yl:information technology

Arrays
NATALEE A. JOHNSON
Contributor

DECLARING ARRAYS IN PASCAL

To declare an array in Pascal you use the following format: You type the name of the array followed by a colon(:) then type the word Array and place in square bracket the size of the array followed by the data type of the elements. An example is shown below.

OOD DAY, students. This is lesson 30 in our series of lessons. In this weeks lesson we will continue to look at arrays.

LOADING ELEMENTS (VALUES) INTO AN ARRAY

This can be done two ways; you can load elements in an array by an assignment statement or by the keyboard (allowing the user to enter the value). Using an assignment statement

TRAVERSING ARRAYS
Traversing an array is the process of going through all the elements of an array in a sequential manner in order to manipulate the elements. You can traverse an array to do any of the following:  to print the elements of an array (shown in the previous lesson).  to search the list of an array to locate a particular data item or element.  to sort the list of an array in a particular order, whether descending or ascending. The traversing of an array can only be done with the use of a loop, and within the loop the subscript/index must subsequently be incremented in order to move from one element in the array to next element.

LINEAR SEARCH
A linear search involves the searching of an array list, one element at a time, starting with the first element of the array and comparing each element with the item/value being searched for. The search will end when a match is found or when the end of the array is reached. It is important that when you are performing a search the size of the array must be declared to control the searching limit.

To output the three elements in the array this is how you would write it:Writeln(Scores[1]); Writeln(Scores[2]); Writeln(Scores[3]); Loading elements (values) into an array Using the keyboard (allowing the user to enter the value) Program Test_Scores2; Uses wincrt; Var Scores: Array[1..3] of integer;

EXAMPLE 1
An algorithm is required to search a list to locate an item called, target. The target is value is a string. A Boolean variable, Found, is set to true if the target value is found, otherwise, found is set to false. The algorithm segment would look like this:

USING A FOR LOOP WITH KEYBOARD INPUT

Program Test_Scores3; Uses wincrt; Var Scores: Array[1..3] of integer;

Endwhile if (Found = true) then Print The Target is found else Print The Target is not found endif Stop

We have come to the end of this lesson. See you next week, when we will continue to look at the Pascal code and arrays. Remember that if you fail to prepare, you should be prepared to fail.
Natalee A. Johnson teaches at Ardenne High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

12

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

yl:english literature
BERYL CLARKE
Contributor

UR PLAY moves rapidly, from our meeting with the major characters Pa Ben, Len and then Miss Aggie through Lens schooling in Jamaica and abroad, his marriage, return to his homeland, Miss Aggies reaction to her daughter-in-law, the situation involving George and the final bonding of the family. The language, the Jamaican dialect, is rich and natural, grounding the play in its setting. You would have noticed that here it is the language of the simple folk. At this point I would like for us to work on some of the things which make drama; make it different from the other literary genres. You know already that when the playwright is writing he is visualising the stage with the pieces of furniture in a particular order, he is seeing and listening to the characters as they talk, interact with each other and as they move about or remain static. So, when you are going through Old Story Time, you have to see facial expressions, read body language, interpret gestures and gesticulations, and hear changes in voice tones and levels so as to understand their meanings. Drama has what I call immediacy, in that the action is being watched as it happens. It is not like a film (though a production can be filmed) in which actors get the chance to repeat a scene until it becomes perfect in the eyes of a director. No, the audience gets what is being acted directly and has no time to consider, just time to react. Elements such as dialogue, stage directions, the use of irony, structured divisions, asides and soliloquies, in addition to plot and characters are integrated into drama. We have to be careful to always bear in mind how important dialogue is in a play. The playwright has to rely on it for several things. It is dialogue that reveals character, describes and makes references to previous, sometimes ongoing action and subsequent developments. You see, the enacting of a play takes about two hours or a bit more and not only is the space limited but there are some actions that cannot be presented or only with great difficulty and then, perhaps, only with partial success. Remember that we are talking about the play on a stage and not about a movie. The writer has to find other means of telling the audience what he wishes to. Take for instance, the scene in which Miss Aggy catches Len playing with Pearl in the river, we know this not because we see it on the stage but through a stage direction. We know that they were going there to play because of what Pearl says. How do we find out that Miss Aggy has been to the market? Again, this is through the stage direction and the dialogue. Do you see her riding her donkey to market or leading it home with a lame foot? Of course not! The conversation (dialogue) between her and Pa Ben informs us. Some actions take place off stage but we learn about them through discussions that take place on stage. As Pa Ben and Mama talk, we get the news of Lens travel to Africa and later of his marriage. Trevor Rhone also uses soliloquies to share information with the audience. Pa Ben brings us up to speed when he tells us how Mama hates black, that not even a

