The Chairmanship

of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff
19492012

J Hy Oc
Oc C J C S
Wg, DC 2012
 Foreword

I xy vlg v 18 C, I
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1949 ug ublc The Chairmanship of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
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 Prefae

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T vu c l k M. Wll J. Wbb
(1989), D. Rl H. Cl (1989, 1995), D. L S. J (1995, 2000),
D. Wl S. Pl (1995, 2000).

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K. Du, USA; D. E J. D; Wll C. E; M Sg
Cl M, USAF; D. Myl Cull; C S D. Fuj,
USN; Cll Ell K. Hck, USMC (R.); Av M. Ku; C
J F. Kby, USN; T M. McClll; Py N; D. J Q. S;
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 Contents

T Rl C
Wl W II: C S C C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
P Rgz Ty A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
C P C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
T F C. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
T E C: Avc Exl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
T 1960: Cvl Ecc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
T 1970: Dlg Ic V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
T R JCS R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
T Gl-Ncl Ac. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Pcl Mly Av. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Ex Iluc: T Vc C Rl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
I 21 Cuy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Cclu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

T C
O Nl Bly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Au Wll R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
N Fgu Tg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Ly Lu Lz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Mxll Dv Tyl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
El Gl Wl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
T H M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Gg Sccly B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Dv Cl J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
J Wll Vy, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Wll J C, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Cl Lu Pll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
J Mlc Dv Slkvl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

x
Hy Hug Sl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Rc B My . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
P Pc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Mcl Gl Mull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
M E Dy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

T Vc C
Rb Tll H . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
Dv El J . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
Wll Au O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
J Rl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Rc B My . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
P Pc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Eu P Gb, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
J E Cg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
J Alx Wl, J. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329

T JCS Cc R: T Tk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337
T Flg C J C S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
T J C S Idc Bdg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347
Qu Sx: T C Rdc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Adc
1. Exc Publc L 81216, Nl Scuy Ac
A 1949, 10 Augu 1949 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
2. Exc Publc L 99433, Gl-Ncl D
D Rgz Ac 1986, 1 Ocb 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
3. Clgcl Lg P U S,
Sc D, C J C S . . . . 369

N. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374

x
 The Role of
the Chairman

1
 The Role of the Chairman

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Bdy ccudd w Ud
c s Sup Ad Cd, Ac
Ss pbby wud s wd w
(SACLANT), Bdy wd , Pp
bg x w ys, w wud
v c w qus s w
v wg . T,
wud b d NATO [ N A-

10
dyg g pw c K gud sgy b NSC gs j
g d wd w wkd budg ducs. Hs gu pvd
F Wds v.23 W Tu ds- s , bu cgs w
ssd G Dugs McAu g.25
py cczg s pcd up s S ssug c, Esw
ps, Bdy pvd vub d sg Cs ps.
Psd s dsgusd sd w pub- O 30 Ap 1953 Psd ssud
cy bud McAus gu xcuv d gzg Ds
ws subsu vcy. Bd- Dp. W Cgss dd jc
ys ppc ws vd pps s p dug sxy dys wd s
-u swdw by g, sg- csd, Rgz P N. 6 k
g cs, d pusug d bjc- c 30 Ju. I gv C sp-
vs K.24 sby gg wk J
Bdys p up gb sgy S d s dc d d sc
19501952 ws s g s Mss d b bs J S subjc s
dug Wd W II. Hs pc, wv, ppv. T Psd pd
dvd s w su d pu- sp wud su sc cs
d c Psd w cud s bv svc pssp
w d d xpc scu- cus pg d sgy.26
y s s suy ps S, , scg Bdys succsss,
s C J Cs S. Bd- Psd Esw cusd cpc-
ys u bg pcc Ps- y b xps jss, sg x-
d d Scy Ds kg ps bd-gugd judg pd
C s spks J wud d svcs wy pc-
Cs S, d dug K W s. Usupsgy, Esw dd
sbsd pcd JCS C- bd-gugd c s w d
s dc NSC gs. Hs sg s vws bu pcy d sgy
uc w Tu ds dd. A C, , d b
dd , wv, s pcd dvc Psd. Bu, -
C w wd . quy, Cs wk s dvc
udcu s cvss s xp
T Esw C: jss. Cs w ud svcs
Advcs d Exps ssgd w py ud Esws
Nw Lk w s pss p-
N Psd s qud Dwg D. cy uc wps dd u
Esw s xpc w y Cs xp. T w cug
s d g pcy. Csquy, sps, s JCS dsgs w d,
C w svd ud d v j ssus. I s ccuscs,
sbs uc by d s C bg bypssg JCS u
Bdy d d ud Tu. Bd- d wkg u sus w Scy
y svd s sv s ud Ds.
Esw, w, vby, ws ss d- Up Bdys 15 Augus
Cs judg Tu- 1953, Ad Au W. Rdd, USN,
d b. I Mc 1953 Bdy bc C. As Cd C

11
(CINC), Pcc, Rdd d ccpd Isd, C k p
Esw p Jp d K p s g. I 1957, w
Dcb 1952 d d vby pssd Cs g ddckd v c vs,
Psd-c. Rdds Pcc xp- Ad Rdd s Scy Ds
c cpd Esws xps Cs E. Ws s w cds
Eup s. Y sd sups- ss dc ducs. Ws dsd
g cc. I 1949 dug v Cs ppss, d Psd
ds Rdd d sd b C- ppvd , by udscg
gss bvd uc cud cv dsps ccpc C-
d w d c bz cud s pcp y dvs
w . I 1953, wv, gd w c sucu.28
Esw pg g pu I dg w g css, wv,
kpg y spdg w sc Psd dd ccp Rdds
s. Rdd dd bvus dvc. I 1954, xp, w Fc
gz wud vv wud cd d Sus As, C
v b vy pw (b A Fc cdd US sks gs V
d Nvy) d svcs...wud M cs ccg D B Pu. Hs
v djus gzs cud b cd dd , wv, v
sd u pdy cs gcy....I supp Svc Cs, w ds-
s, d cs w dcdd gd cd j cds y
up, s vy cvy d gv v. Esw ssd up,
c x.27 Tus, y quck g gs, cgss ppv
s, Rdd s C bc d pcp by j US s. W
dg y dvc ssv s cds w , dcdd
. gs v.
Rcug dspus bw Ay T, y 1955, w Cs
d A Fc d bw Ay Cs cuss d ck -
S d C kd Rdds s sds Quy d Msu d
u. Ud Esws Nw Lk p- vd Tw, Esw g dd
g, Ay k gs cus d w Rdds dvc. T C
A Fc s. T sps JCS sp ppd s g g. Cvcd
ccud dug 1956. Pp J cuss wud v ws
Sgc Objcvs P (JSOP), JSOP60, , ud NSC s w p
dg qus 19601963, d cpg ck -
y dsgs. Rdd ccudd s sds by dppg c wps
svcs c cds w d ds d u sg ss. I
b ud y sc budgy cuss spdd w Rdd
ssups. H dd pps duc cczd s d US cks by wd-
vss Ay cs s uc-d g ss byd Tw ,
sk cs d dscy p cc s bd US d v c wud b
w s - d s cs. G Ty,
w Ay C S, vy bjcd.
Lkd pss, Rdds pps dw Ad Au W. Rdd gs
suc pps dd pusu . JCS , 1954.

12
13
cssy. I su, cus pps dd us suc sg pps
vd Quy d Msu wud pvd Svc Cs suc bcs
px ckg C. T Scy dvc dug css. Dug Twgs -
S vcd csdb cc bu u, C cqud w suy
pc pcusss usg c uy, wc, wv, ws pp-
wps. Bvg, ccy, dd . O 3 Ap 1958 Psd
d v dpys wud b ug s Cgss ppss gzg
d cus ck, Psd Es- Ds Dp. Sp gud, s,
w jcd Rdds ppc. d w s g v, sd;
Ag, 1956, Egyps Psd sgc d cc pg us b c-
G Abd Nss zd Suz py ud. H cd gzg
C Cpy, Esw dd k cb cs ud cds, s-
Rdds dvc, ug s gy d d ppd g s , gd-
C d supp Svc ss Svc, d c cd c-
Cs. Rdd vd y c s s cds. Esw judgd
k c guds Nss ws JCS ccp ssy sud d
yg b H. T Psd, wd cgs JCS cps
wv, sw g, , sgc jus- ucs. H dd sk suy
c y c. H sgy J Ss sz210 psb
ppsd Ag-Fc vs Egyp vd d C b gv
d pssud Bs d Fc uy ssg dus J S
d wdw. I , d, w Scy Dss ppv,
Rdd gud , w v sc Dc J S. H s
Sy, Svs w ky cug skd pb
Sys ck Is. Esw gs Cs vg.31
spdd pscy xpcd Tsyg supp Psds
Svs py g s y- ppss, G Twg skd -
g wc wud duc Ud Ss bs Hus Ad Svcs C,
dc w .29 Dd y yu v y g cv-
Cy, Psd dsgusd y wu vg uy ssg
bw Ad Rdd s dvc wk ? Ud cu w, Twg sd,
Nw Lk, wc cpcy wud v c g Cs
Esws ds, d s dvs dug vy Scy skd k
css, w ws ggssv . Tccy, s ws u bu
Psd. Cy, , s ccp pcc, C wud k
Cs ucs, Esw csd- v ssgg wk J S
d b uc p- d scu Svc Cs ppv.
. Rdd d d-Augus 1957. Mv, Twg sd, sc Dc-
Tw ys , w s succss ws cu- cd s s c s
pg sugy, Esw bug C, w dd v -
Rdd bck s cv csu.30 us s. Twg dsssd s
G N F. Twg, USAF, w gss Cs cqug v:
succdd Rdd s C 15 Augus Evy kwdgb ps s w
1957, ws s Nw Lk dvc bu w d v J Cs S db-

14
 G N F. Twg w s JCS cgus, 1957. Left to right: G Ts
D. W, C S, USAF; G Mxw D. Ty, C S, USA;
G Twg; Ad Ag A. Buk, C Nv Ops; d G
Rdp McC. P, Cd, USMC.

. I w dd, jy vw cud s supp.33

s y y dssg vw. T- Cgss ppvd Psds p-
, w d v d w d d pss, d DOD Rgz Ac
s vg.32 W ws u JCS d c 6 Augus 1958. I u-
dd y v, Cs v- zd J Ssd u udd
ss cuy d wc pss gd cs p suc dus s C-

15
 pscbd, wd C d dscussd c vs w wks
csu w J Cs S wu cg g, C
sc Dc, d vd sc- cd pc by wg Svc
gs Cs vg. T pc Cs:
s cgs, wv, pvd ss
I bv Scy s pvdd...
xpcd. T Cs pb y
dqu us pcd. I
ssgg sks bu bgg ssus
d w pcd xpdusy w;
dcs; svcs bjcs s cud
g , I c ssu yu J
cus d dys. T csqu-
Cs S, s cp bdy, w
ws kg p
b vy sg ps c
c cd u Psd
Scys c, vg d
d Scy Ds dcy u-
pvd Scy w dvc sss-
d d spcd cds
c s dbs dg
ug y dps. As
c. H s qusd s us, d s
su s cg, JCS d J
gv us vy sb ppuy
S bg cg s y s
us sud y dvc sup-
Scy s dc ud d
p y budg cud b
spcd cds. Ts bw C-
subjcd dsc cus pd
d cds ud d
c sgcy.35
spcd cds gw sdy sg.34
I s spcs, G Twg As su, JCS cd g
pvd usu Psd j ssus sv dys .
Ad Rdd d b. L 1957 I p , wv,
ucg Sv s Spuk Rdd Twg ud Esws
usd s Sv U ws w- ps: C cud d S-
g c dpy c b- vc Cs cus bd spcs
sc sss. F s , Esw jbs w svc ss.
cd wdspd ccs y ssu. Ey s u Rdd d zd
Mbs Cgss d s s A Psds xpcs wud b
Fc cs bbd ug cs p- . H ud Svc Cs uwg
g cs gd ss gp. T dg g svcs
Psd ug s ws wsu d vc cs s y cud cc
ucssy. Twg gd w Es- pg spsbs,
w, w dd supp A wc, by du, gvd C-
Fc g d dw ds spd- .36 Esw, , cd ccu-
g. Sy, dug 1959 B c- s w Rdd d Twg d
w Svs, Twg dscd s b bd-gugd C, S-
s Svc Cs d dsd vc Cs d d svc p-
Esws judg j b- cs. I Juy 1959 Psd c-
z ws ucssy. pd cud gu u w s
As JCS psdg c, Twg - cusg ub J Cs S.
dd svc budg dspus T gz ss b g d s
ws ssv bu ss bsv jb.37 A svcs d c -
s pdcss. L 1959, JCS d-g bsc ss, w

16
Ay d A Fc qud v T 1960s: Cv Ecc
spsby suc-- sss s
w s pc Ay v. I 1961 Psd J F. Kdy
A Augus 1960 W Hus g pcd Esw dss
d w sgc uc gg d sgy yg ssv uc -
pg swd w dp dvss . w sgy xb sps,
T C Nv Ops, Ad pcuy pszg cusugcy
Ag A. Buk, ppsd w S- cpbs. Kdy s dsd uc
g Igd Op P (SIOP) b NSCs dcs-kg pp-
us, dpdg up pvs d
ppd scy bss. Twg
y. Accusd wkg ug
cud cux pb s s
sbsd css, Lz dd
s b y wy ys,
djus qucky.
Nvy s cpy ppsd svg ud
P cuc bw Ps-
sg cd....G Twg sd d d Cs cbud By
wud v spk ky d sy Pgs dss Ap 1961. T C I-
w ucd s w gc Agcy d gzd, d, d
, Nvy wud sbg . quppd gup -cus xs
Twg cd ugy vd Cub. A JCS vwd v-
s cg Bdy d cd v s ps, Psd d p
ys . T Nvys bjcs cgs wu csug Cs. T
dd SIOP ppd by J Sgc vs d. Lz d k
Tg Pg S d bcus Twg ccu Kdys sy, wc dcss
d Scy Ds Ts S. Gs w subjc cg up u
wkd u su wc Ps- xcu. U w sd
ds bjcvs.38 I s cs, s ugu gug JCS dus, Kdy
Esw psdcy, Cs Cs d b c ug
cvss dvd s dc xpssg svs bu v-
w pcs s cv sups, s ps. O b sds ws sdu
s by c cp g bss. Lzs sdg
W Hus dppd spy. Fu d-
svcs.
g Cs uc, Psd K-
I kg s s pp s C-
dy cd G Mxw Ty
, Esw cs Ay C S
sv W Hus s My Rp-
G Ly L. Lz, w,
sv Psd cy u
Psds judg, d b ss pc dvsy uc ds gc
s w pdcsss ps. L- d Cd W pg, w pcu
z bc C 1 Ocb 1960. B d Sus As.39
Hs ssc w Esw dd T s u xcy w xpcd
1942 N Ac p, d d JCS, Kdy 28 Ju 1961 ssud
Psd sy djusd c . Lss N Scuy Ac Mdu
u s , wv, Lz (NSAM) 55. I sd gdd
ud s wkg cpy d- Cs cpcy s s pcp
v. y dvss s spsb b -

17
 G Ly L. Lz w s JCS cgus, 1961. Left to right: Ad
Gg W. Ads, J., C Nv Ops; G Gg H. Dck, C
S, USA; G Lz; G Cus E. LMy, C S, USAF; d
G Dvd M. Sup, Cd, USMC.

g dvc d spdg sssc , wc Psd

quss. H wd cv vws ppvd. A g B c-
dc d ud. W kd , Ty dd, d Kdy sgd,
Cs ps y cs pp skd Cs w sdg sx
wu sv s, s dvss Eup wud ccps.
xpcd b y T ps vd pvusy dd
d p y qus sp. Lz pszd dvgs
v cx y su.40 j -uc c;
Aug Ty ws psd Nvy, A Fc, d M Cs ds-
bw Psd d Cs, s gd. Ty pcpd dscus-
d ws vd s s - ss w JCS d dcs
y wud v ud C- d dpys.41
s puvw. I uu 1961 Ty Lzs uc s ws cs-
d c-dg u Su V gy ccuscbd by g -
d cdd j css US vs Scy Ds Rb S.

