221A FINAL

PHIL SAAD
1
1.1. First of all, out of habit, I used Omega to denote the vacuum. Probably not a good move, as it usually
denotes the interacting vacuum, but Im not gonna go back and change it. The vacuum with a source
present is denoted by Omega(J).
We have the Lagrangian
L =
1
2
_

+ m
2

2
_
+ J
We want to nd the vacuum to vacuum expectation value of phi in the presence of this eld. Well this is
all eerily familiar... Whats the vacuum to vacuum amplitude with a source? Its just Z
0
[J]. We can see
that right away by writing
(J)|(J) =
_
Dexp[iS
J
] =
_
Dexp
_
i
_
d
4
x
1
2
_

+ m
2

2
_
+ J
_
= Z
0
[J]
We know how to do this integral exactly. According to Srednicki, (normalizing the source free vacuum)
Z
0
[J] = exp
_
i
2
_
d
4
yd
4
z J(y)D(x y)J(z)
_
The vacuum expectation value is normally obtained by taking functional derivatives of this and setting J = 0
to make the vacuum the true vacuum. But we dont want that, so we dont set J = 0.
(J)| (x) |(J) =
1
i

J(x)
Z
0
[J]
(J)| (x) |(J) =
_
d
4
yD(x y)J(y)Z
0
[J]
1.2. T. his was done in homework 9.
S =
_
d
4
x
1
2
_

_
2
+ V ()
Under a translation, the elds transform as

Due to the fact that it is a scalar, the Lagrangian changes as

L L

L = L

L
_
By varying the elds we also get
L L
L

Integrating by parts

L
=

_
L

_
L

_
The rst term vanishes if the elds satisfy the equations of motion. We are left with the two variations in
the action
S =
_
d
4
x

_
L

_
=
_
d
4
x

L
_
Date: December 10 2013.
1
2 PHIL SAAD
Since our theory is translation invariant, then the variation in the action is zero. Also, this is true for all ,
so we have

_
L

_
=

L
_

_
L

L
_
= 0
T

=
L

L
But this is up to a sign, which I ip (Srednicki gives this one). So for us
T

+ g

1
2
(

+ m
2

2
) + J
_
Lets check T
00
.
T
00
=
0

0
+
1
2

+
1
2
m
2

2
J
=
1
2

2
+
1
2
()
2
+
1
2
m
2

2
J = H
Cool.
1.3. We want
(J)| T

(x) |(J)
This is
(J)|

|(J)
1
2
g

(J)|

|(J)

1
2
g

m
2
(J)|
2
|(J) + g

J (J)| |(J)
Well darn. Those amplitudes look hard to calculate. BUT WAIT! I know some magic!
(J)|

|(J) = (

)
y
(

)
z
(J)| (y)(z) |(J)

y=z=x
So doing this problem reduces to nding the two point function and taking derivatives. Well lets do that
then.
(J)| (y)(z) |(J) =
1
i

J(y)
1
i

J(z)
Z
0
[J]
=
1
i

J(y)
_
d
4
wD(z w)J(w)Z
0
[J]
=
1
i
D(z y)Z
0
[J] +
_
d
4
wd
4
vD(z w)D(y v)J(w)J(v)Z
0
[J]
Now we need to nd the derivatives of these. This reduces to nding the derivative of the propagator
D(x y) =
_
d
4
k
e
ik(xy)
k
2
+ m
2
i
(

)
x
D(x y) =
_
d
4
k (ik

)
e
ik(xy)
k
2
+ m
2
i
(

)
x
(

)
y
D(x y) =
_
d
4
k (ik

)(ik

)
e
ik(xy)
k
2
+ m
2
i
This gives us for the derivatives of the two point function
(