Old Story Time

part 2
Sometimes, young people are tempted to do things against their better judgment just to be in. Please hold on to your sound values.

chicken of that colour she would keep in her yard. More important, it is then that we hear that Len has a black girlfriend. Members of the audience at this point are given information that a major character, Miss Aggy, does not have and this could create expectations among those watching the performance. Can you think of one such expectation? Ye-s! A confrontation between Miss Aggy and Lois is a distinct possibility, given Miss Aggys attitude to anything black! Then there is the soliloquy in which Pa Ben has to cajole (here is a chance to learn a new word if it is not already one with which you are familiar) Pearl into not revealing the true state of affairs between Len and his mother. In addition, we get the thenpopular attitude towards Africa, that it was dark, meaning savage, uncivilised and that cannibalism was a real danger to a visitor like Len. I am sure that you noticed the humour when Pa Ben said that while Miss Aggy turned her face away, he looked at the photo of women who were uncovered above the waist. This is as a good a place as any to take a break this week. Your job now is to look closely at the elements used by Rhone to create this play. We will continue this next week. Until then, continue to strive for success and God bless!

Beryl Clarke is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

Danielle Wright (right), student of Black River High School, is all smiles as she collects her Internet tablet from Honey Buns Marketing Assistant Thameka McLeod. Daniel was one of two winners of last months draw. Get those entries in for the next draw.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

13

yl:principles of accounts

Fixed assets accounts

ROXANNE WRIGHT
Contributor

SOLUTION:
(a)(i)

MOTOR VEHICLE

(ii)

PROVISION FOR DEPRECIATION OF MOTOR VEHICLES

ET ME hope that you are on track with your revision and that you are also trying hard to retain the principles as you get closer to the examination. There is no need to be nervous, but you certainly have to prepare to face any question for any section of the syllabus, as given by your examining body. In my quest to continue to assist with your preparation, I have presented a worked example below. As usual, I suggest that you attempt to work the question first then match your answer with the one provided.

(iii)

MOTOR VEHICLE DISPOSAL QUESTION

Melbourne Co Ltd had the following ledger account balances at January 1, 2012. $ Motor vehicles 200,000 Provision for depreciation of motor vehicles 88,000 Depreciation is provided at the rate of 20% of the cost of the motor vehicles. A full years depreciation is charged in the year of purchase, but no depreciation is charged in the year of disposal. A vehicle bought for $60,000 in August 2009 was sold for $18,000 on November 1, 2012. You are required to: a. Write up and balance the following ledger accounts for the year ended December 2012: i. Motor vehicles account ii. Provision for depreciation of motor vehicles account iii. Motor vehicles disposal account b. State three reasons depreciation of fixed assets occurs. c. State two reasons depreciation has to be provided for in the final accounts of a business. d. (i) State the name of the depreciation method used in this question. (ii) Name another method of depreciation. Describe how the method is operated. (b) Three reasons depreciation of fixed assets occur are: i. The continuous usage of machines of facilities results in wear and tear. ii. Fixed assets become obsolete after a few years. iii. Weather and environmental conditions add to the wear and tear of fixed assets. (c) Two reasons depreciation has to be provided for in the final accounts of a business are: i. To provide for the wear and tear of the assets used during business operations. ii. For a better allocation of costs against revenue, as depreciation is charged annually. (d)(i) The name of the depreciation method used in this question is the straight-line method. (ii) Another method of depreciation is the reducing-balance method. In this method, depreciation is provided by means of periodic charges calculated as a constant proportion of the balance of the asset after deducting the amount previously provided for. Yearly depreciation expense = Net book value x depreciation rate (where net book value is asset cost less provision for depreciation). To ensure that you keep on track with your study of principles of accounts, our next presentation will be Company Account. You cannot afford to miss it.
Roxanne Wright teaches at Immaculate Academy. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

