**Gift** A2 The Gift: 2AC (1/4)

YOUR AUTHORS CONCEDE THAT WE SHOULDN T A!ANDON ATTE"#TS TO "A$E THE WORLD A !ETTER #LACE OR THAT WE CAN T E%ER TA$E #OL&T&CAL ACT&ON A''i() * Wi++i,-., Their Authors from the Califonria School of Professional Psychology, 2$ (Bruce & Christopher, The (Im)Possibility of emocratic !ustice an" the #ift$ of the %a&ority
'n erri"a, econstruction, an" the Search for ()uality,$ !ournal of Contemporary Criminal !ustice, *olume +,, -umber ., August)

/ith regar" to the (im)possibility of a legally impose" e)uality

in search of a transformati0e &ustice, 1e (as social an" political beings) must go beyon" 1hat is consciously imaginable, calculable, an" 2no1able3 /e must go beyon" the realm of recogni4e" possibility3 This

article "oes not assume the position , as some critics of erri"a may suggest, that, gi0en the ruse of the gift, affor"ing minority populations opportunity to attain e)uality shoul" therefore be "iscar"e" entirely (see 5osenfel", +66., on the "ilemmas of a erri"ean an" "econstructi0e frame1or2 for affirmati0e action)3 This article is far from a right71ing cry for cessation of those un"erta2ings that 1oul" further the cause of e)uality in American society3 This article is also not a statement of "espair, a s2eptical an" nihilistic pronouncement on the (im)possibility of &ustice (8ish, +69:) in 1hich 1e are all ren"ere" incapable of establishing a pro0isional, "econstructi0e political agen"a for meaningful social change an" action 3

THE&R ARGU"ENT &S THAT THE STATE SHOULD NE%ER TA$E ANY ACT&ON AND THEY A!ANDON ALL LAWS &N WH&CH CASE THEY L&N$ TO ALL O/ OUR STATE GOOD ARGU"ENTS AND ALL O/ OUR ANARCHY !AD ARGU"ENTS 0 THE&R ALTERNAT&%E &N TH&S CASE &NCREASES HU"AN SU//ER&NG AND A!ANDONS STRATEG&ES THAT CAN CH&# AWAY AT STATE #OWER Ch)-.12, 5eno1ne" Political Acti0ist & ;inguistics Professor at %IT, <7:<72$ (-oam,
Tal2ing =Anarchy= /ith Choms2y,$ By a0i" Barsamian, http>??1113thenation3com?"oc?:@@@@<:<?choms2y)

Comment on an African pro0erb that perhaps intersects 1ith 1hat 1e=re tal2ing about> AThe master=s tools 1ill ne0er be use" to "ismantle the master=s house 3A If this is inten"e" to mean, "on=t try to impro0e con"itions for suffering people, I "on=t agree3 It=s true that centrali4e" po1er, 1hether in a corporation or a go0ernment, is not going to 1illingly commit suici"e3 But that "oesn=t mean you shoul"n=t chip a1ay at it, for many reasons3 8or one thing, it benefits suffering people3 That=s something that al1ays shoul" be "one, no matter 1hat broa"er consi"erations are 3 But e0en from the
point of 0ie1 of "ismantling the master=s house, if people can learn 1hat po1er they ha0e 1hen they 1or2 together, an" if they can see "ramatically at &ust 1hat point they=re going to

The alternati0e to that is to sit in aca"emic seminars an" tal2 about ho1 a1ful the system is 3
be stoppe", by force, perhaps, that teaches 0ery 0aluable lessons in ho1 to go on3

A2 The Gift: 2AC (2/4)

TURN: GLO!AL&3AT&ON "O%E"ENTS 0 L&TTLE A: THE&R ALTERNAT&%E REL&ES ON AND DE"ANDS THE CREAT&ON O/ A WORLD !ASED ON DERR&DA S CONCE#T&ON O/ DE"OCRACY TO CO"E 0 &/ THEY SAY &T DOESN T THEY DON T SOL%E ANY O/ THE $R&T&$4 A''i() * Wi++i,-., Their Authors from the Califonria School of Professional Psychology, 2$ (Bruce &
Christopher, The (Im)Possibility of emocratic !ustice an" the #ift$ of the %a&ority 'n erri"a, econstruction, an" the Search for ()uality,$ !ournal of Contemporary Criminal !ustice, *olume +,, -umber ., August)

/hat 1e "o suggest, ho1e0er, is simply the follo1ing> That political an"?or legislati0e attempts at empo1erment (as they currently stan") are insufficient to attain the "econstructi0e an" "iscursi0e con"ition of e)uality for minority citi4en groups (Collins, +66.)3 %ore significant, 1e conten" that construction of these initiati0es as erri"ean gifts a"0ance, at best, fleeting 0ertiginous moments of ine)uality an" in&ustice3 Still further, 1e recommen" the (im)possible B that 1hich, at first blush, a"mitte"ly "eli0ers no pragmatic 0alue for social analysts3 'ur in0itation is for a fuller, more complete "isplacement of e)uality an"
initiati0es pertaining to it such that there 1oul" be no gi0ing for its o1n sa2eB that gi0ing 1oul" not be construe" as gi0ing, but as the 1ay of "emocratic &ustice (i3e3, its foreseeability1oul" be CunDconscious, its recogni4ability 1oul" be 1ithCoutD calculation)3 If 1e are able to gi0e 1ithout reali4ing that 1e ha0e "one so, the possibility of reciprocation, reappropriation, an" the economy of narcissism an" representation are abruptly interrupte" an" perhaps in"efinitely stalle"3 This form of gi0ing more closely embo"ies the truth of human eEistenceB that 1hich betters life for all 1ithout regar" for "ifferential treatment, neither promoting nor limiting those 1ho are other$ in some respect or fashion3 This re7

this &ustice both of an" beyon" the calculable economy of the la1 ( erri"a, +66F), re)uires a "ifferent set of principles by 1hich e)uality is concei0e" an" &ustice is ren"ere"3 /hat 1oul" this "ifference entailG Ho11oul" it be embo"ie" in ci0ic lifeG In the paragraphs that remain, our intent is to suggest some protean gui"elines as 1ays of i"entifying the1or2 that lies ahea" for the (im)possibility of &ustice an" the search for aporetic e)uality3 A cultural politics of "ifference groun"e" in an affirmati0e postmo"ern frame1or21oul" necessarily pre0ail (Arrigo, +669aB Henry&%ilo0ano0ic, +66,)3 In this more emancipatory, more liberatory 0ision, &ustice 1oul" be roote" in contingent
presentation of e)uality, uni0ersalities (Butler, +66:B %c;aren, +66<)3 Pro0isional truths, positional 2no1le"ge, an" relational meanings 1oul" aboun" (Arrigo, +66I)3 -e1 egalitarian social relations, practices, an" institutions 1oul" materiali4e, pro"ucing a "ifferent, more inclusi0e conteEt 1ithin 1hich ma&ority an" minority sensibilities 1oul" interact (%ouffe, +66:)3 In other1or"s, the multiplicity of economic, cultural, racial, gen"er, an" seEual i"entities that constitute our collecti0e society 1oul" interacti0ely an" mutually contribute to "iscourse on e)uality an" our un"erstan"ing of &ustice3 These poly0alent contributions 1oul" signify a cut in the fabric of &ustice, a teEt that preten"s to be a 1hole$ (i3e3, the 1hole of "emocratic &ustice)

