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Lani Chung Mr. Nakamura Biology Period 2B 13 May 2012 Data Collection and Processing: Fly Lab Raw Data: Cross Curved Wing Cross #1 Curved Wing Cross #1 Curved Wing Cross #1 Curved Wing Cross #1 Curved Wing Cross #2 Curved Wing Cross #2 Curved Wing Cross #2 Curved Wing Cross #2 Apterous Wing Cross #1 Apterous Wing Cross #1 Apterous Wing Cross #1 Apterous Wing Cross #1 Apterous Wing Cross #2 Apterous Wing Cross #2 Apterous Wing Cross #2 Apterous Wing Cross #2 Singed Bristles Cross #1 Singed Bristles Cross #1 Singed Bristles Cross #1 Singed Bristles Cross #1 Singed Bristles Cross #2 Singed Bristles Cross #2 Singed Bristles Cross #2 Type of Fly Male Wild Male Curved Female Wild Female Curved Male Wild Male Curved Female Wild Female Curved Male Wild Male Apterous Female Wild Female Apterous Male Wild Male Apterous Female Wild Female Apterous Male Wild Male Singed Female Wild Female Singed Male Wild Male Singed Female Wild Number of Flies 608 0 599 0 457 151 426 145 593 0 609 0 438 139 462 158 590 0 620 0 289 300 601

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Singed Bristles Cross #2 Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Stubble Bristles Cross #1 Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Stubble Bristles Cross #2 Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Dumpy Wings Cross #1 Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Dumpy Wings Cross #2 Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Vestigial Wings Cross #1 Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Vestigial Wings Cross #2 Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Scalloped Wings Cross #1 Scalloped Wings Cross #2

Female Singed Male Wild Male Stubble Female Wild Female Stubble Male Wild Male Stubble Female Wild Female Stubble Male Wild Male Dumpy Female Wild Female Dumpy Male Wild Male Dumpy Female Wild Female Dumpy Male Wild Male Vestigial Female Wild Female Vestigial Male Wild Male Vestigial Female Wild Female Vestigial Male Wild Male Scalloped Female Wild Female Scalloped Male Wild

0 294 296 297 319 615 0 599 0 612 0 609 0 437 152 448 159 599 0 594 0 436 173 436 151 614 0 629 0 302

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Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Scalloped Wings Cross #2 Star Eyes Cross #1 Star Eyes Cross #1 Star Eyes Cross #1 Star Eyes Cross #1 Star Eyes Cross #2 Star Eyes Cross #2 Star Eyes Cross #2 Star Eyes Cross #2

Male Scalloped Female Wild Female Scalloped Male Wild Male Star Female Wild Female Star Male Wild Male Star Female Wild Female Star

275 611 0 297 312 314 272 579 0 589 0

Data Processing and Analysis: 1. Curved Wing Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Curved Wings: Punnett Squares: Dominant Trait: *A=Curved; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Curved : 0 Wild Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Curved a A A Aa Aa a Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Wild : 0 Curved Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild Male Curved Observation 608 0 Expected 603.5 0 Obs-Exp 4.5 0 (Obs-Exp)2 20.25 0 0.034 0

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Female Wild
Female Curved

599 0

603.5 0

-4.5 0

20.25 0

0.034 0 X2 Total: 0.067 P-Value: 95%

Curved Wing Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type Punnett Squares:

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Curved A A A AA Aa a Aa aa

Ratio 3 Wild : 1 Curved Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild Male Curved Female Wild
Female Curved

Observation 457 151 426 145

Expected 442.125 147.375 442.125 147.375

Obs-Exp 14. 875 3.625 -16.125 -2.375

(Obs-Exp)2 221.266 13.141 260.016 5.641 0.500 0.089 0.588 0.038 X2 Total: 1.216 P-Value: 80%

Conclusion: According to the data that was collected, the trait for curved wings is a recessive trait since in the first cross there were zero flies that showed the curved wing trait. And when the chi-square was done for the first cross with the expected result showing a recessive relationship for the curved wing trait, the p-value was calculated as 95%. This indicates that the hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross when two heterozygous wild type flies were crossed, a ratio of 3 Wild Type to 1 Curved was found which correlated very closely with the observed data. And when the

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chi-square was done for the second cross, the p-value was calculated as 80%, indicating that the hypothesis could be accepted.