WORKINGS
[w1] $ Provision for depreciation of motor vehicles 2009: 20% x $60,000 2010: 20% x $60,000 2011: 20% x $60,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 36,000 =====

14

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

yl:information technology
HYACINTH TUGMAN
Contributor

PREPARING FOR AND PARTICIPATING IN AN INTERVIEW

COMPANIES USE various procedures when conducting employment interviews; the larger the company, the more formal the interview. The following points must be kept in mind when preparing for an interview:  Research the company. Find out as much as you can about the company. Your research will help you to form a picture of the company to help you with asking relevant questions during the interview.  Anticipate questions you will be asked during the interview. The employment interview is usually the first time you will be seen by a company representative. Remember, students, that first impressions are important. A good interviewer will give you an overall explanation of the requirements of the job and of the policies and benefits of the company. You will be asked questions about yourself, and you will also be given the opportunity to ask questions. Some questions that you may be asked are:  Why did you choose to apply for this position?  What future professional or educational plans do you have?  What characteristics or traits do you have that you think make you the right person for this position?  Why did you leave your last position?  What do you think are your strengths and weaknesses?  Why should this company hire you? The interviewer will assess the applicant according to the answers given to the questions.

Recruitment and orientation

LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE
When an applicant is selected for the post, he/she is sent an offer of appointment along with the contract of employment. If the offer is accepted, the applicant is required to sign the contract and return one copy to the organisation. The letter of acceptance should be brief and:  Thank the employer for his letter offering you the job.  State that you are willing to accept the job.  Indicate that you are looking forward to working for the organisation and gaining new experiences.  Confirm that you will be able to commence work on the suggested date. There are, however, times when a job offer has to be refused. The writer should, therefore:  Thank the employer for the offer of appointment.  Express regret at not being able to accept the offer. Here are some short-answer questions based on the unit I have just completed. 1. What steps should you consider when you are searching for a job?

CONTRIBUTED

Gbemisola Kamson with some of the Holy Childhood students who attended the IPP social at the Nigerian High Commission recently.

2. Describe the major sections of a rsum. 3. What important points should you keep in mind concerning the appearance of your rsum? 4. What is the purpose of a cover letter? 5. What major points should you keep in mind when preparing for an employment interview? Until next week, remember the golden rule: Study, study. God bless you all.
Hyacinth Tugman teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

In answering the interviewer you should:  Look at the person who is conducting the interview and be courteous in giving replies.  Avoid one-word answers but try to be precise.  Give honest answers.  Show that you are willing to learn. One of the most difficult questions to handle is the question of salary. Usually, the interviewer will tell you what the company expects to pay for the position.

Occasionally, an interviewer will ask you what salary you expect. Be prepared for this question. Very often an interviewee is invited to ask questions of the interviewer. Even when the invitation is not extended, it is usual to expect questions from the interviewee. Answers to the following questions provide valuable information:  Are there opportunities for training in the organisation?  Are there opportunities for promotion?  Is there a policy of promoting from within the organisation?

 What are the working hours?

