CDM Complete

Connection
Design Manual
For LiteSteel

beam
Corrosion
Protection
Brilliance.
LiteSteel Technologies ACN 113 101 054. PO Box 246 Sunnybank, Queensland 4109 Australia Telephone +61 1300 789 572 Facsimile +61 1300 789 368 E-mail lsb@litesteelbeam.com.au Internet www.litesteelbeam.com.au
See page (ii) for the appropriate use of this publication.
Connection Design Manual for LiteSteel
beam NOVEMBER 2007

beam
General Information
Section Page
Foreword (iii)
Acknowledgements (iv)
Preface (iv)
Engineer Certification (v)
Contents
Section Page
Part 1 Introduction 1-1
Part 2 Materials 2-1
Part 3 Fastening 3-1
Part 4 Flexible Connections 4-1
Part 5 Rigid Connections 5-1
Part 6 Base Plates 6-1
Part 7 Purlin Cleats 7-1
Part 8 Miscellaneous Connection Details 8-1
(i)
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
Flexible Connections
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

LiteSteel Technologies
A.C.N. 113 101 054
CONNECTION DESIGN MANUAL FOR LiteSteel
beam
Published by:
LITESTEEL TECHNOLOGIES
Enquiries should be addressed to the publisher:
Postal address: P.O. Box 246, Sunnybank, Queensland 4109, Australia
E-mail address: lsb@litesteelbeam.com.au
Internet: www.litesteelbeam.com.au
2005 LiteSteel Technologies Pty Ltd
First issue April 2005 (Amended November 2007)
Production & Artwork by Fugu Design
Printing by Colourscan Creative Print
Disclaimer Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation of this information, LiteSteel Technologies,
and its agents accept no liability for the accuracy of the information supplied. To the fullest extent permitted by law,
the company expressly disclaims all and any liability to any person whether a purchaser of any product, or otherwise
in respect of anything done or omitted to be done and the consequences of anything done or omitted to be done,
by any such person in reliance, whether in whole or in part upon the whole or any part of this publication.
Warning - This publication should not be used without the services of a competent professional with suitable
knowledge in the relevant field, and under no circumstances should this publication be relied upon to replace any
or all of the knowledge and expertise of such a person.
LiteSteel beam and LSB are registered trademarks, AZ+ and DuoSteel are trademarks of LiteSteel Products Pty
Ltd ACN 109 854 677 and are used under licence in Australia by LiteSteel Technologies Pty Ltd ACN 113 101 054.
LiteSteel Technologies is a OneSteel Group Company.
beam
Relevance of information contained in this Publication
Material Standards and product qualities:
USERS OF THIS PUBLICATION SHOULD NOTE THAT THE SPANS, DESIGN CAPACITIES, CALCULATIONS,
TABULATIONS AND OTHER INFORMATION PRESENT IN THIS PUBLICATION ARE SPECIFICALLY
RELEVANT TO LITESTEEL BEAM SECTIONS SUPPLIED BY LITESTEEL TECHNOLOGIES.
Consequently, the information contained in this publication cannot be readily used for fabricated
sections as those sections may vary significantly in grade, thickness, size, material Standard compliance
(including chemical composition, mechanical properties, tolerances) and quality when compared
to LiteSteel beam sections supplied from Litesteel Technologies (LST).
Structural steelwork / engineering Standards:
The maximum design loads and design capacities listed in this publication are based on the
limit states design method of AS/NZS 4600 and the factored limit states design loads and combinations
considered within AS/NZS 1170. Hence, much of the information contained herein will only
be of use to persons familiar with the limit states design method and the use of:

AS/NZS 4600: 1996 Cold-formed steel structures

AS/NZS 1170: Structural design actions

AS 4100: 1998 Steel structures
Always ensure that you are using current information on the LST product range.
This can be verified by comparing the document version date (noted at the bottom of the page)
with the current version date of each publication. The current version date of all LST publications
can be obtained by referring to www.litesteelbeam.com.au or by contacting LST.
(ii)
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Foreword
LiteSteel Technologies proudly releases its innovative new product: LSB
(LiteSteel
beam).
This significant advancement in patented steel technology is made possible through the
pioneering application of the new simultaneous Dual Electric Resistance Welding (DERW) process.
This process delivers a unique dimensional shape which provides maximum structural
performance in bearing, bending moment, and deflection from the amount of steel employed.
The added benefits in weight, strength, and on site flexibility give the structural engineer new
levels of versatility when specifying structural beams.
All LSB products feature DuoSteel (380/450 grade) material giving strength where it is
needed. LiteSteel beam AZ+ sections are supplied with an Aluminium-Zinc alloy protective
coating. AZ+ provides significantly higher protection against the formation of red rust
compared to plain galvanised coatings of the same coating mass.
LSB structural beams have applications in both residential and commercial and industrial
construction. On average, the LSB is 40% lighter than a universal beam with equivalent bending
strength. This makes handling LSB easy: in most cases, beams can be manually lifted into
position without the need of a crane or other mechanical lifting device. This places LSB into the
same weight category as manufactured structural lumber. The in-use characteristics of LSB take
steel to a new level. Builders can use their existing power tools to cut, screw or nail LSB or join it
with an alternate building material such as timber or fibre cement flooring. New product specific
screws and brackets support the easy use of LSB in beam and joist applications.
This Connections Manual provides a range of connection details with design models and connection
capacities for common connections in typical structural steel construction. Further connection
details and capacities are given in the companion publications Residential Construction Manual
for LiteSteel
beam and Industrial & Commercial Floors using LiteSteel
beam. They should

enable architects and engineers to easily determine connection requirements for LSB across a
range of various structural applications.
(iii)
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Acknowledgements Preface
LiteSteelTechnologies wish to acknowledge with grateful thanks the contributions of
Mr. R.S. (Dick) Hemphill, Mr. Ross Dempsey, Mr. Lenard Yet and Mr. Russell Watkins in the
development and compilation of this Connections Design Manual. Their advice, together
with technical and editorial content has been significant.
In addition, particular thanks is extended to all those who gave constructive comment and
support in the preparation of this document.
The LiteSteel beam (LSB) is the result of extensive research and development by LiteSteel
Technologies in response to demand for a high performance beam with superior connectivity
in general domestic and commercial structural applications.
This Connections Manual has been produced to support engineers and draftsmen with the
design, detailing and specification of LSB in various applications.
Companion publications which are also available are the Design Capacity Tables for LiteSteel

beam, Residential Construction Manual for LiteSteel
beam, and Industrial & Commercial

Floors using LiteSteel
beam.
(iv)
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Engineer Certification
(v)
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Along with its revolutionary on-site flexibility, LiteSteel beam now gives you the added peace
of mind of a brilliant corrosion protection coating. AZ+ is an aluminium and zinc alloy that
provides a level of atmospheric corrosion protection that is superior to ordinary zinc coatings
of the same mass. AZ+ takes corrosion protection against the formation of red rust to new
levels, a significant advantage when youre building in Australias harsh climatic environments.
LiteSteel beam.
With the corrosion protection
brilliance of AZ+.
(vi)
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 1
INTRODUCTION
Section Page
1.1 General 1-2
1.2 Scope 1-2
1.3 Design Methods 1-2
1.4 Limit States Design 1-2
1.5 Units 1-2
1.6 Table Format and Usage 1-3
1.7 References 1-3
1.7.1 Referenced Standards 1-3
1.7.2 Other References 1-3
1-1
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
The LiteSteel beam (LSB) is a cold-formed high strength steel beam manufactured from a single
steel strip on a custom designed and built Dual Electric Resistance Welding (DERW) mill similar to
that used for manufacturing circular, square and rectangular hollow sections. It has a channel shape
with hollow flanges which give the section high torsional rigidity, contrary to traditional channels.
This publication provides connection design methods and limit state connection capacity tables
for a range of standard structural connections which can be used with the LSB. This Connection
Design Manual should be read in conjunction with the Design Capacity Tables for LiteSteel
beam
(LST 2007a) which provides design aids for member design.
The following design manuals also contain connection details and capacities for
specific applications:
Residential Construction Manual for LiteSteel
beam (LST 2007b)

Industrial & Commercial Floors using LiteSteel
beam (LST 2007c)

1.2 Scope
The primary connection types considered in this manual are:
Flexible Connections (simple beam connections transmitting shear forces only)
Rigid connections (beam connections transmitting bending moment)
Base plates (pinned base, transmitting axial and shear forces only)
Purlin Cleats
Design models and connection capacities are not provided for rigid connections until they are
verified by testing. However, some possible configurations for these connections are provided,
and design methods discussed in general terms.
Details of various miscellaneous connections are also provided in Part 8.
1.3 Design Methods
The designs for all connections to the LSB presented in this manual comply with the provisions
of AS/NZS 4600 Cold-formed steel structures where applicable. However, many connection
components are hot rolled steel angles, flats or plates, and are therefore designed in accordance
with the provisions of AS 4100 Steel structures.
The design models for the connections are generally taken from two sources: Hogan and
Thomas (1994) and Syam and Chapman (1996). These design models are modified as required
to substitute the design rules from AS/NZS 4600 which apply to the LSB. The designs in these
references are based on AS 4100. All such modifications to the design models are noted in the
relevant part of this manual.
1.4 Limit States Design
All values presented in the Tables are calculated in accordance with the Limit States Design
requirements of AS/NZS 1170.0, AS 4100, AS/NZS 4600 and other applicable standards.
1.5 Units
The units in the tables are consistent with those in the SI (metric) system. The base units used in
the tables are:
Property Units Symbol
Force Newton N
Length Metre m
Mass Kilogram kg
Stress Megapascal MPa
Except for some minor exceptions, all values in the Tables are rounded to three (3) significant figures.
1-2
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 1
INTRODUCTION
1.6 Table Format and Usage
The main tables listing design capacities for connections are located at the end of the text portion
of each Part of this publication. Tables are numbered firstly in accordance with the Part number in
which they occur, and then by the type of information being provided.
Dimensions and section property tables for the current range of LiteSteel beam are also
provided in Part 2. This is included to eliminate the need to refer to the Design Capacity Tables
(LST 2007a) for this information.
1.7 References
1.7.1 Referenced Standards
AS 1110.1 refers to AS 1110.1: 2000 ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws Product grade
A and B Part 1: Bolts.
AS 1111.1 refers to AS 1111.1: 2000 ISO metric hexagon bolts and screws
Product grade C - Bolts.
AS 1112.1 refers to AS 1112.1: 2000 ISO metric hexagon nuts Style 1 Product grades A and B.
AS 1112.3 refers to AS 1112.3: 2000 ISO metric hexagon nuts Product grade C.
AS/NZS 1170.0 refers to AS/NZS 1170.0: 2002 Structural design actions Part 0: General principles.
AS 1237.1 refers to AS 1237.1: 2002 Plain washers for metric bolts, screws and nuts
for general purposes General plan.
AS/NZS 1252 refers to AS/NZS 1252: 1996 High strength steel bolts with associated nuts and
washers for structural engineering.
AS/NZS 1553.1 refers to AS/NZS 1553.1: 1995 Covered electrodes for welding Low carbon
steel electrodes for manual metal-arc welding of carbon steels and carbon-manganese steels.
AS/NZS 1554.1 refers to AS/NZS 1554.1: 2004 Structural steel welding Welding of
steel structures.
AS 2203.1 refers to AS 2203.1: 1990 Cored electrodes for arc-welding Ferritic steel electrodes.
AS/NZS 2717.1 refers to AS/NZS 2717.1: 1996 Welding Electrodes Gas metal arc
Ferritic steel electrodes.
AS 3566.1 refers to AS 3566.1: 2002 Self-drilling screws for the building and construction
industries Part 1: General requirements and mechanical properties.
AS 3566.2 refers to AS 3566.2: 2002 Self-drilling screws for the building and construction
industries Part 2: Corrosion resistance requirements.
AS 3678 refers to AS 3678: 1996 Structural steel Hot-rolled plates, floorplates and slabs.
AS 3679.1 refers to AS 3679.1: 1996 Structural steel Hot-rolled bars and sections.
AS 4100 refers to AS 4100: 1998 Steel structures.
AS 4291.1 refers to AS 4291.1: 2000 Mechanical properties of fasteners made of carbon
steel and alloy steel Bolts, screws and studs.
AS/NZS 4600 refers to AS/NZS 4600: 1996 Cold-formed steel structures.
1.7.2 Other References
AISI (2001), North American Specification for the Design of Cold-Formed Steel Structural
Members, American Iron and Steel Institute, Washington DC, USA.
ANSI/AWS D1.3 Structural Welding Code Sheet Steel.
Buildex 2004, Product Catalogue and Selection Guide 2004, Self-Drilling Screws and Rivets,
ITW Buildex, Victoria, Australia.
Hogan, T.J. & Thomas, I.R. 1994, Design of Structural Connections, 4th ed., Australian Institute
of Steel Construction (Note: AISC is now ASI the Australian Steel Institute).
Packer J.A. & Henderson, J.E. 1997, Hollow Structural Section Connections and Trusses
A Design Guide, Canadian Institute of Steel Construction, Ontario, Canada.
1-3
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 1
INTRODUCTION
Packer J.A., Wardenier, J., Kurabane, Y., Dutta, D., & Yoemans, N. 1992, Design Guide for
Rectangular Hollow Section (RHS) Joints under Predominantly Static Loading, CIDECT and
Verlag TV Rheinland.
SSTM 2003, Design Capacity Tables for Structural Steel Hollow Sections, Smorgon Steel
Tube Mills, Brisbane, Australia.
LST 2007a, Design Capacity Tables for LiteSteel
beam, LiteSteel Technologies,

