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Fulfillment of Grid Code Requirements in the area served by UCTE by Combined Cycle Power Plants

Dieter Diegel,Steffen Eckstein Ulrich Leuchs,Oldrich Zaviska Siemens AG, Power Generation , Germany
Abstract: The continental European power system is the result of synchronous interconnection of the electricity networks of the separate transmission system operators (TSOs) involved. To ensure smooth operation of the system and to enable grid disturbances to be controlled, a number of technical rules and recommendations need to be followed in operation of this system. The rules and recommendations of the Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity (UCTE) form a common basis for this, providing minimum requirements to be met for grid operation on this system, which is operated in overall synchronism. These rules and recommendations leverage the exchange of electric power beyond the boundaries of the separate countries that form this synchronously interconnected system, and also promote nondiscriminatory exchange of data for this task. The technical rules and recommendations do, however, give the individual TSOs the option of going beyond mere compliance with these minimum requirements, implementing more stringent requirements or even defining these in greater detail. As a result, individual TSOs or regional TSO associations have drawn up national Grid Codes with a number of functions such as defining the sharing of responsibilities for security of supply, reliability and

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profitability for the system. For the TSOs to be able to meet their responsibilities, transmission system users must comply with the technical minimum requirements and rules specified in the relevant Grid Codes. The paper discusses the requirements of national Grid Codes for primary and secondary control and the extent to which they can be fulfilled by combined cycle power plants (CCPPs). Examples are given of the restrictions that apply for modern gas turbines, and of the way in which Grid Code or customer requirements can be met for combined cycle plants.

1.

Introduction

In the past year, the UCTE and regional TSO associations responsible for national Grid Codes have had very good reason to focus on compliance with and fulfillment of the requirements that they have set forth. There were the blackout events in Italy, Denmark/southern Sweden and the USA/Canada, which resulted in major economic losses. Even the variability of the causes involved illustrates that the complexity of a reliable energy supply system presents ever greater challenges and requires more and more a coordinated approach. Not least of all, grid operators are being challenged to make ever larger power reserves available, to achieve improved distribution of these power reserves within the interconnected power system and to develop new and better load shedding concepts for response to disturbances. There are various reasons for the size and uniformity of the power reserves. On the one hand, it is necessary for conventional power plants to provide control reserves corresponding to the entire output supplied by energy producers which operate without any frequency-control capability, such as renewable energy plants like wind power stations. These control reserves serve to compensate for power fluctuations or outages at wind power stations. On the other hand, liberalization of the electric power markets in Europe and heavy emphasis on unhindered commercial trading of electric power across national boundaries wherever possible have also presented new challenges to the transmission systems. Great Britain led the way with its revision of grid requirements. Shortly thereafter, members of the UCTE followed suit and reviewed their national Grid Codes for the European mainland. The interconnected

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power system, which was originally envisioned primarily as a source of mutual assistance and optimization, is more and more becoming a commercial marketplace. Not least of all, the expanded physical size of the interconnected power system and the variability with which the interconnections mesh are also new challenges. Due to limited transmission capacity, reliable provision of control power within the interconnected power system requires uniform distribution of this control power over the generating units involved. In the future, transmission system operators must pay even closer attention to compliance with requirements when the generating units are connected and must also use test programs to verify the necessary flexibility of these units for grid operation. Power plant manufacturers are working intensively in close co-operation with companies that operate the generating units to comply with these ever more intricate rules. These companies have a vested interest in ensuring a reliable energy supply even in the event of grid disturbances, especially if they are responsible for supplying power to large urban areas with many industrial plants. Back in the 1980s, the Power Generation Group of Siemens AG was already gaining vast experience with special grid requirements, in particular relating to steam power plants. As gas turbines have gone on-line in single or combined cycle (Siemens GUD) power plants, which represent a growing market share, Siemens has been gaining worldwide experience with these machines since the ending of the 1980s. This experience also aids us in meeting the newly defined requirements for these types of power plants.

2.