FOLLOWING UP ON THE INTERVIEW

You should send a short thankyou letter to the interviewer as a courtesy. Avoid calling or writing before the decision deadline to inquire about the status of your application. After the deadline, however, it is acceptable to call or write to ask when a decision will be made if you have not already been notified. This demonstrates that you are still interested in the job.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

15

yl:history
DEBBION HYMAN
Contributor

OBJECTIVE:
AT THE end of the lesson you should be able to: 1. Describe the social, economic and political factors that brought about labour disturbances of the 1930s. Social and economic factors which led to the disturbances of the 1930s. The troubles of the 1930s arose mainly from inadequate provision for the social, economic and political advancement of the labouring population. 1. Social services such as education and health facilities were very inadequate. Education existed mostly at the elementary level but the curriculum did not suit the needs of the students, teachers were few and illtrained, classes were overcrowded and accommodation was inadequate. Only a small percentage of students passed on to secondary schools, which also had their share of weaknesses and inadequacies. Added to this was that throughout most colonies sanitation was poor and diseases such as hookworm, venereal diseases, yaws and malaria were prevalent. Houses were dilapidated and constituted a health hazard. 2. In the 1920s and early 1930s, staple products such as sugar had an unfavourable world market that was further aggravated by the Great Depression of 1929-1932 in the United States. Prices were low and this was reflected in the economic conditions of those who planted cash crops. Many of these people abandoned their farms and resorted to the towns, where they added to the number of people who were unemployed.

Popular protests in the 1930s

Association, which advocated for social reform of blacks, pride of race and of African past and the rejection of white values. There was also the philosophy of negritude, which exalted the dignity and vitality of black people. These movements increased West Indian resentment against their unjust social condition. 2. Caribbean governments under the Crown Colony system were inefficient. They were incapable of devising measures for economic developments and improvements of social services. 3. The emergence of a black and middle class intelligentsia who agitated for constitutional advancement(s). 4. Many Caribbean nationals from Latin America and the United States returned, as a result of the worldwide depression, with political ideas not readily discussed in the Caribbean and a desire to challenge the status quo. With the socio-economic problems of the 1930s, it came as no surprise that there was a labour unrest. The protests would begin in St Kitts in 1935 and later occur in other islands such as St Vincent, St Lucia, Trinidad, Barbados and Jamaica.

ACTIVITY
Design a poster on any two of the following personalities. Your poster should include the following information on the individuals: a) birth place/country of origin. b) role played in the labour protests. c) organisation established. Grantley Adams Alexander Bustamante Uriah Butler Norman Manley Clement Payne Ensure that the individuals are not from the same country.

CONTRIBUTED

Those who remained as small farmers found it difficult to compete with agricultural methods used on large estates and their cost production was, therefore, high. Peasant farmers also found that they did not have the resources to cope with the numerous tropical plant diseases or with unfavourable weather conditions. 3. For those people who continued to work on estates, wages were low. In Barbados wages averaged 2/3 a day; in Jamaica to 2/6 to 3/- a day; in St Kitts 10d a day; in Trinidad 5/- to 12/6 a week. Added to this, the hours of work were long, the methods of discipline

Malta Brand Manager Racquel Nevins welcomes entertainer Beenie Man to the match between Jamaicas Sunshine Girls and England at the National Indoor Sports Centre.
were harsh, and seasonal unemployment and underemployment were common. 4. The high Caribbean birth rate aggravated the problems of overpopulation and of unemployment and underemployment. The situation was worsened because emigration opportunities were removed after 1918. The United States and Central American countries closed their doors to Caribbean people seeking employment there.

