STRING WAVE

Nurfajrina muthmainnah*, Nurul qalbi f, Muh.nurul kamal, A.sriatu N Chemistry Department Mathematics and Science Faculty Makassar State University 2013
Abstract. Have done an experiment with the title is string wave. The purposes of the experiment are to understand the work principle of string wave experiment, to understand the relation between the tension of string and its velocity of wave, and the last is to understand the relation between the density of string wave and the velocity of wave. The tolls and materials that used in this experiment are vibrator, power supply variable, spring balance 310 g, three kinds of string, five loads, ruler, connector cable, and pulley. The activities that we do in this experiment are investigating the relation between the velocity of wave and the tension of string. And the second is investigating the relation between the velocities of wave with the density of string wave. The result in data analysis that we gain has little differences with the data that written in table.

KEYWORD: velocity of wave, tension of string, density of string, length of string, frequency, knots. INTRODUCTION The waves are vibrations that propagate. In the propagation is not followed by the migration of particles intermediary. At the bottom of the wave is propagation of energy (energy vibration). Wave period (T) is the time required by the wave to travel one full wavelength. Wavelength () is the distance in one period time. Wave frequency is the number of waves that occurs each time unit. Wave propagation speed (v) is the distance traveled per unit time wave. When a pieces of string with specific voltage continuously vibrated it with look. When a piece of string with specific voltage continuously vibrated it will look. A waveform vibration direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation, the wave is called a transverse wave. If both ends closed, waves on a string that will be bouncing and can produce stationary waves which appear in the form of nodes and abdomen. From the above, then we in the basic physics of this paper will specifically discuss Melde by experimenting directly. The reason we did this experiment to find out about the standing wave string and determining the frequency of the vibrator along the propagation of waves generated. There are two kinds of wave, such as transverse wave that is a wave that is the direction perpendicular to the direction of knock-knock-on. The wave consists of the valley and the hills, such as water waves ripple, which is vibrated yarn, etc. And longitudinal waves are waves that propagate in the direction coincident with the direction of vibration in each section there. Waves occur in the form of density and strain. Examples of longitudinal waves as spring pulled to the side and then released. Here is the wave applications in everyday life: 1 . Artificial satellites Is a set of artificial satellites orbiting electronic device at a particular orbit in outer space. This artificial satellites orbiting around the Earth as well as Earth's natural satellite is

the moon. Satellites used by humans, especially in the field of telecommunications and meteorology. In the field of telecommunications that is used to receive and disseminate television waves of a place on earth then spread to other parts of the earth so that the information can be delivered instantly. Suppose you are viewing the Italian league football in person. The game footage is converted into electromagnetic waves emitted. These waves are received by satellites and transmitted back to the earth so that the other hemisphere can receive these waves. Hemisphere of the electromagnetic wave is converted back into pictures and sound. The process of wave propagation from the satellite to the earth is as follows. A transmitter emits radio waves in all directions. Radio waves radiate upward and reflected by the ionosphere back to earth because these waves can be received from the entire horizon. Some waves can be on the ground and is reflected back. Microwaves are reflected by the ionosphere but not forwarded to the satellite. Waves is received by the satellite is used to transmit the information to the receiving stations on earth. 2. Solar Cells Solar cells are used to accommodate the wave of human so that humans acquire sunlight new forms of energy. You must have known that sunlight is also a wave. Sunlight can be used as a new energy source, such as power plants, used for solar-powered cars, even used as an energy source solar powered aircraft. Experts have much to examine the utilization of solar energy. In fact it has made solar cars that use solar energy to move it. 3. Oil and Gas Exploration Maybe you are wondering how one can find the source of oil in the bowels of the earth, when the earth's crust (mantle) is very thick and consists of very dense rock. One more concept used human wave. In the previous discussion you have to know that the mechanical wave propagates waves require a medium and can be reflected. Geophysicist is doing research on the earth by providing mechanical waves on earth. The wave will by the earth in all directions. If the waves on rocks that have different elasticity properties, the wave will be partially reflected and partially transmitted. Reflected wave to the earth's surface is received by the receiver and the wave propagation time is recorded. From the reflectivity time series of data, the geophysicist can predict the type of rock through which waves and predict sources of oil, gas, or minerals. If you continue your studies in college majoring in Geophysics, you will learn these techniques in more depth, and you will be amazed how Science spearheads in a petroleum exploration, mineral, or gas. 4. Sonar Most of the territory of Indonesia is the sea. No wonder Indonesia is rich in fish. In addition to the beach, the fishermen fish caught in waters far from shore using the boat. Not every region is inhabited by fish in the sea. There are some parts of the sea there is a lot of fish and marine parts are a little fish. How to make fishing in the sea to be effective? Ships typically use sonar to locate areas that many fish in the sea. The working principle is based on the concept of sonar wave reflection. From the surface, sound waves into the sea. The sound waves spread out into the ocean depths. If before arriving at the bottom of the sea, the sound waves of the schools of fish, the sound wave will be partially reflected back to the surface. The reflected wave will be accepted by the tool is described in the monitor and

