Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 5

THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 The Act came into force on November 19, 1986.

The Act extends to whole of India. Some terms related to environment have been described as follows in the Act: 1. nvironment incl!des water, air and land and the interrelationshi" that exist amon# and between them and h!man bein#s, all other livin# or#anisms and "ro"ert$. %. The environmental "oll!tion means the "resence of an$ solid, li&!id or #ases s!bstance "resent in s!ch concentration as ma$ be or tend to be in'!rio!s to environment. (. )a*ardo!s s!bstance means an$ s!bstance or "re"aration which b$ its "h$sico+chemical "ro"erties or handlin# is liable to ca!se harm to h!man bein#s, other livin# or#anisms, "ro"ert$ or environment. The Act has #iven "owers to the central #overnment to ta,e meas!res to "rotect and im"rove environment while the state #overnment coordinate the actions. The most im"ortant f!nction of central #overnment !nder this act incl!des: Settin# !" of a- The standards of &!alit$ of air, water or soil for vario!s areas and "!r"oses. b- The maxim!m "ermissible limits of concentration of vario!s environmental "oll!tants for different areas. c- The "roced!res and safe#!ards for the handlin# of ha*ardo!s s!bstances. d- The "rohibition and restrictions on the handlin# of ha*ardo!s s!bstances in different areas. e- The "rohibition and restriction on the location of the ind!stries and to carr$ on "rocess and o"erations in different areas. f- The "roced!res and safe#!ards for the "revention of accidents which ma$ ca!se environmental "oll!tion and "rovidin# for remedial meas!res for s!ch accidents. The "ower of entr$ and ins"ection, "ower to ta,e sam"le etc. !nder this act lies with the .entral /overnment or an$ officer em"owered b$ it. 0or the "!r"ose of "rotectin# and im"rovin# the &!alit$ of the environment and "reventin# and abatin# "oll!tion, standards have been s"ecified !nder Sched!le I+I1 of nvironment 23rotection4!les 1986 for emission of #aseo!s "oll!tants and dischar#e of effl!ents5waste water from ind!stries. These standard var$ from ind!str$ to ind!str$ and also var$ with the medi!m into which the effl!ent is dischar#ed or the area of emission.

RAINWATER HARVESTING: 4ainwater harvestin# is a techni&!e of increasin# the rechar#e of #ro!ndwater b$ ca"t!rin# and storin# rainwater. This is done b$ constr!ctin# s"ecial water+harvestin# str!ct!res li,e d!# wells, "ercolation "its, la#oons, chec, dams etc. "oll!tion of this water is "revented. 4ainwater harvestin# is not onl$ "rovin# !sef!l for "oor and scant$ rainfall re#ions b!t also for the rich ones. It is an astonishin# fact that .hera"!n'i, the "lace receivin# the second hi#hest ann!al rainfall still s!ffers from water scarcit$. Till now there is hardl$ an$ rain+water harvestin# bein# done in this re#ion, thereb$ losin# all the water that comes thro!#h rainfall.

Rainwater harvesting has the following objectives:


1. To red!ce r!n off loss %. To avoid floodin# of roads (. To meet the increasin# demands of water 6. To raise the water table b$ rechar#in# #ro!nd water 7. To red!ce #ro!nd water contamination 6. To s!""lement #ro!nd water s!""lies d!rin# dr$ seasons

Rainwater can be mainly harvested by anyone of the following methods:


1. 8$ storin# in tan,s or reservoirs above or below #ro!nd %. 8$ constr!ctin# "its, d!# wells, la#oons, trench or chec, dams on small riv!lets (. 8$ rechar#in# the #ro!nd water.

Traditional Rainwater Harvesting:


In India, it is an old "ractice in hi#h rainfall areas to collect rainwater from roof to"s into stora#e tan,s. 4a'asthan is ,nown for its 9Tan,as: 2!nder#ro!nd tan,s- and 9;hadins: 2 mban,mentsfor harvestin# rainwater. In o!r ancient times, we had ade&!ate Taalaabs, )a!* etc. which were !sed to collect rainwater and ens!re ade&!ate water s!""l$ in dr$ "eriods.

Modern Techniques of Rainwater Harvesting:


In arid and semi+arid re#ions artificial #ro!nd water rechar#in# is done b$ constr!ctin# shallow "ercolation tan,s. .hec,+dams 4a'endrasin#h of 4a'asthan "o"!larl$ ,nown as 9<aterman: has been doin# a commendable 'ob for harvestin# rainwater b$ b!ildin# chec,+dams in ra'asthan. All the above techni&!es of rainwater harvestin# are low cost methods with little maintenance ex"enses.

Rainwater harvesting helps in


rechar#in# the #ro!nd water im"roves #ro!nd water &!alit$ b$ dil!tion, im"roves soil moist!re and red!ces soil erosion b$ minimi*in# r!n+off water.

