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Lecture 1: Introduction
Deformation: change in shape and/or volume in a rock mass. Strain is synonymous with deformation.
Fundamental Structures
Contacts: boundaries that separate one rock body from another. Primary Structures: structures that are produced during formation of rock body.
Depositional contact Unconformable contact Cross bedding Vesicles in basalt
Faults
Fault: a fracture displaying significant apparent offset of structures Cataclasite: fragmented rock produced by the grinding action of a fault at low pressure (low depth) activity Mylonite: recrystallized rock generated by deep (high pressure) fault motion Ductile Shear Zones: fault zone rocks that contain mylonites that deform in a ductile manner
Faults cont.
Measurable offsets are present along faulted contacts
Folds
Folds: formed when beds or fabric are deformed into curved or bent geometries on virtually any scale. Fold Mechanisms:
Compression due to tectonic forces Drag folding in fault zones Syn-depositional slumping Intrusion of magma or other viscous materials Mass wasting
Folds cont.
Folds are documented by measurement of hinge and axial trace attitude, wavelength distance
Hinge line (trend & plunge)
Interlimb angle
Tectonite Fabric
Tectonite Fabric: a cleavage, foliation and/or lineation that is pervasive in a rock mass. Tectonite fabrics are produced by the directed stress set up by plate tectonics, and are usually found in regional metamorphic rocks
Cleavage
Slaty cleavage axial planar to fold
Axial Plane
Slaty Cleavage
Foliation
Foliation: preferred alignment of mineral grains
Foliation
Stretch-Pebble Metaconglomerate
Alignment of stretched pebbles in metaconglomerate
Dynamic (Force) Analysis: role of forces driving deformation Tectonic Analysis: developing tectonic models for the evolution of the Earth over time
Non-Rigid Body
Dilation (Volume) Distortion (Shape)
Scale