24 POWER TRANSFORMERS : QUALITY ASSURANCE Flux is the product of number of turns and current generated in the magnetic cir

cuit. From the above we conclude the following: f 2 = f' 2 i.e., N 2 I 2 = N 1 ? 2 ' or I' 2 = N N 2 1 I 2 Primary will have two currents at load one is I 0 and other is I' 2 which is anti-phase with I 2 and K times in magnitude. The total primary current is the vectorial sum of I 0 and ? 2 '. Fig. 2.14 (a) and (b) represent the vector diagrams of a transformer when the lo ad is non-inductive as well as inductive load respectively. Voltage transformation ratio is assumed unity to make primary and secondary voltage vector equal. As indicated in Fig. 2.14(a), in a non-induc tive load (i.e., resistive load), the secondary current I 2 is in phase with

E 2 and causes a primary current I' 2 which is anti-phase and equal to its magnitude (as K = 1). The resultant primary current I 1 is the vectorial sum of I 0 and I' 2 and lags behind V 1 by an angle f 1 . V 1 E 1 I 1 R 1 I 1 I 0 I 2 V 2 I 2 R E 2

m I = K 2 2 I (a) (b) (c) V 1 E 1 I 1 R 1 I 2 V 2

E 2 I 2 R 3 m 2 1

I 0 I 2 = K I 2 I 1 V 2 3 I 2 2 R I 2 m E 1 I 1 R 1 V 1 I 1 I 0 I 2 2 1 Fig. 2.14. Vector diagram with the presence of winding resistance A close look to the vector diagrams shows that f 1 is slightly greater than f 3 because of the existence of I 0 . Since I 0 is very small as compared to I 2 its presence may be neglected while drawing

vector diagram. This aspect has been shown in Fig. 2.13 (c), where f 1 is equal t? f 3 . So far we have discussed the vector diagram for transformer having no inherent r esistance which is not correct. Practically the primary and secondary resistance do have some resistanc es and when there is a current flows through the winding, it create a voltage drop (IR) across the wind ing. To make the statement more simple, let us categorise the following: (a) The secondary terminal voltage V 2 is vectorially less than the secondary induced emf E 2 by an amount I 2 R 2 , when R 2 is the secondary winding resistance (Fig. 2.14). In other words V 2 is equal to the vector difference of E 2 and resistive voltage drop I 2 R 2ELEMENTARY ENGINEERING OF TRANSFORMER OPERATION 25 i.e., V E I R 2 2 2 2 = + (b) The winding resistance of primary creats a voltage drop I 1 R 1 . The primary induced emf E 1 is equal to vector difference of

V 1 and I 1 R 1 , i.e., E V I R 1 2 2 1 = (c) The vector diagrams of non-inductive, inductive and capacitive loads have be en shown in Fig. 2.14 (a), (b) and (c) respectively The winding resistances of primary and secondary are denoted as R 1 and R 2 respectively and have been shown externally in Fig. 2.15 (a). For simplicity in calculation, the resistance s can be transferred to one side, i.e. either both the resistances on primary side (Fig. 2.15, b) or both th e resistances on secondary side [Fig. 2.15 (c)]. We must take into account the transformation ratio (K) whi le transferring resistances to other side. It can be seen below that the secondary resistances R 2 becomes R 2 /K 2 when it is transferred to primary side. (a) R 1 R 2 (b) R 1 R 2 = R 2 K 2 R 10 (c) R 2 R

1 = K .R 2 1 R 02 Fig. 2.15. Schematic diagram of windings with inherent resistance and reactance shown outside Thus the equivalent secondary resistance as referred to primary = R' 2 = R K 2 2