International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847

Study of the Optical Constants of the PVC/ PMMA Blends

Rouaramadan1,Ekramajaj2 ,Ahmad A. Hasan3
1,2,3

Department of physics,College of Science,University of Baghdad

Abstract The aim of the present work is concerned with the study of the optical constants of the PVC/ PMMA blend at different ratio, were prepared with different concentration(%PVC,75%PVC+25%PMMA,50%PVC+25%PMMA,25%PVC+75%PMMA,PVC) using Casting Technique with thickness about (0.078,0.094,0.054,0.078,0.052) . The absorption spectra of PVC/PMMA blends at different concertation showed absorption changes in the wavelength range, which depends on the polym er type, and the concentration of the polymer blends. It was found that 50%PVC+50%PMMA ratio from these polymers showed higher absorption values in comparison with the other blend. The absorption spectra has been recorded in the wavelength range (200-1100)nm . The absorption coefficient(), extinction coefficient(k), refractive index(n) have been evaluated.

Keywords:Optical constants, Optical properties,PVC/PMMA blend.

1. INTRODUCTION
Polymeric materials have attracted the scientific and technological researchers, because of their wide applications. This is mainly due to the lightweight, good mechanical strength, optical properties and makes them to be multifunctional materials. Optical properties of polymers constitute an important aspects in study of electronic transition and the possibility of their application as optical filters, a cover in solar collection, selection surfaces and green house. The information about the electronic structure of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors has been mostly accumulated from the studies of optical properties in wide frequency range[1]. PMMA is one of the earliest and best known polymers. PMMA was seen as a replacement for glass in a variety of applications and is currently used extensively in glazing applications. The material is one of the hardest polymers, and is rigid, glass-clear with glossy finish and good weather resistance. PMMA is naturally transparent and colorless. The transmission for visible light is very high. Polymeric composites of PMMA are known for their importance in technical applications.[2] Poly(methyl methacrylate) is one of the best organic optical materials and has been widely used to make a variety of optical devices, such as optical lenses. It is known that its refractive index changes upon UV irradiation, either in the pure [3, 4] or doped state [5], which provides ameans to fabricate structures, such as gratings or waveguides. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is one of the most important commercial polymers that have wide range of applications[6]. Polyvinylchloride (PVC) is a linear, thermoplastic, substantially amorphous polymer, with a huge commercial interest, due to the accessibility to basic raw materials and to its properties Incorporating plasticizers the rigid PVC makes the soft PVC products and it has been used in cable and wide covers, children toys and medical devices.[7] M..Ahemed [8] prepared transparent films of (PMMA/PVAc) blend with different concentrations by using solution cast technique. FTIR transmission spectra were carried out for the samples to detect the influence of UV radiation. In addition, optical absorption measurement was carried out for the samples at room temperature across the 190-900nm wavelength region before and after exposure to UV and filtered radiation using Xenon arc lamp. The study had been also extended to include the changes in the optical parameters including the band tail width and band gap energies for the samples. Moreover, the refractive index was calculated for samples from reflection and absorption spectrum before and after exposure to UV and filtered radiation. The results showed no minimum was found by absorption in the visible wavelength, which points to the fact that all the samples are colorless. In addition, the increase in the values of refractive index after exposure to UV radiation for 24 hours could be attributed to the increasing in localized density arising from photo induced cross-linking. L. JOSHI et al [9] study The polyblend of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polystyrene (PS), in the weight ratio 5: 1 using 1.25 gm of PVC and 0.25 gm of PS by casting method . The two polymers PVC and PS and dopant Polyaniline dissolved seperately in tetrahydrofuran. Polyaniline (PANI) has been used as dopant and with 0.5 %, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0% and 2.5 % of the total weight of the two polymers they preparedfivesamplesTheamorphousnature in all samples were observed from XRD. On the basis of optical absorbance and transmittance measurements at normal incidence of light in the wavelength range 500- 1000 nm,the absorption coefficient (), optical energy gap (Eopt), refractive index (n0), optical dielectric constant (), constant (B) and ratio of carrier concentration to the effective mass(N/m*) have been reported for polyaniline doped PVC-PS blend.They found The behavior of all the optical parameters found to be non-linear. It can be concluded that the evaluated optical parameters such as absorption coefficient, optical energy gap, optical dielectric constant, refractive index, constant B, measure of extent of band tailing (n0B)-1 are found to be bidden direct transition.The refractive index (no) calculated in

Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
the region 500 to 1000 nm is found to be non-linear. The ratio of carrier concentration to the effective mass N/m*is found to be of the order of 1021cm-3. G.Patel et al [10] .They study PVC/PMMA polymer blends were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UVVIS Spectroscopy and mechanical analysis. The changes in mechanical properties are reflected by the changes in the IR spectrum. The mechanical properties of such poly blends revealed a substantial increase in Youngs modulus and ultimate tensile strength after initial drop at 10% of PMMA. Optical properties such as the absorption coefficient, optical (Direct/Indirect) energy gap were calculated. The effects of different blending percentage on these parameters have been discussed and their results are corelated with IR study.

2. Experimental part
2.1 Raw Material PVC(polyvinyclorid) and PMMA (poly methyl methacrylate) was used in this study were obtained from Sigma, Aldrich (Germany) and reported to have molecular weights of 93.92605 and 996000 g/mol respectively. Tetrahydorfuran (THF) has purity 99.8% optainedfrom (G.I.D.C) in England used as a common solvent for PVC and PMMA . 2.2 Preparation of the Samples Two polymers PVC (1g) and PMMA (1g) were add in 10 ml of tetrahydorfuran (THF), allowing them to dissolve completely, The two solutions were mixed together with different concentrations(%PVC,75%PVC+25%PMMA,50%PVC+50%PMMA,25PVC+75PMMA,%PMMA) by weight with thickness about (0.078,0.094,0.054,0.078,0.052) ,and subsequently cast clean glass beterdish of(7.5cm) in diameter placed on plate form, and left in hood at room temperature for 24 hours to form transparent films. The dried film was then removed easily by using tweezers clamp.

3. Results and Discussion

The optical constants are very important because they describe the optical behavior of the materials. The absorption coefficient of the material is very strong function of photon energy and band gap energy [11]. The variation of absorption with wavelength of the incident light the absorption were recorded using double bean schimadzu UV/VIS1650 PC in the wavelength optical a range (200-1100) nm for polymer blend . Figure. (1) The figure show absorption spectrum in rang(200-1100)nm reveals a strong absorption probability below 250-290nm respectively. For% PVC, 75%PVC+25%PMMA,50%PVC+50%PMMA,25%PVC+75%PMMA,%PMMA there is sudden decrease in the absorption values observed above the limits. For 50%PVC+50%PMMA the decrease was even slower. 50%PVC+50%PMMA blend showed the hightapsorption than the other blend for polymer blend. and all the films showing the same behavioun but the absorption was decrease at %PMMA.

Figure (1): Variation of absorption for (PVC/PMMA) with wavelength. Absorption coefficient () is defined as the ability of a material to absorb the light of a given wavelength[12]. (1) Where A: is the absorption of the material t: the sample thickness in cm. Figure (2) shows the relationship of the absorption coefficient with photon energy of different weight percentages of PVC/PMMA . it show hight absorption edge for PVC,whil it becomes less for PMMA

Figure( 2): Absorption coefficient for (PVC/PMMA) photon energy

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International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering & Management (IJAIEM)

Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
The variation of refractive index (n) The refractive index (n) can be measured (when the reflectance (R) and (k) are known) by using the equation(2) [13]. (2) where k is the extinction coefficient and R is the optical reflectance. The extinction coefficient can be obtained from the relation equ (4)where[14]. k= (4) Figure (3) Shows the variation of n as a function of wavelength, the value of the refractive index In order to compare our results of (n) for PMMA with the published data, which were calculated at 600 nm. The value of (n) was found (1.85) for thickness (20 m), while Ahmed et al.[15] ,obtained (n) value = 2.13 with the thickness 100 m, Papanu et al[16] .obtained (n) value = 1.48 of PMMA with thickness 1 m deposited on silicon wafer. The difference in (n) value is attributed to the difference in thickness.