)
z
(J)| (y)(z) |(J) =
1
i
_
d
4
k (ik

)
e
ik(yz)
k
2
+ m
2
i
Z
0
[J]
+
_
d
4
wd
4
vd
4
kd
4
q(ik

)
e
ik(zw)
k
2
+ m
2
i
e
iq(yv)
q
2
+ m
2
i
J(w)J(v)Z
0
[J]
(

)
y
(

)
z
(J)| (y)(z) |(J) =
1
i
_
d
4
k (ik

)(ik

)
e
ik(yz)
k
2
+ m
2
i
Z
0
[J]
221A FINAL 3
+
_
d
4
wd
4
vd
4
kd
4
q(iq

)(ik

)
e
ik(zw)
k
2
+ m
2
i
e
iq(yv)
q
2
+ m
2
i
J(w)J(v)Z
0
[J]
We can put this, after setting y = z = x, into our expression for our amplitude for the E-M tensor. However,
I dont know if thats what you want me to do. Its a bit messy, so Ill leave things in terms of derivatives
of propagators. Proessor Giddings said to write the expression for the expectation value as a part with the
real vacuum expectation value of the EM tensor plus source stu, so Ill do that now.
(J)| (x)(y) |(J) =
_
| (x)(y) | +
_
d
4
zd
4
wD(x z)D(y w)J(z)J(w)
_
Z
0
[J]
Thus
(J)| T

(x) |(J) = | T

(x) | Z
0
[J]
Z
0
[J]
_
d
4
zd
4
wJ(z)J(w)
_
(

)
x
D(x z)(

)
y
D(y w) +
1
2
g

)
x
D(x z)(

)
y
D(y w)
+
1
2
g

m
2
D(x z)D(y w)
_
y=x
+ g

J(x)
_
d
4
yD(x y)J(y)Z
0
[J]
The expectation value of the EM tensor clearly diverges. For example, it contains | (x)(x) |, which is
D(x x) which is innity.
2
2.1. We have the interaction Lagrangian
L
I
=
g
2

Letting G be the source for and J be the source for , we have the three point function
| (x)(y)(z) | =
1
i

J(x)
1
i

G(y)
1
i

G(z)
Z[J, G]

J=G=0
With
Z[J, G] = exp
_
i
g
2
_
d
4
x
1
i

J(x)
1
i

G(x)
1
i

G(x)
_
Z
0
[J, G]
And
Z
0
[J, G] = exp
_
i
1
2
_
d
4
xd
4
y J(x)D

(x y)J(y) + G(x)D

(x y)G(y)
_
The vertex factor is obviously ig. This can be derived from this junk. Just to be sure Ill do it. Actually,
since I have so much time and I want to be careful, Im gonna take very few shortcuts here. To rst order
in g we have
i
g
2
_
d
4
x
1
i

J(x)
1
i

G(x)
_
d
4
yD

(x y)G(y)Z
0
[J, G]
= i
g
2
_
d
4
x
1
i

J(x)
_
d
4
yd
4
zD

(x y)D

(x z)G(y)G(z)Z
0
[J, G]
i
g
2
_
d
4
x
1
i

J(x)
1
i
D

(x x)Z
0
[J, G]
= i
g
2
_
d
4
xd
4
yd
4
zd
4
wD

(x y)D

(x z)D

(x w)G(y)G(z)J(w)Z
0
[J, G]
i
g
2
_
d
4
xd
4
y
1
i
D

(x x)D

(x y)J(y)Z
0
[J, G]
We now take three more functional derivatives to get the term in the amplitude
1
i
3
(ig)
_
d
4
wD

(y w)D

(z w)D

(x w)
Using the LSZ reduction formula cancels some is to give us the vertex factor of ig, as expected. Now to
calculate some diagrams. We want . One relevant vev is (as can be easily obtained from nding
the only terms in Z that has the relevant external sources and two vertices)
| (x)(y)(z)(w) |
1
i
5
(ig)
2
_
d
4
ad
4
bD

(y a)D

(x a)D

(a b)D

(w b)D

(z b)
4 PHIL SAAD
To use the LSZ reduction formula we take some derivatives and they turn the propagators into delta functions.
f|i
1
= (ig)
2
1
i
_
d
4
ad
4
bd
4
xd
4
yd
4
zd
4
we
i(k1z+k2wk3xk4y)
(y a)(x a)(z b)(w b)D