POLITICAL FACTORS THAT LED TO THE 1930S DISTURBANCES

1. The 1920s and 1930s was a period of rising Caribbean nationalism with an emphasis on black consciousness. The National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People was partly responsible for this. Of particular importance also were the ideas and activities of Marcus Garvey, who had lived in the United States. He was the founder of the Universal Negro Improvement

RECAP
1. C 5. A 9. C 2. B 6. B 10. D 3. A 7. D 11. B 4. D 8. C 12. B

Debbion Hyman teaches at St Hughs High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

16

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

yl:principles of business

Questions on marketing
part 2
YVONNE HARVEY
Contributor

(B) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

This is asking you to look at three problems or questions that need to be analysed in the process of marketing if the business is to be a success. The syllabus lists three main areas.

OOD DAY to you all. Last week, I told you that marketing is a very long section of the POB syllabus, so I would present and discuss more than one question on this area. Last weeks question was the first; below is the second one. (a) Define (i) Marketing activities (ii) Market research (4 marks) (b) Discuss three reasons for conducting market research. (6 marks) (c) Identify four types of market research. (4 marks) It is important that marketers understand the main factors that influence consumer behaviour if they intend to be successful and maximise profits. (d) Explain three of the factors that influence consumer behaviour. (6 marks) Total marks: 20

Prices of goods and services are one of the chief factors that influence consumer behaviour. Consumers want to know that prices are reasonable and affordable. If this is so, then they will be more likely to purchase the goods or services.

QUALITY IS ANOTHER FACTOR ANSWER

Market research is undertaken in order to find out about the consumers taste. Marketers would want to know what consumers like so that they can seek to provide them with what they want. In business, it is important to understand the competitors in order to at least compete with them on equal terms. To understand the competitors it is necessary to do market research to find out, for instance, what they are producing and the price at which they are selling it. A third reason for market research is in order to get to know the factors that influence consumer behaviour. This is to understand the consumers better and know the factors on which to concentrate to get them to purchase goods or services. Generally speaking, consumers are willing to pay a little more for a good or service that they feel is of a high quality and will, perhaps, last a longer time than a cheaper variety.

BRAND LOYALTY ALSO INFLUENCES CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR

Certain brands stick in the minds of prospective consumers and they tend to want to purchase these brands, regardless of price and income. In many cases, these are the brands traditionally purchased in their families and have been tried, tested and proven to be among the best. Well, that is it for this week. We are still not finished with marketing, though, so look out for more marketing questions. Keep doing your revision; exams are on the horizon. See you.
Yvonne Harvey teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

(C) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS (A) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

You will remember that in a last lesson, we defined marketing as everything that is done to get the right goods and services to the right persons at the right time and price. This comes through marketing activities. (A list of the main marketing activities can be found in the syllabus on page 21.) Market research is just one of the marketing activities but a very important one. It can be done at various stages, depending on the problem or what the marketer wants to find out. Market research is not just about finding out what consumers like. Market research can be done for any category of marketing or any marketing problem. Some of those areas are listed in the answer below.

ANSWER
Consumer research Advertising research Packaging research Pricing research Distribution research

ANSWER
(i) Marketing activities refer to everything that is done in marketing to get the goods and services to prospective consumers with the underlying aim of maximising profits. (ii) Market research is a systematic approach to the collection of data, the recording of said data, its analysis and use to fit the particular marketing problem or question.

(D) GUIDING YOUR THOUGHTS

Why do prospective consumers say certain things and act in particular ways? The seller of goods and services needs to study consumer behaviour in order to fully understand his/her target markets and what will or will not influence purchase. (See syllabus page 22 for list of factors.)
IAN ALLEN/PHOTOGRAPHER

ANSWER

Jamaicas Khadijah Williams (right) prepares to catch the ball ahead of Englands Serena Guthrie in their final game of their three-Test Supreme Ventures Sunshine Series at the National Indoor Sports Centre. England won 50-36.

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

17

yl:biology

Patterns of inheritance
continued
MONACIA WILLIAMS
Contributor

TUDENTS, HOW are you this week? Have you been keeping up with the lessons? Remember, you will need to keep revising the topics I have covered if you want to be able to answer the relevant questions on the exam paper. Dont forget that it is very easy to get full marks if you are able to answer the genetics question, but it is equally easy to score few marks.