Common Grid Requirements for Active Power control of CCPPs Frequency Stability

Requirement : For grid system operation, it is required that the power generated is continuously matched to demand for the power plant. One yardstick for this balance is the system frequency. If power generation and power demand in the grid system are the same under undisturbed generation conditions, the system frequency is exactly equal to the rated frequency (50/60 Hz). Unforeseen events such as perturbations in the grid system or shutdown of power plants create an imbalance between generation and demand, and are reflected in changes in the system frequency.

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If the power generation is greater than power demand, generators connected to the grid system speed up. If the power generation is less than power demand, generators connected to the grid system slow down. When power generation and power demand are back in balance, the frequency stabilizes. For correct operation of the transmission system it is necessary to hold the frequency within defined narrow limits. Minor deviations from the frequency reference value (50/60Hz) or absence of any such deviations show that there is a balance of generation and power demand. Faults in the system resulting from loss of power plants, shutdown of loads, short circuits, etc. result in deviations and gradients of varying magnitudes. These faults can result in instability of the grid or even in grid outage. It is possible to distinguish:
-

Faults within the anticipated range, controlled by provision of reserve power. Those faults result in frequency fluctuations that remain within a control band defined by the grid operator e.g. at UCTE = +/-200 mHz. It must be possible to ride out loss of the largest generator in the system without frequency moving outside the control band. This operation will be described in the subsection Frequency Control.

Serious system faults that are counteracted by disconnection from the interconnected system and measures such as load shedding. Fast decreases in frequency in the case of serious system faults can not be counteracted solely by measures on the generating side. Protection devices are implemented which switch off loads (load shedding) in case of a specific underfrequency. In the case of fast decreases in frequency where the frequency remains above a disconnection limit, it is the task of the generators to remain in a stable load operation mode. Frequency control

Requirement: The reaction on frequency deviation caused by an event in the grid is handled by the frequency control. This is implemented in two time ranges.

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Primary control is the automatic, stabilizing action of active power controls for the turbinegenerators interconnected in the synchronous three-phase grid. This type of control acts in the time frame of seconds using turbine speed control. Secondary control takes effect after about 30 seconds and acts in the time frame of minutes. The local Grid Codes in each country generally specify minimum requirements. Purchaser-specific requirements that go beyond the respective Grid Codes are, however, often specified in order to achieve competitive advantages on deregulated power trading markets. Specifications : For example: England/ Wales: NGC Grid Code, Connection Conditions, Appendix 3 (minimum requirements): Plant Operating Ranges: If there is a contractual agreement with the TSO, frequency control takes place above a minimum generation MG of 65% registered capacity. In case of grid disturbances with increasing frequency the control must be able to reduce the generation dynamically down to a designed minimum operating level DMLO of 55%. For example: Spain : RED ELCTRICA DE ESPAA, P.O.7.1. Frequency control band !P = +/- 1.5 % of registered capacity The required frequency dependent load change is to be demonstrated 10 seconds after the start of a frequency simulation ramp of +/- 0.2 Hz per 30 seconds. (It should be noted that these requirements apply to the overall power plant. In combinedcycle plants, the ST does not participate in frequency regulation, so the GT has to provide 1.5 times the response). Operating frequency demanded by the grid system

Requirement : Bidding and order specifications and Grid Codes frequently call for power operation in frequency ranges between 95 and 103 %. In some cases there is a requirement for short-term ability to withstand overfrequency above 103 %, say for 20 seconds without grid disconnection. Specifications : For example: Italy : GRTN, TRANSMISSION AND DISPATCHING CODE, 5.10.

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The regulator must guarantee stable operation of the unit for an indefinite time, for any frequency between 47.5 Hz and 51.5 Hz and any load between the load of the auxiliary service and the maximum power that can be generated by the unit . Allowable power dip on rising/falling system frequency

Requirement: Many Grid Codes contain a requirement to avoid excessive active power dips on falling system frequency. Gas turbines, in particular, tend to respond to frequency reductions with pronounced output changes that depend on the ambient temperature. Specifications: For example: Greece : RAE, CC7.3.1.1.1. operate continuously at normal rated output at transmission system frequencies in the range 49.5 Hz to 50.5 Hz

