1

Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME Luis Echeverría Álvarez
Presidential Period 1970-76
Born 17/01/1922

Early Life and 'Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, in order to

Education be a lawer

Political party Partido Revolucionario Institucional

He rose in the hierarchy of the Institutional Revolutionary Party
(PRI) and eventually became the private secretary of the party
president, General Rodolfo Sánchez Taboada. Echeverría served
as Interior Secretary under President Gustavo Díaz Ordaz from
1964 to 1970. He apparently maintained a hard line against
student protesters throughout 1968. Clashes between the
government and protesters culminated in the Tlatelolco
massacre in October 1968, a few days before the 1968 Summer
Olympics were held in Mexico City. In a separate incident, he
ordered the transfer of 15% of the Mexican military to the state
Political Career of Guerrero to counter guerrilla groups operating there.
Economic Policy Once Echeverría became president, he embarked on a far-
reaching program of populist political and economic reform,
nationalizing the mining and electrical industries, redistributing
private land in the states of Sinaloa and Sonora to peasants,
opposing American "expansionism," supporting the leftist
Chilean leader Salvador Allende, condemning Zionism, allowing
the Palestine Liberation Organization to open an office in the
capital, and imposing limits on foreign investment, and
extending Mexico's patrimonial waters to 200 miles (370 km).
He also created a special commission to destroy Mexico's
forests, believing they were of no economic benefit, using that
land for agriculture.
He is accused of irresponsible government spending, increasing
inflation, and cronyism — which is symbolized by appointing his
good friend and eventual successor José López Portillo as
Finance Minister — violent devaluations of the peso, from 12.50
MXP per dollar in 1954 to 20 per dollar in late 1976, as well as
for rising debt. During his period, the country's external debt
soared from $6 billion in 1970 to $20 billion in 1976. This
caused the ruling party, at least in terms of its economic
AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,
USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:

policies, to gradually lose prestige at home and abroad.

http://wapedia.mobi/fr/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa_%C3%81lvarez
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Echeverr%C3%ADa
Source (WWW) http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1970.htm
1. Bridge Over Troubled Water, Simon and Garfunkel
2. (They Long to Be) Close to You, Carpenters
3. American Woman/No Sugar Tonight, The Guess Who
Top 5 songs playing 4. Raindrops Keep Fallin' On My Head, B.J. Thomas
at the time 5. War, Edwin Starr

PHOTO
NAME José López Portillo y Pacheco
Presidential Period December 1, 1976 – November 30, 1982
Born June 16, 1920

Early Life and López Portillo studied Law at the National Autonomous
Education University of Mexico

Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:

He held several positions in the administrations of his two

predecessors before being appointed to serve as finance
minister under Luis Echeverría, a close friend, from 1973 to
Political Career 1975.
López Portillo undertook an ambitious program to promote
Mexico's economic development with revenues stemming from
the discovery of new petroleum reserves in the states of
Veracruz and Tabasco by Petróleos Mexicanos (Pemex), the
country's publicly owned oil company.
López Portillo undertook actions which were highly controversial
with respect to the international banking establishment. One of
his last actions as president, announced during his annual State
of the Nation address on September 1, 1982, was to order the
nationalization of the country's banking system.
López Portillo was the last nationalist president to emerge from
the ranks of the PRI. Subsequent presidents have all been U.S.-
educated advocates of free trade (librecambismo).
His opponents internationally and domestically accused López
Portillo of "rampant corruption," "excessive overseas
borrowing," galloping inflation (which continued with his
successor), and responsibility for devaluations of the peso.
Economic Policy
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_L%C3%B3pez_Portillo
Source (WWW) http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1976.htm
1. Silly Love Songs, Paul McCartney and Wings
2. Don't Go Breaking My Heart, Elton John and Kiki Dee
3. Disco Lady, Johnnie Taylor
Top 5 songs playing 4. December, 1963 (Oh What A Night!), Four Seasons
at the time 5. Play That Funky Music, Wild Cherry

PHOTO
NAME Miguel de la Madrid Hurtado
Presidential Period December 1, 1982 – November 30, 1988

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:
Born December 12, 1934

Miguel de la Madrid graduated with a bachelor's degree in Law

from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) and
received a master's degree in Public Administration from the
Early Life and John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, in
Education the United States.

Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

He worked for Mexico's central bank and lectured in law at
UNAM before securing a position at the Secretariat of Finance in
1965. Between 1970 and 1972 he was employed by Petróleos
Mexicanos, Mexico's state-owned petroleum company, after
which he held several other bureaucratic posts in the
government of Luis Echeverría. In 1976 he was chosen to serve
in José López Portillo's cabinet as secretary of budget and
planning.
He was president after López Portillo. He won the elections that
took place on July 4, 1982, and took office the following
December.
He is a member of Collegium International, an organazation of
leaders with political, scientific, and ethical expertise whose
goal is to provide new approaches in overcoming the obstacles
in the way of a peaceful, socially just and an economically
sustainable world
Political Career
Unlike previous Mexican leaders, he was a market-oriented
President, and his time in power was one of the most difficult
periods of the country because of his predecessors' policies, as
well as the decreasing demand for oil. Inflation increased on an
average of 100% a year (culminating to an unprecedented level
of 159% in 1987), unemployment rates soared to as much as
25% during the mid-1980s, income declined and economic
growth was erratic.
He introduced liberal economic reforms that encouraged foreign
investment, and widespread privatisations of outdated state-run
industries and reduction of tariffs
Galloping inflation, the controversial privatisation programme
and austerity measures imposed by his administration caused
the ruling party to lose ground, leading up to the controversial
Economic Policy elections of 1988
Source (WWW)
Top 5 songs playing http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_de_la_Madrid
at the time http://wapedia.mobi/fr/Miguel_de_la_Madrid_Hurtado
http://eightiesclub.tripod.com/id215.htm

1. "Careless Whisper".....Wham!
2. "Say You, Say Me".....Lionel Richie
3. "Separate Lives".....Phil Collins & Marilyn Martin
4. "I Want To Know What Love Is".....Foreigner
AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,
USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:
5. "Money For Nothing".....Dire Straits

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME Carlos Salinas de Gortari
Presidential Period 1988-94
Born Mexico City on April 3, 1948
He graduated with a degree in Economics from the National
Autonomous University of Mexico in 1969. He obtained a Master
of Public Administration in 1973, a Master of Arts in 1976, and a
PhD in Political Economy and Government in 1978, all from
Early Life and Harvard's John F. Kennedy School of Government and Graduate
Education School of Arts and Sciences.

Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party

Earlier in his career he worked in the Budget Secretariat all the

way up to Secretary. He was the PRI presidential candidate in
1988, and was elected on July 6, 1988 amid allegations of
electoral fraud.
Political Career
Economic Policy In the early years of his term, President Salinas launched bold
initiatives such as the reversal of the 1982 bank nationalization,
restoring official relationships with the Roman Catholic Church
and the Vatican State, changing land property legislation, and
most importantly negotiating the North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) with the United States and Canada.
Moreover, he renegotiated the external debt through the Brady
Plan.
By the end of his term, inflation had been reduced to 7.05% in
1994, the lowest figure in 22 years. Shortly after leaving office,
due to the December Mistake, inflation rose to 51.48%.
He continued a privatisation programme initiated by his
predecessor, by which the government retained only a few of
the hundreds of companies and small business that were
nationalized, mainly during the 1970s. One of the most
AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,
USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:

important privatizations was Telmex, which remained a

monopoly until mid-1990s. As a result, the number of state-
owned industries continued to drop, from approx. 600 in 1988 to
a minimal 250 in 1994.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlos_Salinas_de_Gortari
http://www.popculturemadness.com/Entertainment/Decades/90s
Source (WWW) -Music.html
1. Baby Got Back - Sir Mixx-A-Lott
2. Unbelievable - EMF
3. Macarena - Los Del Rio
Top 5 songs playing 4. Cotten Eye Joe - Rednex
at the time 5. Groove Is In The Heart - Deee-lite