()uality on these terms 1oul" become an ethical, flui" narrati0e > cycling to1ar" the possibility of &ustice3 8or erri"a (+66F), this is the moment of un"eci"ability 3 The cacophony of 0oices on 1hich this aporetic e)uality 1oul" be base" 1oul" "isplace any fiEe" (ma&oritarian) norms that 1oul" other1ise ensure an anterior, fortifie", anchore" &ustice3 Instea", the un"eci"able, as an essential ghost ( erri"a, +66<), 1oul" be lo"ge" in e0ery "ecision about &ustice an" e)uality ( esil0a /i&eyeratne, +669)3 8or erri"a (+66F), this spectral haunting is the trace, the "ifferance3+6 It is the a0enir or that 1hich is to come3 The a0enir is the e0ent that eEcee"s calculation, rules, an" programs> It is the &ustice of an infinite gi0ing$ ( esil0a /i&eyeratne, +669, p3 +@6)3 It is the gift of absolute "issymmetry beyon" an economy of calculation ( erri"a, +66F)3 This is 1hat ma2es &ustice, an" the search for e)uality, an aporia> It is possible only as an eEperience of the impossible3 Ho1e0er, it is the 0ery (im)possibility of &ustice itself that ren"ers the eEperience, an" the )uest for e)uality, amo0ement to1ar" a "estination that is fore0er "eferre", "isplace", fracture", an" al1ays to come 3
( erri"a, +66F, p3 +6<)3 an anEiety7ri""en moment of suspense$ ( erri"a, +66F, pp3 +.F7+.9)

A2 The Gift: 2AC (5/4)

L&TTLE !: THE&R D&SCURS&%E CALL /OR THE DE"OCRACY TO CO"E D&%ERTS REAL WORLD "O%E"ENTS /RO" "ORE E//ECT&%E SOLUT&ONS AND UNDER"&NES THE&R #OWER !e6(())6, Senior ;ecturer in Sociology at the Jni0ersity of Auc2lan", 77 (
F+3 So

a0i", Saint !ac)ues> erri"a an" the #host of %arEism,$ Cultural ;ogic, locate" at> http>??eser0er3org?clogic?:7:?be"ggoo"3html)

in his misappropriation of %arE, erri"a offers the young i"ealists of to"ay a bran" of anarchism they can consume in the belief that their actions constitute a rebellion for A"emocracyA an" AemancipationA against the "ehumanising norms an" con0entions that alienate them3 !ust as Stirner=s Aassociation of egoistsA 1as a figment of his AThoughtA, erri"a=s ne1 International has the potential to "i0ert
a ne1 generation of alienate" youth into "iscursi0e acts against the symptomatic phrases rather than the materialist substance of capitalist crisis 3 F:3 In his response to his critics 1ho "eri"e the i"ea of an AinternationalA 1ithout class he replies> /hene0er I spea2 of the -e1
International in Specters of %arE, emphasising that, in it, soli"arity or alliance shoul" not "epen", fun"amentally an" in the final analysis, on class affiliation, this in no 1ise signifies, for me, the "isappearance of AclassesA or the attenuation of conflicts connecte" 1ith AclassA "ifferences or oppositions (or, at least, "ifferences or oppositions base" on the ne1 configurations of social forces for 1hich I "o in fact belie0e that 1e nee" ne1 concepts an" therefore, perhaps ne1 names as 1ell) 3 3 3 the "isappearance of po1er relations, or relations of social "omination 3 3 3 3 At issue is, simply, another "imension of analysis an" political commitment, one that cuts across social "ifferences an" oppositions of social forces (1hat one use" to call, simplifying, AclassesA)3 I 1oul" not say that such a "imension (for instance, the "imension of social, national, or international classes, or political struggles 1ithin nation states, problems of citi4enship or nationality, or party strategies, etc3) is superior or inferior, a primary or a secon"ary concern, fun"amental or not3 All that "epen"s, at e0ery instant, on ne1 assessments of 1hat is urgent in, first an" foremost, singular situations an" of their structural implications3 8or such an assessment, there is, by "efinition, no pre7eEisting criterion or absolute calculabilityB analysis must begin ane1 e0ery "ay e0ery1here, 1ithout e0er being guarantee" by prior 2no1le"ge3 It is on this con"ition, on the con"ition constitute" by this in&unction, that there is, if there is, action, "ecision an" political responsibility 77 repolitici4ation3+@9

the term AinternationalA is a mysti)ue3 It co0ers for a nihilistic cult3 Its %arEist meaning is in0erte"B &ust as messianicity is messianism 1ithout a gi0en messiah 77 because e0eryone is one=s o1n messiah3 There is no prior 2no1le"ge that can gui"e any collecti0e action because that pre7anything (society, religion, etc3) is spectral, is the unfille" A0oi"A3 There are only irre"ucible acts 1hich in"i0i"uals perform at any gi0en moment by personally attempting to calculate , on the spot as it 1ere, 1hich of many A"imensionsA or AforcesA imme"iately concern them, AresponsiblyA an" in the name of A&ustice A (1hose giftG)3 If there is one name to apply to this contingent con&unction of AforcesA
F.3 In other 1or"s, 1hich tries to AnameA the Ane1A it is as I ha0e argue" abo0e, performati0ity3+@6 %oreo0er, as I set out to pro0e, erri"a=s performati0ity is the i"ealist philosophical license for the political?social concept of refleEi0ity as

1e coul" not get a better prescription for A"emobilisingA an" A"epoliticisingA the masses in the face of the current 1orl" crisis of capitalism 3
"e0elope" by Soros an" #i""ens to eEpress their abstract un"erstan"ing of the =structure7agency= problem in the ne1 global economy3++@ Teame"7up, as performo7refleEi0ity,

A2 The Gift: 2AC (4/4)

AND8 THE /A&LURE O/ ANT&9GLO!AL&3AT&ON "O%E"ENTS CAUSES E:T&NCT&ON Shi;,, Physicist & (cologist an"
irector of the 5esearch 8oun"ation for Science Technology an" -atural 5esource Policy, +:7+:777 (*an"ana, The Historic Significance of Seattle,$ locate" at> http>??flag3blac2ene"3net?global?+:66arshi0a3htm) The failure of the /3T3' %inisterial meeting in Seattle 1as a historic 1atershe", in more than one 1ay3 8irstly, it has "emonstrate" that globalisation is not an ine0itable phenomena 1hich must be accepte" at all costs but a political pro&ect 1hich can be respon"e" to politically3 I@,@@@ citi4ens from all 1al2s of life an" all parts of the 1orl" 1ere respon"ing politically 1hen they proteste" peacefully on the streets of Seattle for four "ays to ensure that there 1oul" be no ne1 roun" of tra"e negotiations for accelerating an"
eEpan"ing the process of globalisation3 Tra"e %inisters from Asia, Africa, ;atin America an" the Caribbean 1ere respon"ing politically 1hen they refuse" to &oin han"s to pro0i"e support to a Acontri0e"A consensus since they ha" been eEclu"e" from the negotiations being un"erta2en in the Agreen roomA process behin" close" "oors3 As long as the con"itions of transparency, openness an" participation 1ere not ensure", "e0eloping countries 1oul" not be party to a consensus3 This is a ne1 conteEt an" 1ill ma2e bull"o4ing of "ecisions