Brisbane, Australia.
LST 2007b, Residential Construction Manual for LiteSteel

LST 2007c, Industrial & Commercial Floors using LiteSteel

Syam, A. A. & Chapman, B. G. 1996, Design of Structural Steel Hollow Section Connections,
Vol. 1 Design Models, first edition, Australian Institute of Steel Construction (Note: AISC is now
ASI the Australian Steel Institute).
1-4
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 2
MATERIALS
Section Page
2.1 General 2-2
2.2 Properties of Steel 2-2
2.3 LiteSteel beam (LSB) 2-2
2.3.1 Dimensions and Section Properties 2-2
2.3.2 Mechanical Properties 2-2
2.4 Hot Rolled Angles, Flats and Plates 2-3
2.5 Bolts 2-3
2.6 Welding Consumables 2-3
2.7 Screws 2-3
Table Page
Table 2.1-1: Dimensions and Full Section Properties 2-4
Table 2.1-2: Effective Section Properties 2-5
2-1
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 2
MATERIALS
2.1 General
Australian Tube Mills (ATM) manufactures the LiteSteel beam to an in-house specification with
a high strength steel which is the most appropriate for the forming process, welding and grade
requirements. The specification details required by structural engineers are outlined in this part
of the publication. Compliance with this specification (ATM 0402 LiteSteel beam Specification)
is controlled by the ATM Quality Assurance Procedures.
Because it is a cold-formed steel product, the design of the LSB in structures must comply with
AS/NZS 4600 Cold-formed steel structures.
The designation for the LSB is illustrated in the following example:
250 75 3.0 LSB
Where 250 = depth (mm)
75 = flange width (mm)
3.0 = thickness (mm)
LSB = LiteSteel beam

75
3.0 250
2.2 Properties of Steel
The properties of steel adopted in this publication are shown in the table below. Other properties
such as Poissons Ratio and Coefficient of Thermal Expansion are also listed.
Property Symbol Value
Youngs Modulus of Elasticity E 200 10
3
MPa
Shear Modulus of Elasticity G 80 10
3
MPa
Density r 7850 kg/m
3
Poissons Ratio n 0.25
Coefficient of Thermal Expansion a
T 11.7 10
-6
per
C
2.3 LiteSteel beam (LSB)
2.3.1 Dimensions and Section Properties
The dimensions and section properties of the full range of LSB sections are provided in Tables
2.1-1 and 2.1-2. Further information including section and member capacities for structural
engineers are available in the Design Capacity Tables (LST 2007a).
2.3.2 Mechanical Properties
The DuoSteel grade LiteSteel beam is manufactured from a base steel which has a yield stress
f
y
= 380 MPa and a tensile strength f
u
= 490 MPa. The cold-forming process enhances the yield
stress and tensile strength of the flanges of the LSB in the same way it does for the rectangular
hollow sections, producing a formed section which complies with the following requirements:
Location
Minimum Yeild Stress
fy MPa
Minimum Tensile Strength
fu MPa
Minimum Elongation as a
proportion of Gauge Length
5 65 . So %
Web 380 490 14
Flanges 450 500 14
2-2
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 2
MATERIALS
2.4 Hot Rolled Angles, Flats and Plates
Steel angles, flats and plate are used for connection components. It is generally more economical
to use flats rather than plate, so standard flat sizes have been specified wherever possible in this
publication. The minimum yield stresses and tensile strengths of the standard grades of angle,
flat and plate are given in the table below. These have been used for design in this publication.
Australian Standard Form Steel Grade
Thickness
t mm
Minimum Yield Stress
fy MPa
Minimum Tensile Strength
fu MPa
AS/NZS 3679.1
Angles
Flats
300
t < 11 320 440
11 t 17 300 440
t > 17 280 440
AS/NZS 3678 Plate 250
t 8 280 410
8 < t 12 260 410
12 < t 50 250 410
2.5 Bolts
Bolt material and grades used in this manual are listed in the following table:
Bolt Type Australian Standard Bolt Grade
Minimum Bolt
Tensile Strength
fuf (MPa)
High Strength Bolts, Nuts, Washers ( M16) AS 1252 8.8 830
Precision Bolts, Nuts, Washers (< M16)
AS 1110.1
AS 1112.1
AS 1237.1
8.8 800
Commercial Bolts, Nuts, Washers
AS 1111.1
AS 1112.3
AS 1237.1
4.6 400
2.6 Welding Consumables
The welding consumables in the table below are applicable to the LSB and the connection
designs in this manual.
Welding Process Australian Standard Consumables
Nominal Weld
Tensile Strength
fuw (MPa)
MMAW (Manual Metal Arc Welding) AS 1553.1 E48XX 480
GMAW (Gas Metal Arc Welding) AS 2717.1 W50X 480
FCAW (Flux Cored Arc Welding) AS 2203.1 W50X 480
2.7 Screws
Screws are not used for any of the connection designs presented in this manual, but guidance
is given for the design and detailing of screwed connections to the LSB in accordance with
AS/NZS 4600. All screws must comply with AS 3566.1 and AS 3566.2.
2-3
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

TABLE 2.1-1
LiteSteel beam
DIMENSIONS AND FULL SECTION PROPERTIES
Notes:
1. Always ensure that you are using current
information on the LSB product range. This can
be verified by comparing the document version date
(noted at the bottom of the page) with the current
version date of each publication. The current
version date and downloadable versions of all
LSB publications can be obtained by referring to
www.litesteelbeam.com.au or by contacting LST.
2. Steel grade DuoSteel (flange fyf = 450 MPa and
fuf = 500 MPa; web fyw = 380 MPa and fuw = 490 MPa).
3. Full section properties are calculated in accordance
with AS/NZS 4600.
Dimensions Properties
Designation
Mass
per
metre
Flange
Depth
Outside
Flange
Radius
Inside
Web
Radius
Web
Flat
Depth
Coord.
of
Centroid
Coord.
of Shear
Centre
External
Surface
Area
Gross
Area of
Section
about x-axis about y-axis
Torsional
Rigidity
of Flange
Torsion
Constant
Warping
Constant
d bf t df ro riw d1 xc xs Ag Ix Zx rx Iy ZyL ZyR ry G Jf J Iw
mm mm mm kg/m mm mm mm mm mm mm m
2
/m mm
2
10
6
mm
4
10
3
mm
3
mm 10
6
mm
4
10
3
mm
3
10
3
mm
3
mm 10
6
Nmm
2
10
3
mm
4
10
9
mm
6
300 75 3.0 LSB 14.5 25.0 6.00 3.00 244 22.7 26.8 0.877 1840 24.6 164 116 1.23 54.3 23.5 25.9 13000 328 17.1
2.5 LSB 12.2 25.0 5.00 3.00 244 22.8 27.1 0.881 1550 20.8 139 116 1.06 46.6 20.3 26.2 11400 287 14.7
300 60 2.0 LSB 8.80 20.0 4.00 3.00 254 16.4 20.5 0.825 1110 14.5 96.8 114 0.466 28.5 10.7 20.5 4670 118 6.47
250 75 3.0 LSB 13.3 25.0 6.00 3.00 194 24.6 27.9 0.777 1690 15.9 127 96.9 1.16 47.1 23.0 26.2 13000 328 11.1
2.5 LSB 11.2 25.0 5.00 3.00 194 24.7 28.2 0.781 1420 13.4 107 97.2 0.998 40.5 19.8 26.5 11400 286 9.58
250 60 2.0 LSB 8.00 20.0 4.00 3.00 204 17.9 21.5 0.725 1010 9.38 75.0 96.4 0.440 24.6 10.4 20.9 4670 117 4.24
200 60 2.5 LSB 8.86 20.0 5.00 3.00 154 19.7 22.3 0.621 1120 6.74 67.4 77.5 0.490 24.9 12.1 20.9 5500 138 3.00
2.0 LSB 7.21 20.0 4.00 3.00 154 19.7 22.6 0.625 910 5.50 55.0 77.7 0.408 20.7 10.1 21.2 4670 117 2.51
200 45 1.6 LSB 4.95 15.0 3.20 3.00 164 13.0 15.9 0.568 624 3.67 36.7 76.8 0.150 11.5 4.68 15.5 1550 39.1 0.923
150 45 2.0 LSB 5.31 15.0 4.00 3.00 114 14.7 16.8 0.465 670 2.26 30.1 58.1 0.163 11.0 5.38 15.6 1820 45.8 0.560
1.6 LSB 4.32 15.0 3.20 3.00 114 14.8 17.0 0.468 544 1.84 24.6 58.2 0.136 9.20 4.51 15.8 1550 39.0 0.469
R
iw
Centroid
Shear
Centre
L
2-4
beam NOVEMBER 2007

