Viscometer Technical Appendix

Group: Alessa Peterson, Kimberly Croteau, Julian Montoya-Zapata, Mike Hunter Section: W2-805

Date: September 27, 2013

Table of Contents Intro and Theory Objective Table of Responsibilities Variables and Units

Lab Apparatus Measurement Devices Apparatus Diagram

Safety and Operating Procedure Start Up/ Shut Down Safety Concerns Experimental Procedure

Experimental Data Raw Data Tables Assumptions

Analysis Methods and Calculated Results Sources of Error Quantitative Results

Introduction and Theory: Objective: The objective of this experiment was to use the viscometer to calculate the viscosity of fluids of varying densities, at different speeds of the viscometer and see how the fluids react. Different fluids have different relationships between the amount they resist and the force applied to them. Newtonian fluids have a linear relationship between resistance and stress. The viscosity is always fixed. Shear thickening fluids resist more as stress is applied to them, making it more viscous. Shear thinning fluids have the opposite effect, as more stress is applied to them they resist less and become less viscous. Bingham plastics behave as a solid until the shear stress exceeds a certain point and then the fluid behaves as a Newtonian fluid2. Table of Responsibilities: Table 1: Table of Responsibilities
Responsibilites Julian Montoya-Zapata Alessa Peterson Kimberly Croteau Michael Hunter Tables and Figures x x x x Lab Objectives & Theory x x Lab Apparatus x x Safety and Procedures x x x x Experimental Data x x x x Experimental Data Collection x x x x Analysis x x Results x x Initials:

Variables and Units: o = density (g/mL) o m= mass (g) o V= volume (mL) Speed=rpm o f = Its unit of measurement is dynes per square centimeter (dynes/cm2). o s = Its unit of measure is called the reciprocal second (sec-1)

Lab Apparatus: Measurement Devices: Brookfield DV-II+ Pro Scale Beaker Graduated Cylinder

Apparatus Diagram1:

Figure 1: Controls of Viscometer1

Figure 2: Brookfield Viscometer1

Figure 3: Spindle set numbered based on numbers assigned by Brookfield1

Safety and Operating Procedure: Procedure: 1. For taking the viscosity reading, the liquid of interest is poured into a beaker, then, the
spindle is introduced into the fluid, in a tilted way. In this way, pockets of air will not be present under the spindle that would interfere with the accuracy of the measurements.

2. On the bottom of the instrument, a spindle is attached to the viscometer by gently lifting the
suspension system in the coupling part with one hand and screwing with the other (figure 2).

3. The viscometer is adjusted to the desired high my moving up and down, using the gearing
behind the instrument until the fluid is leveled with the spindle immersion mark.

4. The viscometer is turned on by pressing the first bottom on the top left (Figure 1). 5. To set the speed, we pressed the upper of lower arrow controls to the desired speed, then we
pressed the set speed bottom (figure 1) .

6. To select the specific spindle used, press the select spindle bottom. Then, use the arrows to
select the desired spindle. Finally, press the select spindle bottom again1 (figure 1).

Safety: Standard lab safety precautions used o Goggles worn o Feet and legs covered Materials with no risk associated included: Karo Light Corn Syrup and Karo Corn Syrup Lite6. Anti-Freeze requires cautious handling o May cause damage if in contact with eyes o Irritant if coming in contact with skin o Harmful when ingested o MSDS available5 Glycerin has low risk of skin irritation o MSDS available3 Data Sources and Gathering Methods: Viscosity readings, and speed of spindle obtained from Brookfield DV-II+pro1 Density obtained through calculations of volume (gradulated cylinder) and weight (scale)

Experimental Data: Table 1: Viscosity Readings of Karo Corn Syrup

Trial # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Spindle used 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 Speed (rpm) 20 10 50 100 10 20 50 100 10 20 50 100 10 20 50 100 % Torque 4.1 2.3 9.6 19.3 7.5 14.6 36.6 73 3.5 8 21.6 39.5 16.5 16.5 42.4 84.4 Viscosity (cP) 8200 9200 7680 7720 30000 29200 29200 32080.5 14000 16000 17360 16080 8250 8350 8480 8450

Table 2: Viscosity Readings of Anti-Freeze

Trial # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Spindle used Speed (rpm) % Torque Viscosity (cP) 2 10 0.2 8 2 20 0.4 10 2 50 2.3 17.6 2 100 6.1 24 3 10 0 0 3 20 0 0 3 50 4.8 0.6 3 100 6.8 1.7

