Seismic Lessons Learned

W. Phillip Yen, Ph.D., P.E.

SSeismic Research Program Manager
Office of Infrastructure R&D, FHWA
Wen-huei.Yen@fhwa.dot.gov
Outline
San Fernando, CA 1971
Loma Prieta, CA 1989 Loma Prieta, CA 1989
Northridge, CA, 1994
Kobe, J apan, 1995 , p ,
Kocaeli & Duzce, Turkey, 1999
Chi-Chi, Taiwan, 1999
Nisqually (Olympia), WA, 2001
Niigata, J apan, 2007
Pisco, Peru, 2007
Concluding Remarks
SAN FERNANDO, CA 1971
SAN FERNANDO
SAN FERNANDO
LESSONS LEARNED
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
1971 SAN FERNANDO, CA
Increase Seat Width
Provide Continuity at Bearings and J oints
Design Columns for Shear and Moment
Develop Column to Footing/Cap Anchorage
LOMA PRIETA, 1989
LOMA PRIETA
LOMA PRIETA
LOMA PRIETA
THE GEOTECHNICAL E.Q.
Distribution of damage
indicated close correlationbetween
local soil condition and severity of
resultant damage.
LESSONS LEARNED
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
1989 LOMA PRIETA
Simple retrofit helps
Evaluate Soil/Foundation Stability
Account for Forces/Displacements
Evaluate Existing Inventory
NORTHRIDGE,1994
NORTHRIDGE
NORTHRIDGE
NORTHRIDGE
NORTHRIDGE
NORTHRIDGE
LESSONS LEARNED
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
Complex Geometry Redistributes Forces
QU S S S
1994 NORTHRIDGE
p y
- Skew
- Varied Column Heights g
Accommodate Shear & Flexure
Post 89 Designs Reduced Damage g g
Retrofit Improves Resistance
- J oint Restrainers
- Column J acketing
Preparedness Facilitates Recovery p y
KOBE, J apan 1995
KOBE
KOBE
LESSONS LEARNED
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
1995 HANSHIN AWAJ I (KOBE)
Consider Structural Filters / Consider Structural Filters /
Fuses
- Isolation
- Energy Dissipation Energy Dissipation
- Displacement Control
LESSONS LEARNED
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
Accommodate Forces & Displacements
Evaluate Ground MotionAmplification/Attenuation Evaluate Ground Motion Amplification/Attenuation
Consider Near Field Effects
Identify Liquefaction Potential y q
Retrofit Improves Performance
Current Designs Improve Resistance
P d F ili R Preparedness Facilitates Recovery
Nothing is Earthquake Proof
The 1999 Turkish Earthquakes:
Post-Earthquake Investigation of
Structures on TEM
Hamid Ghasemi, PH.D.
Philip Yen, PH.D., P.E.
J D C P E James D. Cooper, P.E.
Federal Highway Administration
Black Sea
Nov. 12, 1999
Aug 17 1999
Black Sea
Duzce EQ
M
w
= 7.2
T = 30 sec.
> 1000 Casualties
(0.25g
Aug. 17, 1999
Kocaeli EQ
M
w
= 7.4
T = 45 sec.
17000 Casualties
Duzc
e
MARMARA
SEA
(0 8
(0.41g)
(0.23g)
( g
)
(0.32g)
(0.5
g)
(0.8
g)
NAF
TURKEY
Epicenters and PGAs Epicenters and PGAs
Arifiye Overpass Arifiye Overpass
45 km east of the epicenter p
Constructed in 1988
AASHTO (1975) coefficient method
25 skew 25 skew
4 Spans (26 m)
12.5 mwide
5-Simply supported precast,
pre-stressed concrete u-beams
Continuous deck cast in site
Elastomeric laminated bearings
ll & l f d Wall type piers & pile foundations
Shear keys only at abutments
MSE walls
Right Right--Lateral Offset = 1.5 m Lateral Offset = 1.5 m
Surface Fault Trace Surface Fault Trace
MSE walls
Surface Fault Trace Surface Fault Trace
Shear-key Failure
Typical Underpasses Typical Underpasses
Typical Underpasses yp p
Observed Damage
Settlement
General View of the Viaduct #1 General View of the Viaduct #1
-- Total Length = 2.3 km Total Length = 2.3 km
-- Number of Spans = 59 Number of Spans = 59
-- Each Span = 40 m Each Span = 40 m
-- Width = 17.5 m Width = 17.5 m
Continuous Continuous
over 10 spans over 10 spans
Width 17.5 m Width 17.5 m
-- Max. Pier Height = 49 m Max. Pier Height = 49 m
-- Superstructure = 7 PS Box Girder Superstructure = 7 PS Box Girder
-- Soil Type = Type II Soil Type = Type II
A 0 4 A 0 4
pp
-- A = 0.4g A = 0.4g
-- It was 95% completed It was 95% completed
at the time of earthquake at the time of earthquake
-- Pile cap is 3 Pile cap is 3- -m thick, resting on 12 m thick, resting on 12 pp , g , g
D=1.8 m CIDH piles up to 37 m in alluv D=1.8 m CIDH piles up to 37 m in alluv
Surface Fault Rupture at Viaduct #1 Surface Fault Rupture at Viaduct #1
KOERI KOERI
Surface Fault Rupture at Viaduct #1 Surface Fault Rupture at Viaduct #1
~
~
~
~
Pier Pier
Pier 45
Pier 46 Pier 47
Pier Pier
#45 #45
40 m
~
~
~
~
40 m 40 m 40 m
* Resurveyto determine relative pier movement.