What have you learnt so far? You have learnt how sex is inherited. Remember that for you to have become a girl you needed to have two XX chromosomes and to have become a boy you needed to have an X and a Y. You also learnt about the blood groups, A, B, AB and O, where both A and B are dominant, and hence when they occur together in blood group AB, the phenomenon of co-dominance is shown. You also learnt about the phenomenon of incomplete dominance, where when the dominant and the recessive alleles come together, the dominant is not expressed. Instead, there is a blending of the two and a new phenotype is produced. Our example for this was Balsam, where the red was the dominant colour, white, the recessive, and the blend, the heterozygote was pink. Do you remember the different terms to which you were introduced? You need to know these because you are often asked to define them and, as with Schools Challenge Quiz, your definitions need to be precise or you are going to lose marks! How was that for a quick revision? Were you able to keep up? I hope so. What is next? There is another phenomenon that you need to learn about and that is the one known as sex linkage. How does this work? Remember the sex chromosomes, the XX of females and the XY of males, also carry alleles of genes, the X more so than the Y. Alleles of genes that are passed on from one generation to the next are normally carried on the X chromosome; the Y chromosome for our purposes at this level does not carry alleles. Two of the genes that govern characteristics that are carried are that for colour blindness and haemophilia. Let us see how this works, using haemophilia as the condition. This is a recessive condition in humans and will only be expressed when the offspring is homozygous recessive. If we use H to represent the allele, then the following is the notation that is used, XH and Xh, where X represents the sex chromosome and H and h the alleles. Please note that as

said before, genetics has its own language and it must be learnt. If the female is heterozygous XHXh, then she will have the dominant and the recessive allele but, unlike previous examples where the offspring would be dominant, in this case the offspring will not have the condition; she is said to be a carrier. If she is homozygous dominant, XHXH for the allele, then she will not have the condition. If she is XhXh, then she will be a haemophiliac. The inheritance of the alleles follows the same pattern that we have been studying so far; the only difference is that the sex allele X is always included with the allele. Above is a diagram that can be used as an example. Note, two males and two females are produced, but look at how the condition is inherited. No female with the condition is

produced. One female is totally free from the allele and is, therefore, normal. The other has the recessive allele and is, therefore, a carrier. She is phenotypically normal; she does not have the condition but has the allele which she can pass on to the next generation. Look now at the males. One is normal and the other is a haemophiliac. Note that in sex-linked inheritance, it is much easier for the male to inherit the condition because he only has one X chromosome and, hence, can never have the heterozygote condition. See you next week and remember to practise.
Monacia Williams teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

18

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

yl:english language

Persuasive advertisements
NATASHA THOMAS-FRANCIS
Contributor

HIS WEEK we shall be looking at another medium of persuasion the advertisement. The study of advertising techniques is particularly useful for the comprehension section of Paper 02, as well as the multiple-choice paper.

 Bandwagon A statement suggesting that everyone is using a specific product so you should too (for example, Nike).  Emotional appeal Creating strong feelings about a situation or product. I have provided some examples of advertisements which use the above-mentioned techniques. Try to think of other examples. Now take a look at the following advertisement. After you have read it at least twice, answer the following questions: 1. To which target audience does the advertiser appeal? 2. What is the main desire being appealed to in the advertisement? 3. Identify two persuasive techniques utilised and provide an example of each. 4. List two emotive words or phrases and explain their effectiveness.

There are several interesting and creative advertisements seen on the television, heard on the radio and read in newspapers and magazines. Which advertisements are your favourites? What is appealing about them? Well, this week we will discuss the purpose of advertising, the desires to which they appeal and the techniques used to persuade the consumer to purchase an item or use a service. You have, most likely, studied advertising at an earlier grade level. It is one of the most important means of communication you encounter daily.

