coils or lacket
DIAMETER OF THERI.,A], CONDUCTIVITY, l{/M.K. I DIAYETER OF AGITATOR, M. I srEED Or AGITATOR, rewlmin.: DNSITY oF FLUID, l<g/n^3: pa.s: VISCoSfTY O! FTUID, 10^(-3) SPICIFIC HIAT C]IPACITY, K.]/Kg - K: VISCOSITY AT BUI,K F],UID TEMPERATURE, 1C^( VISCOS:ITY AT SURFACE TEMPERATI'RE, 10.( 3) HEAT TRINSFIR
COEFIICIEN'I,
I.J/N'2,K.
To scaleup a rcactor from Vl to Vz with geometricallysimilar systems having simiiar bulk average (i.e., the physical temperatures propefties of the fluids are identical),Equation9-l4 becomes
hror,
hp'
( 9r -s )
o, t ror,_1N, 1out1no,fto
hrDrr \Nr J
\ 0 .u'_
tDAl ,/
(e,16)
lNz I
l\J
hp" lD^.l
(9 t7)
tn;l
hp^. l.%i
(e-18)
Ar equsJheat trirn\[ercoefficienls. hl - hr
350ChemielEngineenng Proesses
l\l
tD.J
(9-r 9)
o. xa=[que1"*
Nr \ Do' -/
(9-20)
Assumingthat the ecluation is in the turbulentrangd,the Power numbers will be equal.The ratio of the powerper unit volume(P/V) for largeand small scales can be expressed by
(P/v), (P/v),
(e-2r)
.)-' "
(e-22)
The power per unit volumethus increases slightly.For equalheat transfer coefficients on smallandlargescales, the largertank will use an imDellerat a lower sDeed.
v, \ Drr J
(8-36)
(9 2J)
Havillg achieved the same heat transfer coefficient o[ the larger scale, lhe heat removal facilities must be increasedbecausethe heat
generationis propo.tioral to V2lVt, but the sudace area of the vessel has increasedby (V2lV1)2/3. This can be done by addjng coils in the reactor.Larger areascan be addedby using an externalheat exchanger and a pump aroundsystem.In somecases, it may be possibleto lower the coolant temperatureand thereby increase the rate of heat flow tluough the existing surface.Howevet this is usuallyfixed by stability which require that the coolant temperaturebe within considerations, a few degreesof the reaction temperature. Liquid - Solid Agitation In certain cases, the primary process objective is to keep solid particlesin suspension. Areas of applicationinvolve catalyticreactions, crystallization,precipitation,ion exchange, and adsorption. Axial llow and pitched-bladeturbines are best suited in providing the essential The suspended flow pattemsin a tank to keepthe solids in suspension. solid is chardcterized by two paraneters: . Particle density,pr. . Particle sizer the mean diameter, dp or the pa cle size distribution. Variouscorrelationsare providedfor calculatingthe minimum speed Zwietering of the agitator Nrii to keep a given solid in suspension. developed the lollowing equation: L2l
..,'"="(+J"
pfl" DR"
(9 24)
where Do = impeller diameter,ln Dr - tank diameter,m ws = weight ratio of solid to liquid in percentage PL = liquid density PL = liquid viscosity Y and o dependon the characteristics of the stifer !'or agitator types of propellers, turbines with flat blades and paddles,Y and (I are 1.5 and l.4,.espectively. The criterion for Equatior 9-24 is the absence of ary inmobile solid on the bottom of the tank.
Processes 352ChemilEngineerin9
Weisman and Eff'erding [3] in constrast, related the degree of agitation to the height Hs occupjed by the solid snspension,which is expressedas:
(9-26)
f(X) = s611,1, loading factol.,f(X), is a non-linear functio, for up to 5olosolids loading n = scale-up exponent = just-suspended speed, sl \, ul = terminal settling velocity for a particle, m/sec Pi = dcnsity of liquid Ps= density of solids X = solids loading (solids nass/slurry mass)
The requiredpower can be determined by: P = Np p,rN3Di whereN = impellerrotationspeed, sr Np = impeller Powernumber P = Impellerpower draw,W p.r = densityof slurry,kg/m3
Computatio[ fluid nixing and computational fluid dynanic techniques have increasingly been used to elucidate solids distribution in agitated vessels [6].