18
McN. Cv syss yss csy dd 30 Spb 1962. App-
scuzd vy spc sgy d c y g u cv cc
pg. W Scy Gs d cd w gdd s JCS ucs,
s wkg u ccp d pubc p JCS sys b
SIOP, McN s bu cg yps cgd. H cdd dsg
uc wps w yps gs. McN- g Cs ws sg bcus
s D Psd Mdus pvdd cv us w sd
(DPM), cg c cds vs cpx y ssus.43
bussd by b suppg s, O 1 Ocb 1962 G Ty vd
gw ub w 1961 sx W Hus csp. I
by 1968. I cs, vc J 1959 Ty d cczd JCS sys d
Cs cds, JSOP, d cd pcg w sg c
vy pc su. Pp s pus dvsy sys pcy -
JSOP67s c bs ws suspdd d s. Dug 1962 gs s -
svc dspus v s d , wv, ssud ss
bgu Spb 1961. I Ju 1962 L- ud s cusd cg bu s
z suggsd cps, bu d s w wd s w cu
w ccpc. Tw s ccu- sys wud wk w w w
d s cpss d s sp. As Ay C S, Ty
w JCS ppv. By , wv, d cssd swds w Ad Rd-
McN d ccud s w Fv-Y d, bjcg Rdds s dv-
Pg. Mv, JSOP67s c bs c ds pcs. H, ,
w gd ccdg Oc cgd s d. As w s :
Scy Dss (OSD) w p-
W ppuy bsv pb-
g pckg ccpd by
s Psd cs g, I v
suppg s.42 Sc JSOP67 dd
c udsd pc
spk Scys gug, d
, sy sp, b d-
cb pc. Lz sug p
sp d uu gd, bw Ps-
dy by cg Cs Spc
d d Cs. I s pcuy
Suds Gup, wc c py sg-
p cs C,
c dg JCS pss bu ws
w wks csy w Psd
ss succssu wg OSDs ppv
d Scy Ds d
.
Svc Cs. T C sud b
Lz pu pu xpc
u bv g pcy d -
d xps. Hs dcuy wkg w
y sgy ds wc
s bs ds w
svs , s, d s
csdd g s w s g
cgus ssud v g
ducd s cvss b s JCS spks-
s s wc J Cs
Psd d Scy d s
S v spsby.
Psds psv Cs.
Psd Kdy dd pp Pu wy, Ty d bjcd w
scd s C, sd - Rdd ws dvcg, c
g b Sup Ad Cd, dvccy. H s d sd w
Eup. Lzs w-y s C- w Rdds ps ps cssus

19
 G Mxw D. Ty, w s u pdcsss, w ws sw s
C J Cs S, 1 Ocb 1962. Left to right: G Bdy,
Ad Rdd, G Twg, G Lz, d G Ty.

up Cs s by c- bc u db d dc-
ps. Ty d McN dsss s. As b EXCOMM, Ty
wud b pd gy, d Sc- psd cp JCS vws s -
y ssud Cs wud wys gs. Sc EXCOMM sp
v dy cu.44 dscussg dpc sus y
W Cub ss css upd ps, sd spk. Bu
w wks Ty k c, Excu- Cs cc uc, s Ps-
v C NSC (EXCOMM) d sw , ws sug Svc

20
 G Mxw D. Ty d Scy Ds Rb S. McN
N My Cd C, 1963.

Cs uy cd u Kdys dc- u...ck d Svc Cs

ss. Ty d Psd, bu cd Ty bsuy s css.45
jcg cd G Tys dug ss
sups ck v qu, css cp spks dvcg
d sd, I kw yu d yu c- sps cv us jcd
gus uppy w dcs, bu I pvd b y. R, Ty sw
us yu w supp s dc- s pcpy s g s cv
s, d C d ssud sups, suppg pcs d wk-
w w gs dcs bu g g JCS supp . Hs
wud bck cpy. A css dug s c dscusss s
dd, Kdy pvy xpssd c- bs xp. T JCS cssy ppsd

21
y w Sv U bg uc d y vbs udgg cs
ss sp, u spc, d cg.47 Bu McN d y ds
ud w. O 16 Juy 1963, jus US vss s DPMs, d by 1964 OSD d
gs vd Mscw, Cs suppd JCS d svcs s
ppvd bu dd wd Scy sp uc d cv c
McN s ppsd sucu.
y cd suc sgc y ds- Dug spg 1964, pg
dvgs y vdg y cpg gs N V pu
csds cud d Ty ucb ps. H d
s. Eg dys , y d cc cvs c
b d, Kdy skd Cs ppc gdud pssu,
bs ps bds pc d dsucv us, w
csds. Ty d wy dg Svc Cs cvc sw,
s. H dd s w JCS d bw ws bs. S Svc Cs sw
wud ds y, subjc p Ty s dvsy cgu,
sguds, d psudd Svc suspcg spsg s
Cs g.46 g dw ccs cv s-
Uk s d pdcss, Ty- gy. Ty ppsd ckg s sg-
dd Scy McN d sw c p y g sys
uc s ds. Accdgy, N V.... B ssu ws
1963 C ssd JSOP68 c- svd, wv, Psd Lyd B. J-
suppg s cpb s s Ty Sg s US Abs-
s D Psd M- sd, b Tys pu
dus. T, 1964 JSOP69 ddd su- wud pv V bcg
yss usg w-gg cqus ps ssu dug c cpg.48
s qus. Bu svcs Evdy, Tys cv sups vud
sp v c cds d ddd ss s dvc cdby
yss swd JSOP dug sz. s psc gv pcs.
Tus, dsp Tys s, JSOP s Ws Rdd d b dvc
d y g uc. Nw Lk bu dd w Esw
W Scy pyd dx ps, Ty cd s dvc
cb cvss cp c- w Psds css bd spcu
v cpbs N Ac ssus.
Ty Ogz (NATO) w s By G E G. W,
Wsw Pc, Ty pd u USA, bc C 3 Juy 1964, u
c ccus udpg s C, w s qu dgs w
McNs DPMs d s. T Sc- s cs, gv c w d
y d xpd Ws Eup ps uqu s kwdg d
cud b ddd wu sg s sps Svc C
uc wps. T C cd, cud qu. F s sx ys p-
I s s sds bv, w c cd d u
s pysc s s , y Scy dcy ud d spcd
bu u ds vcy cds. Mv, Svc Cs
suscpb cc ppc d Svc Scs d gy csd

22
cg s xcuv gs JCS d T usds, G W sd
Scy Ds. Nw s b Js dss
d c dcy cc. Lk Psd Kdy, Js p-
C. G Ws d dvsy gups
V ssg c ss NSC sys. As US vv V
xcdd G Bdys ssgs gw, G W w d
bw Wsg d Tky dug quy W Hus. H ws
s y K W. Ov , cudd s gup dvsd
cg cc w d cds Psd ky dcss w, d
d bug bu sgc pw s. Ocb 1967 guy dd
N g cud Svc C uc Psds Tusdy uc gs s
uc JCS dscusss x cs W Hus, w p
G J. Lw Cs d dug 1950 pcy ssus w dscussd. H csud
1952, w, s Ay C S, d Cs b gs w Psd
cd s xcuv g JCS d pd pccy vb
cduc K W. W svcs w d ccud. T, ccdg
s, Scy Ds d C- W, Cs w uppy w
s pcdu d w ssd y
gd. I Cs w sy bs
s psv Psd.50
dvps, C d kp
Bu Ws ccss dd qu u-
d. I s dgs w
c. Wkg gs w Scy
Cs, C d b sgd.
McNs ssvss d s-c-
Dsp s cc pw, W,
dc d us Psd pcd
cs Ty, vud JCS cgy
Scy.
d wkd d Svc Cs c-
T cduc w Sus As
dc by kpg uy d bu
ws j ssu c bw
w spd g-v gs. H
JCS d cv dsp. I 1964
sw s s cp spks, W ud Cs cdg
cgd w psudg cvs ccp d, sw bw gs N V
y dvc. W s dd w w sks gs y-u gs
Ty ppc sps. By 1965, bu . O 1 Dcb 1964
d b j uv JCS - psd JCS cs W Hus.
bsp, C d Cs dcdd Js, wv, wd McNs p-
dvc g cy g wg scp ppc gdud
w Scy Ds d Ps- pssu ug Op ROLLING
d w gd ps. Accd- THUNDER. As su, s gs
gy, y bg cscus sv w suck u 1966 1967; w s
dsgs sdg d uucd w ROLLING THUN-
Scy dcs; ub JCS DER dd Ocb 1968. Dug
sps dppd spy. Uy dd , spg d su 1965, d-
wv, bg cb cs JCS c s v duc US gud
uc, d W bc csgy cb ps. I v vy d -
usd d dsppd w s ck c d, McN
uc w s sups.49 d Psd, d I d k

23
Cs d. I c, I kw y d. Aug Nvy Cs s ppsd Wsds
budup cd 549,500 by 1968, ws pps. W cdd suppg
s sz d sw-pcd Wsd bcus wud b y
y wsd.51 usud dc s d c-
Icsgy, W ud s c- d w s cs sud b gzd
g s p cv dcss d cdd bu s csdg
dd supp. Js cc- sg g xpd du vw
zd s gd sd, w wud - w cc gcy dd. T Dp-
w [s] Cd C....H s y uy Scy Ds ppvd Ws
McN d bu s cvcs. cps, bu Ms cud
Cuy cyg u dcss w bjc d, ug c gs,
wc dsgd udd Ws gd pcc c v
sdg w Scy s dvc sss.53 Tus, Cs p
sg sus. I Dcb 1965, cgy d, d s su
xp, cv ds dbd w ws wd d.
suspd bbg N V s W sck 1968 T sv
cc g gs w csd dsc pps w,
H. W Psd skd McN, W d cd dp-
Is s w yu w xp w d, cus Su V. H c-
Cs? Scy pd, T Cs dd g-sc bz, bud-
w b y ppsd....W dcd w w g sgc sv, szb c-
w d ps . I Augus 1967, Su V, d sd bb-
s ppu pps w ud g N. Isd, Psd
d McN cdd cug ppvd s sv cup, ds
bbg, W sd b S dpy V, d j cubck
Ad Svcs C. H gud bbg. As ppd uc
gs scg bck bbg guds dcss w gs JCS dvc, J-
cpg s gg w...cv- s sug z dcs, d
g s bjcvs,52 bu s c udcu W w g:
Cs gu syg ROLL- Psd Js: W xcp
ING THUNDER. w bbg gs, G W,
T 1968 JCS db v ppg G Wsd, Scy McN-
sg g cc sss , Scy Cd d S
Su Vs I Cps Tcc Z g g bu cduc
g s cus Ws w?
uvxd Cs by
GEN W: Ys.54
cgy d cv cp
cssus. T d cd, G Dsp s dcs w W,
W C. Wsd, USA, wsd s Js qusd spc gs
A Fc dpuy v p c xd Cs u, d Ju
v A Fc d M xd-wg - 1968 W ws xdd y byd
c . N y dd Cd suy u-y s .55
M Cps vy d pdy W w sw s sk s ppsg s
bjc suc v, bu Ay d cvs w wd wdw qucky

24
 G E G. W pss cc Sg, 1969.

V d ccp d. H wkd g bdy. I cs McN-

w d cds p pcu s cz c, Nxs Sc-
bd succss. By dg s, wv, y Ds, Mv R. Ld, ud
pvd wy bbg d- s ucs svcs d ppd
g pc ks, wc bvd d cpv JCS dvc. Ld dd W-
cc succss. s pss cgy, wc sd
W Rcd M. Nx bc Ps- w Scys w ppc, d
d Juy 1969, sud suc- d W s sgs C-
ud NSC ppus. G W p- s pubc xpc. A Scy
sd JCS NSC gs d ws Lds ugg, Nx bd x-
b Wsg Spc Acs s Ws u, gvg
Gup (WSAG), dss css upcdd sx y.56 Bu C-

25
s uc d g. Dsp w Cd--C
s pcp dss s ps d y s
gups, W ws b w y csd by b....Ty
Psds cc dvss, d s y cg Cd--C;
vws pscu w w y sk xcuss supp,
dds w dss. pps . I s W d
T Cs d dsd bbg pcpd ss dcss y
udsdg bbg wud wc ws b dd, bu
su cuss d sw cuuv pc wc cud
s. W cuss ucd y jusy s.59
w ud cks y 1969, W
cdd sv, susd
cpg gs N V. Isd,
T 1970s: Dg w
Nx dd uucd bbg
Ipc V
y scus Cbd. Dd Ad Ts H. M, w bc
Vz w ug psd US C 2 Juy 1970, d b C
wdws, Psd dcd g Nv Ops dug s ys
d s puus Cs dvsd. Ws csp d us d s-
Nss, y 1970 W sd d kwdg p JCS
b Cgss Vz d sys dug s s dcu
g w....I w pcd py...w w, ys s pdcsss u. A s -
vuy, cv u bjcvs Su-
g M gv s vws
s As.57 Hs cds jcd
Cs w cp sys.
by b Js d Nx ds-
H sd w C sud
s, W ws w dw by c-
s xpss s w ps
s s bw yy d cvc.
ssus b Cs, us pp
H gd s succss spg 1970
gd d g J S wy
w wds, Yu v suvv!58
cugd u csd pps-
Nxs N Scuy Advs, D.
g ps vw. T dg d
Hy A. Kssg, d pcpv
svc vws sgc gudc d
yss Ws d s
pcy w, dcd, vs b
y:
bsd bu...y vus b p-
H bvd, gy, y dvc svd.60 I s css, wv, M
d b k susy ug quy xcsd s uy -
Pg Sxs, bu w qu d ppc
c ps v d d spusd b s c.
g djuss M ws wg c -
sus qu. H pzd s dc ccss s cp spks.
w Psd, bu y usd .... Scd s C Scy Lds
cd, dvpd cs wk-
Hg y cs us wys sk
g sp w D. Kssg. Ts,
bc bw cvcs d
g w cdc pcd by
kwdg b cv y
Scy, wd M x csd-
us suvv g dy. T
b c v p s.