2. Apterous Wing Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Apterous Wings: Punnett Squares: Dominant Trait: *A=Apterous; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Apterous : 0 Wild Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Apterous a A A Aa Aa a Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Wild : 0 Apterous Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild

Male Apterous

Observation 593 0 609 0

Expected 601 0 601 0

Obs-Exp -8 0 8 0

(Obs-Exp)2 64 0 64 0 0.106 0 0.106 0 X2 Total: 0.213 P-Value: 95%

Female Wild
Female Apterous

Apterous Wing Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type Punnett Squares: Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Curved A A A AA Aa a Aa aa

Ratio 3 Wild : 1 Curved

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Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild

Male Apterous

Observation 438 139 462 158

Expected 448.875 149.625 448.875 149.625

Obs-Exp -10.875 -10.625 13.125 8.375

(Obs-Exp)2 118.266 112.891 172.266 70.141 0.263 0.754 0.384 0.469 X2 Total: 1.87 P-Value: 70%

Female Wild
Female Apterous

Conclusion: According to the data that was collected, the trait for apterous wings is a recessive trait as the first cross showed that no flies exhibited apterous wings. And when the chi-square was done for the first cross with the expected result showing a recessive relationship for the apterous wing trait, the p-value was calculated as 95%. This indicates that the hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross when two heterozygous wild type flies were crossed, a ratio of 3 Wild Type to 1 Apterous was found which correlated very closely with the observed data. And when the chi-square was done for the second cross, the p-value was calculated as 70%, indicating that the hypothesis could be accepted.

3. Singed Bristles Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Singed Antennae Punnett Squares: Dominant Trait: *A=Singed; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Singed : 0 Wild Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Singed a A A Aa Aa a Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Wild : 0 Singed

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Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild

Male Singed

Observation 590 0 620 0

Expected 605 0 605 0

Obs-Exp -15 0 15 0

(Obs-Exp)2 225 0 225 0 0.372 0 0.372 0 X2 Total: 0.744 P-Value: 80%

Female Wild
Female Singed

Singed Bristles Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type Punnett Squares: Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Singed A A A AA Aa a Aa aa

Ratio 3 Wild : 1 Singed Recessive Sex-Linked Trait: *XN=Wild; Xn=Singed XN XN Xn XNXN XNXn Y XNY XnY

Ratio 2 Female Wild : 1 Male Wild : 1Male Singed Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild
Male Singed

Observation 289 300 601 0

Expected 297.5 297.5 595 0

Obs-Exp -8.5 2.5 6 0

(Obs-Exp)2 72.25 6.25 36 0 0.243 0.021 0.121 0 X2 Total: 0.385 P-Value: 95%

Female Wild
Female Singed

Conclusion:

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According to the data that was collected, singed bristles is a recessive sex-linked trait. The trait was proven to be recessive because in the first cross, there were no flies that exhibited the singed bristles trait. And upon conducting the chi-square analysis for the first cross with the expected values corresponding to a recessive pattern of inheritance, the p-value was shown to be 80% which means the hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the results revealed that only female singed flies were not existent, meaning that the trait could be sex-linked. So upon crossing two wild flies with the female fly being heterozygous, the expected ratio and results were very similar to the observed results. Then after conducting the chi-square analysis, the pvalue was an acceptable 95% which indicates the trait is sex-linked recessive. 4. Stubble Bristles Cross #1: Female Wild and Male Stubble Bristles: Punnett Squares: Dominant Trait: *A=Stubble; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Stubble : 0 Wild Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Stubble a A A Aa Aa a Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Wild : 0 Stubble Lethal Dominant Trait: *A=Stubble; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa a aa aa

Ratio 2 Wild : 2 Stubble Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild Observation 294 Expected 301.5 Obs-Exp -7.5 (Obs-Exp)2 56.25 0.187

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Male Stubble Female Wild

Female Stubble

296 297 319

301.5 301.5 301.5

-5.5 -4.5 17.5

30.25 20.25 306.25

0.100 0.067 1.016 X2 Total: 1.37 P-Value: 70%

Stubble Bristles Cross #2: Female Wild Type and Male Wild Type: Punnett Squares: Dominant Trait: *A=Stubble; a=Wild a A A aa aa a aa aa