(a b)
= (ig)
2
1
i
_
d
4
ad
4
be
i(k1b+k2bk3ak4a)
D

(a b)
= (ig)
2
1
i
1
(2)
4
_
d
4
ad
4
bd
4
ke
i(kakb+k1b+k2bk3ak4a)
1
k
2
+ m
2
i
= (ig)
2
1
i
(2)
4
_
d
4
k(k k
3
k
4
)(k k
1
k
2
)
1
k
2
+ m
2
i
= (ig)
2
1
i
(2)
4
1
(k
1
+ k
2
)
2
+ m
2
i
(k
1
+ k
2
k
3
k
4
)
Thus (dropping the epsilon)
iT
1
= (ig)
2
1
i
1
(k
1
+ k
2
)
2
+ m
2
T
1
= g
2
1
(k
1
+ k
2
)
2
+ m
2
We have one other diagram
T
2
= g
2
1
(k
1
k
4
)
2
+ m
2
So
T = g
2
_
1
(k
1
+ k
2
)
2
+ m
2
+
1
(k
1
k
4
)
2
+ m
2
_
T = g
2
_
1
s + m
2
+
1
u + m
2
_
2.2. Unfortunately Srednickis formulas arent super helpful cuz theyre in the CM frame. In the lab frame
we have
k
2
= (m, 0, 0, 0)
k
1
= (E

, E

, 0, 0)
k
4
= k
1
+ k
2
k
3
k
3
= (E

, E

cos(), E

sin(), 0)
We want to nd cos(). Squaring k
4
, which has mass m, we have
k
2
4
= m
2
= k
2
1
+ k
2
2
+ k
2
4
+ k
1
k
2
k
1
k
3
k
2
k
3
Im doing this stu on paper, Ill attach it. We get
cos() = m
_
E

_
+ 1
Remember what I said about Srednicki doing everything in the CM frame? Well I read the next page. Heres
a frame independent formula
d
dt
=
1
64s|k
1
|
2
|T |
2
Now we want that |k
1
|
2
. Unfortunately thats in the CM frame, but fortunately we also have the formula
m|k
1
|
FT
=

s|k
1
|
CM
Squaring and plugging in,
m
2
E
2

= s|k
1
|
2
CM
d
dt
=
1
64m
2
E
2

|T |
2
We now want
dt
d cos()
. Well whats dt?
t = (k
1
k
3
)
2
= 2k
1
k
3
k
2
1
k
3
3
221A FINAL 5
Since k
1
and k
3
are both null, this is easy.
t = 2E

(cos() 1)
Putting E

in terms of E and cos() we have

E

=
mE

mE

(cos() 1)
t =
2mE
2

(cos() 1)
mE

(cos() 1)
dt
d cos()
=
2m
2
E
2

(mE

cos() + E

)
2
Thus
d
d cos()
=
1
32(mE

cos() + E

)
2
|T |
2
With T given in part a. You know what? to be thorough Ill do this out.
s = (k
1
+ k
2
)
2
= k
2
1
k
2
2
2k
1
k
2
= m
2
+ 2E

m
u = (k
1
k
4
)
2
= k
2
1
k
2
4
+ 2k
1
k
4
= m
2
+ 2k
1
(k
1
+ k
2
k
3
) = m
2
2E

m + 2E

(1 cos())
= m
2
2E

m + 2m(E

) = m
2
2mE

u = m
2

2m
2
E

mE

(cos() 1)
We now have an expression for the dierential cross section in terms of m, E

, , and T , with an expression

for T in terms of m, E

, and . Id write it all out explicitely, but it would be huge and ugly.
3
3.1. We have the lagrangian
L =
1
2
N