TABLE 2.1-2
LiteSteel beam
EFFECTIVE SECTION PROPERTIES
Designation
Mass
per
metre
Yield Stress Axial Compression Bending
Flange Web
Effective
Area
Coord. of
Centroid
about x-axis about y-axis
d bf t fyf fyw Ae xc Iex Zex IeyL ZeyL IeyR ZeyR
mm mm mm kg/m MPa MPa mm
2
mm 10
6
mm
4
10
3
mm
3
10
6
mm
4
10
3
mm
3
10
6
mm
4
10
3
mm
3
300 75 3.0 LSB 14.5 450 380 1450 22.7 24.6 164 1.09 22.4 1.23 23.5
2.5 LSB 12.2 450 380 1180 22.8 20.8 139 0.901 19.0 1.06 20.3
300 60 2.0 LSB 8.80 450 380 763 16.4 14.5 96.8 0.379 9.84 0.466 10.7
250 75 3.0 LSB 13.3 450 380 1440 24.6 15.9 127 1.06 22.1 1.16 23.0
2.5 LSB 11.2 450 380 1180 24.7 13.4 107 0.881 18.8 0.998 19.8
250 60 2.0 LSB 8.00 450 380 760 17.9 9.38 75.0 0.371 9.75 0.440 10.4
200 60 2.5 LSB 8.86 450 380 967 19.7 6.74 67.4 0.453 11.7 0.490 12.1
2.0 LSB 7.21 450 380 755 19.7 5.50 55.0 0.361 9.64 0.408 10.1
200 45 1.6 LSB 4.95 450 380 462 13.0 3.67 36.7 0.127 4.38 0.150 4.68
150 45 2.0 LSB 5.31 450 380 587 14.7 2.26 30.1 0.153 5.23 0.163 5.38
1.6 LSB 4.32 450 380 458 14.8 1.84 24.6 0.122 4.31 0.136 4.51
Notes:
1. Always ensure that you are using current
information on the LSB product range. This can
be verified by comparing the document version date
(noted at the bottom of the page) with the current
version date of each publication. The current
version date and downloadable versions of all
LSB publications can be obtained by referring to
www.litesteelbeam.com.au or by contacting LST.
2. Steel grade DuoSteel (flange fyf = 450 MPa and
fuf = 500 MPa; web fyw = 380 MPa and fuw = 490 MPa).
3. Effective section properties are calculated in
accordance with AS/NZS 4600.
4. IeL and ZeL are for bending about the y-axis
that causes compression in the web L.
5. IeR and ZeR are for bending about the y-axis
that causes compression in the flange tips R.
R
Centroid
Shear
Centre
L
2-5
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
Blank Page
NOVEMBER 2007 2-6
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
Section Page
3.1 Bolting 3-2
3.1.1 General 3-2
3.1.2 Bolt Hole Geometry 3-2
3.1.3 Washers 3-3
3.1.4 Connection Capacity 3-2
3.1.5 Bolt Capacity 3-2
3.1.6 Tearout 3-4
3.1.7 Bearing 3-5
3.2 Welding 3-5
3.2.1 General 3-5
3.2.2 Butt Welds 3-6
3.2.3 Fillet Welds 3-6
Section Page
3.3 Screwed Connections 3-7
3.3.1 General 3-7
3.3.2 Screwed Connections in Shear 3-8
3.3.2.1 Tension in the Connected Part 3-8
3.3.2.2 Tilting and Hole Bearing 3-8
3.3.2.3 Connection Shear as Limited by End Distance 3-9
3.3.2.4 Screws in Shear 3-9
3.3.3 Screwed Connections in Tension 3-9
3-1
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
3.1 Bolting
3.1.1 General
The design of bolted connections for the LSB must comply with Section 5.3 of AS/NZS 4600.
However, Clause 5.3.1 of AS/NZS states that AS 4100 shall be used when the thickness of a
connected part is greater than or equal to 3.0 mm thick. This applies to the LSB and any cold-
formed connection components that may be used. In this manual, connection components are
generally hot rolled steel angles, flats or plate and must be designed to AS 4100. This can be
summarised as follows:
LSB and other steel components < 3.0 mm thick designed to AS/NZS 4600
LSB and other steel components 3.0 mm thick designed to AS 4100
3.1.2 Bolt Hole Geometry
AS/NZS 4600 specifies the size of standard bolt holes, and limitations on the edge distance and
spacing of bolt holes. Table 3.1 summarises these requirements for M12, M16 and M20 bolts
used with LSB sections less than 3.0 mm thick.
For LSB sections and connection components equal to or greater than 3.0 mm thick, these
geometric requirements are the same, except for an increased edge distance required by
AS 4100 for sheared or hand flame cut edges. Refer to Table 3.2 for the AS 4100 requirements.
The hole spacing in the tables is the minimum to comply with the standards. The spacing
specified must also be sufficient to provide clearance for bolt heads, nuts, washers and
the spanner.
Table 3.1: Details for Standard Bolt Holes to AS/NZS 4600 LSB and Components < 3.0 mm Thick
Bolt Size
Diameter of Standard Hole
dh
Minimum Edge Distance
emin
Minimum Hole Spacing
gmin
mm mm mm
M12 14 18 36
M16 18 24 48
M20 22 30 60
3-2
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
Table 3.2: Details for Standard Bolt Holes to AS 4100 LSB and Components 3.0 mm Thick

Direction
of Force
Bolt
Size
Diameter of
Standard Hole
dh
mm
emin (mm)
Minimum
Hole Spacing
gmin
mm
Sheared or
Hand Flame
Cut Edge
Rolled Plate, Flat or Section:
Machine Flame Cut,
Sawn or Planed Edge
Rolled Edge
of a Rolled
Flat or Section
M12 14 21 18 15 36
M16 18 28 24 20 48
M20 22 35 30 25 60
3.1.3 Washers
Tables 5.3.4.1 and 5.3.4.2 of AS/NZS 4600 give different bearing capacities for bolted connections
with or without washers under both bolt head and nut. Because the capacity of the bolts in
bearing is greater, the designs in this manual assume washers under both bolt head and nut.
It is recommended good practice, and also a requirement of AS 4100 to have a washer
under the rotated part which is usually the nut, but may sometimes be the bolt head. It is also
recommended that washers also be placed between the bolt head or nut and any cold-formed
steel member (such as the LSB) or component less than 3.0 mm thick in order to take advantage
of the higher connection capacity. Providing a washer under both the bolt head and nut in all
cases for the LSB connections can avoid any confusion as to where washers are required.
However, the use of washers for bolted connections to the LSB and hot rolled steel connecting
components equal to or greater than 3.0 mm thick is governed by AS 4100 which only requires
one washer.
3.1.4 Connection Capacity
The capacity of a bolted connection is taken as the minimum of the capacity for each of the
following failure modes:
Bolt capacity
Tearout capacity
Bearing capacity
These are given in Sections 3.1.5, 3.1.6 and 3.1.7 respectively.
3.1.5 Bolt Capacity
Bolt capacities are calculated in accordance with AS/NZS 4600 Clause 5.3.5 which gives identical
capacities to those calculated in accordance with AS 4100. Two types of hexagon head bolts are
considered in this manual:
Commercial grade 4.6
Structural grade 8.8
The mechanical properties of these grades are given in Part 2 of this manual.
Generally bolted connections considered in this manual use the snug tight (/S) bolting procedure,
but bolts used for bolted moment end plates may use the tensioned in bearing (/TB) bolting
procedure if the designer deems it necessary. No connection capacities are given in this manual
for the bolted rigid connections.
3-3
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
Bolt capacities for the sizes and grades used in this manual are given in Table 3.3. Only M12 and
M16 bolts are used in this manual for connecting directly to the LSB because there is no advantage
in using M20 bolts. However, there may be instances where the designer needs to use M20 bolts
to connect to the LSB, and also for applications such as bolted moment end plates.
Table 3.3: Bolt Capacity
Bolt Size
4.6/S Bolting Category 8.8/S Bolting Category
Axial Tension
fNtf
kN
Shear
fVfn
kN
Axial Tension
fNtf
kN
Shear
fVfn
kN
M12 27.0 15.1 53.9 30.3
M16 50.1 28.6 104 59.3
M20 78.4 44.6 16.3 92.6
Note: Shear capacities are based on threads included in the shear plane.
Bolts subject to combined shear and tension must satisfy the interaction formula given in Clause
5.3.5.3 of AS/NZS 4600 or Clause 9.3.3.3 of AS 4100 as applicable. The formula is the same in
both standards, and is as follows:

V
V
N
N
* *
.
fv
fv
ft
ft
f f

2 2
1 0
where V
*
fv
= design shear force on the bolt
N
*
ft
= design tensile force on the bolt
fV
fv
= design shear capacity of a bolt
fN
ft
= design tensile capacity of a bolt
3.1.6 Tearout
Even though AS/NZS 4600 specifies minimum edge distances and spacing of bolt holes, this
does not guarantee that failure will not occur due to tearout between bolt holes or between a bolt
hole and an edge. Clause 3.5.2 of AS/NZS 4600 gives the tearout capacity for the LSB and
other steel components less than 3.0 mm thick, and Clause 9.3.2.4 of AS 4100 gives the tearout
capacity of the LSB and other steel components equal to or greater than 3.0 mm thick. The
formula is the same in both standards, except that the capacity [strength reduction] factor is
different. Using the AS/NZS 4600 notation, the formula is as follows:
fV
f
= ftef
u
where f = 0.70 (AS/NZS 4600 for LSB with f
u
/ f
y
1.08 and t < 3.0 mm)
= 0.90 (AS 4100 for LSB and components with t 3.0 mm)
t = thickness of LSB or component
e = distance measured in the line of force from the centre of a standard hole
to the nearest edge of an adjacent hole or to the end of the LSB
f
u
= minimum tensile strength used in design
= 490 MPa for the LSB web (refer to Section 2.4 for components)
Table 3.4: Tearout Capacity for LSB

Direction
of Force
LSB Thickness
t
mm
Tearout Capacity fVb (kN)
Edge Distance, e (mm) or Hole Spacing, g (mm)
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
1.6 11.0 13.7 16.5 19.2 22.0 24.7 27.4 30.2 32.9
2.0 13.7 17.2 20.6 24.0 27.4 30.9 34.3 37.7 41.2
2.5 17.2 21.4 25.7 30.0 34.3 38.6 42.9 47.2 51.5
3.0 26.5 33.1 39.9 46.3 52.9 59.5 66.2 72.8 79.4
3-4
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
3.1.7 Bearing
The capacity of the LSB for a bolt bearing on the edge of a hole is given in AS/NZS 4600 Clause
5.3.4 for sections up to 2.5 mm thick, and in AS 4100 Clause 9.3.2.4 for 3.0 mm sections. The
formula and capacity [strength reduction] factor to be used in AS/NZS 4600 depends on the ratio
f
u
/ f
y
for the connected part, and on the number of washers used. In this manual, connection
capacities are based on washers under both bolt head and nut in accordance with Table 5.3.4.1
of AS/NZS 4600.
For DuoSteel grade LSB (f
u
/ f
y
> 1.08), the design capacity (fV
b
) of a bolt bearing on the bolt hole,
with a washer between the bolt head or nut and the LSB, is given below.
Single shear and outside sheets of double shear connection:
For t < 3.0 mm,
fV
b
= f3.00f
u
d
f
t
where f = 0.60 (AS/NZS 4600)
f
u
= minimum tensile strength used in design
= 490 MPa for the LSB web
d
f
= nominal diameter of the bolt
t = thickness of LSB
For t 3.0 mm,
fV
b
= f3.2f
u
d
f
t
where f = 0.90 (AS4100)
The bearing capacity of the LSB with M12, M16 and M20 bolts is given in Table 3.5.
Table 3.5: Bolt Bearing Capacity for LSB
Bolt Size
Bearing Capacity fVb (kN)
LSB Thickness t (mm)
1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0
M12 16.9 21.2 26.5 50.8
M16 22.6 28.2 35.3 67.7
M20 28.2 35.3 44.1 84.7
3.2 Welding
3.2.1 General
The LSB can be readily welded using appropriate arc welding processes. The design of welded
connections for the LSB must comply with Section 5.2 of AS/NZS 4600.
The following welding consumables are suitable for the DuoSteel grade LSB:
Stick electrodes E48XX
Wire consumables W50X
These consumables are also acceptable and commonly used for welding to Grade 300 Angles
and Flat and to Grade 250 Plate.
All welds in this manual are designed as SP quality welds in accordance with AS 4100 and
AS/NZS 1554.1. Prequalified weld preparations to AS/NZS 1554.1 should be used.
3-5
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
3.2.2 Butt Welds
Where at least one of the connected parts is less than 3.0 mm thick, arc welded connections shall
be in accordance with ANSI/AWS D1.3, and the design capacity determined in accordance with
Clause 5.2.2 of AS/NZS 4600.
The design tensile or compressive capacity (fN
w
) of a butt weld is given in Clause 5.2.2.1 of AS/
NZS 4600 as:
fN
w
= fL
w
t
t
f
y
where f = capacity [strength reduction] factor
= 0.90
L
w
= length of the full size of the weld
t
t
= design throat thickness of a butt weld as defined in AS/NZS 1554.1
f
y
= yield stress used in design for the lower strength base metal
The design shear capacity (fV
w
) of a butt weld to Clause 5.2.2.2 of AS/NZS 4600 is given as the
lesser of the following:
(a) f = 0.80
fV
w
= fL
w
t
t
(0.6f
uw
)
(b) f = 0.90
L
w
t
t
= design throat thickness of a butt weld as defined in AS/NZS 1554.1
f
uw
= nominal tensile strength of the weld metal
Where each connected part is greater than or equal to 3.0 mm thick, arc welded connections
shall be in accordance with AS/NZS 1554.1, and the design capacity determined in accordance
with Clause 9.7.2 of AS 4100.
The design capacity of a complete penetration butt weld to AS 4100 is taken as equal to
the nominal capacity of the weaker part of the parts joined, multiplied by the capacity factor
(f = 0.90 for SP welds).
3.2.3 Fillet Welds
Where at least one of the connected parts is less than 2.5 mm thick, arc welded connections shall
be in accordance with ANSI/AWS D1.3, and the design capacity determined in accordance with
Clause 5.2.3 of AS/NZS 4600.
In this connection design manual, all connection components which are welded to the LSB, or
to which the LSB is welded, are hot rolled steel components greater than or equal to 5.0 mm
thick. Therefore the design capacity of the fillet welds are governed by the thickness and tensile
strength of the LSB, and only the equations to calculate the capacity of fillet welds to the LSB are
given here. If thinner steel components are fillet welded to the LSB, then the fillet weld capacity
must be checked for the component in accordance with AS/NZS 4600.
For longitudinal loading, the design capacity (fV
w
) of a fillet weld is given in Clause 5.2.3.2 of AS/
NZS 4600 as:
(a) For
L
t
w
< 25
f = 0.60