Load rejection / island operation

Requirement : In many Grid Codes the requirements above are compulsory. Load rejection Various electrical causes such as frequency under a minimum limit, stability problems and too low grid voltage can cause the circuit breaker to open and disconnect the power plant from the grid during operation. After opening of the circuit breaker house load is still supplied (about 5 to 10 MW). This is called load rejection to house load. If opening of the generator breaker takes place in response to a system fault, there is then a load rejection to 0 MW. Island operation The expression island here refers to the formation of a partial grid after a system fault with disconnection from the interconnected system, with one or more generators then supplying the remaining loads. At the moment of disconnection from the interconnected system the terminal load of the generators must suddenly adapt to the new load level. The transient and the remaining generation must be managed by the frequency/load controller.

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A blanket requirement for stable operation of a single generator in all possible island configurations cannot be met. If there is a requirement for the generating unit to continue in stable operation, a purchaser-specific automation concept must be drawn up. For this purpose detailed information and technical data on the purchaser's requirements and the possible configurations of the island system are necessary. Specifications : German Transmission Code 2003 1. Load rejection on house load The generating unit must be designed to control the load rejection to house load . from each permissible operating point. 2. (Grid) island operation capability Each generating unit must be capable of controlling the frequency under the condition that the respective generation shortage is not more than the primary operating reserve. In case of generating surplus the generating unit must be able to reduce output down to minimum generation. Control of a short circuit close to the power plant

Requirement : The short circuit clearance protection will control failures in the system in a time frame of approximately 100 ms. If this is unsuccessful, a back-up protection feature then acts in a time frame of 100 to 250ms to maintain stable and undisturbed load operation. The requirement to overcome a short circuit in the system applies both to the generator voltage control and to the turbine frequency/load control.

3.

Overview of Requirements of European National Grids

As a part of the ETSO (European Transmission System Operators), the "Union for the Coordination of Transmission of Electricity" (UCTE) is the association of transmission system operators in continental Europe which interconnects and supplies the vast majority of the population of Europe with electrical power.

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Fig. 1 : UCTE members Even though the UCTE has developed a number of technical and organizational rules printed in the UCTE Operation Handbook, the responsibility of the national TSOs must still be determined in their own guidelines. Because grid structures vary in different countries (e.g., in the distribution of generating units over the area of the country) and due to the way in which the interfaces to the other transmission systems are defined and thus to the way in which energy is exchanged with these other systems over the interconnected power lines, it is necessary to define specific requirements. Non-UCTE nations (such as Ireland) are second to none in terms of the requirements placed on energy producers. In fact, even stricter regulations than those of the UCTE countries are often necessary due to the small size of their grids. The overview appended to this paper explains some of the important parameters present in various national Grid Codes. Due to the number and variability of the requirements, it was only possible to compare a number of selected points. The table shows the droop, the conditions for primary and secondary control, information on effective load generation and requirements for islanding mode.

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4.

Control Strategy of SIEMENS Combined Cycle Power Plants

The range within which a GUD power plant can contribute to grid frequency regulation is a function of the power plant operating mode and the associated overall conditions. Interaction between the operating modes of all of the relevant components, such as the gas turbine, heatrecovery steam generator and steam turbine, must be taken into account, especially where dynamic processes are involved. In the GUD process, Siemens gas turbines should operate within the largest possible load range with nearly constant turbine outlet temperatures, with NOX requirements taken into account here. The turbine outlet temperature controller regulates the compressor air mass flow to a specified fuel/air ratio. In other words, the air mass flow rate through the compressor must be adjusted according to the flow of fuel entering through the control valves. An adjustable row of inlet guide vanes, driven by an actuator, is located at the compressor inlet.
ST controller Speed-/Admiss. controller

GT controller Gas turbine Speed/Load & OTC temp. lim. controller OTC temp. (IGV)controller

HRSG

Steam turbine

Generator

G
IGV

OTC temp. 1

IGV position 1

HP valve opening

HP steam press.

