H23H13-E1

H23H13-E1 Turn Over

The University of Nottingham
Malaysia Campus

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

A LEVEL 3 MODULE, AUTUMN SEMESTER 2010-2011

HYDRAULICS 3

Time allowed TWO Hours




Candidates may complete the front cover of their answer book and sign their desk card but
must NOT write anything else until the start of the examination period is announced

Answer FOUR questions

This module has 20% coursework assessment

All questions and parts of questions carry marks as indicated in brackets.

Only silent, self contained calculators with a Single-Line or Dual-Line Display are permitted in
this examination.

Dictionaries are not allowed with one exception. Those whose first language is not English
may use a standard translation dictionary to translate between that language and English
provided that neither language is the subject of this examination. Subject specific translation
dictionaries are not permitted.

No electronic devices capable of storing and retrieving text, including electronic dictionaries,
may be used.

DO NOT turn examination paper over until instructed to do so


ADDITIONAL MATERIAL: None


INFORMATION FOR INVIGILATORS: None












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Use gravitational acceleration g = 9.81 m/s
2
; density of water = 1000 kg/m
3
; density of
sediment
s
= 2650 kg/m
3
; kinematic viscosity of water v = 1.0 x 10
-6
m
2
/s; atmospheric
pressure (P
atm
) = 101 kPa.


1. (a) Figure Q1a shows a pipeline of length L connected from the bottom of a constant-
level, upstream reservoir to a valve located at the downstream end. Initially, the
valve is closed. If h = 20 m, L = 500 m, d = 2 m, = 0.01 and K
m
= 0.5, calculate
the steady state velocity (V
0
) and the time taken to reach 90% of V
0
. You may use
the relation:
(5 marks)
(

+
=
v v
v v
gh
L v
t
0
0 0
ln
2


Figure Q1a
(b) Figure Q1b shows a pipeline connecting the upstream Reservoir 1 to the
downstream Reservoir 2.

Figure Q1b
T.W.L = Top water level
M.W.L = Minimum water level
G.L = Ground level
A1 = Cross-sectional area of Reservoir 1 (= 1000 m
2
)
A2 = Cross-sectional area of Reservoir 2 (= 500 m
2
)
H = Head difference between Reservoirs 1 and 2
Az = Difference in elevation between the base of Reservoirs 1 and 2
L = Length of pipeline connecting Reservoirs 1 and 2 (= 1000 m)
D = Diameter of pipeline connecting Reservoirs 1 and 2 (= 2 m)
V = Velocity of flow through pipeline connecting Reservoirs 1 and 2

Continued on next page
H23H13-E1
3 H23H13-E1

At time t = 0, the water level in Reservoir 1 stands at T.W.L of 80 m and water
level at Reservoir 2 stands at M.W.L of 42 m. If = 0.01 and K
m
= 0.5, calculate
the time for storage in Reservoir 2 to reach 4000 m
3
.
(10 marks)


(c) Refer to Figure Q1a. The valve at the downstream end of the pipeline is initially
opened. The valve is then adjusted such that it can give a uniform deceleration of
the water in the pipe. Given, length of pipeline L = 1000 m, diameter = 1 m,
reservoir water depth h = 10 m, = 0.01, g = 9.81 m/s
2
. Assume incompressible
liquid, rigid pipeline and ignore minor losses. Maximum allowable surge pressure is
91 Pa:

i) What is the minimum time required to close the valve?
(3 marks)

ii) If the operating procedure required that the valve must be completely closed
in 2 seconds, what is the maximum allowable discharge from the pipeline?
(2 marks)


2. (a) A control valve is installed at the downstream end of a 2 km long pipeline of
diameter d = 500 mm. Initially, water flows through the pipeline with mean
velocity 1.0 m/s. Assume frictionless pipeline. You may use the relation:

K
c = for rigid pipeline and
( ) ( ) K E d
c
q +
=
1
for elastic pipeline and;
A
A
=
p
K
Take K = 2.11 x 10
9
N/m
2
for water and E = 2 x 10
11
N/m
2
for steel.
i) If steel pipeline with wall thickness 20 mm is used, calculate the magnitude of
surge pressure and the corresponding density increase generated by sudden
and complete closure of the downstream control valve.
(5 marks)

ii) Calculate the maximum allowable discharge if the surge pressure following
instantaneous shut down is limited to 1000 kN/m
2
.
(4 marks)

iii) If the surge pressure following instantaneous shut down is limited to 1000
kN/m
2
, calculate if we can increase the discharge by replacing the steel
pipeline using concrete pipeline of the same diameter.
(6 marks)

Continued on next page




H23H13-E1 Turn Over
4 H23H13-E1

(b) A pipeline has a control valve at the upstream end and a reservoir at the
downstream end. At time t = 0, the control valve is instantaneously closed,
reducing the flow velocity V to zero.

i) Will the pressure rise or fall at the valve and by how much?
(3 marks)

ii) Assume frictionless system, plot the pressure variation with respect to
midpoint between the valve and the reservoir during the period 0 t 4T
p

(where t = 0 is the time of valve closure).

