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BRAC University
Course Code SOC101 Title Introduction to Sociology

Term Paper on

Migration and Wo en ! "o#er ent in $%a&a City'

(re"ared )or
*ut)un +a%ar *ata Faculty, Department of Economics and Social Sciences (ESS)

(re"ared ,y
Fahad Munir Md! "amrul #asan %shtia& 'hmed (a)i 'nan %+rahim ,in Mohiuddin 1120101 112010$2 1210 011 121010*0 121010*2

Su, ission $ate $ece ,er -. /010

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Ta,le o) Contents

(age 1! '+stract 2! %ntroduction $! .+/ecti0e of the Study ! .peration Definition of the 1oncepts
5. Methodolo2y

2 2-$ $ $ $-

*! 3imitation of the Study 4! Descripti0e 5esults 7! 1onclusion 8! 5eferences 6-7 8-10 11

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A,stract
%n reality Mi2ration and 9omen empo9erment are truly co-related matter in our present situation! 'fter mi2ratin2 from different areas to Dha)a city, it:s e;tremely a+struse to cope up 9ith ne9 en0ironment! Most of the time they face 0arious types of pro+lem, often it seems +i<arre to them! Searchin2 for 9or) is the first priority for them and this is the truly first step of +ein2 empo9ered! %t discussed in detail in the paper and ho9 9omen are earnin2 and +ecomin2 the decision ta)er of their families and the impact of mi2ratin2 and the steps of empo9erin2! The topic is split in se2ments for hi2her understandin2 and discussions in details! =omen of different sectors from Dha)a city are inter0ie9ed on their mi2ration and empo9erment! %n our 2roup, 9e are 6 mem+ers and 9e too) inter0ie9s of ten people from different slum in Dha)a city! .ur research pattern 9as &uestionnaire method! .ur data collection source 9as from t9o sectors li)e primary data collection and secondary data collection method! 'fter analy<in2 the data collectin2 from field sur0ey, this report concludes that female 9or)ers 9ho mi2rated from different areas to Dha)a city are mostly poor or ultra-poor! 'fter presentin2 the main findin2s in a descripti0e fashion, the article pro0ides a marro9 that this contemplati0e idea of mi2ration 9as the colossal 0erdict for their life as 9ell as for empo9erin2 themsel0es!

Introduction
There are al9ays t9o 0aria+le sides of coins that is life and the other part is stru22lin2! =omen 9ho ha0e occupied a stron2 position in case of economic sector that positions ha0e ena+le to resist them 9ith all sorts of difficulties confidently! They left their traditional, +lac), dar), su+missi0e, 2loomy life at the other side of the door and simply mo0ed and disco0ered the ne9, un)no9n, mysterious faces of their o9n in front of the mirror 9hich ha0e made them successful, fearless, coura2eous, a9are, and stron2 and to +e the self-/ud2e! The financial po9er is the core a2enda of life! =hen they +ecome the earnin2 mem+er and contri+ute for the +enefit of her family, her position automatically has ran)ed hi2h! %n this modern era they ha0e captured a principal proportion 9hich is entirely a positi0e si2nal for the 9elfare of the 9orld! >o9 they are no lon2er lead a life 9ith full of dependency thou2h no9 they are the master of their o9n fate! The era of feminism is tau2ht them a lot 9hich definitely has made them +old to depict the inner talent as 9ell as &uality to the uni0erse! The opportunities of the ur+an sectors ha0e +een the

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platform for them! .+0iously, they are ma)in2 literal use of their opportunity to empo9er them! %t mi2ht not +e possi+le to spread the tremendous empo9erment of 9omen if there 9ouldn:t any mi2ration to ur+an area! %t needs no tellin2 a+out their hard 9or)in2 and immense la+or has made their 9ay easier and remar)a+le!

O,1ective o) t%e Study2

The core o+/ecti0e of the study 9as to )no9 a+out the impact of =omen mi2ration on =omen Empo9erment in Dha)a 1ity! To fulfill the +road o+/ecti0e the follo9in2 specific o+/ecti0es are identified? %! %%! %%%! %@! To )no9 the mi2ration rate of female mi2rants of Dha)a 1ity! To )no9 the 9or)ers rate of mi2rant 9omen To )no9 the increase rate of =omen empo9erment in different 9or)in2 sector! To )no9 the pro+lems of Female mi2rants!

O"eration $e)inition o) t%e Conce"ts2

Migration? The 9ord mi2ration means the mo0ement of people from one place to another! ! "o#er ent2 The 9ord Empowerment refers to increasin2 the spiritual, political, social, educational, 2ender, or economic stren2th of indi0iduals and communities! $ecision Ma&ing2 This is the 9ay of ma)in2 decision a+out important matter in family!