(e-27)
The variables in batch heating or cooling prccesses are surface requirement, time, and temperature.Heating a batch may be by extemal means (e.g., a jacket or coil) or by withdrawing and recirculating process liquid through an extemal heat exchanger.In either case, assumptionsare made to facilitate calcu]ation, namely, . The overall heat transt'ercoefficient U is constantfor the process and over the entirc sudace. . Liquid flowrates are at steady state. . Specific heats are constantfor the process. . The heating or cooling medium has a constantinlet temperature. . Agitation gives a uniform batch fluid temperature. . There is no phase change. . Heat losses are negligible. The following discussesvarious heating or cooling prccess conditions in a batch vessel and the processingtime relationsl'lips. BATCI{ HEATING: INTERNAL COIL, ISOTHERMAL HEATING MEDIUM When an ag?tated batch containing M of fluid with specific heat c and initial temperature t is heated using an isothermal condensing heating medium Tt, the batch temperaturet2 at any tim(- e can be derived by the differential heat balance. For an unsteady state operation as shown in Figure 9 2, the total number of heat transferred is q', and per unit tine 0 is:
III do _0 :d ae _ 'd
d,n' di M c_ : :
(e-28)
(9-29)
Mc:=UAAI d0 RearralgingEquation9-30 gives dr UA ,^ At MC Integrationof Equation9-31 between the limits gives i dt =U Au ilo r| T , - t M c l
(e-30)
(e-31)
(9 32)
Integrationof Equation9-32 tom tt to t2 while the batch processing time passes from 0 to 0 yields:
356ChemielEngineedng Prccesses
(9-33)
where A = c= M = Tr = tl = t2 = U = 0 =
heal Lranslersurface area specific heat of batch liquid weight of batch liquid heating medium temperature initial batch temperature final batch tempraturc overall heat transfer coefficient time
Example 9-2 A tank containing 22,679.5kg mate'ial with a specific hear of 2.1 kJikg . K is to be heatedfrom 293K to 398 K. The tank contains a heating coil \rith a heat transfer suface of 9.29 n2, and.ihe overall heat tansfer coefficienr from the coil to the tank contents of 850 W/m2 . K. Calculate the time requircd to heat the tanl( contentswith steamcondensingat 433 K. Solution Select and apply the app.opdate heat ttansfer fomula. When heating a batch with an internal coil with an isothermal heating medium, the lbllowing equation applies:
-,, hf r, l_ ue., Mc
\Tr-trl
(e t3)
J I
^ = 1r.386\(22.6'/e.5)(2.1x10,) . -
"
(8soxq29r3ioo)
= 2.32ht Computersoftwarc(BATCH) was developed to determine the time requiredfor heatingor coolingprocess fluids in a batchsystem. Table 9-5 gives the conputer resultsof Example9-2. BATCII REACTOR HEATING AND COOLING TEMPER{TURE PREDICTION
Start up of a jacketed batch reactor rcqules control of the heat-up and cool-down rates. This involves determining and settingthe jacket heat transtbrfluid tempelatules. An altemativeis to make a trial heat-up and incoryorate the results into a tinle depetdent heat transfet equation:
u=
(9-3 i.)
Equatjon9-33 can also be usedto calculatethe heat,uptime lor non-isorhermal jacketing),providedthat the heating(e.9.,by hot-water js not difference between the outlet and iqlet jacket temperatures greaterthatr lOEaof the differencebetweenthe batch and averase water temperature [9].
,ooo
!i/d^2.K:
(e-34)
Equation9-33 becomes
/. \ ', 0=hl l-L:lL l.
\Tr-trl K
(e-3s)
(9-36)
dudrg a trial heat-up,K can Thos, by taking a seriesof readirlgs be detemi[ed. The heat-upand cool-downtimes for varyingjacket temperaturescan then be predicted. Example9-3 Assume that in Example 9-2, the ovela cycle time for a batch reactionis 8 hrs. The cycle tirne will include 2 hrs for heat-upand 3 hrs for cool-down. The batch will be heatedfrom 20'C to the of 60"C, thetrcooledto 35'C. Usilg a hot-water rcactiontempemture jacket temperature of 80"C, it took 15 mir to heatthe batch from 20"C requircdfor heat-upand the jacket temperatures and 30'C. Calculate cool-down. Solution From Equation9-34,
,.