3 The rebellion on the streets an" the rebellion 1ithin the /3T3'3 negotiations has starte" a ne1 "emocracy mo0ement 7 1ith citi4ens from across the 1orl" an" the go0ernments of the South refusing to be bullie" an" eEclu"e" from "ecisions in 1hich they ha0e a rightful share 3
"ifficult in future tra"e negotiations Seattle ha" been chosen by the J3S to host the Thir" %inisterial conference because it is the home of Boeing an" %icrosoft, an" symbolises the corporate po1er 1hich /3T3' rules are "esigne" to protect an" eEpan"3 Ket the corporations 1ere staying in the bac2groun", an" proponents of free7tra"e an" /3T3' 1ere going out of their 1ay to say that /3T3' 1as a Amember "ri0enA institution controlle" by go0ernments 1ho ma"e "emocratic "ecisions3 The refusal of Thir" /orl" #o0ernments to rubber7stamp "ecisions from 1hich they ha" been eEclu"e" has brought into the open an" confirme" the non7transparent an" anti7"emocratic processes by 1hich /3T3' rules ha0e been impose" on the Thir" /orl" an" has confirme" the claims of the critics3 /3T3' has earne" itself names such as /orl" Tyranny 'rganisation because it enforces tyrannical anti7people, anti7nature "ecisions to enable corporations to steal the 1orl"=s har0ests through secreti0e, un"emocratic structures an" processes3 The /3T3' institutionalises force" tra"e not free tra"e, an" beyon" a point, coercion an" the rule of force cannot continue3 The /3T3' tyranny 1as apparent in Seattle both on the streets an" insi"e the /ashington State Con0ention centre 1here the negotiations 1ere ta2ing place3 -on 0iolent protestors inclu"ing young people an" ol" 1omen, labour acti0ists an" en0ironmental acti0ists an" e0en local resi"ents 1ere brutally beaten up, spraye" 1ith tear gas, an" arreste" in hun"re"s3 The intolerance of "emocratic "issent, 1hich is a hallmar2 of "ictatorship, 1as unleashe" in full force in Seattle3 /hile the trees an" stores 1ere lit up for Christmas festi0ity, the streets 1ere barrica"e" an" bloc2e" by the police, turning the city into a 1ar 4one3 The me"ia has referre" to the protestors as Apo1er mongersA an" Aspecial interestA groups3 #lobalisers, such as Scott %iller of the J3S3 Alliance for Tra"e (Epansion sai" that the protestors 1ere acting out of fear an" ignorance3 The thousan"s of youth, farmers, 1or2ers an" en0ironmentalists 1ho marche" the streets of Seattle in peace an" soli"arity 1ere not acting out of ignorance an" fear, they 1ere outrage" because they 2no1 ho1 un"emocratic the /3T3' is, ho1 "estructi0e its social an" ecological impacts are, an" ho1 the rules of the /3T3' are "ri0en by the ob&ecti0es of establishing corporate control o0er e0ery "imension of our li0es 7 our foo", our health, our en0ironment, our 1or2 an" our future3 /hen labour &oins han"s 1ith en0ironmentalists, 1hen farmers from the -orth an" farmers from the South ma2e a common commitment to say AnoA to genetically engineere" crops, they are not acting in their special interests3 They are "efen"ing the common interests an" common rights of all people, e0ery1here3 The "i0i"e an" rule policy, 1hich has attempte" to put consumers against farmers, the -orth

the broa" base" citi4ens campaigns stoppe" a ne1 %illennium 5oun" of /3T3' from being launche" in Seattle, they "i" launch their o1n millennium roun" of "emocratisation of the global economy3 The real %illennium 5oun" for the /3T3' is the beginning of a ne1 "emocratic "ebate about the future of the earth an" the future of it=s people3 The centrali4e", un"emocratic rules an" structures of the /3T3' that are establishing global corporate rule base" on monopolies an" monocultures nee" to gi0e 1ay to an earth "emocracy supporte" by "ecentralisation an" "i0ersity3 The rights of all species an" the rights of all people must come before the rights of corporations to ma2e limitless profits through limitless "estruction3 8ree tra"e is not lea"ing to free"om3 It is lea"ing to sla0ery3 i0erse life forms are being ensla0e" through patents on life, farmers are being ensla0e" into high7tech sla0ery, an" countries are being ensla0e" into "ebt an" "epen"ence an" "estruction of their "omestic economies 3 /e 1ant a ne1 millennium base" on economic "emocracy not economic totalitarianism 3 The future is possible for humans an" other species only if the principles of competition, organise" gree", commo"ification of all life, monocultures, monopolies an" centralise" global corporate control of our "aily li0es enshrine" in the /3T3' are replace" by the principles of protection of people an" nature, the obligation of gi0ing an" sharing "i0ersity, an" the "ecentralisation an" self7organisation enshrine" in our "i0erse cultures an" national constitutions3 A ne1 threshol" 1as crosse" in Seattle 7 a 1atershe" to1ar"s the creation of a global citi4en7base" an" citi4en7"ri0en "emocratic or"er 3 The future of the /orl" Tra"e 'rganisation 1ill be shape" far more by 1hat happene" on the streets of Seattle an" in the non7go0ernmental (-#') organisation e0ents than by 1hat happene" in the /ashington State Con0ention Centre3 The rules set by the secreti0e /orl" Tra"e 'rganisation 0iolate principles of human rights an" ecological sur0i0al 3 They 0iolate rules of &ustice an" sustainability3 They are rules of 1arfare against the people an" the planet3 Changing these rules is the most important "emocratic an" human rights struggle of our times3 It is a matter of sur0i0al 3
against the South, labour against en0ironmentalists ha" faile"3 In their "i0ersity, citi4ens 1ere unite" across sectors an" regions3 /hile

A<ti9G+)=,+i>,ti)< T?'<: 1AR (1/2)

E:TEND OUR ANT&9GLO!AL&3AT&ON TURN: THE&R ALTERNAT&%E &S #RE"&SED ON DERR&DA S #OST"ODERN CONCE#T&ON O/ THE NEW &NTERNAT&ONAL AND DE"OCRACY TO CO"E4 THE&R D&SCURS&%E CALL /OR THESE STRUCTURES DE"O!&L&3&E AND DE#OL&T&C&3E REAL WORLD "O%E"ENTS THAT ARE NECESSARY !R&NG DOWN THE WALLS O/ SO%ERE&GNTY AND HEGE"ONY4 THE&R ALTERNAT&%E &S TOO &DEAL&ST&C 0 &T /ORSA$ES ORGAN&3AT&ON AND ALL&ANCES THAT ARE NEEDED TO SOL%E4 THE &"#ACT &S RA"#ANT E:#ANS&ON O/ GLO!AL&3AT&ON WH&CH CAUSES E:T&NCT&ON4 OUR ARGU"ENTS /L&#S THE ALTERNAT&%E 0 E%&LS W&LL CONT&NUE TO E:&ST &N THE&R WORLD !UT THE DE"OCRACY TO CO"E W&LL UNDER"&NE ANY WAY TO SO%LE THE" 0 TH&S ANSWERS ALL O/ THE&R O//ENSE A!OUT CHANG&NG THE WAY THE WORLD WOR$S /')-e<t9"e?'i@e, Professor of 8rench at the Jni0ersity of *an"erbilt, 2$1 (%arc, Specters of %,$
ParallaE, *olume F, -umber .)
L/ithoutM (LsansM) is 3 This Luntimely lin2M N ne1 alliance 1ithout alliance, messianism 1ithout messianism, 1ithout content N is a relationless relation, 1ithout belonging or pertaining, or, better yet, 1hat I call "eparting?"iso1ning ("eO partenance)3 It is the LpartyM of the partyless an" the a7political although it is not a thir" 1ay opening bet1een the t1o tra"itional parties (conser0ati0e or progressi0e, right or left)B abo0e all it is not a LgatheringM, an LassemblyM of 1hoe0er happens to be unhappy 1ith tra"itional politics, 1ith the "emocratic system base" on alternation (e0en if this points to a blatant lie, since most of the time it all boils "o1n to the same> ne1 hea"s simply alternate 1ith ol" hea"s)3 -or is it a matter of assembling all those 1ho are unintereste" in politics or 1ho see2 an Lalternati0eM 1ay N free ra"icals in the

the sense of the ne1 International

is to assemble an" gather in"i0i"uals but to recogni4e that the option of community 0s3 in"i0i"ualism plays the same game , base" on the same conception of the mo"ern sub&ect as autonomous an" autar2ic 3 J3S3 society offers goo" e0i"ence for this> it is e0erything eEcept
margins3 In general, the point precisely a society, 1hile "isplaying a most "epressing sho1 of people obsesse" by community N 1hate0er it may be> it starts 1ith the neighborhoo" or the churches, not to mention family an"