(2 marks)

3. The following data relate to a wide rectangular turbulent river:

Average width = 20 m
Normal flow depth = 2 m
Mannings n = 0.030
Slope = 1 m per 2 km
D
50
= 2 mm

(a) Under normal flow conditions:

i) Calculate the flow discharge in the river.
(2 marks)

ii) What is bed shear stress and what are its units?
(3 marks)

iii) Calculate the largest particle size that can be transported as bed load.
(5 marks)

iv) Calculate the mass bed load sediment transport rate for this river using the
Shields sediment transport formula:
(5 marks)
( )
( )
m s m
gD
qS
q
s
crit
s
s
/ /
10
3
50
2
0
2

t t

=

(b) The river is designed to convey the 100 years return period flood discharge (Q
100
).
If Q
100
= 70 m
3
/s, determine if a gravel layer of size 500 mm is sufficient to
stabilise the river bed for Q
100
.

(5 marks)










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5 H23H13-E1

4. The following data relate to a wide rectangular turbulent river:

Average width = 20 m
Normal flow depth = 2.5 m
Slope = 1 m per 2 km
D
50
= 0.105 mm
Location 1 sediment transport rate = 0.0020 m
3
/s/m
Location 2 sediment transport rate
(2 km downstream of Location 1) = 0.0100 m
3
/s/m
C
r
= 1.5 kg/m
3
at height 1 m above the bed
Discharge = 60 m
3
/s
K = 0.4


The Rouse formula and power law profile can be used to present the suspended mass
sediment transport in a river.
The Rouse formula:

z
a
y
a y
a
y
y y
C
C
(

|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
=
0
0


The power law profile:
z
r
r
y
y
C C
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
where
K U
z
*
e
= ,
|
|
.
|

\
|
= 1
18
2

v
e
s
g d


(a) Give two factors affecting fall velocity of sediment particle?
(2 marks)

(b) Based on the above data for the river:

i) Determine whether erosion or deposition is occurring in the river and calculate
its rate between the two locations.
(3 marks)

ii) Calculate the suspended mass sediment transport rate for the whole river
using the power law profile.
(8 marks)


(c) At the downstream, the river has an elevation of 220.00 m and surface water
elevation of 225.00 m. The mean particle size is 0.15 mm and the shear stress at
the channel bed is 0.75 N/m
2
. A sample of suspended load taken at half depth of
flow showed a concentration of 500 mg/L. Use the Rouse equation to determine the
elevation when the relative concentration equal to 0.1.
(7 marks)




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6 H23H13-E1


5. (a) The supply pipeline of a hydro-electric scheme is 1 m diameter. An open surge tank
of diameter 3 m is installed along the pipeline at 200 m from the reservoir. The
steady full flow to the turbine is 2.5 m
3
/s. Ignore friction. You can use the
relations:
ag
AL
T t 2 = and
ag
AL
A
Q
z =
i) Calculate the period of oscillation for the surge tank.
(1 mark)

ii) Determine the time for maximum rise of water level in the surge tank.
(2 marks)

iii) The reservoir water level is maintained at 180 m above M.S.L. (mean sea
level). If a 2 m freeboard is required, what is the minimum finished level at
the top of surge tank?
(2 marks)


(b) Refer to Figure Q5b. The inertia of the pump motor in this pipeline is very small so
that he pump stops instantly upon power failure at time t = 0. A mechanical ratchet
does not allow reverse pump rotation. The initial flow velocity in the pipeline is 1
m/s and the wave speed is 1100 m/s. Determine the amount by which the pipeline
would have to be lowered so that the hydraulic grade line at the summit does not
fall below the centreline of the pipeline during the transient-state conditions.
Assume frictionless system.
(5 marks)


Figure Q5b



Continued on next page







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7 H23H13-E1

(c) Seditran River is rectangular channel section with width = 20 m, depth = 2.5 m
and bed slope = 0.05%. The average discharge = 60 m
3
/s with median sediment =
0.3 mm. The Seditran Reservoir with capacity 30 x 10
6
m
3
is located at the
downstream of Seditran River.

The Ackers-Whites equation:
m
gr
gr
n
t
A
F
C
V
U
qd
y q
|
|
.
|

\
|
= |
.
|

\
|
1
* 0

Where
( )
n
n
gr
d y
V
d g
U
F

(
(

A
=
1
0
*
/ 10 log 32
and
3 1
2 (

A
=
v
g
d d
gr
and 1 = A

s

Coefficients for Ackers-Whites equation:
Coefficient Fine and transitional
( 60 0 . 1 < <
gr
d )
Coarse
( 60 >
gr
d )
n
gr
d log 56 . 0 00 . 1
00 . 0
m
gr
d 83 . 6 67 . 1 +
17 . 0
gr
A
gr
d 23 . 0 14 . 0 +

C
( ) 46 . 3 log 98 . 0 log 79 . 2 log
2
=
gr gr
d d C
025 . 0


i) Determine the total sediment transport rate for Seditran River by Ackers-
Whites equation.
(8 marks)

ii) From your total load calculations, determine the life expectancy of the
Seditran Reservoir fed by Seditran River.
(2 marks)
















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