CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE NO

Candidates Declaration Certificate Acknowledgement Contents List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations List of Symbols Abstract 1. ntroduction
1.1 "ro#ect $otivation

i iii vi vii viii 1 !

! '

1.! %b#ective of t&e "ro#ect

!. '.

Literature Survey $at&ematical $odeling for "ro)osed System

'.1 $at&ematical $odeling of an nduction +enerator '.! $at&ematical $odeling of ,-citation Control System '.' $at&ematical $odeling of an Sync&ronous +enerator

( 1*
1( !. !!

*.

Conce)t of /ind "ower +eneration

*.1 1asic of /ind "ower +eneration *.! "ower ,lectronics Converters *.' +enerator Systems for /ind Turbines *.'.1 Fi-ed S)eed /ind Turbines

!0
!0 !2 '1 '1

*.'.! 3ariable S)eed /ind Turbines

'*

(.

solated 4 ntegrated /ind "ower +eneration

(.1 5e6uirements of /T +rid ntegration (.1.1 Fre6uency and Active )ower Control (.1.! S&ort Circuit "ower Level and 3oltage 3ariation (.1.' 5eactive "ower Control (.1.* Flicker (.1.( 7armonics (.1.0 Stability (.! solated /ind "ower System

*'
*' *' ** *( *0 *8 *8 *2 *: (. (1 (! ('

(.' 9etwork ntegration ssues for /ind "ower (.* 1asic ntegration ssues 5elated to /ind "ower (.*.1 Consumer 5e6uirements (.*.! 5e6uirements from /ind Farm %)erator (.*.' T&e ntegrations ssues

0. $odeling and Simulation

0.1 $odel Descri)tion 0.1.1 Diesel +enerator 0.1.! /ind Turbine Async&ronous +enerator ;/TA+< 0.1.' Load Centre 0.1.* $easuring Systems

(*
(* (( (0 (8 (8

8.

Demonstration= "erformance Analysis and 5esults

0.

ii

8.1 8.!

/ind +eneration Diesel wit& Diesel +enerator 5unning /ind +eneration Diesel wit& Diesel +enerator 5unning ;9o Fre6uency Control<

01 0'

8.'

/ind +eneration Diesel wit& Diesel +enerator 5unning ;9o Fre6uency Control< ; n Sync&ronous Condenser $ode<

00

8.*

/ind +eneration Diesel wit& Diesel +enerator 5unning ; n Sync&ronous Condenser $ode<

0:

2.

Conclusion and Future Sco)e 5,F,5A9C,S

8' ix

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO. DESCRIPTION OF FIG PAGE NO.

C&a)ter>'
'.1 '.! '.' !! '.* 1lock diagram of an isolated wind>diesel &ybrid )ower system !( A))ro-imate e6uivalent circuit of an induction generator ,-citation Control System "&asor diagram of a cylindrical rotor sync&ronous generator 10 !1

C&a)ter>*
*.1 *.! +eneral /ind "ower +enerations 5oadma) for wind energy conversion !0 !2

iii

*.' *.*

Circuit diagram of a voltage source converter ;3SC< wit& +1Ts. /aveforms of bidirectional active and reactive )ower of a 3SC. ;a< Active )ower flow from t&e ac system to t&e converter dc side. ;b< Active )ower flow from t&e converter dc side to t&e ac system. ;c< T&e converter generating reactive )ower. ;d< T&e converter consuming reactive )ower

!: '.

*.(

/ind. turbine systems wit&out )ower converter= but wit& aerodynamic )ower control ;a< "itc& controlled ;System <= ;b< stall controlled ;System <= and ;c< active stall controlled ;System <. '( '!

*.0

T&e startu) of a fi-ed>s)eed wind turbine. ;a< ,6uivalent diagram of a fi-ed s)eed wind turbine to s&ow t&e startu). ;b< ,lectromagnetic tor6ue and s&aft s)eed during t&e direct startu) of a !$/induction mac&ine. ;c< ,lectromagnetic tor6ue and s&aft s)eed during startu) of a ! $/ soft>starter>fed induction mac&ine.

*.8

/ind turbine to)ologies wit& )artially rated )ower electronics and Limited S)eed range. 5otor>resistance converter ;System 3< and doubly>fed induction generator ;System 3<.

'8

*.2

Tor6ue and s)eed c&aracteristics of rotor resistance controlled wound rotor induction generator

'8

*.:

/ind turbine systems wit& full>scale )ower converters.