Met%odology2
Researc% $esign2 The study 9as conducted throu2h the use of sur0ey method! Data 9ere collected from the mi2rant female 9or)ers of Dha)a 1ity! %n this study data 9ere collected throu2h &uestionnaires and are analy<ed and interpreted +y usin2 descripti0e techni&ues! For our

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pro/ect, 9e ma)e some specific &uestions! Those &uestions are actually open minded short &uestions! Unit o) Analysis2 =e choose 10 female mi2rants 9or)ers for analysis our research! Those 9omen 9ere 0ery poor mostly 9or)s in Aarments, house 9or)ers or shop)eepers! Study Area2 =e choose fe9 slums of Dha)a 1ity 1orporation area for our research area! =e physically 9ent there and too) inter0ie9s! (o"ulation2 'll the Female mi2rant 9or)ers of Dha)a 1ity 1orporation area Sa "ling2 Purposi0e samplin2 9as used to collect data from the field! Total sample si<e 9as 10! Sources o) $ata2 The data 9ere collected from t9o sources! (ri ary Sources2 Data 9ere collected from the field +y usin2 sample sur0ey! Secondary Sources2 @arious articles, research papers, related +oo)s, official documents and the %nternet! Tec%ni3ues o) $ata Collection2 ' &uestionnaire 9as de0eloped and finali<ed throu2h pre-test and used for data collection! Met%ods o) $ata Collection? Data 9ere collected throu2h sur0ey method! $ata Collection )ro t%e 4ield2 Fi0e inter0ie9ers 9ere selected to collect data from field! Fi0e

people collected those data from fi0e different places! $ata (rocessing and Analysis2 Data 9ere computeri<ed, analy<ed and interpreted +y usin2 fre&uency distri+ution, percenta2e, etc!

*i itation o) t%e Study2

The ma/or limitations of the study are as follo9s? 1! Some 9omen:s 9ere 0ery reluctant to tal) a+out their personal information! So, 9e had to con0ince them in many 9ays to spea) up! 2! The present political situation 9as the +arrier for our study! $! Security ris) 9as another pro+lem!

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$escri"tive Results2
=e di0ided the analysis of the focus 2roup into 7 sections! This section consists of some important points li)e head of the family, reason for mi2ration to Dha)a, sources of income, income, ho9 they spend their earnin2s, pro+lems faced in 9or)place, relationship +et9een income and decision e po9er, future plan a+out /o+ etc! ,esides these there are some other points too! The descriptions of the points are 2i0en +elo9!

Reason )or Migration to $%a&a2

Most of the 9oman 9e inter0ie9ed 2i0en almost the same opinion a+out this! Due to

ur+ani<ation in our country, people are lea0in2 0illa2e and comin2 to the city for 2ettin2 the taste of ur+ani<ation! For instance, one of the 9oman 9e inter0ie9ed named Par0in said, I migrated to Dhaka due to lack of work at village. 'nother one named Bayeda said, I migrated to Dhaka due to Poverty. So 9e can find some taste of ur+ani<ation! =e )no9 that due to ur+ani<ation, there 9ill +e lac) of 9or) in 0illa2e area and po0erty 9ill attac) the rural families! This is the perfect e;ample of ur+ani<ation!

5ead o) t%e 4a ily2

,an2ladesh is a country 9here most of the families are male dominated! %n lo9er class families this domination are 0ery much e;panded! Thou2h the 9omen 9e inter0ie9ed 9ere all 9or)in2 class their head of the family is their hus+and! .ne of the 9oman 9e inter0ie9ed named 5ashida said, My husband is the head of the family. 'nother 9oman named Par0in said the same thin2, My husband takes all the important decision and he is the head of the family. .nly one 9oman named ,anu said, I and my husband both takes the important decision of the family. o we both are the head of the family. From the a+o0e con0ersation, 9e can say that male dominated family is the ma/ority!

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Wage and S"ending t%e !arnings2

'll the 9omen 9e inter0ie9ed 9ere all 9or)ers! So they ha0e a specific monthly income! The a0era2e is 000 ta)a! They spend this money in house rent, foods and education of children! .ne of the 9omen named Par0in said, I earn !""" taka every month and I spend this money in house rent# foods and education of the children. 'nother housemaid named ,anu said, I earn $"""%&""" taka every month. I spend the money for paying the house rent# foods and for the education of children. This indicates that they spend their hard earned money for their family and their impro0ement!

Most S"ent Sector2 From our inter0ie9s, 9e can see that most of the 9oman spends their income mostly in their house rent! >o9 days the house rent of Dha)a city are 0ery hi2h and residence is the most important +asic need of human +ein2! Mrs! ,anu said, I spend '"""%'$"" taka in house rent which is almost half of my monthly income. 'nother 9oman named Bayeda said, I spend half of my income for paying the house rent .Most e;pensi0e +asic needs of human +ein2 are no9 house rent! %t is also affectin2 lo9er class people!

