Slopes and The Derivative

Slopes and the Derivative
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)
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For today
The Tangent Line
Denition of the Derivative
Dierentiability
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For today
The Tangent Line
Dierentiability
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Tangent Line to a Circle

Tangent line to a circle at point P
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Tangent Line to a Circle

Tangent line to a circle at point P
How about tangent line to a curve?

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman) Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 4 / 34
Secant Line
y = f (x)
P
P (x0 , f (x0 )) - point on the graph of f
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Secant Line
y = f (x)
P (x0 , f (x0 )) - point on the graph of f Q(x1 , f (x1 )) - another pt on the graph of f
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Secant Line
P Q is a secant line (i.e. a line that passes through any two points on a curve).
y = f (x)
P (x0 , f (x0 )) Q(x1 , f (x1 ))
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Secant Line
P Q is a secant line (i.e. a line that passes through any two points on a curve). What is the slope of P Q?
f (x1 )
y = f (x)
f (x0 )
x0
x1
P (x0 , f (x0 )) Q(x1 , f (x1 ))
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Secant Line
f (x1 )
y = f (x)
f (x0 )
= m PQ
x0 x1
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
P (x0 , f (x0 )) Q(x1 , f (x1 ))
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Secant Line
f (x1 )
y = f (x)
f (x0 )
= m PQ
x0 x1
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
Let x = x1 x0
P (x0 , f (x0 )) Q(x1 , f (x1 ))
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Secant Line
f (x1 )
y = f (x)
f (x0 )
= m PQ
x0 x1
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
Let x = x1 x0
= m PQ
P (x0 , f (x0 )) Q(x1 , f (x1 ))
f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) x
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The Tangent Line to the graph of f at P
f (x1 )
y = f (x)
Let Q get closer and closer to P , i.e.
f (x0 )
x0
x1
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f (x1 )
y = f (x)
Let Q get closer and closer to P , i.e. Q P x1 x0 x 0
f (x0 )
x0
x1
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f (x1 )
y = f (x)
f (x0 )
x0
x1
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f (x1 ) f (x0 ) P
y = f (x)
x0
x1
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y = f (x)
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) Q P
x0 x1
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y = f (x)
P
The line P Q will approach the line .
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The Tangent line to the graph of f at (x0 , f (x0 ))
Slope of the line y = f (x)

P
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Slope of the line y = f (x) m =

P
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Slope of the line y = f (x) m = lim

P
x1 x0
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
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P
x1 x0
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
Recall: x = x1 x0
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P
x1 x0
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
Recall: x = x1 x0 m =
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P
x1 x0
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
Recall: x = x1 x0 m = lim f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) x0 x
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P
x1 x0
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) x1 x0
Recall: x = x1 x0 m = lim f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) x0 x
The line
is called the tangent line to the graph of y = f (x) at P .
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The Tangent Line

Denition
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The Tangent Line

Denition
If the function f is dened at x = x0 , then the tangent line to the graph of f at the point P (x0 , f (x0 )) is the line
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The Tangent Line

Denition
1
passing through P whose slope is given by f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) m = lim , x0 x provided that this limit exists.
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The Tangent Line

Denition
1
passing through P whose slope is given by f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) m = lim , x0 x provided that this limit exists. with equation x = x0 if f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) lim x x0 f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) lim x x0+
= + or and = + or
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The Tangent Line

Denition
1
passing through P whose slope is given by f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) m = lim , x0 x provided that this limit exists.
with equation x = x0 if f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) lim = + or and x x0 f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) lim = + or + x x0 Otherwise, there is no tangent line to the graph of f at P .
2
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The Tangent Line

Remarks
1
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea on the atness or steepness of the graph of f at P and whether the graph of f rises or falls at P .
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The Tangent Line

Remarks
1
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea on the atness or steepness of the graph of f at P and whether the graph of f rises or falls at P .
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The Tangent Line

Remarks
1
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea on the atness or steepness of the graph of f at P and whether the graph of f rises or falls at P . The tangent line to the graph of a function may intersect the graph at points other than the point of tangency.
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The Tangent Line