UA Mc
(8soxe.2e) I
, l ks.Kl
kg J l
K = 0.00017 sec I
The jacket temperature required for a 2 hr heat-upcan be obtained from Equation9 36 as:
. _r 1 , ^K0 ^Ko
(9-36)
, _
!-.:.:.ooo,*) "(o.ooorr
f o.ooorz-L':,:,ooo*"1 sec /
= 30.3"C9 SATCH COOLING: INTERNAL COIL ISOTHERMAL COOLING MEDIT]M Consider the samearangenetrtas beforecontaining M of liquid with specificheal c and initial temperatu.e Tt cooledby an isothermalvaporizing mediumof tenpemture tl. If T is the batchtemperature at anv time 8. dlen
d9'=-M" dr = uat de de
(9'37 )
(9-38)
-u"$=ga11
d0
(e-3e)
? or ?u,q. .^
i, T-tr ' oM c
(9-40)
. I T-, - t , - I UA ^ l=-.H
\T, -t, / M"
(9-4r )
The non-isother-mal heating mediun has a constantflowrate Wh, spec.ific heat Ch, and inlet tempeEtureTt, but a variableoutlet tempelature.For an unsteady slate opefation:
'.
ts-421
^.
MTn
----:-----------
Tt-Tt
tnl I lTz-t./
EquatingIlI and Mn Equation9-43 and rearranging gives:
't-'
(e-43)
uA
. fr,-t'l r4'l
Irz -tJ
Equation9-44 becomes:
,,(r,-, )_ ue -rJ
\T,
-e n-n
WhCh
(9-45)
(9.46)
(4.117\
^ WLCL
where K, =swhcr
(9-48)
*"$=*,",{r,-(,.?)}
=*,",(ftj}',-o
'i a' ?w,c-lr,-r).^
iT,-, i Mc I K, J
Integrating Equation9 50 gives
(e 49)
o-4g and inlegraltng Rearranging Equatton from ll to t2 r hile the processingtime passesfrom 0 to e gives:
(e-s0)
ml
o,e-r K, )r M")r,[t,-,,) -l
\Kr ,\whch, ITr-r2, where A = heat transfer surface area c = specificheat of batchliquid Cr,= heatingmediumspecificheat M = weight of barchliquid Tl = heatingnedium tempemture tl = initial batch tempemtue tz = final batch temperature U - overall heat transfercoefficienl Wh = heatingmediumflowrate 0 = time
(9,51)
BATCE COOLING: NON-ISOTHERMAL COOLING MEDIUM When cooling a batch with internal coil and a non-isothelmal cooling medium,the following equationcan be applied.
*de =-*"*
de
-w c"(r)-r') = UAArl6p
(e-s2)
!l where K2 = ew'c'
ano lnt
(e-53)
Example 9-4 For the tank describedin Example9 2, calculatethe time reqLrired to cool the balch from 398 K to 313 K if cooling water is availa -ble at a temperatureof 303 K with a tlowrate of 4535.9 kg/hr. Solution Selectand apply the appropriate heat transferformula. When cooling a batch wjth internal coil and a non-isothermalcooling medium, the following equatioo can be applied.
ol --*.11 wcc.(12-tr)UAATLMTD d0 de
ra52)
364ChemilEngineering Processes
where K2 = eulw c.
(e-53)
m'
ff
I ks.K I
lorJ I
I
= 4.58
hr 3,600 r""
0 = 7.34hr Tabie9-6 gives the computer rcsultsfrom the software(BAICH) for batch cooling, tron isothermal cooling medium. BATCH HEATING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER, ISOTHERMAL HEATING MEDIUM Figure 9-3 illustrates the arrangement in which the fluid in the tank is heated by an external heat exchanget.The heating l]1ediumis isothermalithereforeany type of exchanger with steamin the shell
9.290 2,100 4-420 22679.500 303,000 394.000 313.O00 950.000 4535.900 7.34
Figure 9-3. Balchheating llrrough an exlernal heat exchanger, isolhermal healing medium.