I "rove ent o) 4a ily )ro

t%e Inco e2

=e as)ed the participants a+out the impro0ement of their family from their income! #ere 9e found out difference +et9een the ans9ers of our participants! .ne of the participants Ras%ida is 0ery happy 9ith her impro0ement! She said, C>o9 % ha0e my o9n house in my 0illa2e! % +ou2ht culti0a+le lands there!D (arvin also admitted her family status impro0ed! CMy family is no9 +etter than +eforeD, said (arvin! =e also didn:t 2et any different ans9er from S%e)aly as 9e as)ed her the same &uestion! ,ut as 6ayeda is the only earnin2 mem+er of her family so her income didn:t +rin2 any e;tra impro0ement for her family! =e also ha0e seen some ne2ati0e ans9er! Banu said her income couldn:t +rin2 any impro0ement as the cost is 2ettin2 hi2h day +y day!

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(ro,le s 4aced at t%e Wor&"lace2

The pro+lem our participate face, directly indicate fe9 ma/or pro+lems of our country! The pro+lems are 1orruption, =ea) 3a9 System and Malnutrition! Ras%ida and Banu +oth said as they are 2ettin2 older they are +ecomin2 9ea), 9hich is reducin2 their 9or) po9er! So they can:t 9or) many places at a time li)e +efore! Thou2h +oth of them are middle a2e 9omen, their stren2th +ecome much lesser than a0era2e! This thin2 points out the malnutrition pro+lem of our country! S%e)aly also said she faces lots of pro+lems +ut she didn:t 9ant to tal) a+out them! (arvin and 6ayeda , +oth has similar )ind of complain a+out the pro+lem the face at 9or) place! This is a+out corruption and 9ea) la9 system! 6ayeda complained that she has to 2i0e +ri+e to police to run her +usiness! ,eside sayin2 that (arvin also added that some time local 2oons ta)e different 2oods from her tea stall 9ithout payin2 for them!

(ro,le s 4aced A)ter t%e Migration2

's all our participants had no family mem+er or familiar person in Dha)a +efore mi2ratin2 into Dha)a, they all faced same )ind of pro+lem! Ras%ida said she didn:t ha0e any 9or) and any place to stay +ac) then! She first 2ot a /o+ into 2arments, and then later e0entually she 2ot familiar 9ith this place! 6ayeda had to star0e for many days! (arvin had to sleep under open s)y! Banu also had to stru22le to 2et her into a /o+! =e also ha0e seen that, those 9ho had familiar person in Dha)a, they didn:t ha0e face that much pro+lem! S%e)aly said that she didn:t ha0e to face any pro+lem, as friend of her hus+and 2a0e them place of accommodation and helped them to find /o+s!

4inding Any Relations%i" ,et#een Inco e and $ecision Ma&ing (o#er2

Thou2h there 9ere some si2nificant differences in ans9ers of other &uestions, here 9e found &uite similar situations 9hile 9e as)ed the participants a+out their decision ma)in2 po9er in family matters! They all said as they earn and contri+ute a 2ood portion of family needs, they ta)e part in decision ma)in2 process 9ell! 's Mrs! ,anu and Mrs! (ayeda said, I take almost all important decisions of my family matters! 'ddin2 to that, as Mrs! ,anu:s hus+and li0es in 0illa2e she has to ta)e all decisions here! Moreo0er, 9hen 9e as)ed the &uestion to 5ashida,

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Shefali and Par0in, their ans9ers 9ere pretty much same as all of them ta)e decisions alon2 9ith their hus+ands holdin2 e&ual po9er! %f 9e loo) at the 9hole scenario, 9e find their earnin2s are ma)in2 them po9erful and more or less dominatin2 in their o9n family!

In)luencing t%e 4a ily Matters #it% $ecision2

=hile ta)in2 inter0ie9s and analy<in2 them 9e found, 9omen are no9 in0ol0ed in ta)in2 ma/or decisions of their respecti0e family! They ta)e decisions li)e-9here to li0e, 9ill their children 2o to school or not and 9hich school they should choose! 's 9e found one of our participants Bayeda said that she ta)es all the ma/or decisions of her family! 'ddin2 to that Shefali and ,anu said C(s my husband is living in village# I take all the decisions like )residence choice# children*s education and every ma+or decision. .n the other hand, 5ashida and Par0in ans9ered similarly as they said that they and their hus+ands ta)e decisions 9ith mutual understandin2! So, here 9e can see they ta)e &uite important decisions of their family alon2 9ith their hus+ands 9hich ma)es them 0ery important person of +oth families 9hich lar2ely indicates to the society!

