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PRE-LAB ACTIVITIES/QUESTIONS Instructions: Complete the following pre-lab activities/questions before coming to lab. The instructor will check the pages for completion at the beginning of the lab. Students who do not complete the prelab instruction may not complete the experiment in a timely manner losing a substantial portion of their lab grade. 1. ___ I have read the Introduction to the experiment and watched the video clip and provided my answers to the video questions (attached to this sheet).
2. Clearly describe two methods (based on what you have already learned) that you can use to find the volume of an object.
3. Describe the Law of Conservation of Energy in your own words and provide an example from your every day life experience.
4. You have three metals pans (Cu, Fe, Al) that you want to pre-heat on the stovetop to cook. If the metal pans were all the same mass, which would get hot (have the highest temperature) in the shortest amount of time? Explain your reasoning. Metal Specific heat capacity (J/goC) Copper 0.385 Iron 0.449 Aluminum 0.903
5. Calculate the amount of heat (in cal) needed to raise the temperature of 560 g of water from 22.7 C to 98.5 C.
Revised: 3/20/12
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Revised: 3/20/12
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Matter can give off or absorb different forms of energy under different chemical and physical conditions. In this experiment, we will focus on the thermal energy of different substances and measure the flow of thermal energy (heat) from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature. Substances vary in their ability to absorb heat. Some substances can absorb heat quite easily and raise its temperature quickly while others take a while to heat up. For instance, if you leave a cup of water and a cup of sand (equal masses and at the same initial temperature) in the sun for the same length of time, you will find that the temperature of the sand will be higher than the temperature of the water. In other words, sand heats up quickly while water takes a while to heat up. This difference is due to the different specific heat capacities of the two substances. Specific heat capacity refers to the amount of heat required to heat up 1 gram of a substance 1oC (common units of J/goC or cal/g oC). In the example of sand and water, sand (0.835 J/goC) has a lower specific heat capacity compared to water (4.18 J/goC).
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q m C T
q: m: C:
Equation 1
heat absorbed or released, joule (J). Heat can be calculated as a positive or negative quantity depending on its direction*. mass of substance, gram (g) specific heat capacity, J , also written as J/g C or cal/g C
g C
T:
change in temperature (final temperature initial temperature) ; (may be positive or negative*); The symbol is a Greek symbol called delta which is used to show final initial
*Pay attention to the energy sign convention: When the temperature of a substance is increased, the T and q will be both positive (>0) since energy is absorbed (endothermic process). On the other hand, when temperature is decreased, T and q will be negative (<0) and energy is released (exothermic process). In this experiment, we will heat up a metal cylinder to an initial high temperature by placing it in boiling water. Once the metal is hot, it will then be transferred to a container filled with room temperature water. Heat will flow from the hot metal to the water until both end up at the same final temperature, at which point, there will be no more heat flow. The container we will be using consists of two Styrofoam cups, nestled inside one another and is known as the coffee-cup calorimeter. Since Styrofoam cups are good insulators, it will prevent heat from escaping into the surroundings and we can take advantage of the Law of Conservation of Energy and assume that the heat gained by the water in the calorimeter equals to the heat lost by the metal. -qlost by the metal = qgained by the water Equation 2 The heat gained by the water can be calculated using Equation 1 since the variables (m and T) are easily measured in lab and the specific heat capacity of water is already known. By using Equation 2, we can determine the amount of heat that was lost by the metal, since it is equal to the heat gained by the water. We can then rearrange Equation 1 to solve for the specific heat capacity of the metal since we have the heat lost by the metal, along with measured values for the mass and change in temperature of the metal. Based on the values of density and specific heat capacity of the metal cylinder, the identity of the metal can be determined from a list of possible metals (see your instructor for the list).
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Procedure:
Note: After you make a measurement, record the measured value in your data tables using the proper number of significant figures and units as determined from the measuring device. Record all measured quantities in your data tables in permanent ink (black or blue). If you need to make a correction, draw a line over the incorrect value (3.20 cm) and write the corrected value next to the line.
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Procedure:
ANALYSIS 1. Calculate the density of the metal for each trial. Then average the two densities. Show all your work.
Trial 1 _______________
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Trial 2 _______________
Average_______________
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3. Explain why it is important to verify your answer from question #2 by measuring another property, such as the specific heat capacity. What is the expected specific heat capacity of your metal?
Part II. Specific Heat Capacity of an Unknown Metal Procedure: Measurements and Observations:
1. Record the unknown number and mass of the metal cylinder. Be sure to tare the weighing paper/boat first. 2. Place the metal cylinder in a test tube and set the test tube in a 400 mL beaker. Fill the beaker with tap water so that the level of the water in the beaker is above the metal cylinder (about 2/3). Do not fill the beaker to the rim. 3. Set the beaker on a hot plate and heat the water to boiling. Once the water starts to boil, heat for an additional 10 minutes. Proceed with step 4 while you wait for the water to boil. 4. Obtain two clean and dry Styrofoam cups with a lid. Nestle one cup inside the other and measure the combined mass of the cups and lid. 5. Add about 50 mL of DI water into the cup. Measure the mass of the water, cups and lid. This is your calorimeter. 6. Set the calorimeter inside a 250 mL beaker Revised: 3/20/12 Mass of 2 Styrofoam cups + lid ____________ ____________ Unknown Number ____________ Trial 1 Mass of cylinder ____________ Trial 2 ____________
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ANALYSIS 1. We will first find the amount of heat gained by the water in the calorimeter from the hot metal using the following equation. Show your work only for Trial 1 but repeat the calculation for Trial 2 and place your answer in the space provided
-qmetal = + qwater Note: Assume 100% heat transfer from metal to water and negligible heat loss to the surroundings. q = m . C . T
Use the heat transfer equation:
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b) Substitute the experimental values for each variable and solve the above equation for Cm (specific heat of metal). Use 4.184 J/g.C for specific heat of water.
Trial 1_______________
2. Based on the specific heat capacity, what is the most likely identity of the metal? Explain your reasoning. Calculate the percent error for the specific heat capacity of the metal.
heat capacity? If not, which experimental property might be in error? Explain your reasoning.
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2) If you had used a larger metal cylinder or a sphere of the same metal, would you get a smaller, larger, or the same values for density and specific heat capacity? Explain.
3) (Question from text) Suppose you are cold-weather camping and decide to heat some objects to bring into your sleeping bag for added warmth. You place a large water jug and a rock of equal mass close to the fire. Over time, both the rock and the water jug warm to about 38oC (100oF). If you could bring only one into your sleeping bag, which one should you bring to keep you the warmest? Why?
4) A vendor claims that he is selling gold necklaces cheap. You are suspicious about the gold necklace and want to verify that it is really gold. Explain how you would determine whether it is really gold or not.
5) A 15.7-gram aluminum block is warmed to 53.3oC and plunged into a coffee-cup calorimeter containing 32.5 g of water initially at 24.5oC. Assuming that no heat is lost, what is the final temperature of the water and the aluminum when to comes to thermal equilibrium?
Ans: _________
Revised: 3/20/12
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Revised: 3/20/12
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