(ssentially there has ne0er been a more "estructi0e myth than that of the in"i0i"ual 1ho associates 1ith others to form a L1eM that is nothing but a faca"e or may e0en be completely factitious3 8irst N an" this shoul" be the starting point N there is no in"i0i"ual 1ho cannot be infinitely "i0i"e"3 Shoul" there be only one, the
its L0alues,M of course3 Ket there has ne0er been a more "issociate" an" "i0i"e" society3 in"i0i"ual is ne0er one, eEcept materially, if I may say so, although nearly e0ery part of the bo"y is replaceable no1a"ays (not to mention the seE)3 An" no1 here is L1eM, of this ne1 International (1hich has ne0er eEiste" an" thus is not Lne1M in the sense that 1e spea2 of a ne1 car mo"el)> it (L1eM) shoul" not "esignate a community to 1hich L1eM belong eEcept in

Ket if 1e belong to nothing at all, it 1ill not ta2e anyone long to notice that 1e are nothing at all N an abstraction, a ghost, e0en more so than the clou"s of i"eology N an" also that 1e cannot help but belong "e facto N to a
terms of that to 1hich L1eM "o LnotM belong> not a family, not a nation, not a party, not a seE, not a language, an" so on N e0erything an" anything, stretching it to the limit3 surely language, for instance> &ust as the International(e) 1as 1ritten in 8rench3 But that "i"nMt stop it from becoming the So0iet anthem until Stalin replace" it 1ith his anthem, 1ith its clear nationalist resonance3 An untimely lin2 is a lin2 nonetheless, or rather an alliance N an engagement, complete 1ith a commitment an" a ("iamon") ring3 But this alliance "oes not rely on any positi0e contents for its "efinition, or on the items of a program to be carrie" out3 That might imply that this alliance "oes not commit to anything N only to 1itnessing itself (herself, LallianceM being feminine)> li2e language sai" by Hol"erlin ()uote" by erri"a in Specters) to ha0e been gi0en to human beings so that they can bear 1itness to 1hat they are> spea2ing beings, first an" foremost3 Ha0ing )uote" precisely the same fragment by Hol"erlin, I calle" this circularity L"epositionM> L/hat man Cthe human beingD is he recei0es it from the 1or", an" this being is being the 1itness of the 1or" or its 1ar"en ans1ering for it3 eposition is 1hat one might call such circularity> to be the "epositary of Being an" ma2ing a "eposition for its manifestness N in spea2ing the recei0e" languageM39 But it is important al1ays to un"erscore, as erri"a "oes, that LInheritance is ne0er a gi0en, it is al1ays a tas2M6 B that the human being has to be, li2e asein3 (Ha0e ? to Ca ? aP D> Lha0eM as in Lha0e to3 3 3M an" not possess N such is the sense of the o1nmost in Hei"egger3 At least in one of se0eral Hei"eggers, the one I a""ress in that he spea2s to me3) 8urther, a language has to be learne", starting 1ith LoursM, the one 1e o1e it to (so) to spea2B the one 1e o1e oursel0es to, inasmuch as it has gi0en us its 1or", gi0en not as a fact but as a promise3 Such circularity 1ithout origin constitutes a ring> infinite circulation of meaning, stopping no1here (this 1oul" translate into the concept of #o" if #o" coul" be a concept N an" therefore no1here a #o" or no1here as #o")3 /hat I also call langagement gi0es the LformalM structure of language (in )uotation mar2s> the concept of LformalityM is &ust meant to pre0ent any positi0e content from 2eeping its countenance)> its transmissibility (or translatability) precisely prohibits any closure an" thus any appropriation 1ithout remain"er in one uni)ue an" uni0ersal language3 To the 0ery eEtent that the promise (the gift of language, of the 1or" as gi0en 1or") is not incarnate" in any "etermine" language N &ust as there cannot really be any country correspon"ing to the Promise" ;an"+@ N to that ("e7cepti0e) eEtent the i"iom bears 1itness to this infinite engagement> it (the i"iom) is the 1itness that, at the heart of that 1hich allo1s the circulation of meaning, there is some resistance3 The i"iom 1ill not yiel" to translatability unabri"ge" an" integral, an" li2e1ise the Lne1 InternationalM attests to the eEistence or occurrence in the bosom of uni0ersal 1esterni4ation N the merchan"ising of the planet no1 calle" globali4ation N of some LthingM that resists any appropriation insofar as this thing is not actually a thing an", "eep "o1n, is nothing at all N or is this nothing 1ithout 1hich, as it happens, no 1hole or totali4ation is possible (thus impossible> no totali4ation is able to totali4e nothing or a bunch of spectres)3

This

s2etchy alliance is spectral, first of all3 It haunts the home li2e nihilism , "escribe" by -iet4sche as
the uncanniest, most LunheimlichM of guests3 I nee" not really mention again ho1 it all starts an" 1hat ushers in the Specters, namely that it is %arE himself 1ho spea2s of the Lspecter

this starting point also con"itions the nature of the ne1 alliance an" in this sense communism is not only not "ea", it also cannot "ie> to the eEtent that a spectre cannot e0er be anything eEcept "ea" N sur0i0ing inasmuch as it is chase", houn"e", 1ar"e" of, professe" L"ea" at lastM, for goo", once an" for
of communismM3+ + But I 1ill mention it because all3

C)<ti<?e.

A<ti9G+)=,+i>,ti)< T?'<: 1AR (2/2)