26
 Ad Ts H. M w Psd Rcd M. Nx bd USS Saratoga.

Ad M ss cd b g Cs dvc. I ws,
JCS, g Svc Cs y sd, y pcc wy pcd
wd . Dug Mc 1971 w dg .61
L S 719 p Ls, spg Dug s s s M, k
1972 vs Su V, d W, quy ud s dds
Ocb 1973 Ab-Is W, N w dss ppc
Cd Aus (NCA) d NSC cduc V W. Bu by 1972
w dc p cc w Psd Nx ws dy us upc-
C sv s dy g s dd y pssu gs N V-
p d y dc- s M d Cs d g dv-
s, wc M cd u wu cd. T C ws su

27
p s w ppc. O syg d syg cps ws
ub ccss dcd Ps- b y . T Cs gd
ds dds dpy B52s d cqusc d , ud psd
gs M ug cssy. pddg, dcd svs ccd.63
Mv, dug N Vs spg Appy w v by Kssg, M
1972 sv d B52 bbg psudd Cs g s y
H d Hpg Dcb 1972, d y ppsd. T JCS d wd
M ws dc cc w s quy sv ucs bu ccpd
cd V bu p Sv supy ucs bcus
pcdus d dcss. sg US d wds.
M pdy xpssd s c- N y dd Cs uc
cs bu ds d cgss cs dug Ms u, bu d-
ducs JCS cds uu sv c s sgd s ps
cv c sucu. H bvd , w cp JCS. I Dcb 1971
ps-V , d s cpb- Scy Ld vsd Wd-Wd M-
s d b py s pjcg y Cd d C Sys s
US pw d psudd Psd c cucs xcu
ccp s vws d bcd SIOP d -ssv p-
cv c sucu. I Spb s NCA ug C-
1970, w W Hus ppsd kp- psg Cs
g Ay 1613 dvss bu cug ug cp JCS xcug
cc , -sub w, d cds. Bu s
pbus cs, C dvsd pw csp d b
udsb c x wud su cd, ws wdspd dsus-
bcus Ay qud cc sup- w y.
p d pcd s s suppy. As Ms succss, G Gg S.
su, ppsd sg Ay Bw, USAF, c ps w-
sk 1313 dvss.62 vsd s pc dss d s
Dug Sgc As L spsbs. H ws s C
Tks (SALT) spg 1972, M ws svc d ppd jb
pyd sw us , usg s by gg ssgs s My Asss-
uc w Cs w supp Scy Ds, ps
psd ps wc d p- wc svd b Gs d McN,
vusy ppsd. Kwg Psd d s Asss C ud G-
dd g s wc cu W. Bw ucd w w
JCS vws, D. Kssg ws vss JCS sys. H pszd cgy
cd cud dv J wkg w Svc Cs d kp
Cs bcus d wkd M s uusuy w-d bu vy-
wk. W JCS bkd s g bg d w J S by
Nx d Kssg d gd g s dy w dc
Mscw, Psd d s N Scu- ds d usuy vg uc w
y Advs yd M gv- Dc.
us dsss v JCS pps. T C- Bu G Bw svd dug p-
d Cs cc y bw cuy dcu pd Ud Ss

28
 G Gg S. Bw w Scy Ds Dd H. Rusd, 1976.

d J Cs S. Fv wks dsd cdc y ds

bc C 1 Juy 1974, Ps- d g ds budgs.
d Nx sgd d Gd Fd bc Fu cpcg s u, G
Psd. N s , Su V Bw d pc ks
sudd N V, kg bssd d ds.
u wy-v-y US Dug pubc ppc Ocb 1974
d dpd Su V- d udu uc Jws
. Cug pubc d cgss d Is bby Ud Ss. A
us w uc V ucy sud, d Psd Fd pubcy
W d w y ws cd dsd . Bw pgzd bu,

29
 vw pubsd w ys , d g, pcy, d sc gudc ppd
cs sd dspgg B, wu csug J S. G
Is, d I. W cd Bw dvsd Scy d
d dd ccs, s pu s cd vw wd by w
C w spk s d csdd dd bu y xpcd -
csqucs ws sy ccd. yss d wud qu xsv vs
Tus Bws svc dug Fd d- b Cs cud k susy.65
s ws cky. T S v c- Scy Bw vsd d d s
scd ws y 5734.64 Psd b suy psd
T Cs sp w y ud ssus.
ds Jy C, w bc G Bw pyd ky g-
Psd Juy 1977, ws v g d scug c w
usy. T Psds ppc P C Ty sd w-
scuy ssus dd udy sp c Ud Ss
JCS. C dwpyd P. H sbsd bd us w
y pw g pcy d wsd P psd d psudd
w ds budg d duc Svc Cs ccp bdy wdd
uc ss. Hs ds - gu cs uy sd-
ducd pcdus sgd sppd ssv quss w
Cs w JCS bu d- P svgy wud b dud
sd JCS's by cy u s dvsy d w Ud Ss cud -
. v uy. Dug S
O 10 Ju 1977 Psd C w- db, w ds cd pp-
dw N Scuy Ac Mdu s u Cs Nv Op-
(NSAM) 55, wc d gudd JCS sc s, wAd Mws
1961, pcg 22 Spb w Bws pdcss s C, Bw
dcv gv C - w s ss, gzd bgs
ud ps JCS vws bsc , d pd psud Ps-
s cgus bu qud JCS d Fd d D. Kssg ds -
Scy Ds b psg c.66 T Cs supp
dvc Psd. W Cs Sc- y ws cuc s c.
y Ds, Hd Bw, pd I cs, dug SALT gs
wk w JCS ug C, G Bw ud s dds w
dcd ccs usd dp- C ds. Dsp C-
b cdd ug OSD. S s wg cus d-bsd ss
Bws subds sd dsssv ucs cpd by Psd
JCS s dvsy bdy. F x- cud b gy dsbzg d
p, w Scy Bw vsd p- Svs wud jc US pps dp
gg, pg, d budgg sys cus, C d cvcd suc
(PPBS), ducd g JCS vv-
yss c qus, p-
g dvp, d suc c.
Nvss, y 1978 OSD ccud G Gg S. Bw w G Dvd C.
gy d y pg, pg- Js, C S, USAF, 1974.

30
31
ducs w y v wg g US sgc sup-
csy US budup. I Ap 1977, s Cs y v Sv U ws w
d cpd, Svs jcd US p- v, ug scdd by Cs d
ps dp cus. Nvss, JCS s Scy Bw, dd Cs vws,
gud S Dp d NSC d dscud . L, u
s subsqu sug pcy- 1980 I sg scu ss, wc
kg pcdus.67 Tus, Psd d ppvd Jss c-
wc y dvc ws cuc bu w d C d vs
C d Cs dd p- s pg, ssd s by c
udy w Psd, JCS pyd dcss.69
subsdy . Sck w cc y Psd Cs Js s
1978, Bw ws bs uc C d b cvs, d s
dug s s s s C. My 1980 scd g
spkd cgss ccs, s s s-
T Rd JCS R s ug C ws csy
dd w ds. T pss
Dvps dug u G- pd , vd c g,
Dvd C. Js, USAF, w bc Js d pvy gd sg C
C 21 Ju 1978, d p w -cd. O 4 Ju G Js
pcs uu c- ssud s ws y p-
sp. Js ws g d s scd pp s y cs dp
s C S A Fc w d pc pps -
Psd C d b C- g sgs wv Ads
. As A Fc C, Js d gdd cgs. A s c g
y g JCS gs s u- C ddd s supp C
s s d pd w ds, cg pcp cv
bc C, d Cs cud c y. H sd w
JCS sys y.68 d cc spsby k
Js dy d cs wkg - sgs pssb cs s vws
sp w Scy Bw d, s C- Scy Ds d Psd
, w s dy. Bw c- dbv ssss, c y dd
ud duc pcdus csd dcs, I v c bg, by w
Cs vsby d uc d by ps cvc, cy u
budg pcss. W Scy cd d v I wud v dcdd -
Ds Rsucs Bd (DRB) sss ws.70
scg svc quss, d A Rd W. Rgs c s
C x c b. Psd, cpg psud Rg
Accdg c w svd pc C ppd Sc-
NSC s, Js ws dp wkg s y Ds Js R. Scsg d
vws W Hus dscusss wu C Ty spk u gs
cgg s sups. A wsg wd pczg csp by vg
su sd ppuy cub. Rg d Js, bu
C x s uc Cs ssc w C ds-
scuy pcy. Hwv, Jss Augus 1978 pcs, spcy s ds

32
 G Dvd C. Js psds v g J Cs S w ud
d spcd cds, 22 Juy 1982. Left to right: G J A. Wck, J., USA,
US Fcs K; G Edwd C. My, C S, USA; G Bd W. Rgs,
USA, US Eup Cd; Ad Ts B. Hywd, C Nv Ops;
G D A. Sy, USA, US Rdss Cd; Ad Rb L. J. Lg, USN,
Pcc Cd; G Rb H. Bw, Cd, USMC; G Js V.
Hg, USAF, Aspc Ds Cd; G Lw A, J., C S, USAF;
Ad Hy D. T II, USN, Ac Cd; G Js; G Js R. A,
USAF, My A Cd; G B L. Dvs, USAF, Sgc A Cd;
d Lu G Rb C. Kgs, USA, Rpd Dpy J Tsk Fc.

SALT II g, d s cv- Cs . T Sd Rp p-
ss w ds.71 psd C, s y JCS
I Juy 1978, s Js d bc b wu svc spsbs, p-
C, Sd Gup, cs- vd Scy dvc pg, bud-
sd by Scy Bw Nvb 1977 g, d c sucu ssus. T sss
vw y cd pg s uc, cdd
sucu, d subd s p. T gup dd s supp suds,
ud sus ws JCS sys, p- yss, d gg . T pv c-
cuy w JCS suc c- d g, p cdd
d c pg. T cc s d- Scy dsg C s
ccs, cdd xpdg s g supvs CINCs.72

33
 T C ds dd c cs j ssgs. Hs ppss
Sd Rps cds d s cug db
sgg Cs . Is- JCS . B s 18 Ju
vc vy d dsgs, spcy subc Hus Ad Svcs
v suc c, cud pgu C d bgu quy JCS -
JCS dbs, dg ws- gz.74
c-d dvc G G J W. Vssy, J., USA, bc
Js dscbd s pbuu. Dug s C G Jss . G-
scd c g Js c- Vssy subscbd Rg d-
dd sgg Cs , ss ssv ppc Sv
pcuy budg pcss, d dv- U, d s s w Scy
cd csd J S dpdc Ds Csp W. Wbg w gd.
svcs.73 Vssy qucky dsd s wgss
Js d g bvd JCS sys- xcs s uy s C. I
qud ud cg, d d c y uc
d bc cvcd pus dcss, dd s wd JCS
us c usd JCS. I vws Scy v w Cs
Fbuy 1981 C cssd d y ssu.75
sudy JCS gz by gup A s c g Vssy d-
d s cs. Ev b s C- cd gd w y Jss
s Spc Sudy Gup subd s - ppss bu ug ws up
p Ap 1982, Js d p- Psd, Scy, d Cgss
pss . Dug csd sss duc JCS . I sps ps-
Hus Ad Svcs C d qus, y Vssys u Sc-
Fbuy 1982, cd JCS gz- y Wbg skd JCS sudy
. L pubsd s vws. gz ppss. Dug su-
G Js dd g-sdg 1982 Vssy d Cs -
dcs JCS sys: dusd uy quy x ssu JCS ,
d spsby, y dvc ws vwg Jss cds d s
y usu, svc d ppss by Ay C S, G-
j sys, d bu- ccs Edwd C. My, w s c-
s Svc Cs du dd cd C.
s s JCS bs d svc ds. H T JCS ccudd s c-
cdd kg C, dd pvs cud b pd
cp Cs, pcp - wu gs; y s ppsd pu-
y dvs Psd, Scy g C c cd.
Ds, d NSC; gvg C Mw, Augus 1982 Hus
vsg ud d spcd c- Rpsvs pssd b cp-
ds; pvdg C w u- d G Jss ppss. Bu
s dpuy; d vg J S wk b w u.76
C cp I dd gz ,
Cs. Js s wd svc s G Vssy cusd pvg p-
vv j pcss d cs pg. Hs s sud
wds j duy c bs xps Cs . W Sc-