Remarks
1
The slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at P gives us an idea on the atness or steepness of the graph of f at P and whether the graph of f rises or falls at P . The tangent line to the graph of a function may intersect the graph at points other than the point of tangency.
P
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The Normal Line
Denition
The line normal to the graph of f at the point P is the line perpendicular to the tangent line at P .
TL NL
P
0
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Example
1 Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) = x at x = 1.
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Example
1 Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) = x at x = 1. Solution.
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Example
1 Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) = x at x = 1. Solution. Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 )
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Example
1 Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) = x at x = 1. Solution. Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 ) f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1)
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Example
1 Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) = x at x = 1. Solution. Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 ) f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1) mT L = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at (1, 1)
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Example
1 Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) = x at x = 1. Solution. Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 ) f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1) mT L = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at (1, 1) mT L = f (1 + x) f (1) x0 x lim
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Example
1 Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) = x at x = 1. Solution. Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 ) f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1) mT L = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at (1, 1) mT L = f (1 + x) f (1) x0 x 1 1 = lim 1+x x0 x lim
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Example
1 Give equations of the tangent and normal lines to the graph of f (x) = x at x = 1. Solution. Recall: Point-Slope Form of a Line : y y0 = m(x x0 ) f (1) = 1 so the point is (1, 1) mT L = slope of the tangent line to the graph of f (x) at (1, 1) mT L = f (1 + x) f (1) x0 x 1 1 = lim 1+x x0 x 1 (1 + x) = lim x0 x(1 + x) lim
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x0
lim
x x(1 + x)
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x x(1 + x) 1 = lim x0 1 + x =
x0
lim
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mT L
x x(1 + x) 1 = lim x0 1 + x = 1 =
x0
lim
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mT L
x x(1 + x) 1 = lim x0 1 + x = 1 =
x0
lim
Tangent Line: y 1 = (x 1)
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mT L
x x(1 + x) 1 = lim x0 1 + x = 1 =
x0
lim
Tangent Line: y 1 = (x 1) mT L = 1, so the slope of the normal line is 1.
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mT L
x x(1 + x) 1 = lim x0 1 + x = 1 =
x0
lim
Tangent Line: y 1 = (x 1) mT L = 1, so the slope of the normal line is 1. Normal Line: y 1 = (x 1)
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Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g (x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1 and at x = 2.
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Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g (x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1 and at x = 2. Solution. At x = 1 :
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Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g (x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1 and at x = 2. Solution. At x = 1 : mT L = g (1 + x) g (1) x0 x lim
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Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g (x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1 and at x = 2. Solution. At x = 1 : mT L g (1 + x) g (1) x0 x [(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2) = lim x0 x = lim
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Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g (x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1 and at x = 2. Solution. At x = 1 : mT L g (1 + x) g (1) x0 x [(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2) = lim x0 x 2x + (x)2 = lim x0 x = lim
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Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g (x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1 and at x = 2. Solution. At x = 1 : mT L g (1 + x) g (1) x0 x [(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2) = lim x0 x 2x + (x)2 = lim x0 x x(2 + x) = lim x0 x = lim