Ratio 4 Wild : 0 Stubble Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild Male Stubble Female Wild
Female Stubble

Observation 615 0 599 0

Expected 607 0 607 0

Obs-Exp 8 0 -8 0

(Obs-Exp)2 64 0 64 0 0.105 0 0.105 0 X2 Total: 0.21 P-Value: 95%

Conclusion: Based on the collected data, stubble bristles seems to be a lethal dominant trait. This is because in the first cross, the ratio of the observed data seemed to be 1 Stubble : 1 Wild. However, the only way for this to happen is if the trait for stubble bristles is heterozygous. And according to fly lab rules, a breeding fly with a lethal dominant trait will automatically be heterozygous

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instead of the usual homozygous. To confirm the hypothesis that the trait is lethal dominant, the data was run through the chi-square analysis and the p-value was calculated to be 70% which is considered acceptable. Then in the second cross, two wild type flies were crossed in order to see if the wild type was truly recessive. The results of the cross corresponded to the hypothesis that was formulated as only wild flies were generated and the p-value calculated was 95%, confirming that the original hypothesis that stubble bristles is a lethal dominant trait is accurate.

5. Dumpy Wings Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Dumpy Wings: Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Dumpy; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Dumpy : 0 Wild Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Dumpy a A A Aa Aa a Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Wild : 0 Dumpy Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild Male Dumpy Female Wild
Female Dumpy

Observation 612 0 609 0

Expected 609.5 0 609.5 0

Obs-Exp 2.5 0 -0.5 0

(Obs-Exp)2 6.25 0 0.25 0 0.010 0 0.0004 0 X2 Total: 0.010 P-Value: 95%

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Dumpy Wings Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type Punnett Squares: Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Dumpy A A A AA Aa a Aa aa

Ratio 3 Wild : 1 Dumpy

Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild Male Dumpy Female Wild
Female Dumpy

Observation 437 152 448 159

Expected 448.5 149.5 448.5 149.5

Obs-Exp -11.5 2.5 -0.5 9.5

(Obs-Exp)2 132.25 6.25 0.25 90.25 0.295 0.042 0.0006 0.604 X2 Total: 0.941 P-Value: 80%

Conclusion: According to the collected data, dumpy wings is a recessive trait. This was concluded because in the first cross, all the fly offspring were wild while none were dumpy winged. And upon conducting the chi-square analysis with the expected results corresponding to a recessive inheritance pattern, the resulting p-value was 95%. This means that the hypothesis is legitimate and that the null hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the two wild flies that were mated produced offspring with a 3 Wild : 1 Dumpy ratio which is very similar to that of the observed results. The chi-square results of the second cross also turned out to be 80% which is acceptable and thus proves that dumpy wings is indeed a recessive trait.

6. Vestigial Wings Cross #1: Female Wild and Male Vestigial Wings:

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Punnett Squares: Dominant Trait: *A=Vestigial; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Vestigial : 0 Wild

Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Vestigial a A A Aa Aa a Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Wild : 0 Vestigial Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild

Male Vestigial

Observation 599 0 594 0

Expected 596.5 0 596.5 0

Obs-Exp 2.5 0 -2.5 0

(Obs-Exp)2 6.25 0 6.25 0 0.010 0 0.010 0 X2 Total: 0.021 P-Value: 95%

Female Wild
Female Vestigial

Vestigial Wings Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type: Punnett Squares: Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Vestigial A A A AA Aa a Aa aa

Ratio 3 Wild : 1 Vestigial

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Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild

Male Vestigial

Observation 436 173 436 151

Expected 448.5 149.5 448.5 149.5

Obs-Exp -12.5 23.5 -12.5 1.5

(Obs-Exp)2 156.25 552.25 156.25 2.25 1.231 3.694 1.231 0.015 X2 Total: 6.171 P-Value: 10%

Female Wild
Female Vestigial

Conclusion: Based on the gathered data, vestigial wings is a recessive trait. This was concluded based on the fact that there were only wild flies born in the first cross. And upon conducting the chi-square analysis with the expected results corresponding to a recessive inheritance pattern, the resulting p-value was 95%. This means that the hypothesis is legitimate and that the null hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the two wild flies that were mated produced offspring with a 3 Wild : 1 Vestigial ratio which is very similar to that of the observed results. The chi-square results of the second cross also turned out to be 10% which is a bit low but still acceptable, thus proving that vestigial wings is a recessive trait.