direct. Fishermen can see schools of fish under their boat. Thus, fishermen can reduce net to catch the fish. The use of sonar will be more profitable and make a cruise would be more effective.

THEORY Stationary wave is a wave that has amplitude that change-change from zero to a certain maximum value. Stationary wave is divided into two, namely the stationary waves due to reflection at the end of the bound and stationary waves on the free end. Rope length l we tie the end to the other end of the pole while we leave, we shake it free end was up and down over and over. When the rope in motion then the wave will propagate from the free end attached to the end of this wave is called the wave of dating. When the wave arrives at the threshold bound dating then this will be reflected wave resulting wave interference. To calculate the time it takes the wave to propagate from point 0 to point P is (l-x) / v. while the time it takes the wave to propagate from point 0 to the point P after experiencing a wave of reflection is (l + x) / v, we can take the equation of the wave and the reflected wave dating as follows: y1 = A sin 2 / T (t - (lx) / v) for the incident wave y2 = A sin 2 / T (t - (l + x) / v + 1800) for the reflected wave So as to outcome incident wave interference and reflected wave at point P is at a distance x from the end of the bound is as follows: y = y1 + y2 By using the sine rule simplification of the formula becomes: Sin A + sin B = 2 sin1/2 (A + B) - cos1/2 (AB) Become a: y = 2 A sin (2 x / ) cos2 (t / T-l / ) y = 2 A sin kx cos (2 / T t - 2l / ) Interference formula y = 2 A sin kx cos(t - 2l / ) Description: A = amplitude of the reflected wave comes or (m) k = 2 / = 2 / T (rad/s)

l = length of rope (m) x = location of the end point of the interference of bound (m) = wavelength (m) t = instantaneous time (s) Ap = large stationary wave amplitude (AP) Ap = 2 A sin kx Wave is a transverse wave is formed that has a part - including the stomach and part of the wave node. Stomach wave occurs when the maximum amplitude occurs when the wave node while the minimum amplitude. Thus we will be able to locate the point which is the site of the stomach or wave node. Place node (S) from the tip of reflection S = 0, 1/2 , , 3/2 , 2, and so on = n (1/2 ), with n = 0,1,2,3 , .... Place the stomach (P) from the end of the reflection P = 1/4 , 3/4 , 5/4 , 7/4 , and so on = (2n - 1) [1/4 ], with n = 1,2,3, ... Superposition of waves can definite if there are two waves propagating in the same medium, the waves will come at some point at the same time so that there was a superposition of waves. That is, the deviation of the wave-the wave at each point can be summed to produce a new wave. Superposition of two wave equations can be derived as follows: y1 = A sin t; y2 = A sin (t + ) The second wave has a phase angle difference of Deviation of the wave equation results superposition of the two waves is: y = 2 A sin (t + / 2) cos ( / 2) With 2A cos ( / 2) is referred to as amplitude wave superposition results. With 2A cos ( / 2) is referred to as amplitude wave superposition results. In the stationary wave at the free end of the reflected wave does not undergo a phase reversal. Wave equation at point P can be written as follows: y1 = A sin2 / T (t - (lx) / v) for the incident wave y2 = A sin2 / T(t - (l + x) / v) for the reflected wave y = y1 + y2 = A sin 2 / T (t - (lx) / v) + A sin 2 / T (t - (l + x) / v) y = 2 A sin kx cos 2 (t/T- 1 / ) Formula interference between the incident wave and the reflected wave at the free end is: y = 2 A cos 2 (x / ) sin 2 (t/T- l / )