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Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g (x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1 and at x = 2. Solution. At x = 1 : mT L = = = = = g (1 + x) g (1) x0 x [(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2) lim x0 x 2x + (x)2 lim x0 x x(2 + x) lim x0 x lim (2 + x) lim
x0
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Example
Find the slope of the tangent line to the graph of g (x) = x2 + 2 at x = 1 and at x = 2. Solution. At x = 1 : mT L = = = = = g (1 + x) g (1) x0 x [(1 + x)2 + 2] (12 + 2) lim x0 x 2x + (x)2 lim x0 x x(2 + x) lim x0 x lim (2 + x) lim
x0
= 2.
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At x = 2 :
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At x = 2 : mT L = g (2 + x) g (2) x 0 x lim
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At x = 2 : mT L = g (2 + x) g (2) x 0 x [(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2) = lim x0 x lim
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At x = 2 : mT L = g (2 + x) g (2) x 0 x [(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2) = lim x0 x [4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6 = lim x 0 x lim
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At x = 2 : mT L = g (2 + x) g (2) x 0 x [(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2) = lim x0 x [4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6 = lim x 0 x 4x + (x)2 = lim x 0 x lim
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At x = 2 : mT L = = = = = g (2 + x) g (2) x 0 x [(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2) lim x0 x [4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6 lim x 0 x 4x + (x)2 lim x 0 x x(4 + x) lim x 0 x lim
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At x = 2 : mT L = = = = = = g (2 + x) g (2) x 0 x [(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2) lim x0 x [4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6 lim x 0 x 4x + (x)2 lim x 0 x x(4 + x) lim x 0 x lim (4 + x) lim
x 0
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At x = 2 : mT L = = = = = = g (2 + x) g (2) x 0 x [(2 + x)2 + 2] (22 + 2) lim x0 x [4 + 4x + (x)2 + 2] 6 lim x 0 x 4x + (x)2 lim x 0 x x(4 + x) lim x 0 x lim (4 + x) lim
x 0
= 4.
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As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to g (x) for any value of x.
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As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to g (x) for any value of x. mT L = lim g (x + x) g (x) x
x0
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As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to g (x) for any value of x. mT L = g (x + x) g (x) x [(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2) = lim x0 x
x0
lim
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As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to g (x) for any value of x. mT L = g (x + x) g (x) x [(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2) = lim x0 x [x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2) = lim x0 x
x0
lim
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As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to g (x) for any value of x. mT L = g (x + x) g (x) x [(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2) = lim x0 x [x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2) = lim x0 x 2xx + (x)2 = lim x0 x
x0
lim
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As a matter of fact, we can compute for the slope of the tangent line to g (x) for any value of x. mT L = = = = = g (x + x) g (x) x [(x + x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2) lim x0 x [x2 + 2xx + (x)2 + 2] (x2 + 2) lim x0 x 2xx + (x)2 lim x0 x lim (2x + x) lim
x0
x0
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x0
x0
= 2x.
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x0
x0
= 2x. At x = 1:
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x0
x0
= 2x. At x = 1: mT L = 2 1 = 2
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x0
x0
= 2x. At x = 1: mT L = 2 1 = 2 At x = 2:
x0
x0
= 2x. At x = 1: mT L = 2 1 = 2 At x = 2: mT L = 2 2 = 4
For today
The Tangent Line
Dierentiability
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In the previous example, we computed a function that gives the slope of the tangent line to the graph of a function f (x) at any value of x. This function is actually called the derivative of f (x).
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In the previous example, we computed a function that gives the slope of the tangent line to the graph of a function f (x) at any value of x. This function is actually called the derivative of f (x).
Denition
The derivative of a function f (x), denoted by f (x), is the function f (x) = lim f (x + x) f (x) . x0 x
It is dened at all points x in the domain of f where the limit exists.