f f V
L
t
tL f
w
w
w u
=
1
0 01 .
(b) For
L
t
w
25
f = 0.55
fV
w
= f0.75tL
w
f
u
3-6
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
L
w
t = thickness of the LSB
f
u
= tensile strength of the LSB used in the design
For transverse loading, the design capacity (fV
w
) of a fillet weld is given in Clause 5.2.3.3 of AS/
NZS 4600 as:
fV
w
= ftL
w
f
u
= 0.60
L
w
t = thickness of the LSB
f
u
= tensile strength of the LSB used in the design
In these equations the LSB is one of the connected parts (thickness t
1
with tensile strength f
u1
,
or thickness t
2
with tensile strength f
u2
). In this manual welded steel connection components are
generally greater than or equal to 5 mm thick, and the fillet weld strength is therefore governed by
the thickness and tensile strength of the LSB.
Where each connected part is greater than or equal to 2.5 mm thick, arc welded connections
shall be in accordance with AS/NZS 1554.1, and the design capacity determined in accordance
with Clause 9.7.3 of AS 4100.
The design capacity of a fillet weld per unit length (fv
w
) is given in Clause 9.7.3.10 of AS 4100 as:
fv
w
= f0.6f
uw
t
t
k
r
where f = capacity factor
= 0.80 (SP category welds)
f
uw
= nominal strength of weld metal
= 480 MPa (for E48XX and W50X consumables)
t
t
= design throat thickness
k
r
= reduction factor to account for the length of a welded lap connection
= 1.0 (for all connections in this manual)
In this case the fillet weld capacity is the same for longitudinal and transverse loading.
2
(a) Lap Joint (b) TJoint
2
Figure 3.1: Fillet Welds
3-7
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
The capacity of longitudinal and transverse fillet welds to the LSB are summarised in Table 3.6 for
various fillet weld sizes and lengths. Fillet weld capacities for LSB sections 2.0 mm and 1.6 mm
thick with L
w
/ t < 25 are not included in this table.
Table 3.6: Fillet Weld Capacities for LSB
LSB Thickness Weld Length
SP Fillet Weld Capacity fvw (kN/mm)
Fillet Weld Size tw (mm)
mm mm 4 5 6
Longitudinal Loading
3.0 Any 0.652 0.815 0.978
2.5 Any 0.652 0.815 0.978
2.0 50 0.404 0.404 0.404
1.6 40 0.323 0.323 0.323
Transverse Loading
3.0 Any 0.652 0.815 0.978
2.5 Any 0.652 0.815 0.978
2.0 Any 0.588 0.588 0.588
1.6 Any 0.470 0.470 0.470
Notes: 1. Weld consumables E48XX or W50X (f
uw
= 480 MPa).
2. Based on LSB web (f
u
= 490 MPa)
3.3 Screwed Connections
3.3.1 General
Screws are not used in any of the connection designs in this manual, but the LSB is very
much suited to the use of screws for lightly loaded structural and miscellaneous connections,
particularly in residential construction. Refer to the Residential Construction Manual for LiteSteel

beam (LST 2007b) for details and capacities of various screwed connections.
Typical screws taken from the Buildex
(2004) Catalogue, and their applications for connecting to

the LSB are given in Figure 3.2.
Screw Application

Buildex
Teks

Hexagon Head no Seal
General Structural connection

Buildex
Teks

Wafer Head
General Structural connection
needing low profile head

Buildex
Super Teks

Series 500 Hex Head no Seal
Structural connections to thick
steel or to penetrate both faces
of the LSB hollow flange

Buildex
Wing Teks

Countersunk Ribbed Head
Connecting particle board and
timber flooring to LSB floor joists

Buildex
Fibre Teks
Series 500
Countersunk Ribbed Head
Connecting compressed fibre
cement floor sheets to LSB
floor joists
Figure 3.2: Typical Screws for Use with the LSB
The design of screwed connections to the LSB must comply with Section 5.4 of AS/NZS 4600.
All self-drilling screws must comply with AS 3566.1 for general requirements and mechanical
properties, and with AS 3566.2 for corrosion resistance.
AS/NZS 4600 also has requirements for minimum edge distance and spacing of screws. These
are summarised in Table 3.7 for typical screw sizes. It should be noted that these minimum edge
distances will not necessarily guarantee that failure will not occur by tearout at an edge in the
direction of force. The 1996 edition of AS/NZS 4600 does not consider this failure mode, but the
AISI (2001) Specification does give design guidance for this.
3-8
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
Table 3.7: Details for Standard Tek Screws
Direction
of Force
Screw Size
Nominal Diameter
df
Minimum Hole Spacing
g
Side e1 End e2
mm mm mm mm
No.10 4.8 7.5 15 15
No.12 5.5 8.5 17 17
No.14 6.3 9.5 19 20
3.3.2 Screwed Connections in Shear
3.3.2.1 Tension in the Connected Part
It is unlikely that tension in the net section would need to be checked for the LSB unless the LSB
was in tension and connected through the web with the flanges coped. However, this failure mode
may need to be checked for components in accordance with Clause 5.4.2.2 of AS/NZS 4600.
3.3.2.2 Tilting and Hole Bearing
In accordance with Clause 5.4.2.3 of AS/NZS 4600, the design bearing capacity (fV
b
) of a single
shear connection with the two sheets in contact at the point of fastening is given by:
(a) For t
2
/ t
1
1.0, fV
b
is taken as the smallest of the following:
(i) fV
b
= 4 2
3
2 2
. ( ) t d f
f u f
u2
(ii) fV
b
= f2.7t
1
d
f
f
u1
(iii) fV
b
= f2.7t
2
d
f
f
u2
= 0.5
t
1
= thickness of the sheet in contact with the screw head
t
2
= thickness of the sheet not in contact with the screw head
d
f
= nominal screw diameter
f
u1
= tensile strength of the sheet in contact with the screw head
f
u2
= tensile strength of the sheet not in contact with the screw head
(b) For t
2
/ t
1
2.5, fV
b
is taken as the smallest of the following:
(i) fV
b
= f2.7t
1
d
f
f
u1
(ii) fV
b
= f2.7t
2
d
f
f
u2
(c) For 1.0 < t
2
/ t
1
< 2.5, fV
b
is determined by linear interpolation between the minimum values
obtained from (a) and (b) above.
3-9
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
Table 3.8 gives the bearing capacity of screwed connections of G300 steel to the LSB. The values
are limited, where applicable, by the nominal screw shear capacity which is also given in the table.
The actual screw shear capacity may vary between screw manufacturers, so the designer must
ensure that the screws being specified have a capacity greater than or equal to the values given
in the table for the bearing values to be valid.
Table 3.8: Shear Capacity of Screwed Connections
Tek Screw
G 300 Steel Component
1
LSB
2
1.6 mm
Screw
Size
Nominal Screw
Diameter
df
Nominal Screw
Shear Capacity
Bearing Capacity fVb (kN)
G300 Steel Component Thickness t2 (mm)
mm mm 1.0 1.2 1.6 2.0
No.10 4.8 6.8 2.20 2.64 2.72 2.72
No.12 5.5 8.8 2.52 3.03 3.52 3.52
No.14 6.3 10.9 2.89 3.47 4.36 4.36
Notes: 1. The tilting and bearing capacities in the table have been limited by the screw shear
capacity where applicable.
2. The nominal shear capacity of the screw as determined in accordance with Section 6
of AS/NZS 4600 must not be less than that shown in the table.
3. The capacities are not valid if the position of the LSB and the connection component
are reversed relative to the screw head.
3.3.2.3 Connection Shear as Limited by End Distance
The 1996 edition of AS/NZS 4600 does not have a design rule for determining the shear
capacity of screwed connections limited by end distance. This is the same tearout failure mode
which is considered for bolts. This failure mode will not reduce the bearing capacities given
in Table 3.8 for screws in the LSB with and end distance of at least 3d
f
. A check on this failure
mode for light gauge connection components could be made using the North American
Specification (AISI 2001).
3.3.2.4 Screws in Shear
Clause 5.4.2.4 of AS/NZS 4600 requires that the nominal shear capacity of the screw is determined
by testing in accordance with Section 6 of the Standard, and it must not be less than 1.25V
b
,
where V
b
is the nominal bearing capacity of the connected part. This limits the shear capacity
of screwed connections with thicker connected parts.
3.3.3 Screwed Connections in Tension
Screwed connections in tension are designed to Clause 5.4.3 of AS/NZS 4600 for two failure modes:
The pull-out capacity of the sheet not under the screw head
The pull-over (pull-through) capacity of the sheet under the screw head
The tensile capacity of the screw must also be not less than 1.25N
t
, where N
t
is the nominal
capacity of the connection in tension.
(a) The pull-out capacity (fN
ou
) is calculated as follows:
fN
ou
= f0.85t
2
d
f
f
u2
where fN
ou
= capacity [strength reduction] factor
= 0.5
t
2
= thickness of the sheet not in contact with the screw head
d
f
= nominal screw diameter
f
u2
= tensile strength of the sheet not in contact with the screw head
3-10
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 3
FASTENING
(b) The pull-over (pull-through) capacity (fN
ov
) is calculated as follows:
fN
ov
= f1.5t
1
d
w
f
u1
t
1
= thickness of the sheet in contact with the screw head
d
w
= greater of the screw head diameter and the washer diameter, but not
greater than 12.5 mm
f
u1
= tensile strength of the sheet in contact with the screw head
Table 3.9 gives the values of pull-out capacity (fN
ou
) calculated in accordance with Clause
5.4.3.1(a) of AS/NZS 4600 for the LSB.
Table 3.9: Pull-Out Capacity of Screws in LSB
Screw
Size
Nominal Screw
Diametre
df
Minimum Screw
Tensile Capacity
(Type BSD)
kN
Pull-Out Capacity fNou (kN)
LSB Thickness t (mm)
mm mm 1.6 2.0 2.5 3.0
No.10 4.8 8.60 1.63 2.04 2.55 3.06
No.12 5.5 11.63 1.87 2.34 2.92 3.51
No.14 6.3 16.15 2.14 2.68 3.35 4.02
Notes: 1. The pull-out capacities in the table have been limited by the screw tensile capacity
where applicable.
2. The minimum screw tensile capacity is taken from AS 3566.1.
3-11
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
Blank Page
NOVEMBER 2007 3-12
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 4
FLEXIBLE CONNECTIONS
Section Page
4.1 Connection Types 4-2
4.2 Detailing Parameters 4-3
4.2.1 Bolts 4-3
4.2.2 Standard Components 4-3
4.2.3 Bolting Layout 4-4
4.3 Web Side Plate 4-5
4.4 Single Angle Cleat 4-6
4.5 Web Extension Plate 4-7
4.5.1 General 4-7
4.5.2 Design Method 4-7
4.5.2.1 Design Actions and Assumptions 4-7
4.5.2.2 Plate Design 4-8
4.5.2.3 Weld Design 4-8
4.5.2.4 Bolt Design 4-9
Table Page
Table 4.1-1: Web Side Plate LSB to Column, Back of LSB or Back of PFC 4-10
Table 4.1-2: Web Side Plate LSB to Column, Back of LSB or Back of PFC 4-11
Table 4.1-3: Web Side Plate LSB to LSB, PFC or Small UB 4-12
Table 4.1-4: Web Side Plate LSB to LSB, PFC or Small UB 4-13
Table 4.2-1: Single Angle Cleat LSB to Column, Back of LSB of Back of PFC 4-14
Table 4.2-2: Single Angle Cleat LSB to Column, Back of LSB of Back of PFC 4-15
Table 4.2-3: Single Angle Cleat LSB to LSB, PFC or Small UB 4-16
Table 4.2-4: Single Angle Cleat LSB to LSB, PFC or Small UB 4-17
Table 4.3: Web Extension Plate LSB to Large UB 4-18
4-1
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 4
4.1 Connection Types
Flexible connections are beam end connections which transmit shear forces only in simple
construction as defined in AS 4100. They are assumed not to develop bending moments.
In this manual, two types of flexible connections are considered for the LSB:
Web side plate
Single angle cleat
These are common connection types used in Australia, and are illustrated in Figure 4.1.

