This topic was requested in the 2012 OK No-till Survey. Fall applied fertilizer.

They do it up north Why or Why not in Ok.

Will focus on Summer Crops, but applies to wheat and Canola

Consider their growth pattern.

For Summer Crops Practice of applying NH3 in fall with nitrification inhib. It is all about the temp.

State Iowa Illinois Indiana Kansas Missouri Michigan Minnesota Nebraska Ohio Oklahoma

Average Winter Temp F 21.7 28.3 29.4 31.9 32 21.7 16 25.7 29 39

Add the potential for a wet winter.

Area of the State North East North Central West Central Central South West 100 yr Average Winter Precip in Inches 5.6 3.2 2.9 4.5 3.5 Range in Precip since 1980 16 2 81 81 14 1 91

Urea, Ammonia, Ammonium, Nitrate Urea Converts rapidly to NH3 NH3 in presence of moisture Immediately NH4. NH4 converted to NO3 via Nitrification. NO3 will move with soil solution

 Microbial

Process

Nitrosomonas Nitrobactor

Therefore Up

Temperature and Moisture

north frozen soil + Nitrification inhibitor = Acceptable practice
Not Ideal

Driven by

Not Subject to the same losses as Nitrogen. So not as bad of an idea. But Soil pH and Ca level will impact this.

Most soluble, (monocalcium phosphate) reverts to the most insoluble (apatite). Reversion is expected to take considerable time, primarily because the concentration of reactants is relatively low. Even though the common fertilizer monocalcium phosphate (0-46-0) will gradually become less soluble forms of calcium phosphates, the transition is slow enough that concentrations of available phosphate (H2PO4- and HPO42-) in the soil will be sufficiently high throughout the season to benefit the crop. Usually a year after fertilization the transition to highly insoluble forms is almost complete and there is little residual effect of the past years application.

Availability of applied? Most available form is Mono Calcium Phosphate. TSP, DAP, MAP, APP The most available these will EVER be in the day they are first, dissolved or applied.

Orthophosphate P
1.00 0.90 0.80 Mole fracton P 0.70 0.60 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.00 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Solution pH

H3PO4

H2PO4-

HPO42-

PO43-

H2PO4-

Ionic forms of P taken up by plants (H2PO4- and HPO42) exist in equal amounts at about pH 7.2. Plants do not appear to have a preference for one form over the other, thus there is little justification for trying to lime a soil to a pH where P is most available.

 Even

better idea than P. Not commonly Deficient in OK NE Oklahoma Soybean and high yielding Cotton

SWFAL
3369

Samples 10% <250

NPKS Sites
2011 No sites 2012 6 sites

2011- 42 sites Average Minimum Maximum 445 238 903

2012- 38 sites 453 137 932

under 250

 Total K in soils averages about 40,000 lb/acre Soil potassium is present in four categorical

forms

occluded (within soil minerals such as feldspar, mica, etc), 98% of total fixed (trapped within the lattice of 2:1 expanding clay minerals), 1% of total exchangeable. 1% of total (100-1000ppm) solution, 0.1% of total (1-10 ppm)

Soil K

K+ K+ K+ K+ K+

K+ K+

K+

K+ =

K+ K+

K+

Mineral weathering = == == feldspar, mica (occluded) hydrous micas (fixed) clays (exchangeable)=solution

Available K. Solution and exchangeable K normally represent "available" K for plants during a growing season

Plant uptake is by diffusion (90%) and mass flow (10%)

K is immobile in soil (on a scale of 1 to 100, with 100 being most mobile, NO3- is 99, K+ is 33, and HPO42- is 1)

Factors affecting amount of available K to plants

soil mineralogy and climate CEC
clay and organic matter content

K fixation and/or release

wetting and drying freezing and thawing

subsoil and rooting depth soil pH

competing exchangeable ions

www.extensionnews.okstate.edu

Brian Arnall 373 Ag Hall

405-744-1722

b.arnall@okstate.edu
Presentation available @

www.npk.okstate.edu

Twitter: @OSU_NPK YouTube Channel: OSUNPK