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Remarks
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Remarks
1
There may be points xo dom f at which f (x0 ) does not exist. So, dom f dom f .
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Remarks
1
There may be points xo dom f at which f (x0 ) does not exist. So, dom f dom f . The denition tells us that f (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )).
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Remarks
1
There may be points xo dom f at which f (x0 ) does not exist. So, dom f dom f . The denition tells us that f (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )). To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) = lim . x0 x
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Remarks
1
There may be points xo dom f at which f (x0 ) does not exist. So, dom f dom f . The denition tells us that f (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )). To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) = lim . x0 x Alternatively, f (x) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) = lim . xx0 x x0
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Remarks
1
There may be points xo dom f at which f (x0 ) does not exist. So, dom f dom f . The denition tells us that f (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )). To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) = lim . x0 x Alternatively, f (x) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) = lim . xx0 x x0 dy d Other notations: y if y = f (x), , [f (x)] , Dx [f (x)]. dx dx
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Remarks
1
There may be points xo dom f at which f (x0 ) does not exist. So, dom f dom f . The denition tells us that f (x0 ) is the slope of the tangent line to the graph of the function at point P (x0 , f (x0 )). To get the derivative of f at x = x0 , we use f (x0 + x) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) = lim . x0 x Alternatively, f (x) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) = lim . xx0 x x0 dy d Other notations: y if y = f (x), , [f (x)] , Dx [f (x)]. dx dx The process of computing the derivative is called dierentiation.
Slopes and the Derivative Mathematics 53 18 / 34
4 5
Example
Find the derivative of f (x) =
x.
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Example
x.
Solution. Using the denition of the derivative we have
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Example
x.
Solution. Using the denition of the derivative we have x + x x f (x) = lim x0 x
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Example
x.
Solution. Using the denition of the derivative we have x + x x f (x) = lim x0 x x + x x x + x + x = lim x0 x x + x + x
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Example
x.
Solution. Using the denition of the derivative we have x + x x f (x) = lim x0 x x + x x x + x + x = lim x0 x x + x + x (x + x) x = lim x0 x( x + x + x)
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x0
lim
1 x + x + x
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= =
x0
lim
1 x + x + x
1 . 2 x
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= =
x0
lim
1 x + x + x
1 . 2 x
1 1 f (x) = or Dx [ x ] = . 2 x 2 x
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= =
x0
lim
1 x + x + x
1 . 2 x
1 1 f (x) = or Dx [ x ] = . 2 x 2 x Note:
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= =
x0
lim
1 x + x + x
1 . 2 x
1 1 f (x) = or Dx [ x ] = . 2 x 2 x Note: dom f = [0, +)
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= =
x0
lim
1 x + x + x
1 . 2 x
1 1 f (x) = or Dx [ x ] = . 2 x 2 x Note: dom f = [0, +) dom f = (0, +)
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Example
x at x = 0.
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Example
Find the derivative of f (x) = Solution.
x at x = 0.
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Example
x at x = 0.
Solution. Using the alternative denition: 3 x 30 f (0) = lim x0 x0
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Example
x at x = 0.
Solution. Using the alternative denition: 3 x 30 f (0) = lim x0 x0 3 x = lim x0 x
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Example
x at x = 0.
Solution. Using the alternative denition: 3 x 30 f (0) = lim x0 x0 3 x = lim x0 x 1 = lim 2 x0 x 3
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Example
x at x = 0.
Solution. Using the alternative denition: 3 x 30 f (0) = lim x0 x0 3 x = lim x0 x 1 = lim 2 x0 x 3 =
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Example
x at x = 0.
Solution. Using the alternative denition: 3 x 30 f (0) = lim x0 x0 3 x = lim x0 x 1 = lim 2 x0 x 3 = 1
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Example
x at x = 0.
Solution. Using the alternative denition: 3 x 30 f (0) = lim x0 x0 3 x = lim x0 x 1 = lim 2 x0 x 3 = 1 0+
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Example
x at x = 0.