(a) Web Side Plate (b) Single Angle Cleat
Figure 4.1: Flexible Connection Types
These connection types allow the LSB to be simply and economically connected to:
Columns
Other LSB sections
Hot rolled beams (UB and PFC)
For connections to Universal Beams, and to the flange side of Parallel Flange Channels and LSB
sections, a wider plate or angle is used to avoid coping the LSB flanges. When the flange outstand
is large, a web extension plate is welded to the end of the LSB. This web extension plate is then
bolted to the standard web side plate or single angle cleat. Design details are given in Section 4.5.
4.2 Detailing Parameters
4.2.1 Bolts
The options for bolt size and category for connecting to the LSB web using these flexible
connections are given in Table 4.1. M16 bolts are not considered for the 150 deep LSB because
of dimensional limitations. The M16 grade 8.8 bolts may not provide any extra capacity above
that for the grade 4.6 bolts for thinner gauges, but have been included for completeness.
Table 4.1: Bolt Selection for LSB Flexible Connections
LSB Depth Bolt Size and Category
mm M12 4.6/S M12 8.8/S M16 4.6/S M16 8.8/S
300
250
200
150
4-2
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 4
4.2.2 Standard Components
The standard components used for the flexible connections are detailed in Figures 4.2 and 4.3.
M16 Bolts 18 Dia. Holes
LSB Depth
mm
Max. No. of
Bolt Rows
30
30
45
60
typ 30
30
120
60
typ
20
30
45
50
typ
20 40 40 20
30
45
20 20
30
120
20
30
120
50
typ
30
45
30 45 30
60
typ
30
120
30
60
typ
30
45
20
50
typ
30
45
40 20 20
30
120
40 20 20
30
120
20
50
typ
30 45
30 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
30
30
45
60
typ 30
30
120
60
typ
20
30
45
50
typ
20 40 40 20
30
45
20 20
30
120
20
30
120
50
typ
30
45
30 45 30
60
typ
30
120
30
60
typ
30
45
20
50
typ
30
45
40 20 20
30
120
40 20 20
30
120
20
50
typ
30 45
30 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
300 4
250 3
200 2
75 5 Flat 150 5 Flat
30
30
45
60
typ 30
30
120
60
typ
20
30
45
50
typ
20 40 40 20
30
45
20 20
30
120
20
30
120
50
typ
30
45
30 45 30
60
typ
30
120
30
60
typ
30
45
20
50
typ
30
45
40 20 20
30
120
40 20 20
30
120
20
50
typ
30 45
30 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
30
30
45
60
typ 30
30
120
60
typ
20
30
45
50
typ
20 40 40 20
30
45
20 20
30
120
20
30
120
50
typ
30
45
30 45 30
60
typ
30
120
30
60
typ
30
45
20
50
typ
30
45
40 20 20
30
120
40 20 20
30
120
20
50
typ
30 45
30 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
300 5
250 4
200 3
150 2
75 5 Flat 150 5 Flat
Figure 4.2: Web Side Plate Component Details

LSB Depth
mm
Max. No. of
Bolt Rows
30
30
45
60
typ 30
30
120
60
typ
20
30
45
50
typ
20 40 40 20
30
45
20 20
30
120
20
30
120
50
typ
30
45
30 45 30
60
typ
30
120
30
60
typ
30
45
20
50
typ
30
45
40 20 20
30
120
40 20 20
30
120
20
50
typ
30 45
30 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
30
30
45
60
typ 30
30
120
60
typ
20
30
45
50
typ
20 40 40 20
30
45
20 20
30
120
20
30
120
50
typ
30
45
30 45 30
60
typ
30
120
30
60
typ
30
45
20
50
typ
30
45
40 20 20
30
120
40 20 20
30
120
20
50
typ
30 45
30 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
300 4
250 3
200 2
75 75 5 EA 150 90 8 UA
30
30
45
60
typ 30
30
120
60
typ
20
30
45
50
typ
20 40 40 20
30
45
20 20
30
120
20
30
120
50
typ
30
45
30 45 30
60
typ
30
120
30
60
typ
30
45
20
50
typ
30
45
40 20 20
30
120
40 20 20
30
120
20
50
typ
30 45
30 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
30
30
45
60
typ 30
30
120
60
typ
20
30
45
50
typ
20 40 40 20
30
45
20 20
30
120
20
30
120
50
typ
30
45
30 45 30
60
typ
30
120
30
60
typ
30
45
20
50
typ
30
45
40 20 20
30
120
40 20 20
30
120
20
50
typ
30 45
30 45
45 45
45 45
45 45
300 5
250 4
200 3
150 2
75 75 5 EA 150 90 8 UA
Figure 4.3: Single Angle Cleat Component Details
4-3
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 4
4.2.3 Bolting Layout
The bolting layouts for the LSB are given in Figure 4.4. Standard gauge lines differ for the use
of M16 and M12 bolts.
It is standard practice for the components (web side plates and single angle cleats) to be
attached to the back of the web, but the standard connections presented have been detailed
so that they will also fit on the inside face of the web between the flanges. In all cases, the top
of the connection component is 30 mm from the top of the beam, giving a clearance of 5 mm
to the underside of the deepest LSB flange which is 25 mm deep.
Flange coping is not considered for any of the standard flexible connections. Only one vertical
line of bolts is considered because the increase in connection capacity from the second line of
bolts is only small, and is generally not required.
M16 Bolts
60
35 Typ.
300 LSB
60
60
60
250 LSB
200 LSB
35 Typ.
300 LSB
50
50
50
50
50
250 LSB
200 LSB
150 LSB
M12 Bolts
60
35 Typ.
300 LSB
60
60
60
250 LSB
200 LSB
35 Typ.
300 LSB
50
50
50
50
50
250 LSB
200 LSB
150 LSB
Figure 4.4: Bolting Layouts
4-4
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 4
4.3 Web Side Plate
Tables giving design capacities for standard web side plate connections to the LSB are presented
at the end of this part of the manual. The design model used to calculate the connection capacities
is taken from Section 4.5 of Hogan and Thomas (1994) with modifications to account for the
AS/NZS 4600 design rules which apply to the LSB. The design of bolted connections to the LSB
is described in Part 3 of this publication. The shear capacities of LSB sections are given in the
Design Capacity Tables (LST 2007a).
Connection capacities are given for two web side plates as illustrated in Figure 4.5. One uses a
75 5 Flat for connecting to a flat face such as a column or to the back of a LSB or PFC web.
The other is a 150 5 Flat for situations where the LSB must connect into the side of a beam with
a maximum flange outstand of 75 mm. All design and detailing parameters are given with the tables.
The notes on the design model given in Hogan and Thomas (1994) recommend that the component
length is not less than half the supported beam depth to give a satisfactory appearance. This also
reduces the possibility of the bottom of the beam touching the support due to the rotation at the
end of the beam. The designer must check the rotation, and if necessary increase the gap
between the end of the beam and the support.
Connection capacities are still given for components which do not comply with this recommendation.
However, connection details and capacities for longer web side plates with only two rows of bolts
are given in the manual Industrial & Commercial Floors using LiteSteel
beam (LST 2007c).

(A) Web Side Plate: 75 5 Flat
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
(B) Web Side Plate: 150 5 Flat
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
Figure 4.5: Web Side Plate Connections
4-5
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 4
4.4 Single Angle Cleat
Tables giving design capacities for standard single angle cleat connections to the LSB are presented
at the end of this part of the manual. The design model used to calculate the connection capacities
is taken from Section 4.4 of Hogan and Thomas (1994) with modifications to account for the
AS/NZS 4600 design rules which apply to the LSB. The design of bolted connections to the LSB
is described in Part 3 of this publication. The shear capacities of LSB sections are given in the
Design Capacity Tables (LST 2007a).
Connection capacities are given for two single angle cleats as illustrated in Figure 4.6. One uses a
75 75 6 EA for connecting to a flat face such as a column or to the back of a LSB or PFC web. The
other is a 150 90 8 UA for situations where the LSB must connect into the side of a beam with
a maximum flange outstand of 75 mm. All design and detailing parameters are given with the tables.
The notes on the design model given in Hogan and Thomas (1994) recommend that the component
length is not less than half the supported beam depth to give a satisfactory appearance. This also
reduces the possibility of the bottom of the beam touching the support due to the rotation at the
end of the beam. The designer must check the rotation, and if necessary increase the gap
between the end of the beam and the support.
Connection capacities are still given for components which do not comply with this recommendation.
However, connection details and capacities for longer single angle cleats with only two rows of bolts
are given in the manual Industrial & Commercial Floors using LiteSteel
beam (LST 2007c).

(A) Single Angle Cleat: 75 75 6 EA
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
(B) Single Angle Cleat: 150 90 8 UA
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
10 gap
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
LSB
75
max.
85
10 min.
Figure 4.6: Single Angle Cleat Connections
4-6
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 4
4.5 Web Extension Plate
4.5.1 General
To connect an uncoped LSB section to the side of a beam with a flange outstand greater than 75 mm,
a web extension plate can be welded to the back of the LSB web. This web extension plate is, as
the name suggests, an extension to the LSB web. It is designed to connect to a standard web side
plate or single angle cleat as shown in Figure 4.7, without any reduction in capacity.
Web Extension Plate to Web Side Plate Web Extension Plate to Single Angle Cleat
>75
Web Extension Plate
Web Side Plate (behind)
Large UB
>75
Web Extension Plate
Single Angle Cleat (behind)
Large UB
>75
Web Extension Plate
Web Side Plate (behind)
Large UB
>75
Web Extension Plate
Single Angle Cleat (behind)
Large UB
Figure 4.7: Web Extension Plate
4.5.2 Design Method
4.5.2.1 Design Actions and Assumptions
The web extension plates are designed to have capacities greater than or equal to the web side
plate or single angle cleat to which they are bolted. Therefore there are no connection capacity
tables provided specifically for the web extension plates. The connection capacities for the web
side plate or single angle cleat connections can be used provided the web side plates are
detailed as specified in this manual.
It is assumed that the weld is along three edges of the web extension plate as shown in Figure 4.7.
A seal weld may be placed on the other side to the end of the LSB if desired, but it is not considered
as a structural weld for the purpose of calculating the connection capacity. This weld is designed
for the shear force at the connection, as well as the bending moment caused by the eccentricity
of this shear force from the face of the supporting beam web to the centroid of the weld.
The web extension plate must also be designed for the shear force at the connection and the
same bending moment as for the weld. The design shear force is equivalent to the design
capacity of the applicable web side plate or single angle cleat.
The capacity of the web extension plate and the weld to the LSB is given by:
V
des
= min[V
a
, V
b
, V
c
]
where V
a
, V
b
and V
c
are defined in Sections 4.1.1.2 and 4.1.1.3.
4-7
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 4
Weld
Centroid
125 max.
45
x
Figure 4.8: Web Extension Plate Design Parameters
4.5.2.2 Plate Design
The length of the web extension plate that is not supported by either the weld or the bolt group
is very short, particularly in relation to the depth of the plate. Therefore flexural-torsional buckling
need not be considered. The design shear (V
*
) is taken as the connection capacity of the web
side plate or the single angle cleat. The design bending moment is given by:
M
*
= V
*
e
where e = design eccentricity of the weld centroid
= 125 + a - c
x
From Hogan and Thomas (1994), the design capacity for shear in the plate is given by:
V
a
= 0.45f
yp
t
p
d
p
where f
yp
= design yield stress of the web extension plate
= 280 MPa (grade 250 plate t 8 mm)
t
p
= thickness of the web extension plate
d
p
= depth of the web extension plate
The design capacity for bending moment in the plate is given by:
V
b
= fM
sp
/ e
where fM
sp
= design section moment capacity of the plate
= 0.225 f
yp
t
p
d
p
2
4.5.2.3 Weld Design
Figure 4.8 shows the weld group to be designed, and the forces acting on it. The weld group
properties are calculated as follows:

c
a
d
x
a p
=
+
2
2 ( )

I
d
d
a a d
a d
a wp
p
p
p
p
= + +
+
+
2 3
12
6
3
2
2
( )
( )
( )
where c
x
= distance of the weld centroid from the end of the web extension plate
I
wp
= polar second moment of area of the weld group about the centroid
of the weld group
a = length of fillet weld along the top of the web extension plate
= length of fillet weld along the bottom of the web extension plate
d
p
= length of fillet weld along the end of the web extension plate
= depth of the web extension plate
4-8
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 4
Both vertical and horizontal components of force are assumed to be resisted by the full length of
weld (L
w
) which is given by:
L
w
= 2a + d
p
The global design actions per unit length of the fillet weld group are given by the
following expressions:

v
M y
I
x
wp
*
*
=

v
V
L
M x
I
y
w wp
*
* *
= +
where y = 0.5 d
p
x = a - c
x
The resultant force per unit length of the weld is:

v v v
res x y
* * *
( ) ( ) = +
2 2
From this expression, the design capacity of the weld is given by:

