Developments in Total Stations

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Developments in Total Stations

Recent developments in Total Stations have included a range of new features and developments that have taken us to where we are today.
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Developments in Total Stations

Some of these developments will now be examined and include: Development of Electronic Angle Measurement Axis compensation Motorisation and robotics Developments in onboard software Storage media and memory management Developments in onboard software
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Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Traditional system of angle measurement required the use of micrometers to read and interpolate the inscribed glass plate of theodolite. theodolite. The reading involved a number of possible errors including: Initial pointing error to the target Reading error of reading and interpolating the angle between the divisions Transcription errors
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To a large extent the last two errors (Reading and transcription error) have been eliminated. Electronic Angle Measurement is now generally completed by one of two techniques: Incremental Measurement, or Absolute Measurement
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Incremental Measurement Technique
Incremental Measurement Technique Glass plate coded with black and clear intervals eg 1024 intervals Light is passed through plate and detected by photo diodes (light detectors). Photo diodes convert light to electronic reading (count).

Incremental Measurement Technique
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Incremental Measurement Technique (cont)
As total station rotates the number of intervals are counted and converted into an angle. One photo diode is fixed at a zero mark and the other moves with the total station. Number of intervals between the fixed and moveable photo diodes are determined. Whole number of intervals (n) is counted and the partial division is determined by measuring the phase angle
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Absolute Measurement Technique
glass plate divided up into a number of graduations Eg for T1010 circle has 1152 graduations and each graduation has 128 sectors, each sector is binary encoded eg 0000000 to 111111. Light Emitting Diode (LED) passes through circle and detected on photo diode array. Angle is measured in two parts: determining the sector and then the part of the sectors.
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Absolute Measurement Technique (cont)
So rather than counting the intervals the angle is measured directly from the graduations. The photo diode moves around in the case of the horizontal circle and remains fixed for the vertical circle.
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Axis Compensation
All new total stations have automatic axis compensation to correct for errors in tilt in the horizontal and vertical axes. Conventional systems used a plate bubble for the horizontal levelling and a pendulum sensor for the vertical axis compensator. Electronic tilt sensors are usually liquid type compensation systems with either: Magnetic detection or Photodiode detection
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Axis Compensation (Magnetic Detection)
the movement of the liquid in the sensor is measured by the magnetic measurement of electronic coils. A voltage differential determines the position of the fluid.
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Axis Compensation (photo diode detection method)
the level is sensed and detected by passing light from an LED through the level vial. Transmitted light is detected with the amount of incident light indicating the varying as a result of the position of the liquid.
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Axis Compensation (photo diode detection method)
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Single Axis Compensation
Corrects for the tilt in the vertical axis.
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Dual Axis Compensation
Dual Axis compensation corrects for the inclination of the vertical axis not only in the direction of pointing but in the direction of the trunion axis. Tilt in the trunion axis produces errors in horizontal angles particularly in steep vertical sights. An error of 60 60 results in errors of 11 11 at 10 and 72 72 at 50.
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Dual Axis Compensation
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Motorised Total Stations
Motorised systems are characterised by: Horizontal and vertical servo motor Motors operate at high (course) and slow (fine) speeds No tangent screws required Very good for setout of points Price approx $12$12-$16K
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Self Tracking Total Station
The self tracking systems allow the automatic tracking of a prism. The systems is characterised by: Basic motorised system plus Laser tracking system parallel to lens system Track at high speeds Automatic search routine when lock is lost Focus not required Faster and more accurate then human pointing Can operate at night or low light conditions Inbuilt communications to indicate that system is reading Approx cost $17$17-$25K
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Robotic System
Robotic system is the next step up from the self tracking system and includes all the features of a self tracking system plus: Robotic software Telemetry link Remote control unit with key pad entry Requires only one person Surveyor may require assistance when placing pegs Approx cost $30 -$40K
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Reflectorless Total Stations
Developed to allow measurement to virtually any surface without the need to utilise a prism. Charcterised by: Measure approx 80m w/o prism Measure buildings and structures with one person eg tunnel profiling +/+/- 3mm limited by surface reflectance and light conditions
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Reflectorless Total Stations
Developed to allow measurement to virtually any surface without the need to utilise a prism. Charcterised by: Measure approx 80m w/o prism Measure buildings and structures with one person eg tunnel profiling +/+/- 3mm limited by surface reflectance and light conditions

Developments in Total Stations

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T Th he e

Developments in Total Stations

Developments in Total Stations

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

Developments in Electronic Angle Measurement

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