':

iv

;a< nduction generator wit& gear ;System 3 <. ;b< Sync&ronous generator wit& gear ;System 3 <. ;c< $ulti)ole sync&ronous generator ;System 3 <. ;d< $ulti)ole )ermanent magnet sync&ronous generator ;System ?<. *.1. /ind farm solutions. ;a< DF + system wit& ac>grid ;System A<. ;b< nduction generator wit& ac>grid ;System 1<. ;c< S)eed controlled induction generator wit& common dc>bus and control of active and reactive )ower ;System C<. ;d< S)eed controlled induction generator wit& common ac>grid and dc transmission ;System D<. *!

C&a)ter>(
(.1 A sim)le system wit& an e6uivalent wind )ower generator connected to a network. ;a< System circuit and ;b< )&asor diagram. (.! llustrative )ower systems (1 **

C&a)ter>0
0.1 0.! 0.' 0.* 0.( Simulation model Simulink model for Diesel +enerator ,-citation System /ind Turbine Async&ronous +enerator /ind turbine C&aracteristics (* (( (( (0 (0

0.0 0.8 0.2

Details of Load Centre $easurement system $odeling Simulation And "erformance Analysis %f /ind>Diesel 1ased 7ybrid "ower +eneration System

(8 (2

(:

C&a)ter>8
8.1 8.! 8.' 8.* C&aracteristics of /TA+ 4 $A 9 L%AD /&en Load %FF ;"m@1< C&aracteristics of /TA+ 4 $A 9 L%AD /&en Load %9 ;"m@1< C&aracteristics of /TA+ 4 $A 9 L%AD /&en Load %FF ;"m@.< C&aracteristics of /TA+ 4 $A 9 L%AD /&en Load %9 ;"m@.< 0! 0( 0: 8!

LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. DESCRIPTION OF TABLE PAGE NO.

C&a)ter>1
1.1 %verview of im)ortant &istorical wind turbines '

C&a)ter>8
8.1 "erformance of /TA+ 4 $A 9 L%AD /&en Load %FF ;"m@1<;Case 1< 8.! "erformance of /TA+ 4 $A 9 L%AD /&en Load %9 ;"m@1<;Case !< 8.' "erformance of /TA+ 4 $A 9 L%AD /&en Load %FF ;"m@.<;Case '< 02 0( 0!

vi

8.*

"erformance of /TA+ 4 $A 9 L%AD /&en Load %9 ;"m@.<;Case *<

81

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS DESCRIPTION Alternating Current 3oltage Source Converter "ulse /idt& $odulated Total 7armonic Distortion "&ase Locked Loo) "ro)ortional>Differential Diesel generator nsulated +ate 1i)olar Transistor

AC 3SC "/$ T7D "LL "D D+ +1T

vii

SC + DF + /TA+ 7"9S/D

S6uirrel Cage nduction +enerator Doubly Fed nduction +enerator /ind Turbine Async&ronous +enerator 7ig&>"enetration= 9o Storage= /ind>Diesel

LIST OF SYMBOLS
SYMBOL DISCRIPTION 3oltage Current

5 ? L C A "