Check for pile/foundation damage
40 m 40 m
Excessive Movement in Longitudinal Direction Excessive Movement in Longitudinal Direction
EDU Failure EDU Failure
Expansion J oint Expansion J oint
Lessons Learned from
Turkey EQ. e EQ
Fault crossings difficult to identify
If possible avoid construction near known faults
Provide sufficient displacement capacity for short span
bridges constructed near known faults
Larger seat width -- very sound investment
Proper construction and detailing of critical elements
Correctly characterizing sites is very important Correctly characterizing sites is very important
Proper selection, design, and detailing of EDU
Preparedness facilitates recovery Preparedness facilitates recovery
Design & construction Q-C imperative
Awareness / information dissemination
Taiwan Chi-Chi EQ. 1999: First EQ.
Report from Central Weather Bureau Report from Central Weather Bureau
Chi-Chi
Earthquake,
Taiwan 9/21 Taiwan, 9/21,
2007
Local Local
Magnitude =
7.3
Reverse Fault
1. DIP-SLIP FAULTS
a) Normal Fault normal-slip fault, tensional fault or gravity fault
b) Reverse Fault
thrust fault, reverse-slip fault or compressional fault
]
Fault Motion 2. STRIKE-SLIP FAULT
transcurrent fault, lateral fault, tear fault or wrench faul]
3. OBLIQUE-SLIP FAULT
Design Codes for Taiwanese
Highway Bridges Highway Bridges
Prior to
Varies Bridges
Based on J apanese
Prior to
1960
Design Spec.
p
Bridge Design Codes
Standard
S ifi ti f
Based on 1953
1960
Specification for
Highway Bridges
of Taiwan
AASHTO Standard
Specification
Basedon1977
1987
2
nd
edition
Bridge Design
Codes
Based on 1977
AASHTO
Specification
B d 1992
1995
Current Bridge
Design Codes
Based on 1992
AASHTO
Specifications

Neu-Tso-Pu Creek Bridge:
S ttl t i T Di ti Settlement in Transverse Directions
Substructure Damage -
Fault Crossing Fault Crossing
Bearing Failure g
Shi-Wei Bridge g
Constructed 1994 Constructed 1994
3-Spans, PCI Girders
T ll d Two spans collapsed
Piers Tilted 15 degrees
Skewed bridge
Fault Rupture Fault Rupture
Collapse of Shi wei bridge due to liquefaction Chi chi Earthquake Collapse of Shi-wei bridge due to liquefaction, Chi-chi Earthquake,
Taiwan, September 1999
I-Jiang Bridge g g
Constructed in 1972 Simple Supported Constructed in 1972, Simple Supported
24 spans @ 11m
F lt R t lift d 1 5 t 2 d th Fault Rupture uplifted 1.5 to 2m under the
North Abutment
12 spans collapsed
Overhang Superstructures??? g p
I-Jiang Bridge
Bei-Fung Bridge g g
PCI Girder Simple Supported PCI Girder, Simple Supported
Spans Collapsed
F lt R t d N b Ab t t Fault Ruptured Near by an Abutment
New Water Fall
Bei-Fung Bridge -Fault Rupture 5-6M
Mao-Luo-Shi Bridge g
Steel Superstructure Steel Superstructure
C-bents Type Connection (Eccentrically)
H i t l C d Horizontal Curved
Pier Top Concrete Spalling and Shear
Cracks
Superstructure Settled p
Mao-Lo-Shi Bridge g
Mau-Lo-Shi Bridge g
Mau-Lo-Shi Bridge g
Vertical/Horizontal
Acceleration Acceleration
Tong-Tou Bridge g g
PCI Girder Superstructure PCI Girder Superstructure
Spans Collapse
F lt R t Fault Rupture
Abutments moved
Liquefaction under abutment foundations
and approaches pp
Piers Fractured
Failure of shear-critical columns in Tong-tou bridge, Chi-chi Earthquake,
Taiwan, September 1999 p
Shear failure in pier of Wu-shi bridge, Chi-chi Earthquake,
Taiwan, September 1999
Lessons Learned
Fault rupture