V
v
ed
I L
e a c
I
c
w
p
wp w
x
wp
2
=
+ +
f
2 2
1 ( )
The capacity of the weld (fv
w
) is given in Table 3.6. For 2.0 mm and 1.6 mm thick LSB the
minimum (longitudinal) fillet weld capacity is used.
4.5.2.4 Bolt Design
The bolted connection end of the web extension plate does not need to be designed because
the design actions are the same as for the web side plate or the single angle cleat, and the web
extension plate has a greater or equal thickness with the same edge distances.
4-9
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

TABLE 4.1-1
Web Side Plate
LSB TO COLUMN, BACK OF LSB OR BACK OF PFC
Bolts: M16 Component: 75 5 Flat
LSB LSB
4
4
35 30
LSB Support
min. 3.0 mm thick. PFC Support
LSB
10 gap
75 5 Flat
18 Dia. holes
for M16 bolts.
Designation Dimensions
Design Connection Capacity (kN)
M16 - 4.6/S Bolts M16 - 8.8/S Bolts
d bf t p
mm
a
mm
e
mm
No. of Bolt Rows No. of Bolt Rows
mm mm mm 4 3 2 4 3 2
300 75 3.0 LSB 60 60 30 84.9 56.9 31.7 96.3 84.4 47.0
2.5 LSB 60 60 30 55.7 55.7 31.7 55.7 55.7 39.1
300 60 2.0 LSB 60 60 30 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4
250 75 3.0 LSB 60 60 30 56.9 31.7 84.4 47.0
2.5 LSB 60 60 30 56.9 31.7 70.1 39.1
250 60 2.0 LSB 60 60 30 34.1 31.3 34.1 31.3
200 60 2.5 LSB 60 60 30 31.7 39.1
2.0 LSB 60 60 30 31.3 31.3
200 45 1.6 LSB 60 60 30 21.7 21.7
Component Length L (mm) 240 180 120 240 180 120
Notes:
1. LSB grade DuoSteel.
2. Cleat grade 300 steel.
3. Welds are SP category.
4. Welding consumables E48XX or W50X.
4-10
beam NOVEMBER 2007

TABLE 4.1-2
Web Side Plate
LSB LSB
4
4
35 30
LSB Support
LSB
10 gap
75 5 Flat
14 Dia. holes
for M12 bolts.
d bf t p
mm
a
mm
e
mm
mm mm mm 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2
300 75 3.0 LSB 50 50 20 56.2 41.1 27.0 14.7 96.3 85.3 56.0 30.5
2.5 LSB 50 50 20 55.7 41.1 27.0 14.7 55.7 55.7 47.3 25.7
300 60 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 27.4 27.4 27.0 14.7 27.4 27.4 27.4 20.6
250 75 3.0 LSB 50 50 20 41.1 27.0 14.7 85.3 56.0 30.5
2.5 LSB 50 50 20 41.1 27.0 14.7 70.1 56.0 30.5
250 60 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 34.1 27.0 14.7 34.1 34.1 20.6
200 60 2.5 LSB 50 50 20 27.0 14.7 47.3 25.7
2.0 LSB 50 50 20 27.0 14.7 37.8 20.6
200 45 1.6 LSB 50 50 20 21.7 14.7 21.7 16.5
150 45 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 14.7 20.6
1.6 LSB 50 50 20 14.7 16.5
Component Length L (mm) 240 190 140 90
5
240 190 140 90
5
Notes:
4-11
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

TABLE 4.1-3
Web Side Plate
LSB TO LSB, PFC OR SMALL UB
LSB
75
max.
4
4
10 gap
LSB
75
max. LSB
75
max.
35 30
UB Support PFC Support
LSB Support
min. 3.0 mm thick.
150 5 Flat
18 Dia. holes
for M16 bolts.
d bf t p
mm
a
mm
e
mm
mm mm mm 4 3 2 4 3 2
300 75 3.0 LSB 60 60 30 44.0 27.1 13.9 60.0 36.0 18.0
2.5 LSB 60 60 30 44.0 27.1 13.9 50.0 30.0 15.0
300 60 2.0 LSB 60 60 30 27.4 24.0 12.0 27.4 24.0 12.0
250 75 3.0 LSB 60 60 30 27.1 13.9 36.0 18.0
2.5 LSB 60 60 30 27.1 13.9 30.0 15.0
250 60 2.0 LSB 60 60 30 24.0 12.0 24.0 12.0
200 60 2.5 LSB 60 60 30 13.9 15.0
2.0 LSB 60 60 30 12.0 12.0
200 45 1.6 LSB 60 60 30 9.6 9.6
Notes:
4-12
beam NOVEMBER 2007

TABLE 4.1-4
Web Side Plate
LSB
75
max.
4
4
10 gap
LSB
75
max. LSB
75
max.
35 30
LSB Support
min. 3.0 mm thick.
150 5 Flat
14 Dia. holes
for M12 bolts.
d bf t p
mm
a
mm
e
mm
mm mm mm 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2
300 75 3.0 LSB 50 50 20 29.1 19.8 12.1 6.2 60.3 41.2 25.2 12.8
2.5 LSB 50 50 20 29.1 19.8 12.1 6.2 50.9 34.7 21.3 10.8
300 60 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 27.4 19.8 12.1 6.2 27.4 27.4 17.0 8.6
250 75 3.0 LSB 50 50 20 19.8 12.1 6.2 41.2 25.2 12.9
2.5 LSB 50 50 20 19.8 12.1 6.2 34.7 21.3 10.8
250 60 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 19.8 12.1 6.2 27.8 17.0 8.6
200 60 2.5 LSB 50 50 20 12.1 6.2 21.3 10.8
2.0 LSB 50 50 20 12.1 6.2 17.0 8.6
200 45 1.6 LSB 50 50 20 12.1 6.2 13.6 6.9
150 45 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 6.2 8.6
1.6 LSB 50 50 20 6.2 6.9
5
240 190 140 90
5
Notes:
4-13
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Bolts: M16 Component: 75 75 6 EA
LSB LSB
35 30
LSB Support
LSB
10 gap
75 75 6 EA
18 Dia. holes
for M16 bolts.
d bf t p
mm
a
mm
e
mm
mm mm mm 4 3 2 4 3 2
300 75 3.0 LSB 60 60 30 84.9 56.9 31.7 96.3 70.3 39.1
2.5 LSB 60 60 30 55.7 55.7 31.7 55.7 55.7 39.1
300 60 2.0 LSB 60 60 30 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4 27.4
250 75 3.0 LSB 60 60 30 56.9 31.7 70.3 39.1
2.5 LSB 60 60 30 56.9 31.7 70.1 39.1
250 60 2.0 LSB 60 60 30 34.1 31.3 34.1 31.3
200 60 2.5 LSB 60 60 30 31.7 39.1
2.0 LSB 60 60 30 31.3 31.3
200 45 1.6 LSB 60 60 30 21.7 21.7
Notes:
TABLE 4.2-1
Single Angle Cleat
4-14
beam NOVEMBER 2007

TABLE 4.2-2
Single Angle Cleat
Bolts: M12 Component: 75 75 6 EA
LSB LSB
35 30
LSB Support
LSB
10 gap
75 75 6 EA
14 Dia. holes
for M12 bolts.
d bf t p
mm
a
mm
e
mm
mm mm mm 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2
300 75 3.0 LSB 50 50 20 56.2 41.1 27.0 14.7 96.3 71.9 47.3 25.7
2.5 LSB 50 50 20 55.7 41.1 27.0 14.7 55.7 55.7 47.3 25.7
300 60 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 27.4 27.4 27.0 14.7 27.4 27.4 27.4 20.6
250 75 3.0 LSB 50 50 20 41.1 27.0 14.7 71.9 47.3 25.7
2.5 LSB 50 50 20 41.1 27.0 14.7 70.1 47.3 25.7
250 60 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 34.1 27.0 14.7 34.1 34.1 20.6
200 60 2.5 LSB 50 50 20 27.0 14.7 47.3 25.7
2.0 LSB 50 50 20 27.0 14.7 37.8 20.6
200 45 1.6 LSB 50 50 20 21.7 14.7 21.7 16.5
150 45 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 14.7 20.6
1.6 LSB 50 50 20 14.7 16.5
3
240 190 140 90
3
Notes:
4-15
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Bolts: M16 Component: 150 90 8 UA
LSB
75
max.
10 gap
LSB
75
max. LSB
75
max.
35 30
LSB Support
min. 3.0 mm thick.
150 90 8 UA
18 Dia. holes
for M16 bolts.
d bf t p
mm
a
mm
e
mm
mm mm mm 4 3 2 4 3 2
300 75 3.0 LSB 60 60 30 44.0 27.1 13.9 60.0 36.0 18.0
2.5 LSB 60 60 30 44.0 27.1 13.9 50.0 30.0 15.0
300 60 2.0 LSB 60 60 30 27.4 24.0 12.0 27.4 24.0 12.0
250 75 3.0 LSB 60 60 30 27.1 13.9 36.0 18.0
2.5 LSB 60 60 30 27.1 13.9 30.0 15.0
250 60 2.0 LSB 60 60 30 24.0 12.0 24.0 12.0
200 60 2.5 LSB 60 60 30 13.9 15.0
2.0 LSB 60 60 30 13.9 15.0
200 45 1.6 LSB 60 60 30 9.6 9.6
Notes:
TABLE 4.2-3
Single Angle Cleat
4-16
beam NOVEMBER 2007

TABLE 4.2-4
Single Angle Cleat
Bolts: M12 Component: 150 90 8 UA
LSB
75
max.
10 gap
LSB
75
max. LSB
75
max.
35 30
LSB Support
min. 3.0 mm thick.
150 90 8 UA
14 Dia. holes
for M12 bolts.
d bf t p
mm
a
mm
e
mm
mm mm mm 5 4 3 2 5 4 3 2
300 75 3.0 LSB 50 50 20 29.1 19.8 12.1 6.2 60.3 41.2 25.2 12.8
2.5 LSB 50 50 20 29.1 19.8 12.1 6.2 50.9 34.7 21.3 10.8
300 60 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 27.4 19.8 12.1 6.2 27.4 27.4 17.0 8.6
250 75 3.0 LSB 50 50 20 19.8 12.1 6.2 41.2 25.2 12.8
2.5 LSB 50 50 20 19.8 12.1 6.2 34.7 21.3 10.8
250 60 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 19.8 12.1 6.2 27.8 17.0 8.6
200 60 2.5 LSB 50 50 20 12.1 6.2 21.3 10.8
2.0 LSB 50 50 20 12.1 6.2 17.0 8.6
200 45 1.6 LSB 50 50 20 12.1 6.2 13.6 6.9
150 45 2.0 LSB 50 50 20 6.2 8.6
1.6 LSB 50 50 20 6.2 6.9
3
240 190 140 90
3
Notes:
4-17
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

