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LINE REFLECT REFLECT TECHNIQUE

Abstract
LRR- LINE REFLECT REFLECT is a new self-calibration procedure for the calibration of vector network analyzers (VNA). VNA measure the complex transmission and reflection characteristics of microwave devices. The analyzers have to be calibrated in order to eliminate systematic errors from the measurement results. The LRR calibration circuits consist of partly unknown standards, where L symbolizes a line element and R represents a symmetrical reflection standard. The calibration circuits are all of equal mechanical length. The obstacle, a symmetrical-reciprocal network is placed at three consecutive positions. The network consists of reflections, which might show a transmission. The calibration structures can be realized very easily as etched structures in microstrip technology. During the calibration [G], [H], which represents the systematic errors of the VNA is eliminated in order to determine the unknown line and obstacle parameters. MICROWAVE DEVICES Microwave devices are devices operating with a signal frequency range of 1-300GHz. A microwave circuit ordinarily consists of several microwave devices connected in some way to achieve the desired transmission of a microwave signal. The various microwave solid state devices are, Tunnel diodes: These are also known as Esaki diodes. It is a specially made PN junction device which exhibits negative resistance over part of the forward bias characteristic. Both the P and the N regions are heavily doped. The tunneling effect is a majority carrier effect and is very fast. It is useful for oscillation and amplification purposes. Because of the thin junction and shot transit time, it is useful for microwave applications in fast switching circuits. Transferred electron devices: These are all two terminal negative resistance solid state devices which has no PN junction. Gunn diode is one of the transferred electron devices and which works with the principle that there will be periodic fluctuations in the current passing through an n-type GaAs substrate when the applied voltage increases a critical value i.e. 2-4Kv/cm.

MOBILE ROBOTICS TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE VISUALLY IMPAIRED. Abstract With the development of radar and ultrasonic technologies over the past four decades, a new series of devices, known as Electronic Travel Aids (ETAs), was developed. This seminar introduces two novel ETAs that differ from the ETAs like C5 laser cane, Mowat sensor, in their ability to not only detect obstacles but also to guide the user around detected obstacles. Obstacle Avoidance Systems (OAS) originally developed for mobile robots, lend themselves well to incorporation in Electronic Travel Aids for the visually impaired. An OAS for mobile robots typically comprises a set of, ultrasonic or other sensors and the computer algorithm that uses the sensor data to compute the safe path around detected obstacle. One such algorithm is the Vector Field Histogram (VFH). The VFH method is based on information perceived by an array of ultrasonic sensors (also called Sonars) and a fast statistical analysis of that information. The VFH method builds and continuously upgrades a local map of its immediate surroundings based on recent Sonar data history. The algorithm then computes a momentary steering direction and travel speed and sends this information to the mobile robot. The ultrasonic sensors are controlled by the Error-Eliminating Rapid Ultrasonic Firing (EERUF) method. This method allows Sonars to fire at rates that are five to ten times faster than conventional methods.An obstacle detection system using ultrasonic sensors and USB camera based visual navigation has been considered. The proposed system detects the obstacles up to 300 cm via sonar and sends feedback (beep sound) to inform the person about its location. In addition to this, an USB webcam is connected with eBox 2300 Embedded System for capturing the field of view of the user, which is used for finding the properties of the obstacle in particular, in the context of this work, locating a human being. Identification of human presence is based on face detection and cloth texture analysis. The major constraints for these algorithms to run on Embedded System are small image frame (160120) having reduced faces, limited memory and very less processing time available to achieve real time image processing requirements. The algorithms are implemented in C++ using Visual Studio 5.0 IDE, which runs on Windows CE environment.

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