34
 John FicaraNewsweek

G Dvd C. Js d G J W. Vssy, J., Cs c, My 1982.

y Wbgs ppv, Vssy cd s y bc guy vvd

CINCs spks ps d Ds Rsucs Bds pgg d
qus. Sy kg c, budgg cvs. A J Rqus
dd vw j cgcy ps Mg Bd ws sbsd, d
d g JCS vsg s u- Vssy sbsd Sgc Ps d
d pducs j sys. Sc- Rsuc Ayss Agcy p JCS
y Wbg gv G Vssy u- vw j d pw qu-
y cduc c ps s b. s. T s pbs sud
Dug Op URGENT FURY, US sv Svc Cs bg Acg
v Gd Ocb 1983, C w wk, Cs gd
Scy gv C uy c c wud b dsgd Acg C-
up bckup cs, dpy , d ssu s bss.
gudc ud d spcd cd- Ty bvd s cg wud k
s. Jss pps dpuy c uc-
Vssy s ducd pcdus ssy. Vssy kp C dsgd
dd ddss s dccs c bs s cvs, bu
j sys. H w CINCs s u wv dd pv ug
Wsg gu bss d sud

35
 G J W. Vssy, J., w Psd Rd Rg Scy Ds
Csp W. Wbgs c, 1984. Left to right: Mj G C L. Pw,
My Asss Scy Ds; Scy Wbg; G Vssy;
W H. T IV, Dpuy Scy Ds; d Psd Rg.

pc Cs udsdg s cd by cubs US c
ssus d pss. cd. Ts w-pubczd pbs
Dsp s succss, v dpys Gd d Lb
Gd ws bs by dcus w p- ud ccs JCS pc.77
by d svc cp I 1984 Cgss pssd w kg
udscd cug wksss C spks CINCs
j sys. T s ds p qus, wg
241 US Ms s bbg d w ssus ud JCS csd-
bcks Lb ppd cgss- wud b dcdd, d uzg
vsg cusd pb- cp Cs sc -

36
 Ronald Reagan Library

Ad W J. Cw, J., bs Psd Rd Rg W Hus,

Ocb 1987. Left to right: Ad Cw; Lu G C L. Pw, Dpuy
Asss Psd N Scuy As; Csp W. Wbg,
Scy Ds; d Psd Rg.

cs b ssgd J S. T w ds gz. T spg Hus

dd cgz xsg pc- Ad Svcs C bg csd-
cs d dd ddss w ccs sw s g b cpg G Jss
ud ws. Sv u ju- ppss. I s gwg
s d k ks wd c JCS v gsv c, Psd
. I Juy 1985 S By Gd- Rg Ju ppd Bu Rbb
w (R, AZ), C S Ad Css, dd by Dpuy Sc-
Svcs C, d S S Nu y Ds Dvd Pckd; s sks
(D, GA), kg y b, cudd vw JCS spsbs.
ucd sk c W G Vssy d 30 Sp-

37
 Ad W J. Cw, J., w J Cs S, 1987. Left to right: G
Ad M. Gy, J., Cd, USMC; Ad Cs A. H. Ts, C Nv
Ops; G Ly D. Wc, C S, USAF; G C E. Vu, C
S, USA; Ad Cw; d G Rb T. Hs, USAF, Vc C.

b 1985, p Gdw-Nu xy cc JCS pc. Ag

sk c ws bg dd s.78 ps y- cds ws
pps pc JCS w j
T Gdw-Ncs Ac y dvsy cuc cpsd
Jus w dys Ad W J. c d u-s c c
Cw, J., bc C 1 Ocb svc, c w wud b s
1985, Ss Gdw d Nu bd u d psuby svc pc-
, Scy Ds, d Dpuy
s. I Nvb Hus pssd JCS
Scy Ad Svcs Cs
s sudy gz. O 16 Ocb gz b s Ad Svcs
S sd s p, Defense Organi- C d csdd pvus
zation: The Need for Change, wc ws spg.79

38
 O 12 Dcb Ad Cw sd dd-ubd ys; g b p-
b S Ad Svcs C pd w s, xcp
s s p. H ppsd pcg w w ws u. T
Cs w w bdy y dvss c d gug N
bu vd dsgg C sd Scuy Ac Ads 1949, spcyg
Cs s pcp y dvs C ukd cs
Psd, Scy Ds, d bu dd xcs cd v JCS
NSC; gvg C s c d cs. T w w ssgd
J S; d sg C ucs pvusy dscgd
c cd. I sy, Cw by cp JCS: sssg Psd
s suppd cg ps dp- d Scy Ds sgc
uy c. T Pckd Csss dc d cs; cyg u
p, ssud Fbuy 1986, sgc d cgcy pg; dvsg
cudd Cws ppss g s Scy bu y qus,
cds. I Spb S pgs, d budgs; d dvpg j
d Hus cd g g- dc, g, d duc
s, d Cgss pssd Gdw- d cs. T J S c ud
Ncs Dp Ds Rgz- Cs dc d c. Fy,
Ac 1986, wc bc w 1 c dd c cd s ug
Ocb.80 Psd Scy Ds
Dcg s j gz CINCs. T Psd g, wv,
JCS s y ys, w w dc cucs bw s
d s sgc cgs j Scy d CINCs b s-
sys sc N Scuy Ac d ug C. T Psd s
1947. I gy cd Cs cud dsg C sss
uy by kg , c- d Scy pg c-
p JCS, pcp y dvs d uc.81
Psd, Scy Ds, d NSC. I
sbsd ps Vc C, Pcp My Advs
bswd wd w pws CINCs,
d csd psg d wds Ad Cw d wkd bd
j duy. T C wud csu scs cug supp Gdw-
Svc Cs d CINCs s csd- -Ncs Ac d d cgd s JCS
d ppp d sub w pcdus cp s pssg. I
dd b sub g dvc. ssug dc c J S
Cy, ws z yp w c c, vd c
dss d pgud JCS dbs quy s, wc d sud
ps. cp w svc ss
Gdw-Ncs pscbd c- s cpb cs. H cd w dc-
dds C us v svd s s sss s p-
Vc C, Svc C, CINC, by d j dc d suc d
ug Psd cud wv s budg s. Hwv, Cw cud
qu. I spud Cs us Cs S Guppv-
w-y wud bg 1 Ocb usy w s s wk

39
 G C L. Pw w J Cs S, 1991. Left to right: G C
E. Mudy, Cd, USMC; G Gd R. Suv, C S, USA;
G M A. McPk, C S, USAF; Ad Fk B. Ks II, C
Nv Ops; G Pw; d Ad Dvd E. J, Vc C.

dcy C vw J Cs d sk cssus. Ad Cw
S pps b y cd . wkd cvy w Scy Wbg
T Svc Cs d Scy ug ppc ssus d-
Wbg d ppsd spcs w d; ud ppcs Wbg-
w. Mv, Cw bvd dd s succss, Fk C. Cucc, x-
Cs xps d xpc. T- b.82
, dpd vuy ppc Dsp s pss cgy,
xcsg s w uy w JCS. Cw uy xcsd Cs
H cud csu guy w xpdd uy p jucus. I

40
 Psd W J. C d G C L. Pw vw gud
G Pws cy, F My, Vg, 30 Spb 1993.

1987 dug Op EARNEST WILL, p s c. W Cs ds-

wc k pc budy bw , Scy d Psd
w ud cds, usd s cd ppvd cg US Tsp
uy gud c j sk Cd.84 Cws vg wd
c cduc sc ggd cc ssu dsp pps s w
Kuw ks Ps Gu.83 I Oc- svc dsd pc Gdw-
b 1988, w C Nv Ops -Ncs.
sgy ppsd sbsg ud s- G C L. Pw, USA, c
p cd, Cw dcdd sup- csp 1 Ocb 1989 d-

41
d k u us Cs d, pyd j cvcg
xpdd uy. H d dvg Bus ds ppy vw-
bg s C sv s g c cv pd succss w
u ud Gdw-Ncs Ac. I cs.86
dd, s xsv xpc g- Pw pd wk usd
s vs gv, s sug cs s sucus d pcsss. Hs g-
sp w Psd Gg H. W. J S ccd pw
Bus d Scy Ds Dck Cy, s ds. H bsd Cs S
ddug s ys s u Gup s bu bw d s.
pubc pc wc d dug O ssus pc, pd wk-
Ps Gu W gv csdb g dcy w scd s bs
ud xcs uy gd usg sg pcdus. T
C ud Gdw-Ncs. ssu budg pvdd s c-
Pw d c d w wsd dd c sucu, G Pw d
ccps. As Scy Wbgs M- J8 dpuy dc wk dcy w
y Asss d Psd Rgs DOD Cps Oc usg
N Scuy Advs, d ud pg, pgg, d bud-
y dvc pducd by cp gg sys. Pw kd w
JCS sys quy dd pcy- Cs s c, w y w ss c-
ks ds bcus ws uy sd by ppd svc s pss
d dud. H ws dd Tk. H d
wud pp dug s u. Fs- qu p cvss
g cps Sv U d dvdu cc w bs
d Cd W, bvd ws JCS.
s spsby b - As su Pws cv xcs
y sgy sps s uy, Cs xpdd
cgd wd su d pvd p- d s uc csd. T pcvd
gg gudc svcs x Pws uc d s vsb-
ducd c sucu. Aug wud ypcuy pubc dug 1992
v pd vg Cs supp psd c cpg s vws
s ds, ws wg pcd wu cssy g ccuscs
. W y dd ds s vws wc US y c s ppdd
sgy d c sucu, w sup- ccs d xcdd ppp-
p Scy Cy d Psd Bus y dvs. H cud
s ppss.85 x csdb uc dug s
Mdu p d c- s s u, pyg p
d pgvs CINCs, Pw v- u Psd W J.
ss xd csdb uc Cs pss suc ssus s -
ps. Dug pg P sxus y d US Bs-
p 1989 d Ps Gu W .
1990-1991, pssd cv ds d- G J M. Sksv, USA, w
y ss, x ps, bc C 25 Ocb 1993, cd
d d bjcvs b usg y sk cg cus US -
c. Oc dcs ck d b y wd wc ws j

42
 G J M. Sksv s w Psd W J. C
W Hus, Nvb 1995.

cc d Ud Ss ws s sgy d gy succssuy
suppw. Sksv sw s s US y sud p scy y
pcp y dvs s kg cv sks d bc vvd w c-
ds w g sb cuss .87 T Psp Pc, Sks-
c d pcs. vs v NATO y cp-
Sksv bvd w pg w bs
ccuscs wc d ppc- Wsw Pc, dvcd y ccs w
c ws jusd. I C dvss d d ud
dss dscusss US NATO g. Hs s pc
sps cc d gd Bs- g pss US y--y
sc 1992, ppsd dpy cc w b Russ d C dd ,
US gud cs s cbs bu sup- wv, w ds bckg.
pd pcp NATO pc p- Sksvs ppc C-
c wg cs d s w cp JCS ws
gd wk pc. Oc cs Cws Pws. H dpd
pckpg ss bg, gud cg ppc dg w S-

43
 G J M. Sksv w J Cs S, 1995. Left to right: G
Cs C. Kuk, Cd, USMC; G Ds J. R, C S, USA;
G Rd R. Fg, C S, USAF; Ad Jy M. Bd, C
Nv Ops; G Sksv; d Ad W A. Ows, Vc C-
.

vc Cs bu, ss, vgusy x- ksv sud pcc yg

csd s suy uy. Hs cs wk- s sys.
g sp w Scy Ds Sksv sud ws p
W J. Py bd ss c cucs d
Cs pgvs gs s CINCs. H cvcd Scy Py
Svc Cs d CINCs d - , dug dsc gcs, ds
duc pcdus xpdd C- ssud by Scy Ay
s su w Ds dpy cs ssgd ud
Dp. I usg J S, S- cds sud b cvyd ug

44
 Scy Ds W S. C sws G Hy H. S s
u C J Cs S, 30 Spb 1997.

C. Sksv s xpdd gg d budgg. Ipg s

scp s cvs cud s d- suy uy sub v p-
y spsby svcs. g d budg cds
Bvg , s s y c, Scy, sgd Cs
sud xcs dsp suc ssus Pg Assss d ducd
s sxu ss, wkd cv Cs Pg Rcds
cdd ppc s ssus g PPBS. Cb usg suc-
svcs. us d pcsss, G Sksv
Wkg w Ad W A. xcsd s uy wy sg-
Ows, s Vc C 1994 u d csp s su.
1996, Sksv xdd d sys- T x C, G Hy H.
zd Cs pcp p- S, USA, bug sg p

45
 G Hy H. S w J Cs S, 1999. Left to right: G
Jsp Rs, Vc C J Cs S; G S; Ad Jy L.
Js, C Nv Ops; G Mc E. Ry, C S, USAF;
G Ec K. Ssk, C S, USA; d G Js L. Js, J., C-
d, USMC.

bckgud d csdb xpc ss bss, Ac y pcp

ucv w csp. dus d ud pg v-
W ssud c 1 Ocb 1997, d csd. T C ds-
d vd byd Cd W. pcd pu -d d
Aug dg US-Sv c- ucv y ps, d w
d d sgc ducs pckpg d u sss
sz US d cs d v- xpdd j d u cp.