1
2
m
2
N

_
N

a
_
2
Rewriting this in some matrixy notation
L =
1
2
g

)
T
(

)
1
2
m
2

T

_

_
2
This makes the symmetry more clear. We have the symmetry of
O,
T

T
O
T
=
T
O
1
With O being some orthogonal matrix. As were looking at continuous symmetries, lets only consider the
connected identity component SO(N). We know that antisymmetric matrices generate special orthogonal
matricies- heres a proof
O
ab
=
ab
+ A
ab
+ O(A
2
)
O
T
ab
= O
ba
=
ba
+ A
ba
+ O(A
2
) =
ab
A
ab
+ O(A
2
)
O
T
ab
O
bc
=
ab

bc
A
ab

bc
+
ab
A
bc
+ O(A
2
)
=
ac
A
ac
+ A
ac
+ O(A
2
) =
ac
+ O(A
2
)
The space of N by N antisymmetric matrices is N(N 1)/2 dimensional. This means we have N(N 1)/2
independent symmetries. How do we paremetrize an arbitrary special orthogonal matrix? Well a rotation
in three dimensions can be written
R
ab
= exp[
c

abc
]
Kinda iy notation but you know what I mean.
Since the Levi-Civita is antisymmetric. We want to extend this to higher dimensions, but in N dimensions,
the Levi-Civita has N indices. Maybe this works-
O
ab
= exp[
1
N!

cd...e

abcd...e
]
6 PHIL SAAD
This gives us as the argument of the exponent, a set of antisymmetric matrices, one for each independent
component of theta. But are there the right amount of independent parameters? Well
cd...e
is an antisym-
metric N 2 by N 2 matrix, so the set of thetas has a 1-1 correspondence with N 2 forms, which we
know are dual to 2 forms. The space of 2 forms is N(N 1)/2 dimensional, since its dimension is
_
N
2
_
=
N!
2!(N 2)!
=
N(N 1)N!
2N!
=
N(N 1)
2
Thus the theta matrix give us the right number of parameters. Absorbing the factorial into the denition of
theta, we can write an arbitrary innitesimal symmetry transformation on phi as

a
+
cd...e

abcd...e

b
(
T
)
a

a
+
cd...e

bacd...e

b
=
a

cd...e

abcd...e

b
3.2. We have the formula for the conserved current, as derived before and in Srednicki
j

=
L

a
So for us we have the set of N(N 1)/2 currents
(j

)
cd...e
=

abcd...e
Since only the antisymmetric part of

b
survives, I rewrite this as
(j

)
cd...e
=
_

a
_

abcd...e
In the case of two elds with SO(2) symmetry, which is the same as one complex eld with U(1) symmetry,
we get the current for a complex scalar eld (up to a constant factor). We can see very quickly that it is
conserved when the equations of motion are satistied

a
+ m
2

a
= 2
2

a
3.3. We want to get the conserved charge
Q
cd...e
=
_
d
3
x(j
0
)
cd...e
=
_
d
3
x
_

a
_

abcd...e
Up to a sign, this is
Q
cd...e
=
_
d
3
x
_

a
_

abcd...e
Lets see if the charges do in fact generate the transformations
exp[i
cd...e
Q
cd...e
]
a
exp[i
cd...e
Q
cd...e
]
Innitesimally is
(1 + i
cd...e
Q
cd...e
)
a
(1 i
cd...e
Q
cd...e
) + O(
2
)
=
a
i
cd...e
[
a
, Q
cd...e
] + O(
2
)
Lets scope out that commutator
[
a
(x), Q
cd...e
] =
_
d
3
y
_
[
a
(x),
i
(y)]
j
(y) [
a
(x),
j
(y)]
i
(y)
_

ijcd...e
=
_
d
3
y
_
i
ai
(x y)
j
(y) i
aj
(x y)
i
(y)
_

ijcd...e
= i
_

j
(x)
ajcd...e

i
(x)
iacd...e
_
Renaming indices and switching stu
= 2i
b

abcd...e
Thus we have the innitesimal transformation

a
+ 2
cd...e

abcd...e

b
If we redene our charge by dividing by two, we get
Q
cd...e
=
1
2
_
d
3
x
_

a
_

abcd...e
221A FINAL 7
exp[i
cd...e
Q
cd...e
]
a
exp[i
cd...e
Q
cd...e
] = exp[
cd...e

abcd...e
]
b
So our charges do generate the transformations.