by: As = 2A cos 2 (x / ) is called a superposition of wave amplitude at the free end of the rope reflection. Ap = 2 A cos kx is stationary wave amplitude. 1) Stomach wave occurs when the maximum amplitude, which can be written mathematically as follows: Ap cosmaximum current (2 x) / () = 1 so x = (2n) 1/4 , with n = 0,1,2,3, ....... 2) Node wave occurs when the minimum wave amplitude, is written as follows: Ap coscurrent minimum (2 x) / () = 0 so x = (2n +1) 1/4 , with n = 0,1,2,3, ....... Stationary waves on the Edge Tied Coming wave equation and reflected waves can be written as follows: y1 = A sin 2 (t/T- (lx) / ) for the incident wave y2 = A sin 2 (t/T- (l + x) / ) for the reflected wave Superposition of the incident wave and the reflected wave at the point q will be: '' '' y = y1 + y2 y = A sin 2 (t/T- (lx) / ) - A sin 2 ( t / (T) - (l + x) / ) By using the sine rule reduction, Sin - sin = 2 sin 1/2 ( - ) cos 1/2 ( + ) Its superposition wave equation becomes y = 2 A sin 2 (x / ) cos 2 (t/T- l / ) The amplitude of the wave superposition are: As = 2A sin 2 (x / ) As is the amplitude of the wave with the superposition of the reflection ends tied. 1) Stomach wave occurs when the maximum amplitude, Can therefore be determined by the following formula: Ap = 2 A sin 2 / x Ap maximum occurs when sin 2 / x = 1 so that x = (2n +1) 1/4 , with n = 0,1,2,3,....... 2) The node occurs when the wave amplitude is minimum, This can be written as follows:

Ap = 2 A sin (2 / ) x Ap minimum occurs when sin 2 / x = 0 so that x = (2n) 1/4 , with n = 0,1,2,3,..... EXPERIMENT METHODOLOGY In this experiment, the tools and materials that we used are vibrator, variable of power supply, spring balance 310 g, three kinds of string, two loads @5gram, three loads @10gram, ruler, connector cable, and pulley. In the first activity there are some variable, such as manipulation variable is the mass of load. Then, the control variables are the acceleration of gravity and the frequency. And then, the respond variables are the length of string, the number of wave, the length of wave, and the velocity of wave. There are 5 pieces of load that we use and its measured by the spring balance 310 g in gram unit. Then, the 2 and the frequency is 50 Hz control variables are the acceleration of gravity that is 9,8 in hertz unit. After that respond variables are the length of string which is measured by ruler in cm unit, the number of wave which is measured by calculates the number of wave that formed, the length of wave which is measured by ruler in cm unit, and the velocity of wave unit. In activity two, the manipulation variable is the length of which is measured in string, the control variables are the mass of load and the frequency, then respond variables are the number of wave, the tension of string, and the velocity of wave. The length of string are measured by ruler in cm unit, the frequency is 50 Hz, the number of wave which is measured by calculates the number of wave that formed, the tension of string which is measure in g.cm/s2 in Newton unit, and the velocity of wave which is measured in cm/s unit. In the activity one, firstly we measure all of the load and string that we used in this experiment by spring balance. And then we set the tools that we used and put a string into the vibrator. Remember that the string that we use must be same with the entire load. Do not change. After that, turn on the power supply vibrator will vibrate. Observe the string and calculate the wave that formed. Move the position of vibrator to get the clear stationary wave. After that determine the number of wave, the length of wave, and the velocity of wave that formed. Write down the result into the table. In activity two, firstly we have to calculate the density if each string that we used. For this experiment in activity two we use three kinds of string. The load and the frequency are not changed. After that turn on the power supply so that the vibrator will vibrate. Observe the string until form stationary wave and noted the number of wave, the tension of wave, and the velocity of wave. Write the result into the table. OBSERVATION RESULT AND DATA ANALYSIS Observation Result The frequency of wave = 50 Hz The velocity of gravitation = 9,8 m/s2 Table 1. The relationship between string tension with the velocity of wave. Nu. Mass of load The length The totality The length of (kg) of string (m) of wave wave (m)

The velocity of wave (m/s)

1 2 3 4 5

| |0,052 |0,060 |0,066 |0,072

0,005|

|0,91 |0,77 |0,61 |0,58 |0,55

9/4 5/2 11/4 5/2

|0,40 |0,44 |0,49 |0,49 |0,55

|23,55 |22,00 |24,60 |24,85 |27,50

The density of string mass 1 = The density of string wave 2 = The density of string wave 3 = 0,00031 kg/m The mass of load = 0,060 kg The frequency of wave = 50 Hz Table 2. The relation between the velocity of wave with the mass per unit length of wave. Nu. The length of The totality of The tension of string ( The velocity of string (m) wave kg.m/ s2) wave (m/s) 1 5/4 0,590 23,12 |0,61 2 5/4 0,590 30,64 |0,90 3 1/4 0,590 13,77 |1,08 Data Analysis Activity1 a. Mass of load 1 The density of string mass 1 = v= F = mass x gravity load = 0,042 kg x 9,8 m/s2 = 0,41 kg. m/s2 V= = = = 19,30 m/s {| {| | | | | | | | |} | |}