Solution. Using the alternative denition: 3 x 30 f (0) = lim x0 x0 3 x = lim x0 x 1 = lim 2 x0 x 3 = 1 0+
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For today
The Tangent Line
Dierentiability
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Dierentiability
Denitions
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Dierentiability
Denitions
1
If the derivative f (x0 ) of the function f at x = x0 exists, then f is said to be dierentiable at x = x0 .
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Dierentiability
Denitions
1
If the derivative f (x0 ) of the function f at x = x0 exists, then f is said to be dierentiable at x = x0 . The function f is dierentiable on (a, b) if f is dierentiable at every real number in (a, b).
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Dierentiability
Denitions
1
If the derivative f (x0 ) of the function f at x = x0 exists, then f is said to be dierentiable at x = x0 . The function f is dierentiable on (a, b) if f is dierentiable at every real number in (a, b). The function f is dierentiable everywhere if it is dierentiable at every real number.
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Dierentiability
Denitions
1
If the derivative f (x0 ) of the function f at x = x0 exists, then f is said to be dierentiable at x = x0 . The function f is dierentiable on (a, b) if f is dierentiable at every real number in (a, b). The function f is dierentiable everywhere if it is dierentiable at every real number.
Remark
The function f (x) is dierentiable at x = x0 if and only if x0 dom f .
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Example
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Example
1 We know that Dx [ x ] = . 2 x
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Example
1 We know that Dx [ x ] = . 2 x = f (x) = x is dierentiable at any positive real number x
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Example
1 We know that Dx [ x ] = . 2 x = f (x) = x is dierentiable at any positive real number x
= f is not dierentiable at x = 0.
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Dierentiability
Denitions
Let the function f (x) be dened at x = x0 .
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Dierentiability
Denitions
1
The derivative from the left of f (x) at x = x0 , denoted by f (x0 ), is given by f (x0 ) = lim f (x) f (x0 ) . x x0
xx 0
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Dierentiability
Denitions
1
The derivative from the left of f (x) at x = x0 , denoted by f (x0 ), is given by f (x0 ) = lim f (x) f (x0 ) . x x0
xx 0
The derivative from the right of f (x) at x = x0 , denoted by f+ (x0 ), is given by f+ (x0 ) = lim f (x) f (x0 ) . x x0
xx+ 0
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Dierentiability
Remark
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Dierentiability
Remark
1
The derivative from the left [right] is also referred to as the left-hand derivative [right-hand derivative ], or simply left derivative [right derivative ].
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Dierentiability
Remark
1
The derivative from the left [right] is also referred to as the left-hand derivative [right-hand derivative ], or simply left derivative [right derivative ]. The function f is dierentiable at x = x0 if and only if f (x0 ) and f+ (x0 ) exist and
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Dierentiability
Remark
1
The derivative from the left [right] is also referred to as the left-hand derivative [right-hand derivative ], or simply left derivative [right derivative ]. The function f is dierentiable at x = x0 if and only if f (x0 ) and f+ (x0 ) exist and f (x0 ) = f+ (x0 ) = f (x0 ).
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Example
Determine if f (x) = |x| = x , x0 is dierentiable at x = 0. x , x < 0
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Example
Determine if f (x) = |x| = Solution. x , x0 is dierentiable at x = 0. x , x < 0
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Example
Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0.
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Example
Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0. f (0)
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Example
Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0. f (0) =
x0
lim
f (x) f (0) x0
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Example
Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0. f (0) = f (x) f (0) x0 x 0 = lim x x0
x0
lim
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Example
Solution. We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 0. f (0) = f (x) f (0) x0 x 0 = lim x x0 = 1
x0
lim
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Example
x0
lim
f+ (0)
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Example
x0
lim
f+ (0) =
x0+
lim
f (x) f (0) x0
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Example
x0
lim
f+ (0) =
f (x) f (0) x0 x0 = lim x x0+