Table 3: Viscosity Readings of Glycerin

Trial # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Spindle used 5 5 5 5 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

Speed (rpm) 10 20 50 100 10 20 50 100 10 20 50 100

% Torque 0.8 2.5 6.2 12.7 5.1 10.1 25.2 51.1 2.1 4.6 12.1 24.8

Viscosity (cP) 320 500 496 508 510 505 504 511 420 460 496 500

Table 4: Viscosity Readings of Karo Lite Corn Syrup

Trial # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Spindle used 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6

Speed (rpm) 10 20 50 100 10 20 50 100 10 20 50 100 10 20 50 100

% Torque 1.8 2.3 5.4 9.4 3.2 6.5 13.4 22.9 0.3 0.8 1.5 3.6 1 2.7 6.1 10.5

Viscosity (cP) 1800 1150 1060 940 1280 1320 1072 916 1600 1600 1200 1440 1000 1350 1220 1050

Table 5: Other Fluid Measurements

Liquid Karo light corn syrup Karo light corn syrup Karo lite corn syrup Karo lite corn syrup Water Water Antifreeze Antifreeze Glycerine Glycerine Empty Beaker Mass (g) 25.05 25.05 41.82 41.82 41.7 41.7 25.17 25.17 41.71 41.71 Volume Liquid (mL) 20 34 40 68 40 87 27.5 39 35 52 Mass of Beaker+Liquid (g) 51.79 71.71 93.18 127.92 81.9 128.83 54.01 66.44 85.07 106.99

Assumptions: Room Temperature = 20 o C (293 K) Density of water at Room Temperature = 998 Kg/m3 Assumed machine was correctly calibrated Assumed all fluids tested are incompressible

Analysis Methods and Calculated Results: Sources of Error: Human Error Could have created bubbles under the spindle Misuse of Equipment/Device not calibrated

Prolonged stirring caused incorrect data, thicker fluids would build up around spindle Not selecting correct spindle Using the viscometer incorrectly, never having used the machine before

Quantitative Results: Table 6: Calculated Density

Liquid Karo light corn syrup Karo light corn syrup Karo lite corn syrup Karo lite corn syrup Water Water Antifreeze Antifreeze Glycerine Glycerine

Calculated Density (g/mL) 1.337 1.372 1.284 1.266 1.005 1.001 1.049 1.058 1.239 1.255

Karo Light Corn Syrup

35000 30000 25000 Viscosity (cP) 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 0 20 40 60 Speed(rpm) 80 100 120 Spindle 7 Spindle 6

Figure 4: Spindle Speed to Viscosity Reading of Karo Light Corn Syrup

Karo lite syrup (33% fewer calories)

2000 1800 1600 1400 Viscosity (cP) 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 20 40 60 Speed (rpm) 80 100 120 Spindle 5 Spindle 6 Spindle 7

Figure 5: Spindle Speed to Viscosity Reading of Karo Lite Corn Syrup

Anti-Freeze
25 20 Viscosity (cP) 15 10 5 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 Speed (rpm) Spindle 2 Spindle 3

Figure 6: Spindle Speed to Viscosity Reading of Anti Freeze

Glycerine
550 500 Viscosity (cP) 450 spindle 3 400 350 300 0 20 40 60 80 100 Speed (rpm) spindle 4 spindle 5

Figure 7: : Spindle Speed to Viscosity Reading of Glycerin

Sources: 1. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories Inc. (n.d.). BROOKFIELD DV-II+ Pro PROGRAMMABLE
VISCOMETER. Retrieved from Broofield Engineering: http://www.brookfieldengineering.com/download/files/DV2Pro_Manual.pdf 2. Cengel, ,. Y., & Cimbala, J. M. (2014). Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications. New York: McGraw-Hill. 3. Fisher Scientific. (n.d.). Material Safety Data Sheet Glycerin. Retrieved from http://personal.stevens.edu/~ebrennan/files/glycerin-msds.pdf 4. BP (n.d.). Material Safety Data Sheet. Retrieved from 5. http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/ftp/TCH/external/!publish/EMS2/Supplements/TCHMSDS/Antifreeze_MSDS.pdf 6. "Material Safety Data Sheet (Karo Light Corn Syrup)." Achfood.com. ACH Food Companies, 3 Feb. 2010. 7. Web. 25 Sept. 2013. <http://msds.hesco-fl.com/01HESCO/Part/12248-05-15-2013.pdf>.