Near field ground motions Near-field ground motions
Ground failures precipitate structural
f il failure
Abutment back-walls and back -fills are
essential for continuous bridges
Shear failures must be avoided in piers p
Shear keys are required to prevent
spans falling transversely spans falling transversely
Issues
Shear Key Design Shear Key Design
Near Fault Effects
B i D i Bearing Design
Restoration
Retrofitting
How to construct (or reconstruct) a bridge
across a known fault? across a known fault?
Other Infrastructure
Components Components
Dam Dam
Buildings
H b Harbor
Liquefaction
Huge Land Slides
Shi-Gang Dam- Fault Rupture g p
Kung-Fu Elementary School g y
Kung-Fu Elementary School g y
Huge Landslide g
Huge Landslide g
Challenge g
H ld t t b id How would you construct a bridge across
a known fault?
Nisqually (Olympia)
Earthquake Earthquake
10:54 a m local time 10:54 a.m. local time
Wednesday, February 28, 2001
E i t 11 il th t f Ol i Epicenter: 11 miles northeast of Olympia
Hypocenter: 30 miles
Magnitude: 6.8
Fourth Avenue Bridge, Olympia
Shear Cracks in Column
M li B id S ttl Magnolia Bridge, Seattle
Damaged Concrete T-Brace
Holgate Bridge - Column Failure
Fourth Avenue Ramp to I-90, Seattle
Damaged Bearing
Capitol Blvd. U-Xing - damaged
end diaphragm and laterals
Alaskan Way Viaduct
Temporary Shoring at
Damaged Knee J oint
Niigata Earthquake, Japan
2007 2007
Date: July 16th, 2007.
Th h t d th The hypocenter depth
is approximately 17 km.
The magnitude of this g
earthquake was 6.8,
11 people were killed
and 1300 people and 1300 people
injured.
2000 houses were
l t l ll d completely collapsed or
partially collapsed.
Pisco, Peru Earthquake , 2007 , q ,
Embankment and roadway failure at Pan American Highway km 190. The picture was taken
facing north. Note the Pacific Ocean in the top left of the photo. The damage was caused
by liquefaction of the wet coastal silty soils that led to lateral spreading and subsequent
embankment failure. embankment failure.
Ground waves moving from west to east appeared to have reflected off the more rigid
material on the right.
Paved shoulder on the east side of the Pan American Highway was shoved up
against the ridge in the background when liquefied coastal soils sloshed laterally.
Pavement damage from liquefaction
Pan American Highway km 220 near San Clemente, Peru
Severe cracking of Pier 2 (from South end) necessitates
extensive repair but the horizontal shear blocks managed to
retrain lateral movement of the superstructure.
Multiple hazard Issue: Huachinga Bridge on Rte 110 at km 39. This steel
truss bridge has suffered severe damage to the bottom chord from debris
impact. There is a large granite boulder jammed between the two
channels of the bottom chord that has fallen from the adjacent mountain channels of the bottom chord that has fallen from the adjacent mountain
from this earthquake.
Multiple hazard Issue: Huachinga Bridge on Rte 110 at km 39. This steel truss bridge has
suffered severe damage to the bottom chord from debris impact. There is a large granite
boulder jammed between the two channels of the bottom chord that has fallen from the
adjacent mountain from this earthquake adjacent mountain from this earthquake.
SUMMARY
LESSONS LEARNED
EARTHQUAKE DISASTERS
Newer Designs Improve Performance
Retrofit Helpsbut..
U.S. Seismicity Not Well Understood