With Web Side Plate 75 5 FL With Web Side Plate 75 5 FL
Web Side Plate
75 5 FL
125 max.
45
30
Connected to Web Side PIate Connected to SingIe AngIe CIeat
100
p
210 max.
80
max.
5
Single Angle Cleat
75 75 6 EA
125 max.
45
10
min.
10
min.
30 100
p
210 max.
80
max.
5
Bolt Size No. of Bolts
Web Extension Plate
Connection Capacity
Depth dp
mm
Thickness tp
mm
16
4 240 8.0
Connection capacities as per
standard 75 5 FL web side plate
(refer to tables 4.1-1 and 4.1-2) and
75 75 6 EA single angle cleat
(refer to tables 4.2-1 and 4.2-2).
3 180 8.0
2 120 8.0
12
5 240 8.0
4 190 8.0
3 140 8.0
2 90
3
8.0
Notes:
2. Web extension plate grade 250 steel.
TABLE 4.3
Web Extension Plate
LSB TO LARGE UB
4-18
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 5
RIGID CONNECTIONS
Section Page
5.1 General 5-2
5.2 Bolted Moment End Plate 5-2
5.2.1 General 5-2
5.2.2 Design Method 5-2
5.2.3 Alternative End Plate Details 5-3
5.2.4 Typical Connection Configurations 5-3
5.3 Welded Splice 5-4
5-1
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 5
RIGID CONNECTIONS
5.1 General
Rigid connections are those connections which are required to transmit bending moment as the
primary design action. The behaviour of the connection is such that the design bending moment
is resisted with very little joint rotation. A perfect rigid joint would have no joint rotation at the
design bending moment, but this is never achieved in practice.
Beam-to-column connections in unbraced rectangular frames, and ridge and knee connections
in portal frame structures are typical applications of rigid connections. This part of the manual gives
suggested details for these connections, but design capacities are not provided. It is proposed
that testing will be undertaken to confirm appropriate design models where appropriate.
5.2 Bolted Moment End Plate
5.2.1 General
The bolted moment end plate connection is a popular and efficient connection which can be
used in almost every case. It is particularly suitable for site connections. It is also suitable for
beam splices. Bolts may be arranged with 2 bolts at each flange, or 4 bolts at each flange as
shown in Figure 5.1. This arrangement typically provides good rigid connection behaviour.
5.2.2 Design Method
The design model presented in Hogan and Thomas (1994) is commonly used to design bolted
moment end plate connections of this type to Universal Beams, but would require some modification
to be used with the LSB. The design capacities of the LSB member and the welds to the end
plate must be determined in accordance with AS/NZS 4600.
Fillet welds are the most economical method of connecting the end plate to the LSB,
and the flanges have a fillet weld on one side only whereas the web is welded on both sides.
The designer must be aware that the design capacity of the single fillet welds to the flanges,
as calculated from AS/NZS 4600, can not always achieve the full tension capacity of the LSB.
This applies to the 1.6 mm and 2.0 mm thick LSB only, because the fillet welds to the thicker
sections are designed to AS 4100.
(A) 4 Bolts per Flange (B) 2 Bolts per Flange
Figure 5.1: Typical Bolt Arrangement for Bolted Moment End Plate
The design of the end plate may also need to be modified to take account of the hollow flange
which is effectively a rectangular hollow section. The method given by Packer and Henderson
(1997) for rectangular HSS flange-plate connections bolted along two sides of the HSS
(hollow structural section) would be more appropriate than the T-stub model which is generally
used for I-beams and also used by Hogan & Thomas (1994). The rectangular tension flange
of the LSB would be expected to behave in the same manner as a RHS with a flange plate
connection, but no testing has been done at this time to verify this assumption. This would apply
to the arrangement with 2 bolts at each flange (one bolt above and below the flange), but the
arrangement shown in Figure 5.1 (A) with 4 bolts at each flange may require a different approach
to account for different yield lines in the end plate. For the largest section, the 300 75 3.0 LSB,
it should be possible to design a bolted moment end plate connection with 2 M20-8.8/S bolts at
each flange which will achieve the full moment capacity of the LSB.
5-2
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 5
RIGID CONNECTIONS
5.2.3 Alternative End Plate Details
There are two alternative bolt arrangements shown in Figure 5.2 for bolted moment end plates
which may also be used with the LSB. However, these connections may not provide fully rigid
connections, but may tend to be more semi-rigid. Also, they may not be as economical because
of the requirement to use larger bolts and thicker end plates to achieve the full moment capacity
of the LSB. However, they may be suitable for connections which do not require the full moment
capacity of the LSB.
(A) Bolts Outside the Flanges (B) Bolts Between the Flanges
Figure 5.2: Alternative Bolt Arrangement for Bolted Moment End Plate
5.2.4 Typical Connection Congurations
Bolted moment end plate connections may be used in an orthogonal configuration (the end
plate is perpendicular to the beam longitudinal axis) as in the beam to column and beam splice
connections, or in a mitred configuration as used in portal frame knee and ridge joints. These are
illustrated in Figure 5.3.
(A) Beam to Column (B) Beam Splice
(C) Portal Frame Knee (D) Portal Frame Ridge
Figure 5.3: Typical Connection Configurations
5-3
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam NOVEMBER 2007

Part 5
RIGID CONNECTIONS
5.3 Welded Splice
Two methods of producing a welded splice in an LSB are illustrated in Figure 5.4. The first method,
shown in Figure 5.4(A), utilises a complete penetration butt weld throughout the entire cross
section profile of the LSB. All welding must be in accordance with either AS/NZS 1554.1 or
ANSI/AWS D1.3 as appropriate, using prequalified preparations. Because the flanges can only
be welded from one side, it is recommended that a backing strip is used inside the flanges to
achieve the complete penetration. The butt weld design must be in accordance with Clause 5.2.2
of AS/NZS 4600. Guidance on design is also given in Section 3.2.2 of this manual.
An alternative (and perhaps more economical and easier) splice can be achieved by inserting a
plate between the ends of the LSB sections and fillet welding each section to the plate as shown
in Figure 5.4(B). The fillet welds must be designed in accordance with Clause 5.2.2 of AS/NZS
4600. Guidance on design is also given in Section 3.2.3 of this manual. Designers should be
aware that using the AS/NZS 4600 design rules it is not possible to obtain the full strength of the
flange for sections 1.6 mm and 2.0 mm thick, because the flanges are welded from only one side.
However, the web may be welded from one side or two sides depending on the design forces
in the web. There is no advantage welding the web on both sides if it is not necessary, although
it should be welded on both sides if corrosion may be a problem in service or during construction.
(A) Bolts Outside the Flanges (B) Bolts Between the Flanges
OP OP OP
l0 Plat
OP OP OP
l0 Plat
Figure 5.4: Welded Splice Details
5-4
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 6
BASE PLATES
Section Page
6.1 General 6-2
6.2 Design Method 6-3
6.2.1 Design Model 6-3
6.2.2 Axial Compression in Column 6-3
6.2.3 Axial Tension in Column 6-3
6.2.4 Shear 6-3
6.2.5 Combined Actions 6-3
Table Page
Table 6.1: Base Plates 300 LSB, 250 LSB and 200 LSB 6-4
Table 6.2: Base Plates 300 LSB, 250 LSB, 200 LSB and 150 LSB 6-5
Table 6.3: Base Plates 150 LSB 6-6
6-1
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 6
BASE PLATES
6.1 General
The base plate connections considered in this section are suitable for the LSB used in
applications such as portal frame structures. The base plate connections are designed as
pinned bases, with axial compression or axial tension in the LSB being the primary design
action at the base, often with a smaller coincident shear force component. The connection
configuration is very similar to that used for parallel flange channels.
(A) Standard Detail (8) Detail for l25 LS8
Figure 6.1: Standard LSB Base Plate Configuration
Tables 6.1 and 6.2 provide connection capacities for the standard 2 bolt base plate shown
in Figure 6.1 for M12 and M16 holding down bolts respectively. Table 6.3 provides connection
capacities for the 150 LSB with this base plate configuration.
Any structure using these 2 bolt base plate configurations must be adequately braced during
construction. If this can not be achieved, then it is recommended that a 4 bolt base plate
configuration as shown in Figure 6.2 be used.
Figure 6.2: Alternative 4 Bolt Base Plate Configuration
There are many types of holding down bolts (anchor bolts) which can be used with the base
plates for the LSB. These include:
Cast-in place bolts
Expanding anchors
Chemical anchors
Screw bolts
The connection capacity tables for tension in the LSB assume that cast-in place anchor bolts
are used, and that the anchorage of the bolts in the concrete is sufficient to allow the full tension
capacity of the bolts to be achieved. If sufficient anchorage is not available, and if other anchor
bolts are used, then the capacities given in the Tables must be reduced accordingly.
The designer must also be aware that the capacity of the anchor bolts will be reduced if they
are in close proximity to the edge of a footing or slab.
6-2
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 6
BASE PLATES
6.2 Design Method
6.2.1 Design Model
The design model used for the LSB column base plate connection is adopted from Section
4.12 of Hogan and Thomas (1994), as applied to parallel flange channels. The base plates are
designed for axial compression or axial tension in the LSB column as the primary design action,
and also for coincident shear.
6.2.2 Axial Compression in Column
In the calculation of the base plate connection capacities given in Tables 6.1 to 6.3, the following
assumptions have been made:
The characteristic compression strength of the concrete footing f
c
= 25 MPa
The edge of the concrete footing is at least 50 mm from the edge of the base plate
The welds are designed to transfer the axial compression force from the LSB
column to the base plate (the end of the column does not need to be prepared
for full contact)
6.2.3 Axial Tension in Column
When the primary design action in the column is axial tension, the base plate connection
capacities given in Tables 6.1 to 6.3 are based on the following assumptions:
The cast-in anchor bolts are grade 4.6
The embedment of the anchor bolts in the concrete is capable of achieving the
full tension capacity of the bolts
The base plate is a minimum grade 250 plate
In determining the pull-out capacity of the anchor bolts in the concrete, the designer must
consider the length of embedment, the detail at the bottom end of the bolt, the bolt spacing,
and the edge distance.
Table 6.3 gives the connection capacities for the 150 LSB with the alternative detail in Figure
6.1(B). The design of this detail is outlined on page 239 of Hogan and Thomas (1994). This
method assumes that the tension in the anchor bolts spreads out over an effective width of plate
so that the effective width of plate acts as a cantilever in bending.
6.2.4 Shear
Base plates are commonly subject to shear forces in either principal axis directions, in
conjunction with the column axial forces. The shear capacities of the base plate connections,
independent of axial forces, are given in Tables 6.1 to 6.3. These are limited to 50% of the
total shear capacity of the anchor bolts. If the shear forces are higher than this, then it is
recommended that a shear key be used. The design of shear keys is also given in Hogan
and Thomas (1994).
The designer must ensure that the shear capacity is not reduced by the edge distance of the
bolt in the concrete footing.
6.2.5 Combined Actions
This base plate connection shear capacity can be used in combination with axial compression
because the bolts are not in tension, and because part or all of this shear force may be taken
by friction between the base plate and the concrete, depending on the magnitude of the
axial compression.
Tables 6.1 to 6.3 also give the maximum tension capacity of the connection coincident with
this shear force. If the design shear force is lower than that given in the tables, then the tension
capacity will be larger, and may be determined by calculation. Similarly when the design tension
force is lower, the shear capacity is larger, although it is recommended that a shear key be
provided to transmit the higher shear forces.
6-3
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
TABLE 6.1
Base Plates
300 LSB, 250 LSB AND 200 LSB
Bolts: M16
Base Plates
15
20 dia. holes for
M16 4.6/S H.D. bolts
50
p
4
p
Designation
Base Plate
Bolt
Pitch
p
Design Capacities
Length
dp
Width
bp
Thickness
tp
Strength Limit State Combined Actions
d bf t Compression Tension Shear Tension Shear
mm mm mm mm mm mm mm kN kN kN kN kN
300 75 3.0 LSB 330 100 12 150 254 100 28.6 87.5 28.6
2.5 LSB 330 100 12 150 254 100 28.6 87.5 28.6
300 60 2.0 LSB 330 100 12 150 250 100 27.4 88.1 27.4
250 75 3.0 LSB 280 100 12 100 226 100 28.6 87.5 28.6
2.5 LSB 280 100 12 100 226 100 28.6 87.5 28.6
250 60 2.0 LSB 280 100 12 100 220 100 28.6 87.5 28.6
200 60 2.5 LSB 230 90 12 100 187 100 28.6 87.5 28.6
2.0 LSB 230 90 12 100 187 100 28.6 87.5 28.6
200 45 1.6 LSB 230 90 12 100 170 100 21.7 92.9 21.7
Notes:
2. Base plate grade 250 minimum.
3. Concrete base fc = 25 MPa minimum.
4. The tabulated tension capabilities assume that the
embedment of the anchor bolts in the concrete is
capable of achieving these values.
6-4
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Base Plates
15
16 dia. holes for
50
p
4
p
Designation
Base Plate
Bolt
Pitch
p
Design Capacities
Length
dp
Width
bp
Thickness
tp
300 75 3.0 LSB 330 100 12 150 254 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
2.5 LSB 330 100 12 150 254 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
300 60 2.0 LSB 330 100 12 150 250 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
250 75 3.0 LSB 280 100 12 100 226 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
2.5 LSB 280 100 12 100 226 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
250 60 2.0 LSB 280 100 12 100 220 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
200 60 2.5 LSB 230 90 12 100 187 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
2.0 LSB 230 90 12 100 187 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
200 45 1.6 LSB 230 90 12 100 170 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
150 45 2.0 LSB 180 90 12 70 135 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
1.6 LSB 180 90 12 70 135 54.0 15.1 46.8 15.1
Notes:
4. The tabulated tension capacities assume that the
TABLE 6.2
Base Plates
300 LSB, 250 LSB, 200 LSB AND 150 LSB
Bolts: M12
6-5
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Base Plates
15
p
4
16 dia. holes for
c
Designation
Base Plate
Bolt
Pitch
p
Design Capacities
Length
dp
Width
bp
Thickness
tp
150 45 2.0 LSB 270 75 12 210 80.7 38.9 15.1 38.9 15.1
1.6 LSB 270 75 12 210 80.7 38.9 15.1 38.9 15.1
Notes:
4. The tabulated tension capacities assume that the
TABLE 6.3
Base Plates
150 LSB
Bolts: M12
6-6
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 7
PURLIN CLEATS
Section Page
7.1 General 7-2
7.2 Bolted Angle Purlin Cleat 7-2
7.3 Welded Angle Purlin Cleat 7-3
Table Page
Table 7.1: Bolted Angle Purlin Cleat 7-4
Table 7.2: Welded Angle Purlin Cleat 7-5
7-1
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 7
PURLIN CLEATS
7.1 General
The standard purlin and girt cleat used for structural steel construction in Australia is a vertical
cleat welded to the top flange of the supporting member, either the rafter or the column. This type
of connection is not included at this stage for the LSB. Because of the thin gauge of the LSB and
the eccentricity of the connection, the distribution of stresses from the cleat to the LSB flange is
not even and so is difficult to quantify by calculation. Therefore capacities of this connection type
are not available until testing can be undertaken.
However, two other economical options for purlin cleats which can be used with the LSB are
presented in this manual.
Bolted angle purlin cleat
Welded angle purlin cleat
The design of these purlin cleats is given in Sections 7.2 and 7.3 respectively. In both cases,
the design relates only to the connection of the angle to the LSB, and does not include the
connection of the angle to the purlin. Refer to the purlin manufacturer for the capacity of the
bolted connection to the purlin. Accordingly, the connection capacity tables presented in this
section also relate only to the connection of the angle to the LSB.
7.2 Bolted Angle Purlin Cleat
The bolted angle purlin cleat uses an angle with one leg bolted to the back of the LSB web and
the other leg bolted to the web of the purlin as shown in Figure 7.1.
The design method adopted is very simple. The capacity of the connection is determined by
the following:
The capacity of the angle in axial tension or compression
The capacity of the bolted connection to the LSB
Because of the very short distance between the connection of the angle to the LSB and to the
purlin, the capacity of the angle is very high in comparison with the likely design actions, even
when the eccentricity of the axial force is taken into account.
The design of the bolted connection of the angle to the LSB web is the same as for the single
angle cleat connection described in Section 4.4. The design procedure is taken from Hogan and
Thomas (1994) with appropriate changes to incorporate the use of AS/NZS 4600 for bolting to the
LSB. The bending moment on the bolt group due to the eccentricity of the design action is taken
into account. The design procedure is not reproduced here.
Purlin
Angle Cleat
2 Bolts
LSB Pafter
Figure 7.1: Bolted Angle Purlin Cleat
7-2
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 7
PURLIN CLEATS
7.3 Welded Angle Purlin Cleat
The welded angle purlin cleat uses the same angle as for the bolted cleat, but the angle is welded
to the back of the LSB web instead of being bolted. Four equal length welds are required to the
toe and heel of the angle at the top and bottom of the LSB web as shown in Figure 7.2.