7. Scalloped Wings Cross #1: Female Wild Type and Male Scalloped Wings: Punnett Squares: Dominant Trait: *A=Scalloped; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Scalloped : 0 Wild Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Scalloped a A A Aa Aa a Aa Aa

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Ratio 4 Wild : 0 Scalloped Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild

Male Scalloped

Observation 614 0 629 0

Expected 621.5 0 621.5 0

Obs-Exp -7.5 0 7.5 0

(Obs-Exp)2 56.25 0 56.25 0

2

0.091 0 0.091 0 X Total: 0.181 P-Value: 95%

Female Wild
Female Scalloped

Scalloped Wings Cross #2: Female Heterozygous Wild Type and Male Heterozygous Wild Type: Punnett Squares: Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Scalloped A A A AA Aa a Aa aa

Ratio 3 Wild : 1 Scalloped Recessive Sex-Linked Trait: *XN=Wild; Xn=Scalloped XN XN Xn XNXN XNXn Y XNY XnY

Ratio 2 Female Wild : 1 Male Wild : 1Male Scalloped Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild
Male Scalloped

Observation 302 275 611 0

Expected 297 297 594 0

Obs-Exp 5
-22

(Obs-Exp)2 25
484

0.084 1.630 0.487 0 X Total: 2.201

2

Female Wild
Female Scalloped

17 0

289 0

P-Value: 50%

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Conclusion: According to the data that was collected, having scalloped wings is a recessive sex-linked trait. The trait was proven to be recessive because in the first cross, there were no flies that had scalloped wings. And upon conducting the chi-square analysis for the first cross with the expected values corresponding to a recessive pattern of inheritance, the p-value was shown to be 95% which means the hypothesis can be accepted. Then in the second cross, the results revealed that only female scalloped flies were not existent, meaning that the trait could be sex-linked. So upon crossing two wild flies with the female fly being heterozygous, the expected ratio and results were very similar to the observed results. Then after conducting the chi-square analysis, the p-value was an acceptable 50% which indicates the trait is sex-linked recessive. 8. Star Eyes Cross #1: Female Wild and Male Star Eyes Punnett Squares: Dominant Trait: *A=Star; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa A Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Star : 0 Wild Recessive Trait: *A=Wild; a=Star a A A Aa Aa a Aa Aa

Ratio 4 Wild : 0 Star Lethal Dominant Trait: *A=Star Eyes; a=Wild A A A Aa Aa a aa aa

Ratio 2 Wild : 2 Star Chi Square Test: Fly Observation Expected Obs-Exp (Obs-Exp)2

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Male Wild Male Star Female Wild Female Star

297 312 314 272

298.75 298.75 298.75 298.75

-1.75
13.25

3.063
175.563

0.010 0.588 0.830 2.395 X2 Total: 3.823 P-Value: 30%

15.75 -26.75

248.063 715.563

Star Eyes Cross #2: Female Star Eyes and Male Star Eyes: Punnett Squares:

Dominant Trait: *A=Star; a=Wild A A A AA Aa a Aa aa

Ratio 3 Star : 1 Wild Chi Square Test: Fly Male Wild Male Star Female Wild Female Star Observation 579 0 589 0 Expected 584 0 584 0 Obs-Exp -5 0 5 0 (Obs-Exp)2 25 0 25 0 0.043 0 0.043 0 X2 Total: 0.086 P-Value: 95% Conclusion: Based on the collected data, star eyes seem to be a lethal dominant trait. This is because in the first cross, the ratio of the observed data seemed to be 1 Star : 1 Wild. However, the only way for this to happen is if the trait for star eyes is heterozygous. And according to fly lab rules, a breeding fly with a lethal dominant trait will automatically be heterozygous instead of the usual homozygous. To confirm the hypothesis that the trait is lethal dominant, the data was run

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through the chi-square analysis and the p-value was calculated to be 30% which is considered acceptable. Then in the second cross, two wild type flies were crossed in order to see if the wild type was truly recessive. The results of the cross corresponded to the hypothesis that was formulated as only wild flies were generated and the p-value calculated was 95%, confirming that the original hypothesis that star eyes is a lethal dominant trait is accurate.