Chemistry for All

1. what is chemistry ?
2. what are the branches of chemistry ?
3. what is scientific method ?
4. what is metric sysytem ?
5. what are the significant figures ?
6. what are the safety precautions to be remembered
in laboratory ?
7. what are the laboratory apparatus ?

Classifying Matter
1. How do we classify matter ?
2. what is homogenous ?
3. what is heterogenous ?
4. what are the four phases in matter ?
5. differentiate pure substance to mixture.
6. differentiate elements to compounds
7. differentiate metal to nonmetal

Chemistry
is the science concerned with the composition, behavior, structure, and
properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical
reactions.

BRANCHES OF CHEMISTRY
Organic Chemistry
This specific type of chemistry is concerned with elements containing carbon.
Carbon is only the fourteenth most common element on earth, yet it creates the
largest number of different compounds. This type of chemistry is important to
the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, and textile industries.

Inorganic Chemistry
This branch of chemistry deals with substances not containing carbon and that
are not organic. Examples of such substances are minerals found in the earth's
crust and non-living matter. There are many branches of inorganic chemistry.
They include bioinorganic chemistry, nuclear science and energy, geochemistry,
and synthetic inorganic chemistry, just to name a few.

Physical Chemistry
This type of chemistry deals with the discovery and description of the theoretical
basis of the behavior of chemical substances. This means also that it provides a
basis for every bit of chemistry including organic, inorganic, and analytical. This
chemistry is defined as dealing with the relations between the physical properties
of substances and their chemical formations along with their changes.

Biochemistry
Biochemistry is a science that is concerned with the composition and changes in
the formation of living species. This type of chemistry utilizes the concepts of
organic and physical chemistry to make the world of living organisms seem much
clearer. Some people also consider biochemsitry as physiological chemistry and
biological chemistry. The scientists that study biochemistry are called
biochemists. They study such things as the properties of biological molecules,
including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids. Other topics they
focus on are the chemical regulation of metabolism, the chemistry of vitamins,
and biological oxidation.

Analytical Chemistry
This kind of chemistry deals mostly with the composition of substances.

Scientific Method
refers to a body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new
knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
Metric System
The metric system is an international decimalised system of measurement, first
adopted by France in 1791, that is the common system of measuring units used by
most of the world.

Significant Figures
The significant figures of a number are those digits that carry meaning
contributing to its precision. This includes all digits except

*spurious digits introduced, for example, by calculations carried out to greater

accuracy than that of the original data, or measurements reported to a greater
precision than the equipment supports

Safety Precautions
* First of all, pay attention to what you are doing and what you are working with.

* You should always wear safety glasses or goggles when working with dangerous
chemicals. Remember, your eyes are irreplaceable. Since you won't always know
which chemicals are dangerous, the safest thing is to wear the glasses whenever
you are working with chemicals. Also wear them when you're near someone
working with chemicals. We have some variety of different styles so find a style
that fits best and use them.

* You should know where the laboratory safety equipment is located. Take a
moment when you are in the lab to have the instructor show you where the
eyewashes are and how to use them. Also, find out about the other safety
equipment in the lab like the emergency shower, the fire extinguisher, and the
first aid kit. When working with chemicals, if you should get any in your eye, use
the special eyewash.

* Tell the instructor of any accidents immediately.

*Also, never mix chemicals that you haven't been told to mix without an OK from
the instructor.

Laboratory Apparatus
Thermometer : is used to test temperatures
Funnel : used for filtering mixtures as well as transferring of liquids from the
container into other
Test tube : are glass instruments used to hold liquids
Beaker : also used to hold liquids. Have graduations to allow the experimenter to
estimate the volume of the liquid
Evaporating dish : ceramic materials used for heating liquid substances to
dryness
erlenmyer flask : commom glass instruments used for simple measuring,stiring
and mixing of liquids.

Classifying Matter
Matter is anything that has mass and volume. It can classify into a mixture or a
pure substance

A mixture is matter that has two or more kinds of particles and thus may have
different properties in different samples
pure substance is a substance that has the same properties in any sample you
choose. There are two kinds of pure substances: elements and compounds

elements is a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom

distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its
nucleus. while the compound is a substance formed when two or more elements
are chemically joined. Water, salt, and sugar are examples of compounds. When
the elements are joined, the atoms lose their individual properties and have
different properties from the elements they are composed of.

A metal is an element, compound, or alloy characterized by high electrical

conductivity. In a metal, atoms readily lose electrons to form positive ions , while
non metal are chemical element (as boron, carbon, or nitrogen) that lacks the
characteristics of a metal

A Homogeneous are materials in chemistry and material science are uniform

materials, showing the same properties at all points. The definition is strongly
depending on the context. while Heterogeneous is an adjective used to describe
an object or system consisting of multiple items having a large number of
structural variations.
Heiroglyphics
Hieroglyphs are word pictures which represent the sounds of the Ancient
Egyptian language.

There are two basic types of hieroglyphs: IDEOGRAMS and PHONOGRAMS.

Often the same image can be both an ideogram and a phonogram.

IDEOGRAMS are images that depict the object they represent. For example the
image of a mouth can represent the word 'mouth'.

PHONOGRAMS are images that represent the sounds of the Ancient Egyptian
language, just like our alphabet represents the sound of our language. For
example, the image of a mouth can also represent the sound 'R'.