1 Valve

0.5

Temp. IGV

0.5 Sliding pressure

0.5 -Load control with speed/ load controller -OTC temperature = f(load)

Load 1 -Load control with speed/ load controller -Temp. control with IGV controller

0.5

Load

Sliding pressure mode (steam valves are fully open)

Fig. 2 : Combined Cycle Power Plant SIEMENS Control Principle (Single Shaft) The speed at which the vanes can be positioned by the actuator is an important criterion in terms of the response time of the gas turbine. The working range of the adjustable inlet guide vanes is between approx. 55% and 100% of the GT load. Depending on the positioning time

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involved, the maximum power increase can be achieved very fast. This property makes gas turbines eminently suitable for secondary control and frequency support. The load-change capability of the gas turbine is determined by the dynamics of the turbine outlet temperature control system. The rate of temperature change in thick-walled components is of critical importance for operation of the heat-recovery steam generator (HRSG). Changes in temperature lead to increased life expenditure and must therefore be monitored. By monitoring this parameter the boiler is protected against overstressing. This leads us to another important point which limits the range of the GUD power plant in terms of dynamic processes. The steam part of the GUD power plant normally operates in variable-pressure mode. The control valves of the steam turbine are fully open. The volume of steam generated is determined by the power output of the gas turbine. Gas turbine output has to be raised to increase the contribution made by the steam turbine (ST) to the power generated by the overall power plant. ST load changes are thus determined by the dynamic response within the minutes timescale for the HRSGs. In this operating mode, the steam turbine is not suitable for primary control (which must take place within seconds). However, it will be able to engage in secondary control. In the ST operating mode described above, the gas turbine is the component called upon in the GUD power plant for providing primary control. Since the requirements for the entire power plant unit have been set forth in the Grid Code agreements and in the contracts, this means that greater demands are placed on the load change capabilities and on the flexibility of the gas turbine. In a GUD power plant, primary and secondary control can be provided in the range of 65% to 100% of unit output, due to the working range for the adjustable inlet guide vanes, and is accomplished using the gas turbine controller (speed/load controller).
nr n Speed controller

Injection of Test Function

Kp

Frequency influence

Response lim it Lim it gradient

Synchronized

Pr

Load controller

hv

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Fig. 3 : GT Control, Speed(Frequency)/ Load Controller Principle In order to hold back a required control reserve, a GUD power plant must operate in the part-load range. The gas turbine is then operated under load-controlled with a subordinate speed controller. The unit is controlled based on a specified unit load setpoint. As soon as the grid frequency goes outside of a set insensitivity band, the frequency influence then acts on the unit power setpoint, changing this and the speed controller corrects the lift setpoint (for the fuel valves and inlet guide vanes). Unit output is regulated to correspond to the new requirement. In the event of overfrequency the load is reduced and in the event of underfrequency the load is increased. With these dynamic processes, the speed/load controller of the gas turbine provides for an optimum and stable combustion process.

5.

The Excellence of SIEMENS CCPPs in Frequency Response

Now that an explanation has been provided as to the general conditions and the requirements of the transmission system operators on the one hand and the Siemens power plant control strategy on the other hand, the results of a number of tests will be used to illustrate how Siemens GUD power plants respond to particular events during grid operation. The following points will be explored on the basis of tests:

Primary control in the event of underfrequency Primary control in the event of overfrequency Load rejection by a gas turbine from base load to house load Load rejection by a gas turbine to islanding mode

The tests of primary control were initiated by injection of a test function set to the actual value for speed (Fig. 3).

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Power response [% on RC]

Frequency deviation [Hz]

12

10 -0,05
Measured power response

UCTE / Germany requirement Italy requirement England requirement

-0,1

Frequency injection

-0,15 4

-0,2 2

0 -5 0 5 10 15
Time [s]

-0,25 20 25 30 35

Primary control in the event of underfrequency

When an underfrequency is simulated, the power plant unit responds with a load increase which, in the range shown below, is produced solely by the gas turbine.

Fig. 4 : Primary Frequency Response on Underfrequency

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Primary control in the event of overfrequency

Time [s]

-5 0

10

15

20

25

30

35 0,25

-2 0,2 -4 0,15
Measured power response UCTE / Spain requirement

-6

-8

Greece requirement England requirement Frequency injection

0,1

-10 0,05 -12

-14
Power response [% on RC]

0
Frequency deviation [Hz]

Fig. 5 : Primary Frequency Response on Overfrequency In response to overfrequency simulated by a ramp function of +0.2 Hz within 10 seconds, the GUD reduces the power output.