-o one, perhaps, has pai" enough attention to the oppositional "ialectics that result from this apparition of the specter3 -ot only are the po1ers of ol" (urope forming a Holy Alliance in or"er to 1ar" off this spectre, the Communists also ha0e to come out an" manifest themsel0es, perhaps first an" foremost, since they are henceforth a recogni4e" player or po1er, in or"er to crush the fiction or hallucination of the Lcommunist specterM (e0en if they o1e their recognition to him)3 Communists must get up N an erection 1ell ren"ere" by the first t1o lines of the International(e) in 8rench, repeating L eboutM, LAriseM N an" they ha0e to get up, lift, pic2 up, sublate (HegelMs Auf hebung is the le0er) the 1ic2e" specter, a specter 1ho is, uncannily enough, communist3 Communists must manifest themsel0es as such, being LcommunistM beings> as the spectreMs negation3 But "oes this not ma2e them run the ris2 of "isabling 1hat ma"e communism such a formi"able, uplifting po1er, namely that it appeare" only as a spectre, a hallucinationG ItMs a thousan" times easier to fight against real (manifest) po1ers than against thin air3 In the same spirit, Hei"egger "escribes Angst eEactly as a fear Lof nothingM> relate" to nothing special, only to being as a 1hole3 All this points to 1hy I ha0e ne0er ha" a nee" to be anti7communist N also 2no1n as a s1ine, sai" Sartre> yet communists manage" to be so e0en more so than the most bigote" anti7communists3 Besi"es, the latter N the reactionaries of the Holy Alliance N 1ere the ones most "irectly touche" by the fall of communism3 Su""enly they lost their entire raison "MeQtre, became unable to oppose anything, an" therefore in these 1ell7lubricate" "ialectics haunting %arEism they coul" no longer pose or recogni4e themsel0es in their opponentsM negation3 Am I saying that no1, no1 that communist beings ha0e 0irtually 0anishe" (eEcept for a han"ful of sur0i0ors), communist Being is going to ma2e a comebac2, come bac2 to spoo2 us li2e %arEMs spectre in Lol"M (urope, eEcept that this time e0eryone in the 1hole 1orl" 1oul" be affecte" N the Lglobali4e"M 1orl" sai" to be oppose" by the Lne1M InternationalG I am actually as2ing 1hether the )uestion has any meaning> 1ithout any beings to embo"y it an" ha0e it materiali4e, ho1 to spea2 of a pure communist BeingG oes it not ma2e it all fall bac2 into the ontotheological clou"s %arE "enounce" for being i"eological superstitions (pure spirit, bo"yless Holy #host)G But also ho1 not to see that, by "efining the ne1 International in terms of an opposition (an opposition, simply, to reality), one repeats an" sublates HegelMs specter haunting (the 0arious) %arEism(s), "ri0ing it (them) to its (their) "emise an"?or en"(s), each time an" 1hate0er the attempts to cut the theory from 1hat ma2es it 1or2 (for instance in the in0ention of a so7calle" epistemological shift than2s to 1hich true scientific %arEism

The nee" N urgent an" challenging N to concei0e the struggle in terms that "o not call for opposition , of classes for instance, is plain3 Is class struggle nothing but the same ol" song echoingG Has it outli0e" its gi0en time, its usefulnessG But that still "oesnMt entitle anyone to be so nai0e (full of counterfeit or rather intereste" nai0eteO) an" proclaim, urbi et orbi, that there is no struggle left , nothing but the euphoria of a classless society3 The struggle is lasting, the fight goes on, e0en if the Llast fightM (LIt is the last fight ? The International(e) ? Shall be the human race (all of human2in") CLCMest la lutte finale ? ;MInternationale ? Sera le genre humainDM) is also a struggle for the en" of fighting3 (Jnli2e the %arseillaise, the International(e) has no 1armongering an" nationalist strain but "eli0ers a 0ibrant call to abolish all "iscipline an" encourage "eserters3) /hoe0er proclaims that there shoul" be nothing but the International(e) as the 1hole of human2in" in the future seems to gi0e in to a "angerous or at least i"ealistic utopia> the en"s of the ne1 Alliance , "eep "o1n, are the "issociation of any (interest) group, inclu"ing the association of the International, by the same to2en (L;et us ban" togetherM> that is its motif, if I may repeat itB 1ith an us possible only if it is oppose" to them)3
might be cut off from its stubborn sprite 1ithout 1hich it coul" not e0en preten" to be true)G

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ANT&9GLO!AL&3AT&ON "O%E"ENTS ARE STRONGER THAN E%ER 0 THEY SOL%E !ECAUSE THEY ARE ORGAN&3ED AND !ROAD !ASED LA Ti-e. 1192492$2
Authorities on "e0elopment issues , inclu"ing some of globali4ation=s stal1art "efen"ers, say the mo0ement in this country has broa"ene", mature" an" become more influential in the .. months since Seattle3 AThe mo0ement is getting much more sophisticate", e0en the acti0ists in the streets,A sai" -ancy Bir"sall, a former /orl" Ban2 official 1ho hea"s the Center for #lobal e0elopment in /ashington3 A It=s gone from anti7globali4ation to alternati0e globali4ation to managing globali4ation 3A e0elopment eEperts cre"it acti0ist pressure at least in part for a range of "e0elopments, inclu"ing a "ecision by the /orl" Ban2 to gi0e poor countries a bigger 0oice in "e0eloping po0erty7re"uction plans an" agreement by the /orl"
Tra"e 'rgani4ation to gi0e top priority to the nee"s of poor countries in the roun" of 1orl"1i"e tra"e tal2s launche" last year3 #lobali4ation critics "enounce some of those initiati0es as ina"e)uate3 But if nothing else, they represent an ac2no1le"gment that 1ealthy nations an" their financial institutions cannot affor" to appear in"ifferent to global in&ustice3 AThey 1on the 0erbal an" policy battle,A sai" #ary Hufbauer, a pro7globali4ation economist at the Institute for International (conomics in /ashington3 AThey "i" shift policy3 Are they happy

(Eperts see e0i"ence of the mo0ement=s gro1ing influence in other arenas3 Se0eral high7profile economists, inclu"ing -obel Pri4e 1inner !oseph Stiglit4, ha0e en"orse" some of the specific criticisms an" ob&ecti0es of the mo0ement 3 Their criti)ue 1as reinforce" by gro1ing e0i"ence of the failure of A/ashington
that they shifte" it enoughG -o, they=re not e0er going to be totally happy, because they=re al1ays pushing3A consensusA formulas to foster gro1th in Africa, Asia an" ;atin America3 The issue of Thir" /orl" "ebt relief resonate" 1ith a much 1i"er au"ience 1hen Treasury Secretary Paul H3 '=-eill an" Irish roc2 star Bono &ointly toure" some of sub7Saharan Africa=s poorest countries3 %any "e0elopment eEperts point to !ubilee :@@@, the Thir" /orl" "ebt7relief group

!ubilee :@@@ ha" a tremen"ous impact in mobili4ing focus an" political support for the "ecisions that 1ere e0entually ma"e ,A sai" %ats Rarlsson, the /orl" Ban2=s 0ice presi"ent for eEternal affairs3 The result, he sai",
1hose 1or2 has been champione" by Bono, as the non7go0ernment organi4ation 1ith perhaps the most influence o0er public policyma2ing3 A Ais a 0ery ra"ical "ebt relief program that is no1 being implemente" country by country3A 'ther groups ha0e ha" an effect too3 'Efam, the ;on"on7base" relief organi4ation, ma"e 1a0es 1ith a report stating that more tra"e liberali4ation, if manage" properly, is the best prescription for re"ucing 1orl" po0erty3 The International ;abor 'rgani4ation has con0ene"

All of the ma&or organi4ations ha0e gro1n enormously more po1erful an" effecti0e 3 The only thing that=s shrun2 is the street protests,A sai" %ar2 /eisbrot, co7"irector of the liberal Center for (conomic an" Policy 5esearch in /ashington3 A The mo0ement hasn=t lost momentum at all3 It &ust shifte" to a "ifferent set of tactics3A 8or e0ery organi4ation in0ol0e" in 1hat some call the Amo0ement of mo0ements,A there ha0e also been smaller but symbolically important 0ictories 3 !ubilee JSA=s crusa"e has been &oine" by a remar2ably 1i"e range of
a high7profile 1or2ing group to assess the social implications of globali4ation3 A organi4ations, from conser0ati0e e0angelical churches to the San 8rancisco <6ers football team3 8or the /orl" Ban2 Bon" Boycott, 1hich hopes to generate the 2in" of financial pressure that helpe" en" aparthei", a big turning point 1as the %il1au2ee City Council=s +.7+ 0ote this spring to &oin the campaign3 A/e=0e seen a huge shift,A sai" boycott