5esistance 5eactance nductance Ca)acitance 5eactive "ower 5eal "ower

viii

B C E

Angle 1etween 3oltage and Current %&m=;Dnit of resistance< "ower Angle

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xii

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xiii

F*:G

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F(.G A. K&. Al Jabri and A. . Alola&= HLimits on t&e "erformances of a T&ree "&ase Self>,-ited nduction +eneratorI= IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion= 3ol.(= 9o. != June 1::.= )). '(.>'(0. F(1G M.7.A. 5a&im= A.L. $o&amadein= and A.S. Al K&alif= HCom)arison 1etween t&e Steady State "erformance of Self>,-cited 5eluctance and nduction +eneratorsI= IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion= 3ol. (= 9o. '= Se)tember 1::.= )). (1:>(!(. F(!G A.$. %s&eiba and $.A. 5e&man= H"erformance Analysis of Self>,-cited nduction and 5eluctance +eneratorsI= Electric Machines and Power Systems= 3ol. 1:= 1::1= )). *88> *::. F('G T.F. C&an and Loi Lei Lai= HSteady>State Analysis and "erformance of a Stand>Alone T&ree>"&ase nduction +enerator wit& Asymmetrically Connected Load m)edances and ,-citation Ca)acitancesI= IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion , Vol. 16, No. 4, Decembe !""1, ##. $!%&$$$. F(*G A.L. Alola& and $.A. Alkant&al= H%)timiOation 1ased Steady State Analysis of T&ree> "&ase Self>,-cited nduction +eneratorI= IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion= 3ol. 1(= 9o. 1= $arc&= !...= )).01>0(. F((G S.". Sing&= $.". Jain= and 1. Sing&= HSteady State Analysis of a Self ,-cited nduction +enerator wit& an AC>DC Conversion Sc&eme for Small Scale +eneratorI= Electric Power System 1esearch= 3ol. !.= 9o. != February 1::1= )). :(>1.*. F(0G 9.7. $alik and S. 7a6ue= HSteady State Analysis and "erformance of an solated Self> ,-cited nduction +eneratorI= IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion= 3ol. ,C>1= 9o.'= Se)tember 1:20= )). 1'.>1*.. F(8G A.K. Tandon= S.S. $urt&y= and C.S. J&a= H9ew $et&od of Com)uting Steady State 5es)onse of Ca)acitor Self>,-cited nduction +eneratorsI= $o rnal o) the Instit tion o) Engineers 2India3 on Electrical Engineering= 3ol. 0(= June 1:2(= )). 1:0>!.1. F(2G S.C. Agarwal= $.". Sing&= and D.". Kot&ari= HAnalysis of nduction +enerator for /ind ,nergy Conversion System at Constant %ut)ut 3oltageI= $o rnal o) Instit tion o) Engineers 2India3 on Electrical Engineering= 3ol. 88= February 1::8= )). 12!>12(.

xiv

F(:G 1&im Sing& and L.1. S&il)akar= HAnalysis of a 9ovel Solid State 3oltage 5egulator for a Self>,-cited nduction +eneratorI= Proceedings o) IEE! "enerations& Transmission and Distrib tion= 3ol. 1*(= 9o. 0= 9ovember 1::2= )). 0*8>0((. F0.G K.5. "adiyar= H"ower Systems Dynamics= Stability and ControlI= Interline P blishing= 1angalore ; ndia<= 1::0. F01G A.A. S&altout and $.A. Abdel>7alim= HSolid>State Control of /ind Driven Self> ,-cited nduction +eneratorI= Electric Machines and Power Systems= 3ol. !'= 1::(= )). (81>(2!. F0!G A.,. 7ammad= HCom)aring t&e 3oltage Ca)abilities of "resent and Future 3A5 Com)ensating Tec&ni6ues in Transmission SystemsI= IEEE Transactions on Power Systems= 3ol. 11= 9o. 1= January 1::0= )). *8(>*21. F0'G D. T&ukaram and Abra&am Lomi= HSelection of Static 3A5 Com)ensator and SiOe for System 3oltage Stability m)rovementI= Electric Power Systems 1esearch= 3ol. (*= 9o. != !...= )). 1':>1(.. F0*G ?uec&un Mu= $ustafa K&ammas&= and 3i#ay 3ittal= H5obust Design of a Dam)ing Controller for Static 3A5 Com)ensators in "ower SystemsI= IEEE Transactions on Power Systems= 3ol.10= 9o.'= August !..1= )). *(0>*0!.
[65] 9ing L&u= S. 3adari= and D. 7wang= HAnalysis of a Static 3ar Com)ensator Dsing t&e

Dis)atc&er Training SimulatorI= IEEE Transactions on Power Systems , 3ol. 1.= 9o. '= August 1::(= )). 1!'* P1!*!. F00G ".K. Das&= A.$. S&araf= and ,.F. 7ill= HAn Ada)tive StabiliOer for T&yristor Controlled Static 3A5 Com)ensators for "ower SystemsI= IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 3ol. *= 9o. != $ay 1:2: )). *.'P*1..
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D. %sborn= A.J.". 5amos= 1. Jo&nson= D. $c 9abb= S. Arabi= D. $artin= 7.L. T&anawala= J. Luini= 5. +onOaleO= and C. Concordia= HStatic 3ar Com)ensator $odels for "ower Flow and Dynamic "erformance SimulationI= IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 3ol. := 9o. 1= February 1::*= )). !!:>!*.. F02G K.5. "adiyar and 5.K. 3erma= HStatic 3A5 System Au-iliary Controllers for m)rovement of Dynamic StabilityI= Electrical Power and Energy Systems= 3ol. 1!= 9o. *= %ctober 1::.= )). !28>!:8.