Load rejection by a gas turbine from base load to house load

Riding out a load rejection from base load to house load using a gas turbine entails holding speed below the overspeed trip limit without throttling the fuel valves so far that flameout occurs.
Power [% on RC]
120,0

Frequency [Hz]
53

100,0 GT power GT frequency 80,0

52,5

52

Fig. 6 : Load Rejection

60,0

51,5

To House Load
40,0 51

Opening of circuit breaker

20,0 50,5

0,0 -1,5

0,0

1,5

3,0

4,5

6,0

7,5

9,0

10,5

12,0

13,5

50 15,0

Time [s]

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Fig. 6 shows load rejection to house load initiated by opening the circuit breaker at a plant located in Italy.

Load rejection by a gas turbine to islanding mode

Load rejection to islanding mode is gaining in significance. This is a trend that has become more apparent since the blackout events of last year. Fig. 17 shows load and frequency curves for plant in Germany during load rejection from part load to islanding mode.
Power [MW]
160

Frequency [Hz]
50,6

140

50,5

120

50,4

100

50,3

80

50,2

60
GT power GT frequency

50,1

40

50

opening of circuit breaker for island operation

20 -1,00 49,9 0,00 1,00 2,00 3,00 4,00 5,00 6,00 7,00 8,00

Time [s]

Fig. 7 : Load Rejection to Island 6. Participation of ST in Primary Control

It was primarily contractual agreements that led to the realization that only by involving the steam turbine could the power output requirements be met. Involvement of the steam turbine in rapid unloading processes has already been implemented in the control concepts at a number of plants. The ST is equipped with fast-acting control valves. Rapid closing of these valves (Fast Valving, Fig.8) can reduce the steam turbine load very quickly. This temporarily reduces the acceleration moment of the turbine-generator unit and effectively limits the overfrequency. So as not to disrupt the technological process, what then follows is a slow opening of the valves to a value close to the original one.

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These features would allow the ST to assist in turbine interception in the event of a rapid load reduction for load rejection from interconnected grid operation to island operation.

Valve position [%] / power [% on RC] 120

Frequency deviation [Hz] 0,75

100

80

0,5

60

40 HP valve IP valve ST power Frequency deviation 20 Start of frequency injection

0,25

0 -10,00

0 0,00 10,00 20,00 30,00 40,00 50,00 60,00 70,00 80,00 90,00 100,00

Time [s]

Fig. 8 : Fast Valving Active participation of the steam turbine in rapid loading processes requires that the ST operate in modified variable-pressure mode. This operating mode requires that the unit control concept be expanded to include additional function modules, such as the Module for Frequency Response.

Modified sliding pressure ON/OFF Steam mass flow Steam pressure

NEW MODULE Setpoint generation for individual pressure sections Detection of energy charging/release, Generation of control signals

Generation of control signals for power controller f_SETP + f SETP_DYN SETP = F ( f) Dynamic weighting Static weighting

Unit coordination control

f_ACT

Steam turbine control

Fig. 9 : New control concept

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The block diagram of the new control module is shown in Fig. 9. The charging of thermal storage is initiated by switching from natural variable-pressure mode to modified variablepressure mode. This changes the setpoints in the unit control module such that the turbine inlet valves begin to throttle accordingly. At the end of the throttling process the storage has been charged and the steam section is operating in modified variable-pressure mode, ready for the steam turbine to participate in primary control. The grid frequency is compared to a frequency setpoint, with the frequency deviation (f) used to generate a frequency-dependent setpoint component (SETP) and perform a dynamic analysis (SETP_DYN). The SETP_DYN parameter is used to generate control signals in the unit coordination control system, with static weighting applied for the steam turbine control system. The statically weighted signals are used to correct the steam turbine setpoints and the control deviations, causing the desired release of reserve capacity within seconds via the control valves.
500 PGT
(MW)