;ea"ers say the mo0ement=s e0ol0ing profile reflects a "eliberate "ecision to tone "o1n the increasingly pro0ocati0e street mobili4ations stage" outsi"e meetings of the I%8, /orl" Ban2, /orl" Tra"e
coor"inator -eil /at2ins3 A/hen 1e starte" in :@@@, there=s no 1ay 1e coul" ha0e e0en tal2e" to the city of %il1au2ee3A 'rgani4ation an" other global institutions3 Although authorities sai" the 0ast ma&ority of participants 1ere peaceful, small groups of Blac2 Bloc anarchists an" other eEtremists 1ere gi0ing the protests a 0iolent e"ge3 In Seattle, their antics contribute" to S: million in property "amage an" I@@ arrests3 Then came Sept3 ++3 Public re0ulsion for terrorism an" heightene" concern about security create" e0en more ambi0alence 1ithin the mo0ement about the merits of street mobili4ations3 Anti7globali4ation groups ha" been planning a Seattle7si4e protest at the fall :@@+ meetings of the I%8 an" /orl" Ban2 in /ashington, but the sessions 1ere cancele" shortly after Sept3 ++3 /hen the institutions hel" their spring meetings here in April, only +,@@@ or so protesters rallie" outsi"e their hea")uarters3 AAfter 6?++, the J3S3 mo0ement ob0iously ree0aluate" its tactics an" its tone,A sai" ;ori /allach, 1ho has "irecte" Public Citi4en=s #lobal Tra"e /atch operation since +66@3 ABut e0en before 6?++, there 1as a strategy &u"gment that 1e nee"e" to "i0ersify the 1ays in 1hich 1e

the mo0ement=s current le0el of energy an" engagement far eEcee"s 1hat pre0aile" "uring the struggle o0er ratification of the -orth American 8ree Tra"e Agreement 3
organi4e" an" mobili4e"3A /allach sai"

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STATUS CUO "O%E"ENTS SOL%E GLO!AL&3AT&ON 0 ORGAN&3AT&ON &S CR&T&CAL W)'1e'. #)Be' G+)=,+ 2$1 (CantiD capitalisim> from resistance to re0olution,$ /or2ers Po1erMs
Action #ui"e To the Anti7Capitalist %o0ement, !une, locate" at> http>??11131or2erspo1er3com?1pglobal?anticap@3html) /e are present at a turning point in history 3 8rom Seattle to #enoa3 In less than t1o years the anti7globalisation mo0ement has tra0elle" a long an" spectacular &ourney 3 /ashington, %elbourne, Prague, Seoul, -ice, Tuebec, Barcelona N to name
only a fe1 cities N ha0e seen ma&or "emonstrations against corporate eEploitation an" en0ironmental "estruction as 1ell as against the hollo1ing out of "emocracy by the

the mo0ement has got bigger an" e0er more clearly targete" on the real enemy> the capitalist system3 Since Seattle, tens of thousan"s of police, innumerable roun"s of tear gas, batons, steel
go0ernments of #9 an" their pliant international agencies3 Along the 1ay, perimeter fences, 0icious police "ogs, eEclusion or"ers, seale" bor"ers, close" airports, bloc2a"e" roa"s, mi"night rai"s N all ha0e been "eploye" by the capitalist go0ernments to stop our 0oices being hear"3 But "espite all that3 Seattle, .@ -o0ember, 1as a "efining moment 1hen the mo0ement became conscious of its po1er3 But it "i" not come from no1here3 Kears of grassroots collecti0e action in the JSA culminate" in Seattle3 Stu"ents ha" been at the heart of it, campaigning against the unleashing of corporate "epra0ity that mar2e" politics in the Clinton years3 A ne1 generation of acti0ists on campuses across the JSA an" Cana"a became politicise" by the in0asion of the min"7snatchers as the big corporations ma"e their mo0e to ta2e o0er of e"ucation3 8ace" 1ith the hubris of money, stu"ent politics mo0e" on from the politics of i"entity an" introspection to anti7corporatism 7 to stem an" turn bac2 the agents of -i2e, Coca7Cola an" %c onal"s "resse" up as e"ucationalists3 Hea0y7han"e" attempts at censorship or blac2mail in the face of criticism of the big bran" names only ra"icalise" them more3 They in0estigate" the operations of the big corporations a1ay from their campuses an" foun" that the money use" to bribe their a"ministrators 1as suc2e" out of s1eatshop labour in the Philippines, In"onesia, *ietnam an" China N the one7"ollar7a7"ay impo0erishe" billions of the Thir" /orl"3 Seattle put it all together3 As %anning %arable sai"> AThe "emonstrations in Seattle sho1e" that gro1ing numbers of Americans are recognising that all of these issues N Thir" /orl" s1eatshops, the "estruction of unions, "eteriorating li0ing stan"ar"s, the "ismantling of social programs insi"e the JS N are actually interconnecte"3A But the campus campaigns in the JSA 1ere only one stran" of the emerging anti7globalisation mo0ement3 The Uapatista uprising on -e1 KearsM ay +66I in the Chiapas region of %eEico 1as a rebellion against lan" hunger an" 0iolent autocracy an" for in"igenous rights an" the en" of the countryMs ensla0ement to JS companies, eEploitation

the mo0ement is gro1ing

Tens of thousan"s of ne1 an" ol" acti0ists rallie" to their call to support them an" to open up many fronts of struggle against imperialism 3 A Uapatista internationalism 1as born in the ;acon"a rainforests an" )uic2ly forme" cross7
an" foreign "ebt3 currents 1ith the -orth American an" then (uropean anti7capitalists3 Another stran" that emerge" in the +66@s 1as the ra"icalisation of some -#'s3 In Britain, +66F an" 69 sa1 !ubilee :@@@ mobilise F@,@@@ an" I@,@@@ respecti0ely to "eman" the #F cancel the "ebts of the Thir" /orl"3 In the South, many of the smaller, more in"epen"ent,+ -#'s 1ho 1ere closer to the suffering cause" by go0ernment an" business ali2e signe" up to the anti7globalisation mo0ement3 Para"oEically, the Apri0atisationA of healthcare an" famine relief remo0e" the shac2les of apolitical humanitarianism an" allo1e" a generation of -#' 1or2ers to become o0ertly ra"ical3 But by far the biggest component of the emerging 1orl" anti7 globalisation mo0ement has been the millions of 1or2ers 1ho ha0e ta2en to the streets an" gone on stri2e to resist the many attac2s on them 1hich originate" in I%8 Astructural a"&ustment programmesA "uring the +69@s an" +66@s3 The I%8 has engineere" cuts in health an" e"ucation programmes, let rip state controlle" prices for foo"stuffs an" fuel an"

tens of millions ha0e fought bac2 time an" again in South Asia, /est Africa an" ;atin America3 Sometimes they ha0e 1on concessions3 But often they ha0e been betraye" by reformist an" nationalist lea"ers3 All too often they ha0e not recei0e" acti0e soli"arity from tra"e unionists an" leftists in the -orth3 Ket, until the mi"7+66@s, 1e 1ere in an era of rearguar" actions against the s1eeping ti"e of globalisation an" neo7liberalism3 JS
"o1nsi4e" the public sector 1or2force3 But imperialism s1ept all before it in the 1a2e of its 0ictory in the Col" /ar3 As /al"en Bello note", this era pea2e" 1ith the foun"ing of the /orl" Tra"e 'rgani4ation in +66<76I, the

the era of globali4ation3$ But it spa1ne" a mo0ement against itself an" this connecte" 1ith other mo0ements3 Success in stalling the %ultilateral Agreement on In0estment (%AI) ga0e it confi"ence3 Then came the Asian financial crisis of +66F7+669, 1hich
apogee of capitalism in Bello has calle" the Stalingra" of the I%8$ 1hen it became clear that the I%8 itself, 1ith its prescription for capital account liberali4ation, helpe" create the crisis, an" 1ith its cure of tight money an" tight bu"gets, con0erte" a financial crisis into economic collapse in Thailan", In"onesia, an" Rorea3$ Across the /T', I%8 an" finally the /orl" Ban2 a complete crisis of legitimacy set in "uring the closing years of the :@th century3 Their "efensi0eness an" confusion only embol"ene" the mo0ement against them, lea"ing to the turning point