Purlin
Angle Cleat
LSB Pafter
Figure 7.2: Welded Angle Purlin Cleat
A conservative approach has been taken for the design of the welds by assuming all of the
design action is taken longitudinally by the two welds to the heel of the angle. In reality the other
two welds to the toe of the angle will share some of the design action, both directly and due to the
moment caused by the eccentricity in the connection. Connection capacities are given in Table
7.2 for a small range of weld lengths.
7-3
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
TABLE 7.1
Bolted Angle Purlin Cleat
Bolts: M12
Bolted Angle Purlin Cleat
Purlin
65 65 6EA
65 6FL
2 M12 Bolts
4
130
80
4
LSB Pafter
20
LSB Designation
Bolt Size
Hole
Diameter
mm
Dimensions Connection Capacities
d br t p a e M12 4.6/S
Bolts
M12 8.8/S
Bolts
mm mm mm mm mm mm
300 75 3.0 LSB M12 14 180 60 20 28.2 58.5
2.5 LSB M12 14 180 60 20 28.2 49.3
300 60 2.0 LSB M12 14 180 60 20 27.4 27.4
250 75 3.0 LSB M12 14 130 60 20 26.6 55.2
2.5 LSB M12 14 130 60 20 26.6 46.6
250 60 2.0 LSB M12 14 130 60 20 26.6 34.1
200 60 2.5 LSB M12 14 80 60 20 22.8 39.8
2.0 LSB M12 14 80 60 20 22.8 31.9
200 45 1.6 LSB M12 14 80 60 20 21.7 21.7
150 45 2.0 LSB M12 14 50 50 20 17.6 24.6
1.6 LSB M12 14 50 50 20 17.6 19.7
Notes:
1. Capacities are for the connection of the angle to the
LSB only. The capacity of the angle to the purlin must be
checked separately.
2. Washers are required under the bolt head and the nut.
7-4
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Welded Angle Purlin Cleat
65 65 6EA
65 6FL
LSB Pafter
130
80
50
50
4 4
4
4
LSB Designation Dimension Fillet Weld Size Connection Capacity (kN)
d br t a tw Weld Length Lw (mm)
mm mm mm mm mm 30 40 50
300 75 3.0 LSB 30 4 39.1 52.1 65.2
2.5 LSB 30 4 39.1 52.1 65.2
300 60 2.0 LSB 30 4 24.3 32.3 40.4
250 75 3.0 LSB 30 4 39.1 52.1 65.2
2.5 LSB 30 4 39.1 52.1 65.2
250 60 2.0 LSB 30 4 24.3 32.3 40.4
200 60 2.5 LSB 25 4 39.1 52.1 65.2
2.0 LSB 25 4 24.3 32.3 40.4
200 45 1.6 LSB 25 4 19.4 25.9 32.3
150 45 2.0 LSB 20 4 24.3 32.3 40.4
1.6 LSB 20 4 19.4 25.9 32.3
Notes:
1. Weld consumables E48XX or W50X.
2. All welds are SP category.
3. Capacities are for the connection of the angle to the
LSB only. The capacity of the angle to the purlin must
be checked separately.
TABLE 7.2
Welded Angle Purlin Cleat
7-5
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
Blank Page
NOVEMBER 2007 7-6
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 8
MISCELLANEOUS CONNECTION DETAILS
Section Page
8.1 General 8-1
8.2 Connection Capacities 8-1
8-1
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 8
8.1 G eneral
Various miscellaneous connection details are shown here to illustrate a range of options for
connecting the LSB to other LSB sections, to timber members, and to brick engaged piers.
These connection details are by no means exhaustive, and designers are encouraged to develop
their own connection details using sound engineering principles to satisfy their own particular
requirements or methods of construction.
8.2 Connection Cap acities
Most of these connection details are taken from the companion publications:
Residential Construction Manual for LiteSteel
beam (LST 2007b)

Industrial & Commercial Floors using LiteSteel
beam (LST 2007c)

Full details and capacities of these connections are given in these publications.
Single LSB Bearer Double LSB Bearer
Figure 8.1: Connection of LSB Floor Joist above LSB Bearer
8-2
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 8
(A) Web Side Plate to back of LSB (B) Web Side Plate to flange side of LSB (C) Web Side Plate to double LSB
(D) Single Angle Cleat to back of LSB (E) Single Angle Cleat to flange side of LSB (F) Single Angle Cleat to double LSB
Figure 8.2: Connection of LSB Floor Joist to Side of LSB Bearer

8-3
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 8
(A) Floor Joist above Bearer Corner Connection (B) Floor Joist above double Bearer End Connection (C) Floor Joist above Bearer Corner Connection
(D) Floor Joist to side of Bearer Corner Connection (E) Floor Joist to side of double Bearer End Connection (F) Floor Joist to side of Bearer Corner Connection
Figure 8.3: Connection of LSB Floor Joist at Corner and End of LSB Bearer
8-4
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 8
(A) Single LSB Bearer End Connection (B) Double LSB Bearer End Connection (C) Single LSB Bearer End Connection
(D) Single LSB Bearer Internal Connection (E) Double LSB Bearer Internal Connection (F) Single LSB Bearer Internal Connection
Figure 8.4: Connection of LSB Bearer to Top of SHS Column
8-5
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 8
(A) Web Side Plate to End Column Single LSB Bearer (B) Web Side Plate to End Column Double LSB Bearer (C) Face Plate to End Column Single LSB Bearer
(D) Web Side Plate to Internal Column Single LSB Bearer (E) Web Side Plate to Internal Column Double LSB Bearer (F) Face Plate to Internal Column Single LSB Bearer
Figure 8.5: Connection of LSB Bearer to Side of SHS Column
8-6
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 8
(A) Unpunched Strapping (B) Triple Grips (C) Unities (D) Pergola Angles
(E) Cyclone Straps (F) Joist Hangers (G) I-Joist Hangers (face mounted) (H) i-Joist Hangers (top mounted)

Figure 8.6: Connection of LSB to Timber Members
8-7
PART 3
Fastening
PART 4
PART 5
Rigid Connections
PART 6
Base Plates
PART 1
Introduction
PART 2
Materials
PART 7
Purlin Cleats
PART 8
Miscellaneous
Connection Details
beam
NOVEMBER 2007
Part 8
(A) Plate to Bottom Flange (B) Angle Cleat
Tie down rod
Engaged brick pier
Tie down rod
Engaged brick pier
(C) Flat (D) Z Plate
Tie down rod
Engaged brick pier
Tie down rod
Engaged brick pier
Figure 8.5: Connection of LSB to Brick Pier
8-8
Available from:
Disclaimer Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation of this
information, LiteSteel Technologies, and its agents accept no liability for
the accuracy of the information supplied. To the fullest extent permitted
by law, the company expressly disclaims all and any liability to any
person whether a purchaser of any product, or otherwise in respect of
anything done or omitted to be done and the consequences of anything
done or omitted to be done, by any such person in reliance, whether in
whole or in part upon the whole or any part of this publication.
The performance of the LSB AZ+ coating against corrosion only
applies to the undamaged coating and not to:
Unprotected cut surfaces (these areas require touch up with
zinc-rich paint to maintain protection);
Scratched or damaged product;
Product in contact with non-compatible alloys, treated timber
or other non-compatible materials.
Areas not subject to washing, with a potential for build-up of dirt and/or
which are constantly moist, will exhibit considerably higher corrosion
rates. Refer to the Australian corrosion standard for further information
of potential micro-climates and the affect on corrosion rates.
LiteSteel beam and LSB are registered trademarks, AZ+ and DuoSteel
are trademarks of LiteSteel Products Pty Ltd ACN 109 854 677 and
are used under licence in Australia by LiteSteel Technologies Pty Ltd
ACN 113 101 054. LiteSteel Technologies is a OneSteel Group Company.
Buildex
and Teks
are the registered trademarks of Illinois

Tool Works Inc., Chicago USA.
* Pryda is the registered trademark of ITW Australia Pty Ltd.
Product availability and other information Always ensure
that you are using current information on the LSB product range.
The current version date of this and other LSB publications can
be obtained by referring to www.litesteelbeam.com.au or by
contacting LiteSteel Technologies on 1300 789 572.
LiteSteel Technologies Pty Ltd November 2007.
LT111
LiteSteel Technologies
ACN 113 101 054
PO Box 246 Sunnybank, QLD 4109 Australia
Telephone +61 1300 789 572
Facsimile +61 1300 789 368
Email lsb@litesteelbeam.com.au
Internet www.litesteelbeam.com.au

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beam NOVEMBER 2007

beam NOVEMBER 2007

beam NOVEMBER 2007

beam and Industrial & Commercial Floors using LiteSteel

beam. They should

beam NOVEMBER 2007

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are the registered trademarks of Illinois

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