46
G Ss gudg -cv- bd vg uss ws cg
ps d u d scp s C. Ts sc
s dvc Psd C d Sc- Vc C ws u b
y Ds W S. C spcy JCS.
p. S G Rb T. Hs,
I xcug s spsbs, S USAF, bc s Vc C 6
pcd g cdc G Jsp Fbuy 1987, d Ad Cw wkd
Rs, USAF, w svd s s Vc C- u s Vc Cs spcc
u Fbuy 2000, d d vy dus, wc Scy Wbg ccpd.88
up Dc J S. T I dd Vc Cs suy
Cs cg sp w spsbs, y gd Hs
Svc Cs wd cpz wud cy u sv Cs
spcv xps ug s dus, py s qus
dvc NCA. A s , d j dc, g, d duc.
sg cus US g d ds p- Hss pcp ucs w c
cy d sug cgs c suc- C spcs PPBS, sv
u d y psu vvd C- s Vc C Ds Acqus
s y puvw Bd (DAB) d C J
svcs. T su cud dss Rqus Ovsg Cuc (JROC), d
w, s-pcd sgc v, ps C Ds
S sgd u ssus cg qu- Rsucs Bd (DRB). H s d w
y , , d cu s- uc d spc pcy. W Bus
vc ps, wg supp j ds sbsd Dpus C-
cgs y py d N Scuy Cuc
syss by d s s . 1989, Vc C bc C-
s psv bdy. A G-
Expdd Iuc: Pw bc C, Cw-
T Vc Cs R Hs g gdg Vc C-
s dus d c s
Cbug csd pw Hss u. Hwv, Vc C
csp ws w ps pyd ss cv DRBs succs-
Vc C. T Gdw-Ncs Ac s, Ds Pg d Rsucs
dsgd Vc C s scd- Bd, sc Pw pd d s
kg c US Ad Fcs. I gs s.
pc pvus pcc g G Hs vwd s s
csp g Svc Cs du- y subsug C bu s
g bsc C, w w xdg Cs uc.89 As
spcd Vc C wud sv C JROC d Vc C
s Acg C. I dd u d- DAB, suzd
Vc Cs dus, vg y qus pcss. W
b pscbd by C, w s bc Vc C, Hs d
ppv Scy Ds. W cd w svc ccs ws
Gdw-Ncs uzd Vc C- usupg s Cs ucs. Bu
pcp JCS gs, p- w b s 28 Fbuy

47
 Scy Ds Csp W. Wbg sws G Rb T. Hs s
s Vc C J Cs S, 6 Fbuy 1987.

1990, Vc Cs d b spsby qus d p-

ccpd s g j sys. sd C gcy p-
T g Vc Cs cv- cy-kg pcss. Bu g
s d x s uc xpdd d Vc Cs
dug u Ad Dvd E. J- dus d gudd G Hs, G-
, w bc Vc C 1 Mc Pw d Ad J gd
1990. Lk Hs, J d pcp J wud supp Pw css

48
 A g T Tk w Psd Gg H. W. Bus dug Op DESERT
STORM, Juy 1991. Left to right: B Scwc, Asss Psd
N Scuy As; Dck Cy, Scy Ds; Psd Bus; G
C L. Pw, C, J Cs S; d Ad Dvd E. J, Vc
C, J Cs S.

w g Cs spsb- JROC, sv s Vc C DAB,

s d s spcc dus wud vv ps C Dpus C-
s wkg sp dvpd. Ty , d d w uc d spc p-
dcdd Vc C sud p- cy. Tug Ad Js s,
cp uy g d dc- Vc C bc g p
J S d pvdg - gc vsg pcss. W
y dvc Scy d Psd. Augus 1990 dpy US cs
Pw d J cud pc- Ps Gu Op DESERT SHIELD,
c vg Vc C c bc vvd p s s

49
w. G Pw csgy d J svd w Sksv,
J s sudg bd d suc s uc ws dvsy.
dvc. A Cs dc, J T scp Vc Cs u-
pcpd budg pcss, wkg c csd u dug u
csy w Dp Ds Ad W A. Ows, w svd
Cp c sucs 1 Mc 1994 ug 29 Fbuy 1996. W
w ds budg. W xp- supp G Sksv, Ad
s Ud Scy Ows usd s ps s C
Ds Acqus dug C JROC xp uy uy vsd by
ds, Vc Cs sps- Gdw-Ncs C d, by
bs bdd cud c sucu. xs, Vc C.
T Vc Cs suy uy Ows sd JROC, xpd-
ws s xpdd dug Ad J- g s scp cud pgg. H
s u. A G Pws ugg d vd cvg cssus g
w Svc Cs supp, Bus svcs d CINCs qus
ds 1991 sug gs d pgg ps. As p s
k Vc C u b csd qucy JROC
JCS. T S pssd suc b u- gs d ducd wky
usy, bu Hus ppvd vs bkss w Svc Vc Cs. H
wud v pbd Vc C- s bug CINCs dcy
g Cgss d Ps- JROC pcss by pdcy kg JROC
d w dd w C. w . T xpdd
W Hus d S ddckd, G- JROC qud xps J
Pw pd bk pss. T Ss yc cpbs d d u-
dg pp S b w, cs uc J S.
T s ju c Ad Fcs Lk s pdcsss, Ad Ows
Ud Ss s d xpss ds- s pyd ky DAB d pc-
g ug cs x pd uus s pcy d
g uy. Hw c w, gd c- vw gups. Hwv, uk Hs d
scc, dy pvg scd J, dd uy d Dpu-
gs y c Ad Fcs s C gs, gy dg
s csquc bg vd - y w G Sksv dd s
bsp J Cs S? Pubc psc ss.
Lw 102484, sgd by Psd Bus 23 Ud Owss dsp, C-
Ocb 1992, d Vc C u s Pg Assss, wc gv
JCS b wu scs.90 Scy Ds Cs ssss-
As Acg C bw G svcs budg d pg-
Pws 1 Ocb 1993 d g ppss, d g pc,
G Sksvs ssug c- d G Sksv bg sub
sp 25 Ocb, Ad J Cs Pg Rcds p-
ws ky pcp dbs gd- sg s ps uu vs.
g US pcy S d H. W Tug s vs, C
Pw-J wkg sp csy s uy xcsd s suy
sbd psp, dug s uy sub v pgg

50
 Ad W A. Ows w J Rqus Ovsg Cuc, 1995.
Left to right: G Rd H. G, Vc C S, USA; G Ts S. M-
, Vc C S, USAF; Ad Ows; G Rcd D. Hy, Asss
Cd, USMC; d Ad Jsp W. Pu, Vc C Nv Ops.

d budg cds Sc- Ows s sug cgss sup-

y. Syszg Cs d Vc p s vs, d wd d
Cs pcp pgg s u JROC cvd suy u-
d budgg, Ad Ows us - y. T N Ds Auz Ac
Fsc Y 1996 dd Gdw-
gd JROC pcss PPBS. I s
Ncs Ac, ddg sc sbsd
dg, y xpdd Cs JROC, pscbd s ss, d dd
d Vc Cs s bu s sg- s bsp. Ecv 31 Juy 1997,
d v y w JROC ws uzd by w sss
Ds Dp. C dyg d ssssg

51
 Dug Mc 1997, Russ g s Yvgy Pkv (center) s w
Ds Scy W S. C (right), G Jsp W. Rs (le), d
bs J Cs S "T Tk".

py j y qus Fbuy 2000, sw u xs

y sgy, csd Vc Cs uc. W Rs
vs cqus pgs d- bc Vc C, ucd s G-
d s qus, d ssg Sksvs dpuy d pcpd
j py g xsg d uu p- uy spcs Cs dy--
gs. Dsgg C s dy cvs dd cyg u s
JROCs C d pg d- spcc spsbs s Vc C.
g ps y Vc C, Ts d pg cud w
d cd uy G S, w w Rs d
b pss.91 g ssc, bc C. W
T u G Jsp Rs, g ws s wkd
w svd 1 Mc 1996 ug 29 u bw G Pw d Ad

52
J, Rs bc dcy vvd , C w w y svd
vsg cu ps g s s u d guds. W c
x J d b. Vc C cd u s spsbs
T xpdd Dpus C- dy, cuuv c c-
dug scd C ds- bus ws sgc xps
Vc C dvd Vc Cs d v u-
csg u gcy c C.
pcss. T c Rs ws s
Vc C sv sgc g I 21s Cuy
w C d s
s sv s u ud Dug s scd s C,
psd ds cbud s G S sd Joint Vision 2020:
pc pcy pcss. T xpc Americas Military Preparing for Tomorrow. Ts
gd dug s dcu dvcd gdu s-
svd w Sksv d s csqu j c wud b
y w ky cs subsy d u spcu uu y
sssd s Sksv ps. By pcg dzg
S. Rs ws vub suc xsg qup, cpg w c-
y G S bu s Sc- gs, d g skd ps,
y Ds C, w d b Sc- vsd j c cud cduc
y y g s w w C- pp, susd, d syczd p-
ssud c. T cuy G- s w cbs cs d
Rs bug dbs w spcc sus.92 Aug G S-
Ds Dp sgd ckwdgd syc s
y vc pcy pcss. psd s s sus -
W d Gdw- dg dsd by Ocb
Ncs Ac gvg JROC suy u- 2000 s ck gs USS Cole
y w c 31 Juy 1997, Rs s sw d bus vss ps-
bc s p ud s w c d by pdy pjc pw
uy. I dd pg Vc wdwd.93
Cs dus s C JROC G Rcd B. Mys, USAF, w
d Vc C DAB, Rs cd d bc Vc C
C spcs PPBS. J Cs S Mc 2000, sd
H s cdd Ds Dp- Cs c pp Acs
s vw ps-Cd W sgy d y uu. A dcd cb
c sucu. W csd pss v V w d cy d US
pcd Cs Excs Pg Spc Cd, sw w gz-
s d cs dpd g s, dc, g, d cgs
w sss ps-Cd W wd, wud b y uc -
ssud j vsg cy u-ds b spc.94
pg. As c J Rqus Ov-
Ec s Vc C d d- sg Cuc, G Mys cusd
ccp pss scp d cucs sgc qus
uy. I dg Vc Cs d pszd -cg j cp-

53
 G Rcd B. Mys d Scy Dd H. Rusd sw quss
udc dug "w g" Pg Augus 2003.

by sssss sud supp s db- Cuy cgs. Tus, 2001 Qud-

s. T cv g ducd Ds Rvw cd s wd
ub sss vud J g, wk-cc c dd
Wgg Cpby Assss, g by uu qus cv
y s d wd u-spcu s. G S suppd s OSD
dc. H s sbsd Ecd v bu cud gs cps-
J Rqus Bd cqu usd g cu dss by sccg cv-
pspcvs scd pgs d c- cpbs.96
d J Rqus P dc A-Qd pvs cducd up
cqus d dvp ssus.95 s cks gs Ud Ss
Psd Gg W. Bus k c 11 Spb 2001, skg Wd Td
Juy 2001, ppg Dd H. Rus- C Nw Yk Cy d Pg
d s s Scy Ds. T w Sc- Wsg, DC. W dys ds-
y ws up g P- dvpd y ps dsy -
g buuccy d cpd pd Qd d Tb cs Ags, s
s y 21s w s p sgy d, ds-

54
 G Rcd B. Mys w J Cs S, 2001. Le to Right: G
P Pc, Vc C; G Mys; G Ec K. Ssk, C S,
USA; G Js L. Js, Cd, USMC; Ad V E. Ck, C
Nv Ops; d G J P. Jup, C S, USAF.

up, d dgd s cvs ud s dy Mys k c, G

wd, py bdd Gb W P Pc, USMC, dc
Ts (GWOT). O 1 Ocb, s ps J S Ops Sc d cu
Ags cscd, G d US Su Cd, bc
Mys bc 15 C J 6 Vc C, s M d
Cs S, s Vc C suc- ps.
cd s pdcss. H pd cg As Psds pcp y dv-
sp g J Cs S s, G Mys pyd c
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dvc scuy s.97 T cs ucd y ps 7 Oc-

55
b 2001 d Tb g ppd vb gc dcd Iq
s , vg usds ds dc pssssd sug wps
C ds. Iucd by s V ss dsuc g supp -
svc, G Mys ssd s cks gs Ud Ss. Bsd
Gv Cvs ppd gudc Scy Rusd, G
Ags d d ds cp- Mys, J S, Cb Cds,
ud cuy u - d svcs yzd cs
.98 H s suppd py csd p cs
UN-scd I Scuy Asss- s cu ds bgs. Ty
c Fc (ISAF) p Ag ccudd Ud Ss cud -
uy sbz w-vgd s gb scuy qus, wg
d sbs dccy. I 2003 NATO w g ccs, dw p-
ssud spsby psk Iq.100
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d ws. Rc w Ag NCA ugu pg pcss, cc-
csu d psd cs ug gscs cd d cv--
ccud 2004, wd by py y ps. T ccps g cg
cs 2005. Iq, dd vvg p
Ccuy, G Mys cd- p, dg C Cds sps-
d g gb w d pu- by pg sby d csuc-
sud s Acs y. wg css ss, d
I National Military Strategic Plan for the sbsd cbd j sk c
War on Terrorism (2002/2005), pvdd d ps-cc ssus.101 G Pc,
gudc u-pgd j d C- dw cdg w s C-
sgy gg wd-wd s C Cpg Pg C,
wks g ky pssu ps.99 H sp ddssg sgc ps
s csd subsv cgs d pcy cqus ssus, sg-
s ud cd p pc c dpu Vc Cs -
d. O 1 Ocb 2002 US N d .102
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suppg c, s, d d us Mys d Pc b Scy Rus-
d sssg wy cd Dp ds ppv sv udd dvd-
Hd Scuy w spdg u dpy ds.103 T dy s s-
gcs. O s dy u d c cpd dpy-
N Cd ws sbsd, US cs wg w, J
Sgc Cd bsbd US Spc C- S bg sg Td
d, csdg s uc Psd Fc d Dpy D Sys
d d spc sss. (TPFDD) Gb Fc Mg
Fwg s succsss Ag- Sys.104 T s s ssssd pc
s, Bus ds ud s - ps-w supp qus d c
wd Iq. Ps-Gu W scs csu ps up gb scuy.
g csd Sdd Huss, d Ty dd by csg b-