50

PUNIT
(MW) PUNIT 470 PGT 460

40 50 30 40 20 30 PST 20 10

450 PGT = PUNIT 440

operation with active ST base load 450 MW

0 10

operation with passive ST base load 436 MW

430 0 5 10 15 20

t (s)

30

Fig. 10 : New Module The required control signals are generated and used by the unit coordination control system to coordinate intervention by the gas turbine and steam turbine control systems during release of

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reserve capacity. Once the reserve capacity has been made available, the steam section is automatically returned to modified variable-pressure mode. Shifting part of the primary control power to the steam turbine provides two important advantages over the concept used previously: The desired level of primary control power can be held ready at higher base load (by reducing the gas turbine contribution by the magnitude of the steam turbine contribution). Simultaneously, the dynamic characteristics of the unit are improved through temporary activation of the steam process (increases in steam turbine output can be implemented at the fast positioning speed that is a feature of the turbine inlet valves). A comparison of the two concepts for releasing reserve capacity is shown in Fig. 10. At present, a control concept is being developed for primary control using the ST in the range of small frequency deviations (up to about 50 mHz). The gas turbine in this case is called upon for large frequency dips and for secondary control. This concept will mobilize the advantages to be gained by shifting a part of the primary control reserve to the steam turbine. Controlled access to the ST control power contribution in the range of small frequency deviations substantially improves the dynamic characteristics of the unit and ensures a gas turbine operating mode that minimizes life-limiting effects.

7.

Conclusion

Over its many years of experience in the power plant business, the Siemens Power Generation Group has kept pace with the new demands for involving the generating units in frequency control within the interconnected power system. A steady stream of new and innovative approaches to existing and proven control concepts helps us meet the requirements of the transmission system operators. The complexity of a power plant offers a wide variety of approaches for improving the operating mode in terms of frequency control, but there are physical limits, which nevertheless must be kept in mind. Our company sees special customer requirements (such as disconnection of an industrial power plant from the grid with subsequent isolated operation, for example) as a challenge and at the same time an opportunity to expand our realm of experience. That is why SIEMENS is also acting as a consultant to transmission system operators in working out new concepts. In the future, the need to maintain a defined power control reserve within electrical grids will grow in importance.

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8.

References Activating the steam side increases base load capacity. Modern Power Systems, January 2002 Advanced primary control with combine cycle power plants. Proceeding of the 3rd International Conference Electric Power Quality and Supply Reliability, Sept. 4-6, 2002, Haapsalu, Estonia Einsatz der Dampfturbine eines GUD-Kraftwerkes zur Primrregelung. EPE Electric Power Engineering 2003, 5th International Scientific Conference, Jan 28-29, 2003, Visalaje, Czech Republic ESB Grid Code / requirement, Ireland Frequency Response Capability of Combined-Cycle Power Plants 12th Conference of the Electric Power Supply Industry Cepsi 02-06 November 1998 GRTN, TRANSMISSION AND DISPATCHING CODE / requirement, Italy NGT Grid Code / requirement, England/Wales RAE Grid Code / requirement, Greece RED ELCTRICA DE ESPAA Grid Code / requirement, Spain Siemens Power Journal 2/2000 Siemens Power Journal online May 2002 Transmission Code 2003 / requirement, Germany UCTE Operation Handbook, www.ucte.org UNE Grid Code / requirement, Morocco

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Appendix 1, Requirements of various TSOs

UCTE Members
Primary Control Controlband/Deadband/Dynamics Secondary Control Controlband / Dynamics

RC = registered capacity
Additionals

Country / Grid Code

UCTE OpHB Policy 1 Load frequency control (final draft 1.9E, 31.12.2003) based on UCPTE*-Ground Rules of 01.06.98 Germany Transmission Code 2003

Primary control band according to the control zone. Deadband < 10 mHz Dynamics: primary operating reserve / 30 s linear according to control zone. At !f = -0.2 Hz provision of full primary operating reserve Primary control band +/-2% of RC Fully available at !f = 200 mHz after 30 s for 15 min. Gradient 2% / 3 0s Deadband < +/-10 mHz

Value of 8%/min for oil / gas power plants will be used as an aid and are not required. The tracking-speed can be set from 50 to 200 s.