PURPOSES OF ADVERTISEMENTS
Persuasive advertisements have two main purposes: 1. To provide information about a product or service. 2. To persuade someone or a group to purchase a product or service.

ADVERTISING DESIRES
Advertisements also appeal to several human desires, some of which are listed below: The need:  To feel secure  To achieve success  To experience financial security  To be associated with a popular group  To feel beautiful or handsome  To live a comfortable life  To be attractive to the opposite sex Can you think of any advertisements to which these desires are applicable?

TECHNIQUES OF ADVERTISEMENTS
Advertisers will use particular techniques to persuade their target audience. These techniques include:  Slogans A catchy phrase/statement (for example: Nobody does it better.)  Repetition To ensure that you remember the name of the product.  Jingles These normally contain rhymes and an appealing rhythm.  Bold print Normally found in printed advertisements.  Testimonials Such as the ones given in the Immunogiser advertisements.  Expert opinions Such as those given by doctors or dentists (for example, Crest toothpaste). Until next week, be good and remember that the CXC season will be here in the blink of an eye!
Natasha Thomas-Francis teaches at Glenmuir High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

19

yl:social studies

Stages in the integration movement

MAUREEN CAMPBELL
Contributor

MEMBERSHIP

OBJECTIVES:
OUTLINE THE major stages in the integration movement. State the functions of: a. OECS secretariat b. CARICOM secretariat c. Conference of Heads of Government

STAGES IN THE INTEGRATION MOVEMENT

West Indies Federation  The first wide-scale attempt at integration in the region.  It was aimed towards political integration in the Caribbean.  It existed from 1956 - 1962.

THE FUNCTIONS OF OECS, CARICOM SECRETARIATS AND THE CONFERENCE OF HEADS OF GOVERNMENT

CARIBBEAN FREE TRADE ASSOCIATION

 CARIFTA was formed in 1968.  Its aim was to foster economic and social development by enabling free trade among the member states.

CARIBBEAN COMMUNITY
 CARICOM was formed on July 4, 1973.  It was a regional economic integration effort.  The Treaty of Chaguaramas was signed by the prime ministers of Barbados, Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago.

ORGANISATIONS OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES (OECS)

 This was established on June 18, 1981, with the signing of the Treaty of Basseterre.

ASSOCIATION OF CARIBBEAN STATES (ACS)

 The Convention of Cartagena de Las Indias was signed in July 1994, to set up the ACS.  The ACS inauguration summit meeting was held in August 1995, when the convention was formally ratified.

CARICOM SINGLE MARKET AND ECONOMY (CSME)

 This is an agreement which allows CARICOM goods, services, people and capital to move through the Caribbean community without any restrictions or government taxation.  It was established with the revision of the Treaty of Chaguaramas in 1989.  The purpose of the CSME was to establish a single-economy system among the member states of CARICOM.

CONTINUED ON NEXT PAGE

20

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

The Faraday and electrochemical calculations

FRANCINE TAYLOR-CAMPBELL
Contributor

yl:chemistry
ANSWER
1. First, the amount of electricity flowing through the electrolyte needs to be determined. Q = current x time(in sec) Q = 3 x (60 + 36) = 3 x 96 = 288C Aluminium ions are discharged according to the equation Al3+ + 3e == Al This means that to deposit 1 mole of aluminium, that is 27g, requires 3F or 289500C. 1 mol Al ===== 289500C X mol Al ===== 288C, X = 288/289500 == 0.00099mol = 0.001 mol Aluminium. Q2. A solution of copper (II) nitrate was used to electroplate a silver coin with copper. (a) Write an equation to represent the reaction taking place at the anode. (b) Originally, you were given a silver coin that weighed 1g. Calculate the total mass of the coin after electrolysis, when a current of 5A was passed through the copper (II) nitrate solution for five minutes. (c) What would you expect to observe if the electroplated coin was placed in dilute sulphuric acid?

