Classification of Organisms

Main Idea

Kingdom Protista

Kingdom Protista If you look at a drop of pond water under a microscope, all the "little creatures" you see swimming around are protists.

Kingdom Protista
All are eukaryotes (cells with nuclei). Live in moist surroundings. Unicellular or multicellular. Autotrophs (Plant-like protests are autotrophs they contain chloroplasts and make their own food.

Heterotrophy protists are )( Animal-like and fungus-like heterotrophy. Some can move - others cannot

The difference between heterotrophy and autotrophy

Heterotrophy - means of obtaining nutrients by ingesting or breaking down organic matter
Autotrophy - The process of self-feeding by means of either harvesting light energy from the Sun or from oxidation of inorganic compounds to make organic molecules

Organisms separated based on feeding behaviors Autotrophs green algae brown algae red algae diatoms dinoflagellates euglenoids Heterotrophs amoeboids ciliates zooflagellates sporozoans plasmodial slime molds cellular slime molds water molds

3 categories of Protists

Animal-like Funguslike Plant-like

Animal-like Protists (Protozoans)

*Unicellular *Heterotrophs *4 groups based on movement: those with flagella, cilia, pseudopods and sessile(Sporozoan) .

1-Protozoans with pseudopods Amoeba Pseudopods also called false feet Cell membrane pushes in one direction & the cytoplasm flows into the bulge. This allows the protozoan to move, dragging the rest of the cell behind it.

P seudopods, cont.
EXAMPLE OF HOW PSEUDOPODS MOVE
FLOW

PUSH

DRAG

P seudopods, cont.

It can form 2 pseudo pods to surround & trap food. Then form a food vacuole to break down food in the cytoplasm.

 Reproduce by binary fission like bacteria. Contractile vacuole - it collects extra H2O & expels it from cell Thin cell membrane no definite shape. lives in ponds Example of a pseudo pod (Amoeba). ingests small organisms like bacteria and other protozoans

P seudo pods cont.

Asexuall reproduction One parent for reproduction

Called binary fission During binary fission, one protozoan cell divides into two identical individuals.

Structure of Amoeba

2-Protozoans with cilia

paramecium
Cilia - hairlike structures It helps the organisms move, get food and sense environment. Multicellular with 2 nuclei. 1 nuclei controls everyday functions 1 nuclei is for reproduction. Reproduce by binary

. Binary fission (asexual)

2. Conjugation (sexual)

Form structure called conjugation tube to exchange genetic material

Cilia, cont.
Oral groove lined with cilia - moves H20 containing food into food vacuole at end of oral groove. Food vacuole breaks down food and sends through cell. Anal pore sends out waste. Example of protozoan w/ cilia: paramecium.

paramecium.

3-Protozoans with flagella

Organisms called zooflagellates Use long whiplike part called flagella to move. These usually live inside other organisms.

3-Protozoans with flagella

Flagellates have a small number of long flagella, long whiplike hairs that beats to propel the cell. E .G Trypanosoma brucei, which causes sleeping sickness in Africa. Also Trichmonas vaginalis.

Plantlike Protists
Better known as algae Autotrophs

Size: from unicellular to very large

Contain different pigments so they come in different colors. Euglena: special type of algae -when there is no sunlight they become heterotrophic.

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Have chlorophyll Make their own food They can live in 4 main environments: soil freshwater tree bark salt water they produce large amounts of oxygen which are used by other living organisms they are grouped according to color & stucture into 5 main groups: 2) diatoms 3) dinoflagelletes 1) euglena
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4) red dinoflagellates

5) algae

What are Algae?

Multicellular made of more than one cell Photosynthetic make their own food No roots, stems, or leaves Each has chlorophyll and other photosynthetic pigments

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd they are grouped according to color & stucture A) Euglena D) Red Dinoflagellates

B) Diatom E) Green Algae C) Dinoflagellates

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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

A) Euglenaone celled alga that moves with one flagellum lives in fresh water reproduces asexually red eyespot near front end to find lightWhy? have chlorophyll and can make their own food ( autotroph)
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Structure of a euglena: flagellate freshwater protozoan. It is composed of chlorophyll and has a rudimentary eye. Reservoir: part of a euglena used for storage. Nucleus: central organelle of a euglena.

 Contractile vacuole: cavity of the euglena that is able to contract. Pellicle: membrane that envelops a euglena. Chloroplast: organelle of the euglena responsible for photosynthesis. Nucleolus: spherical body that contains the nucleus of a euglena. Stigma: light-sensitive part of a euglena. Flagellum: long, mobile filament used by the euglena for locomotion.

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

A) Euglena Continued-

contains disk-shaped chloroplasts

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organelle is the site of photosynthesis and gets its name from the presence of the green pigments (the chlorophylls)

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd B) Diatom beautiful one celled protists come in many shapes EX: boats, rods, disks, triangles important food source for water dwelling animals cell covering is made up of 2 overlapping parts made of the same material as glass cell coverings do not decay (when dead) used for toothpaste, scouring powders, & filters
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PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd E) Green Algae Come in many different forms can be unicellular or multicellular

they produce O2 in H2O serve as food for fish, snails, and crayfish usually found in colonies Colony a group of cells that live together

spirogy ra

chlore lla
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desmi

EX: volvox colony Arranged in a single layer with flagella facing outward The flagella beat and the colony spins through the water EX: Kelp (brown algae) aka.sea weed used by humans for food
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Algae Examples

PLANT-LIKE PROTIST Contd

also used to thicken food such as ice cream and jelly

Directions: Write out & highlight the following questions 1) List the three main (groups) types of protists? 2) Give two examples of animal-like protists. 3) What are sporozoans? Give one example. 4) List the 3 structures protozoan use for locomotion. 5) List 5 plant-like protists? 6) Why are algae important?
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