Not a must Right to participate in secondary frequency control after compliance with prequalification

Load rejection to house load supply must be controlled. Primary reserve additional to speed of load change and secondary reserve Grid Island Mode: control band: increase !P = +1.5% load decrease until minimum load reached details must be discussed between grid and plant operators Load dip due to falling frequency restricted according to Figures 2.1 und 2.2

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Country / Grid Code

Primary Control Controlband/Deadband/Dynamics

Secondary Control Controlband / Dynamics

Additionals

Spain RED Grid Code

Primary control band +/-1.5% of RC Fully available at !f = 200 mHz after 30s for 15 min. Deadband < +/-10 mHz Droop must be adjustable Primary control band +/-3% of RC Fully available at !f = 200 mHz after 30s for 15 min. Deadband < +/-10 mHz Droop 2 8%, must be adjustable Primary control band +/-3% of RC in the load range of 50 97% RC, then linear decrease. Fully available at !f = 200 mHz after 30 s for 15 min. Deadband < +/-10 mHz Droop must be adjustable according to the requirements of HTSO

Not a must: A condition for participation in secondary control by generators is a respective Qualification of OS Specific agreement SC-band = +/-6% of the active plant power with 8% /min of the GT part of the combined cycle The primary and secondary control windows are independent from each other. The overall control window is the sum value of the two. Islanded Mode: correct operation in an islanded grid. ... restore the frequency on the island at rated value of +/-0.25%.. Remain synchronized with the grid at frequency 47.5 to 49.5 Hz and 51.5 to 52.5 Hz for a duration of 60 minutes Remain synchronized with the grid at frequency 52.5 to 53 Hz for a duration of 5 s. Minimum load not greater than 35% RC Load dip due to falling frequency: Supply of rated load in the frequency range of 49.5 50.5 Hz.

Italy GRTN GridCode CA, CC und 11 Standard CEI 11-32 Greece RAE Grid Code

Secondary operating reserve not less than 3% of RC in a load range of 50 97% RC, then linear decrease

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Non UCTE Members

,

Country / Grid Code

Primary Control Controlband/Deadband/Dynamics

Secundary Control Controlband / Dynamics

Additionals

Morocco UNE Techn. rules for the operation of the connection grid Spain Morocco England / Wales NGT Grid Code

Primary control band +/-2.5% of RC (expotential Ta = 10s) at !f = 200 mHz Deadband < +/-10 mHz Droop 2 6% Min. requirement +/-10% RC 10s after start of frequency ramp of -0.5Hz / 10 s the frequency response must be 10% RC. Deadband < +/-15 mHz. Limited frequency control in case of f > 50.4Hz Droop 3 5% NGT normally requires 4%. Primary operation reserve +/5% RC in the load range 50 95% RC, then linear decrease allowed Fully available in real time at frequency nadir between 5 15 s

The COMELEC operating zone must be equipped with a grid operation system.

Morocco is a COMELEC-member. COMELEC is being represented within UCTE by REE (Spain). For COMELEC the technical rules of UCTE are valid.

Min. requirement +/-10% RC 30 s after start of frequency ramp of 0.5Hz / 10 s the frequency response must be 10% RC.

No load decrease on frequency fall of up to 49 Hz. Target frequency correction with +/-100 mHz must be possible. Islanded Mode There must be the ability to control an island formation between 55% and 100% RC. Load dip due to falling frequency: In the range 50.5 to 49.5 Hz continuous active power ! In the range 49.5 to 47 Hz linear decrease in active power by not more than 5%. Remain synchronized with the grid at frequency 47.5 to 52.5 Hz for a duration of 60 min Remain synchronized with the grid at frequency 47.5 47 Hz for a duration of 20s. No load increase in the range of 49.5 50.5 Hz Minimum load not < 50% RC for CC and not < 35% RC for steam turbine plant.

Ireland ESB Grid Code

Secondary operating reserve not less than 5% of RC in the load range 50 95% RC, with linear decrease then allowed. Fully available in the time range of 15 90 s

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