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F0:G A.,. 7ammad= HAnalysis of "ower System Stability ,n&ancement by Static 3A5 Com)ensatorsI= IEEE Transactions on Power Systems = 3ol. "/5S>1= 9o. *= 9ovember 1:20= )). !!!>!!8. F8.G ".3. 1alasubramanyam= A.S.5. $urt&y= and ". "arameswaran= HDesign of 3ariable Structure Controller for Static 3A5 Com)ensatorI= Electric Machines and Power Systems= 3ol. !0= 1::2= )). *'1>*(.. F81G 5.$. $at&ur= HStabilisatation Tec&ni6ues in "ower Systems Static 3A5 Com)ensationI= International 6ederation o) A tomatic Control 2I6AC3 Symposi m= 1angalore ; ndia<= December 1:20. F8!G L. +yugi= 5. A. %tto= and T. 7. "utman= H"rinci)les and A))lications of Static T&yristor Controlled S&unt Com)ensatorsI= IEEE Transactions on Power Systems= 3ol. "AS>:8= 1:82= )). 1:'(>1:*(. F8'G D.L. %sborn= HFactors for "lanning a Static 3A5 SystemI= Electric Power System 1esearch= 3ol. 18= 1:2:= )). (>1!. F8*G Slavin Kinic= Ambris& C&andra= "romad Agarwal= and 1ri#. 9. Sing&= HA 9ew Algorit&m for Control of a $ultilevel nverter Dsed As Advanced Static 3A5 Com)ensatorI= ''th (ational Power System Con)erence 2(PSC3= ndian nstitute of Science 1angalore ; ndia<= December= !...= )). '18>'!!. F8(G 1.9. Sing&= 1&im Sing&= Ambris& C&andra= and Kamal Al>7addad= HDigital m)lementation of an Advanced Static 3A5 Com)ensator for 3oltage "rofile m)rovement= "ower Factor Correction and 1alancing of Dnbalanced 5eactive LoadsI= Electric Power Energy 1esearch= 3ol. (*= 9o. != !...= )). 1.1>111. F80G J.1. ,kanayake and 9. Jenkins= HA T&ree>Level Advanced Static 3A5 Com)ensatorI= IEEE Transactions on Power Systems= 3ol. 11= 9o. 1= January 1::0= )). (*.>(*(. F88G 5./. $enOies and Mi)ing L&uang= HAdvanced Static Com)ensation Dsing a $ultilevel +T% T&yristor nverterI= IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery = 3ol. 1.= 9o. != A)ril 1::(= )). 8'! P8'2. F82G J.1. ,kanayake= 9. Jenkins= and C.1. Coo)er= H,-)erimental nvestigation of an Advanced Static 3A5 Com)ensatorI= Proceedings o) IEE!"eneration Transmission and Distrib tion= 3ol. 1*!= 9o. != $arc& 1::(= )). !.!>!1.. F8:G A. C&akraborty= D.". Kot&ari= and A.K. $uk&o)ad&yay= H"erformance= %)eration and Control of ,73 "ower Transmission SystemsI= %heeler P blishing= 1::(.

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F2.G T.J.,. $iller= H5eactive "ower Control in ,lectric SystemsI= Jo&n /iley and Sons= 1:2!. F21G 5. C. 1ansal= T.S. 1&atti= and 3inod Kumar= H5eactive "ower Control of Autonomous /ind>Diesel 7ybrid "ower Systems Dsing A99,' Proceedings o) ,ig&t& IEEE nternational "ower ,ngineering Conference ; ",C!..8< = ' to 0 Dec. !..8= Singa)ore= 0 )roc. )ages. F2!G $. TaOil= 3inod Kumar= 5.C. 1ansal= S. Kong= L.M. Dong= and /. Freitas= HT&ree> "&ase Doubly>Fed nduction +eneratorsN An %verview=I IET Electric Power Applications& -ol. 0& iss e /& 6ebr ary /7'7& pp. 75 -89. F2'G 3inod Kumar= 5. 5. Jos&i= and 5. C. 1ansal= HOptimal Control of Matrix Converter
Based WECS for erforman!e En"an!ement and Effi!ien!# Optimi$ation% IEEE arc! 2""9, pp. 2#4-27$ Transaction of Energy Conversion, vol. 24, No. 1,

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