The broa"ening of the anti7globalisation mo0ement has been accompanie" since then by its i"eological "eepening, in particular a gro1ing sense of practical internationalism an" conscious anti7capitalism3 The phenomenon of summit7hopping$ is one eEpression of this, as is the proliferation of counter7conferences an" teach7ins 1ith representati0es from all o0er the 1orl"3 The massi0e anti7 a0os summit in Porto Alegre, Bra4il, in !anuary :@@+, gathere" toghether all 1ings of the anti7globalisation mo0ement3 The mo0ement of one no an" many yeses$ intensifie" the "ebate aroun" alternati0e 0isions an" programmes for a 1orl" free from eEploitation an" oppression an" 1hat alliances an" tactics are necessary to get there3 That is 1elcome3 But the course of the mo0ement itself has pose" the )uestion of 1hich 1ay for1ar"G$ far more "irectly than any forum coul"3 The bu44 of success is
that 1as Seattle3 gi0ing 1ay to a sharp "ebate o0er goals, strategy an" tactics3 After the #othenburg 0iolence 1e are hearing lou" pleas for mo"eration an" compromise from a self7appointe" layer of go7bet1eens in the mo0ement3 All they e0er 1ante" 1as a place at the negotiating table 7 an" their support for protests that put them there has to be un"erstoo" in the light of that3 Susan #eorge, an early icon of the mo0ement 1ho praise" it last year for A"oing more in one year than all her boo2s ha0e "o1n in the last :I yearsA 1as )uic2 to con"emn plainly an" clearly$ the protestorsM action on the streets of #othenburg because 0iolence is in0ariably the game of our a"0ersary3e0en in the case of pro0ocation, e0en 1hen the police is responsible for ha0ing opene" hostilities$ (0en those that proclaim to be re0olutionary buc2le un"er the pressure of bourgeois "enuciation of street 0iolence3 The Socialist Party in S1e"en N a so7calle" Trots2yist group 7 "enounce" those responsible for attac2ing police an" property for scarCingD the life out of the population in #othenburg$3 They criticise se0eral so calle" left organisations that still refuse to resolutely "istance themsel0es from a "irection 1hich is totally stillborn 3 3 Instea" of total repu"iation an" contempt these organisations try to fish in the s1amps of political street 0iolence,$ sai" the S1e"ish section of the 8ourth international3 The S1e"ish SP counterposes 1or2 in mass mo0ements$ to street 0iolence3 The fact is, effecti0e mass protest has al1ays been met 1ith police 0iolence3 The fact is that those 1ho "enounce 0iolence "o not share our goal or that of hun"re"s of thousan"s of youth to"ay> to smash the apparatus of capitalist repression that 2eeps our mo0ement "o1n an" guarantees the continue" rule of the big corporations3 Christophe Aguiton, lea"er of ATTAC, anEious also to "istance himself from the 0iolence at #othenburg, claims that the coalition of peaceful forces insi"e the anti7globalisation mo0ement has meant that the )uestion is no more, as in the +6F@s, in the great ma&ority of cases, to con)uer the Po1er 0ia re0olutionary organisations, but to fin" other 1ays for ra"ical protest3$ /e "ra1 the opposite conclusion3 The ferocity of the state sho1n in #othenburg an" Barcelona in !une :@@+, the remo0al or restriction of our "emocratic rights un"er 1ay as 1e

this mo0ement nee"s to raise its game3 If 1e "onMt, 1e ris2 falling bac2 to the isolate" an" fragmente" protests o0er "ebt, pollution etc that characterise" the +69@s an" early +66@s3 In"ee", that is 1here some of the -* A acti0ists
prepare for #enoa, sho1 that are hea"e" N as if frightene" by the po1er of the mass mo0ement they helpe" create that is sha2ing capitalism to its foun"ations3 To"ay, this minute, 1e ha0e the best chance since the +6F@s to buil" re0olutionary organisations that ha0e a mass base among young people an" organise" 1or2ers3 To"ay the spectreA of anti7capitalism stal2s the 1orl"Ms rulers literally N it is &ust yar"s a1ay from their pampere" international gatherings3 So it is time the mo0ement outline" its goals clearly3 Anti7capitalism means eEpropriation of all the %-Cs, ban2s, an" the other large companies an" lan"o1ners too, so that economic po1er is put in the han"s of the 1or2ers an" peasants 1ithout 1hich rational economic planning 1ill pro0e impossible3 It means fighting for the o0erthro1 of the bosses an" bureaucrats in #F an" #FF countries ali2e3 It means 1or2ers an" peasants ta2ing po1er into their o1n han"s by means of general stri2es an" arme" militias3 It means 1or2ing class people running their o1n li0es 7 through the forums of electe" an" recallable "elegates in councils3 ;etMs grasp the opportunity to buil" a re0olutionary international mo0ement3 #lobalisation has soun"e" an alarm call to the youth an" acti0ists at the base of the 1orl"Ms 1or2ers= mo0ement3 The "ramatic surge in the concentration an" centralisation of capital, the si4e an" 0elocity of capital mo0ements, the po1er of the #9 "ominate" A1orl" economic institutionsA, the "o1nsi4ing or pri0atisation of social 1elfare N all threaten 1or2ers an" small farmers an" a substantial proportion of the lo1er mi""le classes3 But enormous ne1 opportunities also lie ahea"3 The greater unification of the 1orl" economy N the higher le0els of e"ucation an" literacy calle" for by the intro"uction of ne1 information an" communications technology N means that 1or2ers can sprea" the struggles an" the lessons of struggles at the spee" of thought$, to use Bill #atesM phrase3 'ne no an" many yes7es$ 1ill not "estroy capitalism3

A re0olutionary fight that lin2s the anti7capitalist mo0ement 1ith the multi7millione" organise" 1or2ing class 1ill "estroy capitalism 3 This pamphlet is an action gui"e for buil"ing that mo0ement3

#');i.i)<,+ T'?th T?'<: 2AC (1/2)

TURN: #RO%&S&ONAL TRUTHS 0 L&TTLE A: THE&R ALTERNAT&%E REL&ES ON THE CREAT&ON AND ACCE#TANCE O/ #RO%&S&ONAL TRUTHS A''i() * Wi++i,-., Their Authors from the Califonria School of Professional Psychology, 2$ (Bruce &
Christopher, The (Im)Possibility of emocratic !ustice an" the #ift$ of the %a&ority 'n erri"a, econstruction, an" the Search for ()uality,$ !ournal of Contemporary Criminal !ustice, *olume +,, -umber ., August)