x0+
lim
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Example
x0
lim
f+ (0) =
f (x) f (0) x0 x0 = lim x x0+ = 1

x0+
lim
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Example
x0
lim
f+ (0) =
f (x) f (0) x0 x0 = lim x x0+ = 1

x0+
lim
= f (0) = f+ (0)
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Example
x0
lim
f+ (0) =
f (x) f (0) x0 x0 = lim x x0+ = 1

x0+
lim
= f (0) = f+ (0) f (x) is not dierentiable at x = 0.
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Example
Determine if f (x) =
1 2 2x
+ 24 , x < 4 is dierentiable at x = 4. 16 x , x 4
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Example
1 2 2x
We compute for the derivatives from the left and from the right at x = 4.
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4) = lim
2 (1 2 x + 24) 32 x4
x 4
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
2 (1 2 x + 24) 32 x4 x 4 1 2 x 8 = lim 2 x4 x 4
lim
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
2 (1 2 x + 24) 32 x4 x 4 1 2 x 8 = lim 2 x4 x 4 1 (x + 4)(x 4) = lim x4 x 4 2
lim
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
2 (1 2 x + 24) 32 x4 x 4 1 2 x 8 = lim 2 x4 x 4 1 (x + 4)(x 4) = lim x4 x 4 2 = 4
lim
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
lim
f+ (4)
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
lim
f+ (4)
x 4
lim+
16 x 32 x4
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
lim
f+ (4)
16 x 32 x4 x 4 x2 x+2 = lim+ 16 x4 x+2 x 4 = lim+
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
lim
f+ (4)
16 x 32 x4 x 4 x2 x+2 = lim+ 16 x4 x+2 x 4 x4 = lim+ 16 (x 4) x + 2 x 4 = lim+
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
lim
f+ (4)
16 x 32 x4 x 4 x2 x+2 = lim+ 16 x4 x+2 x 4 x4 = lim+ 16 (x 4) x + 2 x 4 = 4 = lim+
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
lim
f+ (4)
f (4) = f+ (4) = 4
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
lim
f+ (4)
f (4) = f+ (4) = 4 = f (x) is dierentiable at x = 4
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Example
1 2 2x
f (4)
lim
f+ (4)
f (4) = f+ (4) = 4 = f (x) is dierentiable at x = 4 and f (4) = 4.
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Dierentiability and Continuity
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Theorem
If f is dierentiable at x = x0 , then f is continuous at x = x0 .
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Theorem
Remarks
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Theorem
Remarks
If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not dierentiable at x = x0 .
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Theorem
Remarks
If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not dierentiable at x = x0 . If f is continuous at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is dierentiable at x = x0 .
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Theorem
Remarks
If f is discontinuous at x = x0 , then f is not dierentiable at x = x0 . If f is continuous at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is dierentiable at x = x0 . If f is not dierentiable at x = x0 , it does not mean that f is not continuous at x = x0 .
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Example
Consider the function f (x) = |x|.
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Example
Consider the function f (x) = |x|. f is continuous at x = 0
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Example
Consider the function f (x) = |x|. f is continuous at x = 0 f is not dierentiable at x = 0
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Geometrically, if f is dierentiable at x = x0 , then the graph of f has tangent line at x = x0 .
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Remarks
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Remarks
A function f is not dierentiable at x = x0 if one of the following is true:
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Remarks
A function f is not dierentiable at x = x0 if one of the following is true: f is discontinuous at x = x0
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Remarks
A function f is not dierentiable at x = x0 if one of the following is true: f is discontinuous at x = x0
x0
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Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0
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Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0
x0
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Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0 the graph of f has no well-dened tangent line at x = x0 , i.e., the graph of f has a corner or cusp at x = x0 .
x0
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Remarks
the graph of f has a vertical tangent line at x = x0 the graph of f has no well-dened tangent line at x = x0 , i.e., the graph of f has a corner or cusp at x = x0 .
x0
x0
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* * * The End * * *
Next Meeting: Dierentiation Rules The Chain Rule
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Exercise
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Exercise
Determine if f (x) = is dierentiable at x0 = 1. x2 , x < 1 1 2x , x 1
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Exercise
Determine if f (x) = is dierentiable at x0 = 1. Solution. x2 , x < 1 1 2x , x 1
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Exercise
Determine if f (x) = is dierentiable at x0 = 1. Solution. f (1) = x2 1 x1 x + 1 (x + 1)(x 1) = lim x+1 x1 = 2 lim x2 , x < 1 1 2x , x 1
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Exercise
Determine if f (x) = is dierentiable at x0 = 1. Solution. f (1) = x2 1 x1 x + 1 (x + 1)(x 1) = lim x+1 x1 = 2 lim f+ (1) = (1 2x) 1 x+1 2(x + 1) = lim x+1 x3+ = 2
x3+
x2 , x < 1 1 2x , x 1
lim
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Exercise
Determine if f (x) = is dierentiable at x0 = 1. Solution. f (1) = x2 1 x1 x + 1 (x + 1)(x 1) = lim x+1 x1 = 2 lim f+ (1) = (1 2x) 1 x+1 2(x + 1) = lim x+1 x3+ = 2
x3+
x2 , x < 1 1 2x , x 1
lim
f (1) = f+ (1) = 2 f (x) is dierentiable at x = 1 and f (1) = 2.
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Slopes and The Derivative

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Slopes and The Derivative

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Slopes and the Derivative

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)