GLOBAL WARMING: Tro"os"here, the lower most la$er of the atmos"here tra"s heat b$ nat!ral "rocess d!e to the "resence of certain #ases. This effect is called /reen )o!se ffect The amo!nt of heat tra""ed in the atmos"here de"ends mostl$ !"on the concentration of #reen ho!se #ases and len#th of time the$ sta$ in the atmos"here. The ma'or #reen ho!se #ases are carbon dioxide, o*one, methane, nitro!s oxide etc. and water va"o!rs. The avera#e #lobal tem"erat!re is 71=c. In the absence of #reen ho!se #ases this tem"erat!re wo!ld have been 18= c. Therefore, #reenho!se effect contrib!tes a tem"erat!re rise to the t!ne of ((= c. )eat tra""ed b$ #reen ho!se #ases in the atmos"here ,ee"s the "lanet warm eno!#h to allow !s and other s"ecies to exist.

The two "redominant #reen ho!se #ases are water va"o!rs which are controlled b$ h$drolo#ical c$cle and carbon dioxide. <hile the levels of water va"o!r in the tro"os"here have relativel$ remained constant the levels of carbon dioxide have increased. >ther #ases whose levels have increased d!e to h!man activities are methane, nitro!s oxide. ?eforestation has f!rther res!lted in elevated levels of carbon dioxide d!e to non removal of carbon dioxide b$ "lants thro!#h "hotos$nthesis It has "roved to be disastro!s for vario!s ecos$stems on the earth incl!din# h!mans as it wo!ld alter the conditions faster than some s"ecies co!ld ada"t or mi#rate.

GREEN HOUSE GASES: The "henomenon that worries the environmental scientists is there is an increase in the concentration of the #reen ho!se #ases in the air that absorbs infra+red li#ht containin# heat and res!lts in the re+radiation of even more of the o!t#oin# thermal infra+red ener#$, thereb$ increasin# the avera#e s!rface tem"erat!re be$ond 17= c. The "henomenon is referred to as the enhanced #reen ho!se effect. The #reen ho!se #ases incl!de .arbon dioxide, .hlorofl!orocarbons, methane and nitro!s oxide etc. These are the #reen ho!se #ases "resent in the tro"os"here and res!ltin# in an increase in the tem"erat!re of air and the earth.

Impac ! "# $%&a%c$' ()$$% &"*!$ $##$c : The enhanced #reenho!se effect will not onl$ ca!se #lobal warmin# b!t will also affect vario!s other climatic and nat!ral "rocesses. 1+ G,"-a, $mp$)a *)$ .%c)$a!$: The avera#e #lobal tem"erat!re is 71=c. In the absence of #reen ho!se #ases this tem"erat!re wo!ld have been 18= c. Therefore, #reenho!se effect contrib!tes a tem"erat!re rise to the t!ne of ((= c. /+ R.!$ .% S$a L$0$,: <ith the increase in #lobal tem"erat!re sea water will ex"and. )eatin# will melt the "olar ice sheets and #laciers res!ltin# in f!rther rise in sea level.

>ne meter rise in sea level will in!ndate low l$in# areas as well as a#ric!lt!ral lowlands and deltas and will affect rice "rod!ctivit$. In India, the @a,shadwee" Islands with a maxim!m hei#ht of 6 meters above the level ma$ be v!lnerable. Some of the most bea!tif!l cities li,e A!mbai ma$ be saved b$ heav$ investment on emban,ment to "revent in!ndation.

@ife of millions of "eo"le will be affected, b$ the sea level rise who have b!ild homes in the deltas of /an#es, the Nile, Aississi""i rivers. 1+ E##$c ! "% &*ma% &$a, &: The #lobal warmin# will lead to chan#es in the rainfall "attern in man$ areas, thereb$ affectin# the distrib!tion of vector+borne diseases li,e malaria, filariasis, ele"hantiasis etc.

<armer tem"erat!re and more water sta#nation wo!ld favo!r breedin# of mos&!itoes, snails and some insects, which are the vectors of s!ch diseases. )i#her tem"erat!re and h!midit$ will increase5a##ravate res"irator$ and s,in diseases. 2+ E##$c ! "% A().c*, *)$: It ma$ show "ositive or ne#ative effects on vario!s t$"es of cro"s in different re#ions of the world. Tro"ical and s!btro"ical re#ions will be more affected since the avera#e tem"erat!re in these re#ions is alread$ on the hi#her side. ven a rise of %= c ma$ be &!ite harmf!l to cro"s. Increase in tem"erat!re and h!midit$ will increase "est #rowth. 3ests will ada"t to s!ch chan#es better than the cro"s Aeas!res to chec, #lobal warmin#:

To slow down enhanced #lobal warmin# the followin# ste"s will be im"ortant: 1. .!t down the c!rrent rate of !se of .0.s and fossil f!el. %. Bse ener#$ more efficientl$ (. Shift to renewable ener#$ reso!rces 6. Increase in n!clear "ower "lants for electricit$ "rod!ction 7. Shift from coal to nat!ral #as 6. Tra" and !se methane as a f!el C. 4ed!ce beef "rod!ction. 8. Ado"t s!stainable a#ric!lt!re 9. Stabili*e "o"!lation #rowth 1D. fficientl$ remove carbon dioxide from smo,e stac,s 11. 3lant more trees. 1%. 4emove atmos"heric carbon dioxide b$ !tili*in# "hotos$nthetic al#ae.

Вам также может понравиться