in the magdtude of At can or tubes can be used (i.e., no advantage be obseryedby using a multi pass design, such as a 2:4 type). The variable temperature from the exchanger t' will defer from the vadable tank temperaturet. Ar energy balance around rhc tank and the heat exchangergives:
366ChemielEnsineenns Prcesses
III + dr rur.* d0 Heat accumulation in the batch = whch(r' t) Heatentering thebatchby recirculation UAAILMTD (9-54, Tmnsferrate in the extemal exchanger r
(r,-r)-(r,-11
a!I t!,tl-D
-'I ul t'-
\TL t'J
=Jlrl
lr,-1,
9 - 5 4g i v e s : ll andlll in Equa(ion Equating WhCh(t' - t) = UA atlyp That is:
lr'-rl
(e-55)
(9-56)
-tf mlr'-t,j
lr'
',
re 57t
wncn
tq-58)
f, -t = ewt'cn(f, -t')
(e-5e)
(e-60)
(9-61)
Mc4=W.C.ft'-r) de
(9-62)
whch do
Mc .dt _ Ir_[t-,)l _,
L'\Kr,J -t)(r, -t)
K3
_ (K.
RearrangingEquation 9-63 and integrating from tl to t2 while the time passesfrom 0 to 0 gives:
'i q
iT,-,
(e 64)
^ / r, )/ uc )- 1r,-t,)
{q6s)
BATCH COOLING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER, ISOTHERMAL COOLING MEDIUM When cooling a balch with an extemal heat exchanger and an isothermal cooling medium.lhe equerion is:
I v
\l
^,^ \
r'-
- r
rl
re-66)
'
where Ko = A = c = C" = M = Tr = T? = tt = U = w. = e =
suw.c. heat transfer surface alea specific heat of batch liquid coolant specific heat weight of batch liquid initial batch temperature final batch temperature initial coolant temperature overall heat transfercoefficient coolant llowrare time
BATCH COOLING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER (COUNTER-CURRENTFLOW), NON.ISOTIIERMAL COOLING MEDIUM Whencooling a batchwitLran external heatexchanger and a nonjsothermal coolingmedium,the following equation can be usedl
w,w-c )^
\T)-rrr\M/[Krw.Cw"cJ
tq_o7t
where K5 = A = c = C" = M = Tl = Tr = r, U = Wb = W. = 0 =
Example 9-5
Calculate the time required to cool the batch describedin Exampie 9 4 if an cxternal heat exchangerwith a heat transler surfaceol 200 ft2 (18.58 nr2) is available. The batch material is circulated through the exchangerat the rate of 11,339.8kg/br. The overall heat transfer coefficient in the heat exchanger1134 Wm2K. Solution Select and apply the appropriateheat transfer formula. When cooling a batch with an extemal heat exchanger and a non,isotherlnal cooliig medium, the following equation can be used:
370ChemilEngineering Processes
(e-67)
.,=*o{uo(uf ;-)}
= e x'D[0. <
(4.sls.ex4.2),1 \ (r.3jq.8x2.r)
_t)
)l
fsec.K = 0.4509
hl
tt-t' \Tt tr
)-(+1
^(
wbw"c" 0 K5w"c"-wb
rnl-l=l-
. (:ss-:o:) /0.+sos-r ) I
\313-303/ \ 2 2 , 6 7 9 .)5
(1 l, 33e.8X4,53s.eX4.2)
0:6.55hr Table 9-7 shows the computer results using an external heat exchangerinvolving a non-isothermalcooling medium. BATCH HEATING: EXTERNAL HEAT EXCHANGER AND NON-ISOTHERMAL IIEATING MEDIUM When heating a batch rcactor with an external heat exchangerand non-isothemal heating, the lbllowing equation applies:
taDte 9-l
Batch heating/cooling of fluids exlernal heat exchanger: (counter-current tlow) non-isothermal cooling medium
T.EAT TRANSFERSURFACEAREA, n^2: SPECIFIC ltllAT OF LIoUID, k,t/kg.r<: COO',ING TiIEDIUM SP1ICIFIC IjEAT, KryKg.K: WEIGIIf oF BATCH LIQOID, kg.: COOI,ING. }'EDIUM TEMPERATURE, 1(: INITIAI- BATCH TEMPERATSRE,K: FINAI, BATCH TEMPERATURE. 1{: OVERALL SEAT TRANSFERCOEFFICIENT. fi/n^2.k: BATCII FLOti RATE, kglhr.: COOLINGMEDIUI,I Floti RAIE, kqlhr.: TIME, hT,: 18.540 4 -200 2,100 22679.500 303,000 394.000 313.000 1 1 34 , O 0 0 1 1 33 9 . a 00 4 5 35 . 9 0 0 6.55
or u=t
(e-68)
where Ku = A = c = Ch = M = Tr = tt = t2 U = Wu = Wh = 0 =
Table 9-8 surnmarize the rules-of-thumb involvingmixing, agitation, al1d reactors, respectively []0]. The following considerations are essential during mixing of fluids in a reactor l ll: 1. Wheneverreactionrates are of the samemagnitudeas, or laster than, the mixing rate in a stirfed rcactor, mixing will have a
372Chemical EnsireeingPro@sses
Propoftions of a sliffed tank relative !o the diameter D: liquid level = D: turbine inrpellef diameter = D/3i impelier level above bortoff = D/3; jmpeller blade with = D/15: tbur veftical bafflcs rvith widih = D/10.