56
y sug cpbs css-, y Iq, g d quppg udd u-
cud duc qus p-ps sd dgus ps dug s s
cs supp g cb c- y ps. Dug Juy 2005, Iq
ds dug s css. Ts d- czs vd N Assby d
gs pd g Gv Cuc cs. T Ocb
s ds psu wg y cd ssby d w csu-
d cgs N Ds Sgy .
y .105 Lk s pdcsss, G Mys
C cs ucd Op cud p j cuu g
IRAQI FREEDOM 20 Mc 2003, ccu- s y svcs. I Joint Opera-
pd Bgdd 9 Ap, d d Ps- tions Concepts (2003), cud vs
d Bus dc d j cb dvp gd uc cpbs.108
ps 1 My. I pc Sdds T s y, G Pc pcd
Bs g, Bus ds gg J Wgg Cpbs Assss-
sbsd C Pvs Au- (JWCA) w w, vs
y cd csuc; C J Cpbs Ig Dvp
Cd cvd Cbd J Tsk Sys (JCIDS). Ccpuy kd
Fc-7 vs sby d scuy p- Cs J Ops Ccps, JCIDS
s. Hdd by ssus sz, sucu, pd pby by dyg,
d uc, s bucd cv-y vug, d pzg sgc cpb-
cd gwg -Qd-bckd y gps.109 T JROC s cbd w
sugcy. Aug G Mys d J Rpd Acqus C (JRAC),
s Ds Dp cs Oc Scy Ds (OSD) -
dbd sg p vs, y dcdd v u d wgg ds
g US y psc g cud ws su US csus
c u Iq us. Ty cs sd p - y sss.110 Du-
cs d pv Iq scuy g s u-y u, G Mys w-
cs, cpg dgus ps ssd bz Acs cv
wud pc C cs.106 y d sv wu cpc
Ms wsd 2004. As US csu- bz s w; v-
s ud d d bus Abu ss, dy dpd cg
Gb ps bc kw, Ac c- svg s w d gy pc-
zs qusd w d Iq su- scy.
gs gw bd. G Mys d G Pc bc 16 C
sds s b bdg Iq J Cs S 30 Spb
wud scuy ss, d 2005, s M d ps. H
dvsd Psd Bus pubcy cud pusu y vs
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v Iq w d pusd us y Rusd bu pd w s
sus pw jus w pspcv. G Pcs p py
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Dsp sw pc, ws pgss. s c gd gvc d u
C cs sbsd Mu- wspg v p-
N Scuy Ts Cd cuds usg s.111 H

57
 I Ju 2005 G P Pc, USMC, d Ad Edud P. Gbs, J.,
USN, pp b S Ad Svcs C dug c
g C d Vc C J Cs S, spcvy.

dvcd bd-bsd cb s syc s. I s ccud

budg d cg gcy - ys suppg dug gcy
sps d pszd pc sby, scuy, s, d csuc-
ccg s d sg- ps, udscg pv
g j wgg. DOD ss y cud
T 2005 Qud Ds Rvw w gg ccs.112
cd s cus. I cc w s By G Pc ssud c,
d s, dd d, cu- Ad Edud P. Gbs, USN, d
wps ss dsuc, d sp dy pcd bc sv
ccs cus sgc css- Vc C J Cs S.
ds, dcu ccd s Hvg svd s Scy Rusds s
wd g xpdy cs, gg- y sss b kg cg US
g d d pcs J Fcs Cd, Gbs ws
wps w wg d y vvd s

58
 G P Pc, Vc Psd Rcd B. Cy, Psd Gg W. Bus, d
ugg Scy Ds Dd H. Rusd sd dug Ad Fcs Fu
H Rvw Scy's Pg 15 Dcb 2006.

Acs y d sug vz cs-b yss, dd py

Pgs g pcsss, wc pg vs, d gupd -
d s busss busss.113 d qus u J Cpb-
As d JROC csd vv- y Ps (gscs, bspc w-
cb cds d - ss, -cc ps, d cd
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d ky qus s cgc s d -sz-s-
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kg OSD cv cs p w ug j qus.115 Ud
bs cuc, g wud s gudc, JROC dgs spd
ds Cs by ps cds Dpus Advsy
p y pspcv Sc- Wkg Gup, p s cd gud
y. 2005 Qud Ds Rvw d
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59
 g cds p-
s.118 T v, wc spy
csd ub US cs vvd
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c, d, d bud sgy. I s cd
gdu s Ay d M Cps
d sgs by 92,000 ps v
x v ysddg us d csg
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sv.119 T s v sug bgds
dpyd Iq Juy 2007. Sx s
, G Pc d ppuy
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qus dug pss cc w s d. A vsg Bgdd d
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u W Rd Mdc C 2007. kg pc y pcs . Is -
g pusg Qd ubu
pg c pc d c
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s Iq dug 2006, gvg s s, j cgs USs gb ds
gwg s gs w d b psu d y pcu syss,
cs s T Lg W.116 Cgss subs- d d-w pgss Iq vu-
quy cd bps sudy gup y d vcy. Tugu s yg
ssss su d csd v s d cs cp
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cssd by G Pc Sp- Mu, USN, bc 17 C
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NATO scuy cs ssud cd xsv p bckgud d, s
v su d s gs, C Nv Ops, ws dy
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pgss dy d. Tw s G Js E. C-
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Iq Sudy Gup, succdd Dd bs bc 8 Vc C
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psd s Nw Wy Fwd g US Sgc Cd w ppd
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60
 I Ju 2007 Psd Gg W. Bus ucs s Ad Mc
G. Mu, USN, d G Js E. Cwg, USMC, s x C d
Vc C J Cs S, spcvy. Scy Ds Rb
M. Gs sds g.

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w s ddss s sgc d Fcs Ag w Ud Ss
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61
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62
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64
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65
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66
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67
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68
The Chairmen
 Omar Nelson Bradley
16 August 194915 August 1953

O mar Bradley was born in the farming village of Clark, Missouri, on

12 February 1893. His parents were poor, his boyhood austere. The
US Military Academy appealed to Bradley as a means to an education
without financial burden for his family. He received an appointment and
graduated in 1915, ranking forty-fourth out of 164. His classmates included
Dwight D. Eisenhower, James A. Van Fleet, and fifty-six other future gener-
als from the class the stars fell on.
During World War I Bradley served with an infantry regiment which, to
his chagrin, never left the United States. Most of his interwar assignments
were spent as either student or teacher at military schools. In 1941, while
Commandant of the Infantry School, Bradley became the first man in his
class to reach the rank of brigadier general. During 1942 to 1943, he succes-
sively commanded the 82d and 28th Infantry Divisions.
In March 1943, at General Eisenhowers request, Major General Bradley
arrived in North Africa. There he joined II Corps as Deputy Commander
under Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Jr. Bradley took command of II
Corps for the final advance to Tunis and during the thirty-eight-day Sicilian
campaign served as a corps commander in Pattons Seventh Army. Based
upon Bradleys exceptional qualities as a combat leader and his gift for get-
ting along with the allies, Eisenhower chose him to be Army Group Com-
mander for Operation OVERLORD, the invasion of France. During June and
July 1944 Lieutenant General Bradley led the US First Army as it fought
through the hedgerows of Normandy. On 1 August, just after the breakout

O N. B
General of the Army

73
 Lieutenant General Bradley, center, with General Dwight D. Eisenhower and Major General
J. Lawton Collins in France, July 1944.
at St. Lo, he took command of the 12th Army
Group. When the European war came to an
end in May 1945, Bradley (now a full general)
commanded forty-three divisions and 1.3 mil-
lion men, the largest body of American sol-
diers to serve under a US field commander.
His modest demeanor and solicitude for his
troops earned him the nickname the GIs
General.
With the coming of peace, President
Harry S. Truman named General Bradley to
74
be Administrator of the Bureau of Veterans
Affairs; he began work in August 1945. Brad-
ley returned to the Army on 7 February 1948,
when he succeeded General Eisenhower as
Chief of Staff. Three months later, Secretary of
Defense James Forrestal asked Bradley to
become his principal military adviser. Brad-
ley was disinclined to leave his A rier, assailed
the concept of strategic bombing with nuclear
weapons. The Air Forces B-36 bomber became
their particular target. General Bradley, who
 Lieutenant General Bradley pauses to autograph a GIs helmet in Germany, 1945.
as Chief of Staff had been willing to reduce
Army divisions in order to strengthen strate-
gic air power, had no patience with what he
saw as Navy parochialism. During congres-
sional hearings, he delivered a much publi-
cized call for service cooperation: This is no
time for fancy Dans who wont hit the line
with all they have on every play, unless they
can call the signals. Each player on this
teamwhether he shines in the spotlight of
the backfield or eats dirt in the linemust be
all-American. Under new leadership, the
Navy began taking a more conciliatory
approach.
The Korean War dominated Bradleys
tenure as Chairman. He wholeheartedly sup-
ported President Trumans decision to resist
the North Korean attack and quickly became
a key adviser to Truman. During the wars
75
first weeks, Bradley went frequently to the
White House to brief the President and pres-
ent the recommendations of the Joint Chiefs.
Despite the Korean War, Bradley saw the
Soviet Union as the greatest threat to US secu-
rity and Western Europe as the Free Worlds
greatest asset. Consequently, he opposed
expansion of the Korean conflict to include
China. Such a war, he said, would be the
wrong war, at the wrong place, at the wrong
time, and with the wrong enemy. He opposed
proposals by the US commander in the Far
East, General Douglas MacArthur, for bomb-
ing and blockading China. President Truman
concurred. When General MacArthur per-
sisted in public criticisms of this policy deci-
sion, the Joint Chiefs reluctantly agreed that
the President should relieve MacArthur. Tru-
man promptly did so and, at the recommen-
 President Harry S. Truman promotes General Bradley to five-star rank, 22 September
1950.

dation of Bradley and the Chiefs, named
General Matthew B. Ridgway, USA, as the new
commander in the Far East.
The war in Korea and the fear of further
communist aggression triggered a major rear-
mament effort. Between June 1950 and Decem-
ber 1952 the armed forces grew from 1.45 to
3.51 million men. General Bradley refereed an
interservice debate over the nature of this
expansion. Working closely with Deputy Sec-

76
retary of Defense Robert Lovett, Bradley won
JCS approval of a plan that emphasized Air
Force expansion.
To deter aggression in Europe, the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) set
about creating an integrated military struc-
ture. General Bradley played a key role in
establishing this structure. He spent much
time negotiating with his British and French
counterparts over the organization of NATOs
Atlantic and Mediterranean commands.
Omar Bradley was promoted to the rank
of General of the Army on 22 September
1950. He was the only Chairman to attain
77
five-star rank. His tenure as Chairman ended
on 15 August 1953, three weeks after the
Korean armistice. As a five-star general, how-
ever, he did not retire.
After leaving the chairmanship, Bradley
joined the Bulova Watch Company, subse-
quently becoming chairman of the board. In
March 1968 he was one of the wise men
who reviewed Vietnam policy for President
Lyndon B. Johnson. In recognition of his long-
time service to the nation, he was awarded
the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1977.
Bradley died in New York on 8 April 1981.
 O N B
General of the Army
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent
2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Jun 15
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Oct 16
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Aug 17
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Jul 18 . . . . . . 19 Nov 20
CPT (postwar reduction) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 Nov 22
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Jun 24
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Jul 36
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Nov 43
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Feb 41 . . . . . 31 May 44
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Feb 42 . . . . . 16 Sep 44
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Jun 43
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Mar 45 . . . . . 31 Jan 49
Gen of the Army. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Sep 50

Agt Dt
From To
Troop duty with 14th Infantry Regiment in
the West (incl Mexican border) . . . . . . . . . . 1915 . . . . . . 1919
Professor, ROTC, South Dakota State College . . . . 1919 . . . . . . 1920
Instructor, US Military Academy,
West Point, NY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920 . . . . . . 1924
Student, Infantry School, Fort Benning, GA . . . . . 1924 . . . . . . 1925
Infantry Unit Commander, 19th and 27th Infantry
Regiments, HI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1925 . . . . . . 1927
National Guard and Reserve Affairs,
Hawaiian Department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927 . . . . . . 1928
Student, Command and General Staff School,
Fort Leavenworth, KS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1928 . . . . . . 1929
Instructor, Infantry School, Fort Benning, GA . . . . 1929 . . . . . . 1933
Student, Army War College, Washington, DC . . . . 1933 . . . . . . 1934
Instructor, Plans and Training Office, US
Military Academy, West Point, NY . . . . . . . . 1934 . . . . . . 1938
War Department General Staff: Chief, Operations
Branch, G-1, and Assistant Secretary,
General Staff, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . 1938 . . . . . . 1941
Commandant, Infantry School, Fort Benning, GA . 1941 . . . . . . 1942

78
Agt Dt
From To
Commanding General, 82d Infantry Division,
Camp Claiborne, LA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1942
Commanding General, 28th Infantry Division,
Camp Livingston, LA, and Camp Gordon
Johnson, FL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1943
Commanding General, II Corps, North
Africa and Sicily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1943
Commanding General, Field Forces, European
Theater of Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1943
Commanding General, First US Army and
First US Army Group, later Commanding
General, Twelfth Army Group,
European Theater of Operations . . . . . . . . . 1944 . . . . . . 1945
Administrator of Veterans Affairs, Veterans
Administration, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1947
Chief of Staff, US Army, Washington, DC . . . . . . 1948 . . . . . . 1949
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1949 . . . . . . 1953

Pcp US Mt Dct
Army Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star
Legion of Merit (with oak leaf cluster)
Bronze Star

79
 Arhur William Radford
15 August 195315 August 1957

A rthur Radford was born in Chicago, Illinois, on 27 February 1896.