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
Ernesto Zedillo
NAME
Presidential Period December 1, 1994 to November 30, 2000
Born December 27, 1951
His parents were Rodolfo Zedillo Castillo, a mechanic, and
Martha Alicia Ponce de León. Seeking better job and education
opportunities for his children, his parents moved to Mexicali,
Baja California.
His humble origins made him appreciate the idea of progress
and self improvement, even though he was well aware of the
few opportunities he had for this. Zedillo was educated in public
schools in Mexicali where he was recognized as an excellent
student. During his adolescence, young Ernesto actively
participated in school events, such as alumni societies and head
of the school newspaper.
In 1965, at the age of 14, he returned to Mexico City. In 1969 he
entered the National Polytechnic Institute, financing his studies
by working in the National Army and Navy Bank (nowadays
Banjercito). He graduated as an Economist in 1972 and began
lecturing. It was among his first group of students where he met
his wife, Nilda Patricia Velasco with whom he has 5 children:
Ernesto, Emiliano, Carlos, Nilda Patricia and Rodrigo.
In 1974 he pursued his master's and Ph.D. studies at Yale
University. His doctoral thesis was titled: "Mexico's public
external debt: recent history and future growth related to oil".
Early Life and
Education

Political party Institutional Revolutionary Party

Political Career Zedillo began working in the Bank of Mexico (Mexico's central
bank), as a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party,
where he supported the adoption of macroeconomic policies for
the country's improvement. By 1987 he was named under-
secretary of Planning and Budget Control in the Secretariat of
Budget and Planning. In 1988 at the age of thirty-six he headed
that secretariat. During his term as Secretary, Zedillo launched
a Science and Technology reformation.
In 1992 he was appointed Secretary of Education by president
Carlos Salinas, a year later he resigned to run the electoral
campaign of Luis Donaldo Colosio, the PRI's presidential
AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,
USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:

candidate.

The opposition blamed Colosio's murder on Salinas. Although

the PRI's presidential candidates were always chosen by the
current president, and thus Colosio had originally been Salinas'
candidate, their political relationship had been affected by a
famous speech during the campaign in which Colosio said that
Mexico had many problems. It is also notable that the
assassination took place after Colosio visited the members of
the Zapatista movement in Chiapas and promised to open
dialogue, something the PRI opposed.[citation needed]
After Colosio's murder, this speech was seen as the main cause
of his break with the president.[citation needed] The choice of Zedillo
was interpreted as Salinas' way of bypassing the strong Mexican
political tradition of non-reelection and retaining real power,
since Zedillo was not really a politician, but an economist (like
Salinas), who clearly lacked the president's political talent and
influence. It is unclear if Salinas had attempted to control
Colosio, who was generally considered at that time to be a far
better candidate.
Zedillo contested against Diego Fernández de Cevallos and
second-timer Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas of the National Action Party
and Party of the Democratic Revolution respectively. He won by
48.69% of popular vote, some 17,181,651, and at the time this
was the cleanest election in the country's history
Economic Policy
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernesto_Zedillo_Ponce_de_Le%C3%
B3n
Source (WWW) http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/1998.htm
1. Too Close, Next
2. The Boy Is Mine, Brandy and Monica
3. You're Still The One, Shania Twain
Top 5 songs playing 4. Truly Madly Deeply, Savage Garden
at the time 5. How Do I Live, LeAnn Rimes

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME Vicente Fox
Presidential Period 2000 to 2006
Born July 2, 1942
Fox spent his childhood and adolescence at the family ranch in
San Francisco del Rincón in Guanajuato. He moved to Mexico
City to attend the Universidad Iberoamericana where he
pursued a business degree until 1964, and he earned his
diploma in Top Management Skills from the Harvard Business
School in the United States. He didn't graduate from the
Universidad Iberoamericana until early 2000's[6]
Early Life and
Education