Figure (3) Refractive indices as a function of wavelength for polymer blend Figure(4) shows the variation of extinction coefficient (k=/4) with wave length() . The blend 50%PMMA/50%PVC concentration has the highest value of (k), and it was displaced toward the long wavelength.

Figure (4) Extinction coefficient as a function of wavelength for PVC/PMMA Table (1): Represents the parameters of optical properties of polymer blend(PVC/PMMA)at 550nm Polymer blend %PVC 75%PVC+25%PMMA 50%PVC+50%PMMA 25%PVC+75%PMMA %PMMA (1/cm) 307.066 100.45 306.163 294.94 15.77 A% 0.89 1 1.13 0.41 0.05 K*10-3 1.35E-03 1.1E-03 1.34E-03 4.4E-03 6.91E-05 n 2.528974 2.562835 2.587151 1.977411 1.288341

Conclusion
1- Strong absorption clear between 200-290nm respectively. 2-50%PVC/50%PMMA blend showed the best optical properties. 3-The absorption coefficient,extinctioncoefficient,refractive index of (50/50)%PVC/PMMA show significant change from samples in compored with other blend samples.

Refrence
[1] G.Pinto and A.Maaroufi,"Critical filler concentration for electro conductive polymer composites", Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE),2011.

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Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 11, November 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
[2] T.Hamad, M. Abdul nabi and W.Musa, The optical properties of Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) polymers doped by Potassium Iodide with different thickness, Vol.8(2) Baghdad Science Journal, pp.538-542,2011. [3] C.Wochnowski, S. Metev, and G. Sepold, UVlaser-assisted modification of the optical properties of polymethylmethacrylate, Applied Surface Science, vol. 154,pp. 706711, 2000. [4] A. Baker and P. Dyer, Refractive-index modification of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) thin films by KrF-laser irradiation, Applied Physics A, vol. 57, no. 6, pp. 543544,1993. [5] T. Kardinahl and H. Franke, Photoinduced refractive-index changes in fulgide-dopedPMMAfilms, Applied Physics A, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 2327, 1995. [6] Wang Q.; Storn B. K.; Polymer Testing, 24,290.2005. [7] B.Balakrishnan, A. Jayakrishnan, Chemical modification of poly (vinyl chloride) using poly (ethylene glycol) to improve blood compatibility, in Trends in Biomaterials and Artificial Organs, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 230-236,2005. [8] M.Ahmed"Optical Study on Poly (methylmethacrylate)/ Poly (vinyl acetate) Blends", Vol.57, No.10 "International Journal of Polymeric Materials", pp.969-978,2008. [9] L.Joshi, M. Deshmukh, P. Deshmukh, D.burghate and S. Shilaskar Optical Band Gap in Polyaniline Doped PVCPS Blend J. Polym. Mater. Vol. 28, No. 1,pp.93-100,2011. [10] G.Patel,M. Sureshkumar and P. Patel, Kerala, (India), AIP Conf. Proc. 1391, 645 (2011). [11] E. Mizher ., Ph. D,, PhD Thesis, "University of Baghdad, College of Science", (2005). [12] S. Hutagalwng. and B.Lee,2007, Proceeding of the 2nd international conference Nano/Micro Engineered and Molecular systems, January ,Bangkok,Thailand. [13] J.L.Pankov, Optical Process in Semiconductors, London(1971). [14] M.Balkanski"Optical Properties of Solids"Vol.2, Amsterdam, New York.Oxford (1992). [15] A. Ahmad, A.Awatif and N. Majied, Eng. and Technology, Vol. 25(4), Pp. 558, (2007). [16] J. Popanu, D. Hess, D. Soane and A. T. Bell, Polym. Sci., Vol. 39, pp. 303, (1990).

My name is rouaramadan received the B.S.degrees in physics science from university of Baghdad in 2011.At present student of M.SC. in the same science and university.I have this paper and I hope to puplish it in your journal.Greetings to all.

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