1. Propellers afe a maxinunr of l8 iD.: turblne impellers ro 9 ft. 5 . Gas bubbles sparged ri Lhc botlom of the vessel will result in mild agiration a!
a s pcrficial gas velocity of 1 f/min aDd seveLagitation nl 4 ftllrlin.
7. Power to drive a mixture of a gas nnd a ljquid caDbe 25qa 50t/. less than rhe power10 dfive the liquidilone. 8. In line blendersarc adequalc when a l-2 sec contactline is suiiicicnt. with powerinputsof 0.1 0.2 bp/gal.
Sauree: ttLrlat, S. M., CheDical Pfocess Equitdenr Selecrion and Design, aane\anh! hr Clertnlrl Lngitle?bi!, l9il8. Scrjes
serious impact on results- Poor inixing is a primary source of vadability in ploducts made ir batch reactors.The results for a reactionrun in a pooriy mixed CFSTR may deviatestfol]gly from those expected. There is lo single "correct" agitator type. Different agitator designsmay perlbm equally well, or equally poor.ly,for a given application.Although some detailed design calculationscan be performed, workable designsare otien developedby trial and error. 3 . Many reactioDs involve shear-sensitive materials,which severely limit the maximum mixing rate and make impeller and reactor design important. Mixing becomesthe limiting factol..
jURRY
llssn
if?slll
DsignStlndrrds andInspction
Mltrials of consrlciion
:-_
aM
.._-
l_
374ChemilEngineering Pro@sses
Vesseldata sheet
!!11@ruRNMyAEprLf
rN.!Bof
Hrarc;E
REFERENCES
l. Chopey,N. P., Handbookof ChetuicalEngineeringCalcul.ations, pp. 7-28, Mccmw-Hjll Book Company,1984. T. N., "Suspendiigof solid particlesin liquid by 2. Zwtetering, agitators,"Chem.Eng. Sci., Vol. 8, pp. 244-253, 1958. J. and Efferding, L. E., AICLEI, 6 (3), 419, 1960. 3. Wei$man, 4. Nienow, A. \'1., Chem.Eng. Sci., 23, pp. 1453-1459,1968. J.,'The high efficiency R. R., Myers, K. J., ard Fasano, 5. Corystein, road to liquid-solid agitation,"Clrcm.Eng., Oct. 1994. A., Fasano, J., andLeung,D. E., "Pinpointmixing prcblens 6. Bakker, with lasers and simulation soflwale," Chetu.Eng., pp. 94-100, lgg4. January vessels," Crem. 7. Bondy,R and Lippa, S., "Heat transterin agitated Eng.,pp.62-:71,1983. 8. Dream, R. F., "Heat fansfer in agitatedvessels," Chem. Eng., pp. 90-96, Jan. 1999. 9. McEwan, J., "How to predict batch leactor heatingand cooling," Eng.,p. 179,May 1989. Chem. Equipment Selection and Design, 10. Walas,M.5., ChemicalProcess 1988ButterworthsSeriesin ChemicalEngiDeering, "Inportant concepts in under ll. Falconer,J. L. and Huvard, G. S., gmduatekinetics and reactordesigncou$es," Chenicdl Engineering pp. 140-141, Vol. 33, No. 2, Spring1999. EdLlcatiorx,