{| { {

|} }

-> 1 AB

b. Mass of load 2 The density of string mass 1 = v= F = mass x gravity load = 0,052 kg x 9,8 m/s2 = 0,5 kg. m/s2 v= = = = 21,31 m/s

{| {| {| { { } |

| | |

| | |

| | |

| |} | |} } |}

-> 1 AB

c. Mass of load 3 The density of string mass 1 = v= F = mass x gravity load = 0,060 kg x 9,8 m/s2 = 0,58 kg. m/s2 v=

= = = 22,96 m/s {| {| {| { { } | | | | | | | | | |} | | | |} } |}

8,7

-> 1AB

d. Mass of load 4 The density of string mass 1 = v= F = mass x gravity load

= 0,066 kg x 9,8 m/s2 = 0,64 kg. m/s2 v= = = = 25,29 m/s {| {| {| { { } | | | | | | | | | |} | | | |} } |}

8,6

-> 1 AB

e. Mass of load 5 The density of string mass 1 = v= F = mass x gravity load = 0,072 kg x 9,8 m/s2 = 0,70 kg. m/s2 v= = = = 25,22 m/s {| {| {| { { } | | | | | | | | | | | |} | |} |} ,22 } ,22

-> 1 AB

Activity 2 In the activity table 2 formula used is v = (F / ) and in the analysis of this calculation we will compare by using the formula v = f. For the experiment: Note: Wavelength I =

Wavelength II =

Wavelength III =

Frequency Completion:

= 50 Hz

a. Experiment 1 v = .f = 0,48m x 50 Hz = 24 m/s {| |} {| { |} }

-> 1 AB DK

b. Experiment 2 v = .f = m x 50 Hz

= 36 m/s {| |} {| { |} }

| |

| |

-> 1 AB DK

c. Experiment 3 v = .f = m x 50 Hz

= 216 m/s {| |} {| { |} }

| |

| |

-> 2 AB DK

Discussion In the first activity that relation between the velocities of string wave with the tension of string wave. The velocity of string wave in the first the tension that we got was 23,55 m/s and if it convert in the equation of the velocity had got 19,30 m/s , the second tension of wave was 22,00 kg m/s2 and the velocity had got 21,31 m/s the third tension of wave was 24,60 m/s and the velocity had got 22,96 m/s the fourth tension of wave was 24,85m/s had got the velocity 27,36 m/s. the last tension of wave is 27,50m/s it means that velocity of wave was 25,22 m/s directly proportional if the tension increase so the velocity value of it had increase too. And if we compare the velocity had got from the equation of frequency with string wave it almost same because it has the little different with the velocity that had got in the equation of tension with mass per unit length of string wave.

For the second activity, the relation between the density of string wave between the lengths per unit sting wave. The velocity of string wave in the first the tension that we got was 0,590 kg m/s and the first velocity was 23,12 m/s. The second tension was 0,590 kg m/s and the second velocity 30,64 m/s. And if we compare the velocity of the tension of string and the mass per unit string length with the velocity got the frequency and the string wave it has the different value. The relationship between string lengths with velocity of string wave was inversely proportional that if the mass per unit string was law so that the velocity was high. CONCLUSION From the observations that have been made can be concluded that the working principles underlying this experiment is how many waves can be formed and the relationship between tension wave propagation speed with strings and strings mass meeting. And for the relationship between tension wave propagation strings quickly if tension is directly proportional to the ropes then go to him a big jug of wave propagation, but in this case the strings tension is directly proportional to the square of the wave propagation speed occurs. While the relationship between the density wave propagation strings quickly if a meeting is inversely proportional to the mass of the rope is small then the greater the wave propagation speed and vice versa if the strings density greater then a small wave propagation speed. However, in this case the density is inversely proportional to the square of strings wave propagation speed.

BIBLIOGRAPHY [1] http://www.mustofaabihamid.com/2010/04/gelombang-stasioner.html [2] http://sudarmono-rasyid.blogspot.com/ [3] Tim Penyusun Praktikum Fisika Dasar 1. 2013. Makassar: Universitas Negri Makassar