4uture (lan2
5ich or poor, li0in2 under e;treme po0erty or stayin2 at a se0en-star hotel, people ne0er stop dreamin2 of a +eautiful future +etter than they li0e no9! #ere 9e found some 0ery +eautiful and sensi+le dreams 9hile as)in2 our inter0ie9ees a+out their future plan! Some hoped for a sol0ent future, some dreamt of their o9n +usiness! #ere 9e could see Par0in, house-maid dreams of settin2 up a tea stall and she 9as sa0in2 money for her dream to come true! =hereas, Bayeda 9ho has already a tea stall dreams of ma)in2 it +i22er and may+e a 2eneral store someday! .n the other hand, alon2 9ith all others ,anu and Shefali 9ant their children to 2et educated and dreams of a prosperous future! So, 9e could see some similarities in the dreams of stru22lin2 people of our society! Their dream is to educate their children from 9hich they 9ere depri0ed and 2et some economic sta+ility in their li0es 9hich are 0ery o+0ious!

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Conclusion2
Mi2ration and 9omen empo9erment is the un&uestiona+ly a 0ery pre0alent matter in our present contemporaneous situation! %n our country after mi2ratin2 to Dha)a city especially 9omen faced different )ind of spacious pro+lems! .ften they need more time than their e;pectation for copin2 up 9ith complete different en0ironment! This mi2ration the life chan2ea+le settlement has some &uantities impact of their life includin2 their family head, 9a2e earnin2s, spendin2 the earnin2s, decision ma)in2 po9er of the family, facin2 distincti0e pro+lems and so on! Thou2h this is truly stru22lin2 challen2e for their life +ut most them are usually sur0i0ed in this ne9 en0ironment &uite +rilliantly, 9hereas fe9 cannot stru22le and end up 9ith smashin2 conse&uences! %t is 0ery essential decision for empo9erin2 themsel0es and undenia+ly it is the &uite recommended needs of 9omen empo9erment in Dha)a city! Po0erty is the preeminent hindrance for mi2ratin2 of our countries 9omen! %n rural areas, 9omen usually do some home +ased 9or) and ma)e less contri+ution for their family impro0ement! =hen they started too stru22led for their needs then they consider mo0in2 to ur+an areas li)e Dha)a city! This mi2ht +e the +est diction of her life or 9orst! 'fter mi2ratin2 to the ne9 place they ma)e themsel0es a true complete 9arrior and started a crucial 9ar for sur0i0in2 in this cruel 9orld! .ften the most important pain of their life is 9hen they sense the 9orld of ine&uality is surroundin2 them 9ith lots of crac)! E0en Sometimes they harass physically! This )ind of 0ulnera+le situation is 0ery una0oida+le for them! =omen empo9erment is currently the most prioriti<e matter in our country! Thou2h this is spreadin2 dynamically o0er the year +ut there still e;istin2 lots of +arrier and pro+lems! Sometimes 9e see in different sector men is prefera+le o0er 9omen +ecause of physical factor! The further study tal)s a+out 2ender discrimination and so on! 'fter all, the hopeful concept is +ecause of 9omen empo9erment, 9omen are no9 considers as a prime mem+er of their family! >o9 they are head of their family, the ta)e the decision, they spend their earnin2 as their 9ish! .ne remar)a+le considera+le aspect is 9or)place pro+lem 9hich is +it counta+le as a hindrance of 9omen empo9erment!

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's this is the 9orld of modern ci0ili<ation, this is 2oin2 to +e 0ery pre0ailin2 to e0eryone that 9omen empo9erment is 0ery paramount o+/ect and the mi2ration of 9omen 9or)ers from different places is playin2 impressi0e role! Thou2h fe9 thin2s are 9or)in2 as a hitch +ehind this moderni<e process! This is truly apprehendin2 +y our people that 2o0ernment should ma)e some note9orthy act for de0elopin2 the li0es of those mi2rant 9ho ha0e potential to contri+ute to the socio-economic de0elopment of the country! .+0iously, +y this 9ay the process of 9omen empo9erment 9ill +e au2mented o0er our country!

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Re)erences
Bolly, S and 5ee0es, #(2002)! AE>DE5 and M%A5'T%.> (pp!1$-1 ) Aerman, E and Pyne!S!(2010)!Disasters dri0e mass mi2ration to Dha)a! http?EE999!2lo+alpost!comEdispatchEasiaE1007$1E+an2ladesh-me2acities-part-three-mi2rant Mea2her, D and Farhana, T!(2012)!,an2ladesh? 1limate 1han2e Dri0ers 5ural-Fr+an Mi2ration to Dha)a:s Slums! http?EE999!asafe9orldfor9omen!or2E2lo+al-ne9sEasiaE+an2ladeshE28*4-dha)as-slums!html