Political party PAN

On July 7, 1997 (three years before the presidential election of

2000), Vicente Fox decided to run for President of Mexico. In
spite of opposition within his party, Fox secured his candidacy
representing the Alliance for Change, a political coalition formed
by the National Action Party and the Green Ecological Party of
Mexico on November 14, 1999.
Political Career
Economic Policy Vicente Fox was one of the few Presidents to avoid a major
economic upheaval during office, however economy grew at the
slowest pace in history, second only to the de la Madrid
administration.
According to the Central Bank, inflation hadn't been as low as
during Fox's term since before 1973.
GDP growth dropped from an average of 5.1% in the Zedillo
administration to the lowest in a decade, an average of 2.2%
during Fox's administration. Fox's cabinet blamed the low
growth on the slowdown of the Economy of the United States,
but as this country started growing again in 2002-2003 Mexico
did not grow at the same pace and was surpassed by China as
the second import partner of the United States.
Tax revenue as a proportion of GDP fell from 10.6% at the
beginning of his administration to 9.7% at the end of his term.
AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,
USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:
In contrast with previous administrations, debt as a proportion
of GDP did not grow during Fox's term.[
Minimum wages during Fox's administration increased at a
nominal rate of 34%
Housing was among Vicente Fox's top priorities. By 2006, the
Infonavit, the federal fund for workers' housing, had 60%
"market share" in the mortgage business, granting 435,000
credits a year, with an expected yearly growth of 24%.
During Vicente Fox's presidency, the Mexican Stock Exchange
reached record highs throughout his term. The record highs
were caused by a better economic outlook throughout his term,
larger international reserves, and a better debt rating that led to
lower interest rates
In 2002, Mexico reached a GDP per capita of 9,381 dollars per
year and thus became a medium-high income country. Five
years later, Mexico went from beneficiary to full contributor of
the United Nations Development Program.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fox_administration
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicente_Fox
Source (WWW) http://www.musicoutfitters.com/topsongs/2002.htm

1. A Thousand Miles, Vanessa Carlton

2. Get The Party Started, Pink
3. Complicated, Avril Lavigne
Top 5 songs playing 4. Dilemma, Nelly featuring Kelly Rowland
at the time 5. In The End, Linkin Park

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:

PHOTO
NAME Felipe Calderón
Presidential Period December 1, 2006 from to 2012
Born August 18, 1962
After growing up in Morelia, Calderón moved to Mexico City,
where he received a bachelor's degree in law from the Escuela
Libre de Derecho. Later on, he received a master's degree in
economics from the Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México
Early Life and (ITAM) and a Master of Public Administration from the John F.
Education Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University.[3]

Political party the National Action Party (PAN),

He was a local representative in the Legislative Assembly and,
on two different occasions, in the federal Chamber of Deputies.
He ran for the governorship of Michoacán in 1995 and served as
national president of the PAN from 1996 to 1999. During his
tenure, his party maintained control of 14 state capitals, but
also lost presence in the federal Chamber of Deputies. he joined
the presidential cabinet as Secretary of Energy, replacing
Ernesto Martens. He left the post in May 2004 in protest of
Vicente Fox's criticism of his presidential ambitions while
supporting those of Santiago Creel.
Political Career

Tortilla Price Stabilization Pact

First Employment Program
Economic Policy Public servants salary cap
Source (WWW) Wikipedia
Wapedia
AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,
USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.
 Class exercise 2. August 27th, 2009

Student’s Name: __Coralie Lavergne, Pierre Every_ ID # _899015

Complete the following table:
http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felipe_Calder%C3%B3n_Hinojosa
Crazy Gnarls BarkleySteady
As She Goes
The Raconteurs"Ridin'"
Rihanna ombrella
Top 5 songs playing Lily allen Smile
at the time

AFTER REVIEWING THE ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THIS PRESIDENTIAL PERIOD,

USE YOUR OWN CRITERIA TO NAME IT.