This &ustice that is to come, this e)uality as an aporetic "estination, resi"es in "iscourse3 The pro"uction of pro0isional truths an" 2no1le"ge re)uires that the 0oice(s) of alterity emerge to construct ne1 0isions of relational an" positional e)uality an" &ustice3 Thus, the un"eci"ability of interaction Vthe inclusion of minority "iscourse 1ith ma&oritarian "iscourse as "ifferanceV represents a ra"ically "emocratic in7roa" pro"ucing multilingual, multicultural, an" multiracial effects for e)uality 3 This is 1hat Caputo (+66F) refers to as a highly miscegenate" polymorphism$ (p3 +@F)3 8or erri"a (+66+, +66F), a ra"ical "emocracy is constitute" by prepare"ness for the incoming of the other3 erri"a (+66F) a"0ocates highly heterogenous, porous, self"ifferentiating )uasi7i"entities, Can"D unstable i"entities 3 3 3 that 3 3 3 "o not close o0er an" form a seamless 1eb of the selfsame$ (p3 +@F)3 In short, a receptacle for "ifference that recei0es the pro0isional truths, positional 2no1le"ge, an" supplemental processes of meaning ma2ing is necessary in the struggle for (im)possible e)uality3

#');i.i)<,+ T'?th T?'<: 2AC (2/2)

L&TTLE !: O#EN&NG S#ACE /OR THESE TY#ES O/ #RO%&S&ONAL TRUTHS O#ENS THE DOOR /OR HOLOCAUST DEN&AL She''2, (arl 53 ;arson Ci0il ;iberties & Ci0il 5ights ;a1 Professor at the Jni0ersity of %innesota, 7D
(Su4anna, TH( S;((P '8 5(AS'-,$ #eorgeto1n ;a1 !ournal, 8ebruary, 9< #eo3 ;3!3 <I.)

The conse)uences of accepting

epistemological

pluralism go much "eeper

than ma2ing some

epistemological pluralists loo2 inconsistent or un"ermining attac2s on the status )uo, an" are much more troubling than simply failing to fulfill the eEpectations of its proponents3

If

1e cannot confi"ently assert that the earth is roun" or that e0olution occurre", because those 1ith a "ifferent epistemology present a counterargument that is 0ali" in their 1orl" e0en if not in ours, then the same must be true of other scientific or historical statements3 It is only the tools of the (nlightenment tra"ition that allo1 us to refute such unsupporte" claims as that 0irtually all of 1hat 1e no1 consi"er the accomplishments of /estern ci0ili4ation 1as stolen from blac2 Africans, n+,@ or that the tragic bombing of the '2lahoma City fe"eral buil"ing 1as the 1or2 of agents of the Jnite" States go0ernment3 It is only the acceptance of reason an" empiricism as the epistemological stan"ar" that allo1s us to re&ect such pseu"oscientific theories, currently fashionable in some )uarters, as that melanin is Aone of the strongest electromagnetic fiel" forces in the uni0erseA 1ith the po1er to ma2e its possessors intellectually superior, n+,+ or that !e1ish "octors are in&ecting blac2 babies 1ith the AI S 0irus3 n+,: -or is it a "efense that the mo"ern alternati0e epistemologies a"0ocate" by ra"ical an" religious scholars "o not al1ays lea" to such absur"ity3 n+,. The point is that antirational epistemologies , unli2e the principles of the (nlightenment, offer no 1eapons against a 0ariety of intellectual an" political atrocities 3 As %ar0in 8ran2el
points out, Afor most of !u"aism=s IF@@7plus years, 3 3 3 the great /estern religions neither cause" "emocracy to happen nor eEhibite" "iscomfort about its absence3A n+,< CW<9.D (0en to"ay, the religious epistemologies that man"ate "iscrimination against gays an" lesbians are in"istinguishable from those in the not too "istant past that man"ate"

there is a more horrific eEample of the beliefs that become acceptable 1hen reason an" empiricism are "emote" as socially constructe" epistemologies 3 eborah ;ipsta"t notes that postmo"ern "octrines ha0e allo1e" Holocaust "enial theories to flourish an" to be treate" as Athe other si"e ,A another Apoint of 0ie1,A or a A"ifferent perspecti0e A> n+,, CThe postmo"ern "octrines of 8ish an" 5ortyD fostere" an atmosphere in 1hich it became har"er to say that an i"ea 1as beyon" the pale of rational thought3 At its most ra"ical it conten"e" that there 1as no be"roc2 thing such as eEperience3 3 3 3 Because "econstructionism argue" that eEperience 1as relati0e an" nothing 1as fiEe", it create" an atmosphere of permissi0eness to1ar" )uestioning the meaning of historical e0ents an" ma"e it har" for its proponents to assert that there 1as anything Aoff limitsA for this s2eptical approach3 n+,F Thus, those 1ho "eny that the Holocaust occurre" are, in an epistemologically plural 1orl", as entitle" to "eman" public recognition of their beliefs as are the creationists, the Afrocentrists, an" all the others 1ho re&ect the epistemology of the (nlightenment3 They can "eman" 77 an" many "efen"ers
"iscrimination against blac2s3 n+,I An" if the melanin or AI S myths are not sufficiently silly or frightening, of epistemological pluralism, if not current case la1, 1oul" support such "eman"s from other groups 77 that teEtboo2s shoul" reflect the eEistence an" potential soun"ness of "enial theoriesB that if the public schools teach the Holocaust as a historical e0ent, they must also teach that it may not ha0e happene"B that if parents ob&ect to their chil"ren being taught 1hat they consi"er a historical fabrication, the CW<9<D chil"ren shoul" be eEcuse" from history classB that if a state uni0ersity fun"s stu"ent speech on historical topics generally it

;ipsta"t sees Holocaust "enial as Aa threat to all those 1ho belie0e in the ultimate po1er of reason ,A n+,9 but the con0erse is also true> the "enial of the ultimate po1er of reason is a threat to those 1ho 1oul" 2eep the memory of the Holocaust ali0e 3
must also fun" a group "e"icate" to "enying the Holocaust3

#');i.i)<,+ T'?th: 1AR

THE ALTERNAT&%E CREATES UNDEC&DA!&L&TY8 CONT&NGENT UN&%ERSAL&T&ES8 AND #RO%&S&ONAL TRUTHS A''i() * Wi++i,-., Their Authors from the Califonria School of Professional Psychology, 2$ (Bruce &
Christopher, The (Im)Possibility of emocratic !ustice an" the #ift$ of the %a&ority 'n erri"a, econstruction, an" the Search for ()uality,$ !ournal of Contemporary Criminal !ustice, *olume +,, -umber ., August)

This article conceptually eEplores the problem of "emocratic &ustice in the form of legislate" e)ual rights for minority citi4en groups3 8ollo1ing erri"aMs criti)ue of /estern logic an" thought, at issue is the (im)possibility of &ustice for un"er7 an" nonrepresente" constituencies3 erri"aMs socioethical treatment of &ustice , la1, hospitality, an" community suggests that the ma&ority besto1s a gift (ostensible sociopolitical empo1erment)B ho1e0er, the ruse of this gift is that the gi0er affirms an economy of narcissism an" reifies the hegemony an" po1er of the ma&ority3 This article conclu"es by speculating on the possibility of &ustice an" e)uality informe" by an affirmati0e postmo"ern frame1or23 A cultural politics of "ifference, contingent uni0ersalities, un"eci"ability, "ialogical pe"agogy, bor"er crossings, an" constituti0e thought 1oul" un"erscore this transformati0e an" "econstructi0e agen"a 3