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Fuel Preparation
Fuel properties for kiln firing have to fulfill certain requirements in order to:
Produce similar combustion characteristics with different fuel qualities . Avoid incomplete combustion, e.g. CO at kiln inlet or local reducing conditions due to secondary combustion of oversized particles in the clinker bed .
Firing Systems
Coal versus oil versus gas firing
Provided complete combustion there is theoretically no significant difference between oil and coal firing, whereas with natural gas firing a slightly higher energy consumption (approx.+5 %) is attributed to the higher stoichiometric exhaust gas quantity.
Burners
Oil nozzles
1 tangential oil flow
4 swirl chamber
5 orifice plate
Pillard atomizer
Burners
Oil nozzles
1 tangential oil flow
4 swirl chamber
5 orifice plate
Unitherm atomizer
Gas burners
8
12 11
13
Gas burners
FLAME ADJUSTMENT.
Combustion air
FLAME ADJUSTMENT.
For low energy consumption
Primary air
:low
FLAME ADJUSTMENT.
For low energy consumption
FLAME ADJUSTMENT.
For low energy consumption
Excess air :
low
Flame Shape
Flame Shape
Parameters that influence the flame shape and length as well: Type of fuel (fuel oil: medium, gas: long) Fuel characteristic (coal fineness, volatiles, ash, moisture, fuel oil viscosity) Fuel oil atomizing pressure Gas pressure and velocity Burner nozzle geometry Secondary air temperature Angle of burner with kiln axis Dust circulation in burning zone Thickness of coating/pressure of ring Material bed temperature
In most cases combustion in gas/air mixture instead of pure air Combustion in very dusty atmosphere
higher gas temperature at bottom cyclone outlet than at precalciner outlet moderate drop of gas temperature over the two lowermost cyclone stages
Combustion indicators