REVIEW OF FACTS
 The Faraday (F) is the quantity of electricity needed to remove one mole of electrons from the cathode during electrolysis or to deposit one mole of electrons on the anode during electrolysis.  The Faraday Constant is the amount of electric charge carried by one mole of electrons, that is 96,500C. During electrolysis electrons are taken from the cathode by positive ions called cations. + Cu2+(aq)+ 2e = Cu(s) Eg. 2H (aq)+ 2e = H2(g) The ions are, said to be, discharged. Electrons are deposited on the anode (+ve) by negative ions called anions. 4OH- = 2H20 + 02 + 4e Eg. 2Cl-(aq)= Cl2(g) + 2e Electrons may also leave from the anode if the anode dissolves. Eg. Cu = Cu2+ + 2eOne Faraday = 96,500 Coulombs i.e. 1F = 96,500C The coulomb is the unit of electrical charge and is 1ampere flowing for 1 second. i.e. coulombs = amps x sec, quantity of electricity = current x time (Q = I x t) Eg. When 2 amps flow for 1 minute, the quantity of electricity flowing (Q) Q = 2*60 = 120C

ANSWER
2. To electroplate the silver coin, the anode is made of copper, which dissolves in a solution of copper ions to be later deposited on to the silver coin. At the anode: Cu (s) === Cu2+(aq) + 2e (b) Quantity of electricity == 5 x (5x60) = 1500C 1 mol Cu or 63.5g is deposited by 2F or 193000C X mol Cu is deposited by 1500C X == 0.00777 mol Cu Mass of Cu deposited = 0.00777 x 63.5 = 0.494g The total mass of the silver coin would be 1.00 + 0.494 = 1.494g (c) The electroplated coin would not react with sulphuric acid since the copper coat does not react with dilute acids.
Francine Taylor-Campbell teaches at Jamaica College. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

NOTE
The Faraday may also be regarded as the charge on one mole of electrons. Thus F = Le L = Avogadros number e = the charge on one electron

yl:social studies

continued

FURTHER EXAMPLES
1. What mass of copper would be deposited during electrolysis by 0.5F? Cu2+ + 2e = Cu 2F 64g, thus 0.5F = 16g Cu 2. What mass of lead would be produced by a current of 5A passed through molten lead bromide for one hour? C = A x s C = 5 x 60 x 60 = 18,000C Now Pb2+(l) + 2e = Pb(1) 2F 207g 193,000C = 207g Pb Thus, 18,000C = (207/ 193,000) x 18,000 = 19.2g Pb 3. What volumes of (a) H2 (b) O2 would be liberated at RTP when 0.1 F is passed through dilute sulphuric acid? + 4H + 4e- = 2H2 4OH = 2H2O + O2 + 4e+ Calculate the volume of H2 for example 2H + 2e = H2 2F 1mole = 24 dm3 at RTP 3 3 Thus 0.1F = (24/2) x 0.1 dm = 1.2 dm H2 at RTP And volume of O2 = 0.6dm3 at RTP ( from above equations) Now that we have looked at the basics, let us attempt a few examination questions. Q1. A current of 3 amperes was passed for one minute and 36 seconds through an electrolyte containing aluminium ions. Calculate the number of moles of aluminium deposited at the cathode.

ACTIVITIES
1. State three reasons Caribbean integration is necessary. 2. Suggest two other ways that CARICOM countries should integrate.
Maureen Campbell teaches at St Hughs High School. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013

21

Simultaneous equations
CLEMENT RADCLIFFE
Contributor

yl:mathematics

S WE continue the review of matrices, I will complete the presentation on the solution of simultaneous equations.

Next week will continue our review in this area.

Clement Radcliffe is an independent contributor. Send questions and comments to kerry-ann.hepburn@gleanerjm.com

22

YOUTHLINK MAGAZINE | APRIL 16-22, 2013