After growing up in Illinois and Iowa, he entered the US Naval
Academy in 1912. Following graduation in 1916, he served during World War
I on the battleship USS South Carolina in the Atlantic Fleet. Radford realized a
boyhood dream to fly when he entered Navy flight training in 1920. He
earned his wings the following year. For the next twenty years, he alternated
among assignments with the fleet, naval air stations, and the Navys Bureau
of Aeronautics in Washington, rising from lieutenant to captain.
Shortly before the United States entered World War II, Radford became
Chief of the Navys Aviation Training Division. Here he oversaw the expan-
sion of the training program to meet the greatly increased requirements for
Navy pilots during the early stages of the war. Promoted to rear admiral, he
commanded a carrier division in the Pacific during 1943. After a brief assign-
ment at the Navy Department, he returned to the Pacific in November 1944
to command another carrier division. For the remainder of the war, he
directed carrier attacks against Iwo Jima, Okinawa, and Tokyo.
After a series of staff and command assignments in the immediate post-
war period, Radford, now a vice admiral, became Vice Chief of Naval Opera-
tions in January 1948. In April 1949, as that tour was ending, the revolt of the
admirals erupted in Washington. Senior naval officers objected strenuously
to the Secretary of Defenses cancellation of a new super carrier. The Navy
wanted the new carrier, which could carry larger planes, to establish its role in
strategic nuclear warfare. The ensuing controversy led to a congressional

A At W. R
United States Navy

81
 Rear Admiral Radford, right, on the bridge of the USS Yorktown, October 1944.
investigation, and Admiral Radford was
called to testify. He supported the Navys
position and, in discussing future operations,
argued that the threat of an atomic blitz
would neither deter nor win a war. In retro-
spect, Radfords argument appears ironic,
since, as Chairman, he would become a cham-
pion of massive retaliation.
Upon being promoted to admiral in
April 1949, Radford returned to the Pacific as
Commander in Chief of the Pacific Command
(CINCPAC). Forces under his command
provided air and naval gunfire support to UN
forces in the Korean War. Radfords com-
mand also sent US military advisers to assist
the French in Indochina in the war against the
communist Viet Minh.
82
Impressed with Radfords performance as
CINCPAC, President Eisenhower appointed
him Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Admiral Radford assumed his duties on 15
August 1953. During Radfords tenure, Presi-
dent Eisenhower adopted the New Look, a
national security policy that emphasized Air
Force and Navy forces over Army ground
forces and provided for massive atomic retal-
iation in the event of general war. Radford
vigorously supported the new policy and
convinced a majority of his reluctant JCS col-
leagues to accept it as well.
In one controversial initiative related to
the New Look and force planning, Admiral
Radford did not succeed. During 1956 Rad-
ford proposed to the Chiefs drastic cuts in
 Rear Admiral Radford being passed to his flagship, the USS Saratoga, in a breeches
buoy, November 1944.
Army forces as a means of staying within the
Presidents stringent fiscal ceiling. Units overseas
would be reduced to small atomic-armed task
forces, and the Marines, with atomic weapons,
would have responsibility for limited war opera-
tions. Leaked to the press, this proposal aroused
so much opposition in Congress and among the
NATO allies that it was abandoned.
83
Under Radfords leadership, plans drawn
up by the JCS resulted in the establishment of
a new unified Continental Air Defense Com-
mand (CONAD) in 1954. The Joint Chiefs also
undertook planning with the Canadian mili-
tary for a North American Air Defense Com-
mand (NORAD), which was established in
1957.
 Admiral Radford, right, with President Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Paul Ely,
Chief of the French Armed Forces Staff, during a meeting in Washington to discuss the
Indochina crisis, March 1954.

While Radford was Chairman, the Joint
Chiefs of Staff dealt with a series of regional
crises around the world, and Admiral Rad-
ford was always quick to advocate a strong
US response. In late March 1954, when the
French faced defeat at Dien Bien Phu, Rad-
ford on his own initiative convened a JCS
meeting to consider a massive air strike in
Vietnam. All the other JCS members opposed
the idea, and President Eisenhower was
unwilling to intervene unless important polit-
ical conditions were met; they never were.
In the Formosa Straits crisis in early 1955,
when Communist China seemed ready to
attack the nationalist-held islands of Quemoy
and Matsu and then assault Formosa, Admi-
ral Radford concluded that the situation could
not be stabilized without the Chinese Com-
munists getting a bloody nose. He favored a
pre-emptive attack unless they ceased their
buildup. If war came, Radford argued before

84
the National Security Council, all the advan-
tages would rest with the United States.
President Eisenhower, however, chose a more
restrained, flexible approach, and the Chinese
communists backed away from military
threats.
When President Gamal Abdel Nasser
nationalized the Suez Canal Company, trig-
gering the Suez Crisis of 1956, Admiral Rad-
ford led a united JCS in recommending mili-
tary action. Nasser must be stopped, they
said, by military intervention if necessary.
President Eisenhower disagreed and later
took strong action to stop the invasion of
Egypt launched by Britain, France, and Israel.
85
Admiral Radford retired from military
service on 15 August 1957 but remained active
in national security matters. President Eisen-
hower and Secretary of Defense Neil McElroy
continued to call on him for advice, and dur-
ing the next several years he conducted stud-
ies for the government. He strongly sup-
ported President Eisenhowers call for reorga-
nizing the Department of Defense in 1958 and
urged Congress to strengthen the authority of
the Chairman. In retirement, he served as a
consultant for the Bankers Trust Company
and as a director of several other firms. Admi-
ral Radford died at the Bethesda Naval Medi-
cal Center on 17 August 1973.
 At W R
Admiral, USN
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

ENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 Jun 16
LTJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 17 . . . . . . 03 Jun 19
LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jan 18 . . . . . . 01 Jul 20
LCDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Feb 27
CDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 36
CAPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jan 42
RADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Jul 43 . . . . . . 07 Aug 47
VADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 May 46
ADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Apr 49

Agt Dt
From To
USS South Carolina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1916 . . . . . . 1918
Aide on Staff, Division ONE,
Battleship Force ONE, Atlantic Fleet . . . . . . . 1918 . . . . . . 1919
Aide on Staff and Flag Lieutenant,
Division ONE, Pacific Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919 . . . . . . 1920
Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL. . . . . . . . . . . . 1920 . . . . . . 1921
Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1921 . . . . . . 1923
Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . 1923 . . . . . . 1925
VO Squadron ONE, Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet 1925 . . . . . . 1927
Naval Air Station, San Diego, CA . . . . . . . . . . . 1927 . . . . . . 1929
Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet
(additional duty commanding Alaskan Aerial
Survey Detachment) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1929 . . . . . . 1929
USS Saratoga . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1929 . . . . . . 1930
Commanding Officer, VF Squadron ONE-B,
Aircraft Squadrons, Battle Fleet . . . . . . . . . . 1930 . . . . . . 1931
Aide and Flag Secretary, Aircraft,
Battle Force, US Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1931 . . . . . . 1932
Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932 . . . . . . 1935
Navigation Officer, USS Wright . . . . . . . . . . . . 1935 . . . . . . 1936
Staff, Aircraft, Battle Force . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936 . . . . . . 1937
Commanding Officer, Naval Air Station,
Seattle, WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1937 . . . . . . 1940

86
Agt Dt
From To
Executive Officer, USS Yorktown . . . . . . . . . . . . 1940 . . . . . . 1941
Office of Chief of Naval Operations,
Navy Department, Washington, DC . . . . . . . 1941 . . . . . . 1941
Tenth Naval District (establishment
Naval Air Station, Trinidad, BWI, and
duty as Commanding Officer) . . . . . . . . . . . 1941 . . . . . . 1941
Bureau of Aeronautics, Navy Department,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941 . . . . . . 1943
Carrier Division TWO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1943
Commander, Carrier Division ELEVEN . . . . . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1943
Chief of Staff and Aide, Aircraft, Pacific Fleet . . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1944
Assistant Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Air,
Navy Department (additional duty alternate
member Special Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
on Reorganization of National Defense) . . . . . 1944 . . . . . . 1944
Commander, Carrier Division SIX, US Pacific Fleet . 1944 . . . . . . 1945
Commanding Officer, Fleet Air, Seattle, WA . . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1945
Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Air) . . . . . . . 1946 . . . . . . 1947
Commander, Second Task Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . 1947 . . . . . . 1947
Vice Chief of Naval Operations,
Navy Department, Washington, DC . . . . . . . 1948 . . . . . . 1949
Commander in Chief, Pacific and High
Commissioner, Trust Territory of Pacific Islands 1949 . . . . . . 1953
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1953 . . . . . . 1957

Pcp US Mt Dct Qct

Navy Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 gold stars)
Legion of Merit (with gold star)

Naval Aviator

87
 Nahan Farrau Twinin
15 August 195730 September 1960

N athan Twining was born in Monroe, Wisconsin, on 11 October

1897. His family later moved to Oregon, where he joined the
National Guard in 1916 and saw service along the Mexican border. Rising to
first sergeant in the Guard, Twining won appointment to the US Military
Academy in 1917. As the result of an accelerated wartime program, he grad-
uated just over a year later in November 1918.
After initial infantry assignments, Twining attended flight school and
transferred to the Army Air Service in 1926. During the next several years,
he was a flying instructor and then served with pursuit and attack groups
stationed around the country and in Hawaii and with the Army Mail
Service. After he completed the Air Corps Tactical School and the Army
Command and General Staff School, he was Air Corps Technical Supervisor
at the San Antonio Air Depot. Staff assignments with the Office of the Chief
of the Army Air Corps in the years 1940 to 1942 rounded out his experience
and brought promotion from major to brigadier general.
General Twining began his World War II combat experience in July 1942
as Chief of Staff of the US Army Air Forces in the South Pacific area. In Janu-
ary 1943 he assumed command of the Thirteenth Air Force and in February
was promoted to major general. While flying a B-17, Twining crashlanded in
the Coral Sea. He and his crew floated in rubber life rafts in shark-infested
waters for six days and five nights before being rescued. In July 1943 he
became Commander of Aircraft, Solomon Islands, one of the first combined

G Nt F. Tg
United States Air Force

89
 Brigadier General Twining, following his rescue after six days and five nights adrift in
a rubber raft in the Coral Sea, February 1943.
air commands in US history, with tactical con-
trol of all Army, Navy, Marine, and Allied Air
Forces in the South Pacific.
In late 1943 Twining was transferred to
the Mediterranean theater, where he assumed
command of the Fifteenth Air Force and the
Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Forces.
His Allied command not only supported
operations in Italy and southern France but
also conducted bombing raids against Ger-
many, Austria, and Romania. With the sur-
render of Germany, Twining returned to the
Pacific. Now a lieutenant general, he com-
90
manded the Twentieth Air Force. Forces under
his command launched B-29 attacks against
the Japanese home islands, and planes under
his command dropped the atomic bombs on
Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
After World War II, Twining commanded
the Air Materiel Command at Wright Field in
Ohio. With the creation of the US Air Force in
1947, he took command of the newly estab-
lished Alaskan Command. In 1950 he joined
the Air Staff. After serving briefly as Deputy
Chief of Staff for Personnel, he received his
fourth star and assumed duties as Vice Chief
 Major General Twining, center, in Italy with Lieutenant General Carl A. Spaatz, left, and
Lieutenant General Ira C. Eaker, right, 1944.
of Staff.
In 1953 General Twining became Chief
of Staff of the Air Force. In that position, he
worked diligently for the development of air-
craft, missiles, and weapons for his service. In
1956 President Dwight Eisenhower selected
him to lead a delegation of technical experts
invited to inspect Soviet air facilities. This
was the first visit by US officers to the Soviet
Union since World War II.
General Twining became the third Chair-
man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 15 August
1957. Just ten days after he took office, the
Soviet Union announced the successful launch
91
of an intercontinental ballistic missile and,
less than two months later, placed the first
artificial earth satellite, Sputnik, in orbit. It
appeared that the Soviet Union had or would
soon have the capability to launch missile
attacks against the United States. General
Twining endorsed steps to strengthen and
protect strategic retaliatory forces but saw no
reason for the large accelerated buildup
favored by the Air Force. Twining was confi-
dent that the Strategic Air Command was
superior to its Soviet counterpart. He opposed
any major change in US strategy and, like his
predecessor Admiral Arthur Radford,
 General Twining makes a statement to the press before his trip to the Soviet Union, July
1956.
remained a firm advocate of the Eisenhower
policy of main, but not sole, reliance on
nuclear weapons.
Three crises occurred while Twining was
Chairman. The first one began on 14 July 1958,
when a coup toppled the pro-Western govern-
ment in Iraq. The president of neighboring
Lebanon, concerned about maintaining his
regime, appealed for US assistance. Radical
92
Arab nationalism, encouraged by the Soviet
Union, appeared to threaten Western inter-
ests. Speaking for the Joint Chiefs, Twining
told President Eisenhower that he saw no
alternative but to go in. The President
promptly decided to act. Marines began land-
ing at Beirut on 15 July, followed by Army
troops. With the arrival of approximately
14,000 US personnel, enough stability existed
for Lebanese factions to work out a political
compromise and for US forces to withdraw
by the end of October.
Another crisis soon followed in the Far
East when the Chinese communists began
bombardment of the nationalist-held islands
of Quemoy and Matsu off the Chinese main-
land. With the eruption of this crisis during
August 1958, General Twining and the Chiefs
quickly agreed that the United States should
not permit the loss of the islands to the
communists. They recommended the use of
whatever force was necessary, including
atomic weapons. General Twining forcefully
presented their recommendations to the
President. Eisenhower agreed that a show of
force was needed but took great care to keep
his military options open. He ordered the
Seventh Fleet, plus two carriers from the
Mediterranean, to the Formosa Strait and pro-
vided convoy protection in international
waters for Chinese nationalist supply ships
bound for the offshore islands. The show of
force, combined with various political initia-
tives, worked. The bombardment ceased and
the crisis passed.
The third crisis came in November 1958,
when the Soviet Union announced its inten-
tion to transfer its access and occupation func-
tions in East Germany to the East German
government unless West Berlin became a
demilitarized free city within six months.
President Eisenhower responded with a firm
but low-key approach. Twining told the Pres-
93
ident that the JCS feared that the United States
would go half way in meeting Soviet prov-
ocations and then quit. They believed that
the United States had to be ready to risk gen-
eral war. Some Service Chiefs favored a major
mobilization, but Twining told the President
that he saw no need to go that far. Eisen-
hower, however, held resolutely to his low-
key approach, and the Soviets backed away
from their deadline.
During 1959 and 1960 General Twining
played a central role in working out new pro-
cedures for coordinating nuclear strike plans.
The advent of land-based missiles and Polaris
submarines to complement the bomber fleet
created major complications in target assign-
ments, command, and control. Twining col-
laborated with Secretary of Defense Thomas
Gates to create the Joint Strategic Target Plan-
ning Staff and the Single Integrated Opera-
tional Plan, arrangements which lasted beyond
the Cold War.
Following major surgery, General Twin-
ing elected to retire on 30 September 1960,
midway through his second term, before a
new administration took office. During the
next decade he worked as vice chairman of the
publishing firm Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
In 1966 the firm published Twinings views on
the state of national defense under the title
Neither Liberty nor Safety. General Twining
died on 29 March 1982 at Wilford Hall Medi-
cal Center, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas.
 Nt Fgt Tg
General, USAF

Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent
2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Nov 18
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jan 20 . . . . . . 20 Nov 23
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Apr 35 . . . . . 01 Sep 35
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Oct 38 . . . . . 01 Jul 40
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Jul 41 . . . . . . 12 Nov 42
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Feb 42
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Jun 42 . . . . . 10 Jul 46
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Feb 43 . . . . . 19 Feb 48
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Jun 45
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Oct 50

Agt Dt
From To
Assigned duty, US Military Academy,
West Point, NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1918 . . . . . . 1919
Tour of Observation, France, Belgium,
Italy, and Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1919 . . . . . . 1919
Student, Basic Course, Infantry School; then
Commanding Officer, C and later B Companies,
29th Infantry, Camp Benning, GA . . . . . . . . . 1919 . . . . . . 1922
Aide-de-Camp to BG B. A. Poore,
Camp Travis, TX; Fort Logan, CO; and later
Fort Sam Houston, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1922 . . . . . . 1923
Student, Air Service Primary; later Advanced Flying
School, Brooks and Kelly Fields, TX . . . . . . . 1923 . . . . . . 1924
Instructor, Air Corps Primary Flying School,
Brooks Field, TX, and later March Field, CA. . . 1924 . . . . . . 1930
Adjutant and Commanding Officer,
18th Pursuit Group, and later Commanding Officer,
26th Attack Squadron, Schofield Barracks, HI . . 1930 . . . . . . 1932
Pilot and Operations Officer, 8th Attack Squadron;
then Pilot and Commanding Officer, 90th Attack
Squadron; then Pilot and Mess Officer,
60th Services Squadron, Fort Crockett, TX . . . . 1932 . . . . . . 1934
Engineering Officer, Central Zone, Chicago, IL . . . 1934 . . . . . . 1934
Post and Group Adjutant and later Commanding Officer,
3d Attack Group, 3d Attack Wing, Headquarters
Detachment; then Assistant Operations Officer,
3d Wing, Barksdale Field, LA . . . . . . . . . . . 1934 . . . . . . 1935

94
Agt Dt
From To
Student, Air Corps Tactical School,
Maxwell Field, AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1935 . . . . . . 1936
Student, Command and General Staff School,
Fort Leavenworth, KS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936 . . . . . . 1937
Air Corps Technical Supervisor,
San Antonio Air Depot, Duncan Field, TX . . . . 1937 . . . . . . 1940
Assistant Chief and later Chief, Technical
Inspection Section, Office, Chief of Air Corps;
then Assistant Executive Officer, Chief of Staff
of the Army Air Force, Washington, DC . . . . . 1940 . . . . . . 1942
Chief of Staff, US Army Air Forces;
then Commanding General, Thirteenth Air Force,
South Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1943
Commanding General, Fifteenth Air Force,
Mediterranean Theater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1945
Temporary Duty with Headquarters,
Army Air Force (Liaison and Planning,
Headquarters, US Army Strategic Air Force),
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1945
Commanding General, Twentieth Air Force, Pacific 1945 . . . . . . 1945
Commanding General, Air Materiel Command,
Wright Field, OH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1947
Commander in Chief, Alaskan Command,
Fort Richardson, AK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1947 . . . . . . 1950
Acting Deputy Chief of Staff (Personnel); then Vice
Chief of Staff; then temporarily assumed duties
Chief of Staff; then resumed duties as Vice Chief
of Staff, US Air Force, Washington, DC. . . . . . 1950 . . . . . . 1953
Chief of Staff, US Air Force, Washington, DC . . . . 1953 . . . . . . 1957
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1957 . . . . . . 1960

Pcp US Mt Dct Qct

Army Distinguished Service Medal (with oak leaf cluster)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit (with oak leaf cluster)
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star
Air Medal (with oak leaf cluster)
Commendation Ribbon

Command Pilot
Combat Observer
Aircraft Observer

95
 Lyman Louis Lemnizer
1 October 196030 September 1962

L yman Lemnitzer was born on 29 August 1899 in Honesdale, a small

town in northeastern Pennsylvania. At his older brothers urging, he
entered the US Military Academy, graduating in 1920. Over the next twenty
years he served with coast artillery units, taught at West Point and the Coast
Artillery School, and attended the Command and General Staff School and
the Army War College.
In 1941, as the Army began to expand, Major Lemnitzer was transferred
from an antiaircraft artillery brigade at Camp Stewart, Georgia, to the War
Plans Division of the War Department General Staff. There and in subse-
quent assignments with General Headquarters, US Army, and Headquar-
ters, Army Ground Forces, he participated in the planning for the mobiliza-
tion and training of the rapidly expanding wartime Army and for the pro-
jected Allied landings in North Africa. Promotions came rapidly, and by June
1942 Lemnitzer was a brigadier general.
Two months later he went to England as Commanding General of the
34th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade. Because of his familiarity with the plans
for the upcoming North African operation, he was soon assigned to General
Dwight Eisenhowers Allied Force Headquarters as Assistant Chief of Staff
for Plans and Operations, responsible for final preparations for Operation
TORCH, the North African invasion. In October 1942 Lemnitzer accompa-
nied General Mark Clark as second in command on a secret submarine mis-
sion to Algeria to meet with friendly French to enlist their assistance with the
invasion. Lemnitzer won the Legion of Merit for his participation in this
mission.

G L L. Lt
United States Army

97
 Brigadier General Lemnitzer, center, with Lieutenant General Mark W. Clark, left, and
General Sir Harold Alexander, right, at Anzio, Italy, January 1944.

In January 1943 Lemnitzer became Dep-
uty Chief of Staff to Clark in Morocco, where
he worked to organize the US Fifth Army.
After resuming active command of his bri-
gade, he led it through the Tunisian campaign
and the early landing phases of the Sicily
campaign.
Thereafter, Lemnitzer served as Deputy
Chief of Staff and Chief of Staff to British Gen-
eral (later Field Marshal) Sir Harold Alexan-
der, who was Commander in Chief, 15th
Army Group, and later Supreme Allied Com-
mander, Mediterranean. Lemnitzer, who was
promoted to major general in 1944, also served
as Chief of Staff to the Commanding General
of the (US) Mediterranean Theater of Opera-
tions. In March 1945 he travelled incognito to
Switzerland, where he met with German rep-
resentatives and began discussions that
resulted in the unconditional surrender of
German forces in Italy and southern Austria.
After the war Lemnitzer was the senior

98
Army member of the Joint Strategic Survey
Committee of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. He then
served for two years as Deputy Commandant
of the National War College. Concurrently, he
headed the US delegation to the meetings of
the Military Committee of the Five Brussels
Pact Powers in London, which led to the
establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO). Late in 1949 Lemnitzer
became the first Director of the Office of Mili-
tary Assistance in the Office of the Secretary of
Defense, where he was instrumental in setting
up the US Military Assistance Program.
From December 1951 until July 1952,
Lemnitzer commanded the 7th Infantry
Division, leading it in the Korean War battles
of Heartbreak Ridge and the Punch Bowl.
Promoted to lieutenant general in August
1952, he became the Armys Deputy Chief of
Staff for Plans and Research. In 1955 he
assumed command of US Army Forces, Far
East, and the Eighth US Army. Shortly there-
after, having received his fourth star, he
became Commander in Chief of the United
Nations and Far East Command and Gover-
nor of the Ryukyu Islands. In July 1957 he
became Vice Chief of Staff of the Army and
two years later its Chief of Staff. Appointed
by President Eisenhower, Lemnitzer became
the fourth Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff on 1 October 1960.
Soon after John F. Kennedy became Presi-
dent in 1961, the failure of the Bay of Pigs
operation caused him to question the judg-
ment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. A brigade of
anti-communist exiles, trained and directed by
the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), landed
in Cuba at the Bay of Pigs but was quickly
overwhelmed by Cuban Premier Fidel Cas-
tros forces. President Kennedy believed that
the Joint Chiefs had served him poorly by fail-
ing to review the CIAs plan thoroughly and
express their own reservations forthrightly.
The President directed that, henceforth, the
99
Joint Chiefs must be more than military men
and supply dynamic and imaginative leader-
ship in Cold War operations.
General Lemnitzer considered the Presi-
dents criticisms unfair. The Chiefs, he main-
tained, had never awarded the plan their
approval; they simply had rendered an
appraisal that, given surprise plus air
supremacy, the brigade could establish itself
ashore. Yet, without consulting the Joint
Chiefs, President Kennedy had changed the
landing site and cancelled a strike by the
exiles aircraft. Nevertheless, this military
setback early in the Kennedy presidency
damaged Lemnitzers relationship with the
new President.
In the other crises which came in quick
succession in 1961, General Lemnitzers rec-
ommendations for forceful responses met
with mixed success. Friendly regimes in
Southeast Asia were foundering. In Laos, by
late April the communist Pathet Lao had
advanced so rapidly that US-backed forces
there seemed about to disintegrate. General
Lemnitzer urged intervention by Southeast
Asia Treaty Organization forces, not by the
United States alone. Lemnitzer also favored a
deployment of US combat forces to bolster
the government of South Vietnam, which was
struggling with a growing communist insur-
gency. President Kennedy decided against
military intervention in Laos and, instead of
deploying combat forces to South Vietnam,
gradually increased the number of American
advisers there.
When the Soviet Union threatened to end
the Western powers access rights to Berlin,
General Lemnitzer favored a major expan-
sion of conventional forces to demonstrate
US determination and allow a wide range of
responses. The President agreed to an expan-
sion but on a smaller scale. On 13 August
1961, when the communists began building
a wall around West Berlin, the administra-
 Major General Lemnitzer, right, with General Matthew B. Ridgway, left, and General
James A. Van Fleet, center, in Korea, January 1952.

tion was so taken by surprise that Lemnitzer
thought everyone appeared to be hope-
less, helpless, and harmless. He proposed
that a 1600-man battle group be sent down
the Helmstedt-to-Berlin autobahn. Many of
the Presidents civilian advisers assailed the
proposal as needlessly provocative. Presi-
dent Kennedy, however, ruled in Lemnitzers
favor; the battle group reached Berlin without
trouble. During autumn, as the overall US
buildup proceeded, the Soviets backed away
from a confrontation over Berlin.

100
 General Lemnitzer, third from right, in South Vietnam with Secretary of Defense Robert
S. McNamara; General Paul D. Harkins, Commander, US Military Assistance Com-
mand, Vietnam; and Major General Nguyen Khanh, Army, Republic of Vietnam, May
1962.

When Secretary of Defense Robert S.
McNamara proposed putting the combat-
ready forces of the US Strategic Army Corps
and the Air Force Tactical Air Command
under a unified commander, the Chiefs were
divided in their response. Lemnitzer, how-
ever, supported the McNamara initiative, and
in 1961 the US Strike Command was created.
In response to Secretary McNamaras
introduction of a new planning, program-
ming, and budgeting system (PPBS), General
Lemnitzer in June 1962 established his own
Special Studies Group to conduct analyses for
the Joint Chiefs. This group played an increas-

101
ingly important role in defining JCS positions.
There was a basic difference between
Lemnitzer and the President over how best
to respond to the anticipated increase in
communist-sponsored wars of national
liberation. Kennedy had great confidence in
the efficacy of special forces and other coun-
terinsurgency capabilities. Lemnitzer believed
that, historically, regular forces had played a
key role in defeating insurgencies. Believing
that Lemnitzer was not sufficiently innovative
to pursue the type of warfare most appropri-
ate for the Third World, Kennedy did not
appoint Lemnitzer to a second term as Chair-
man. Instead, the President nominated Gen-
eral Lemnitzer to the position of Supreme
102
Allied Commander, Europe (SACEUR), where
regular forces still played a paramount role.
General Lemnitzers tenure as Chairman
ended on 30 September 1962. He became
Commander in Chief of the US European
Command (CINCEUR) on 1 November 1962
and SACEUR on 1 January 1963. He served as
SACEUR until his retirement on 1 July 1969.
In retirement, Lemnitzer served in 1975
on the Commission on CIA Activities within
the United States and from 1976 to 1978 on
the Presidents Foreign Intelligence Advisory
Board. In 1987 President Ronald Reagan pre-
sented him the Medal of Freedom. General
Lemnitzer died on 12 November 1988 in
Washington, DC.
 L L Lt
General, USA
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02 Jul 20
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Jun 25
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 35
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 40
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Dec 41 . . . . . . . 02 Jul 43
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Jun 42
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Jun 42 . . . . . . 24 Jan 48
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 May 44 . . . . . . 29 Apr 52
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 52
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Mar 55

Agt Dt
From To
Student, Coast Artillery School,
Fort Monroe, VA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1920 . . . . . . 1921
10th and 59th Coast Artillery Regiments . . . . . . . 1921 . . . . . . 1926
Instructor, US Military Academy,
West Point, NY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1926 . . . . . . 1930
Student, Coast Artillery School,
Fort Monroe, VA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1930 . . . . . . 1931
Troop and Staff Officer, 60th Antiaircraft
Artillery Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1931 . . . . . . 1934
Instructor, US Military Academy,
West Point, NY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1934 . . . . . . 1935
Student, Command and General Staff School,
Fort Leavenworth, KS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1935 . . . . . . 1936
Instructor, Coast Artillery School,
Fort Monroe, VA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936 . . . . . . 1939
Student, Army War College, Washington, DC . . . . 1939 . . . . . . 1940
Battalion Commander and S-3, 70th Antiaircraft
Artillery Regiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1940 . . . . . . 1940
Executive Officer and S-3, 38th Antiaircraft
Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1940 . . . . . . 1941
Office of Assistant G-3, and then Assistant G-3,
War Plans Division, War Department
General Staff, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . 1941 . . . . . . 1942
Chief of Plans Division, Army Ground Forces,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1942

103
Agt Dt
From To
Commanding General, 34th Antiaircraft Artillery
Brigade, Norfolk, VA, and England (European
Theater of Operations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1942
Deputy Chief of Staff and Assistant Chief of Staff,
G-3, Allied Force Headquarters (European
Theater of Operations: England and North
Africa), and Commanding General, 34th
Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1943
Deputy Chief of Staff, Fifth US Army; Commanding
General, 34th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade
(North Africa), and Antiaircraft Artillery
Commander, Seventh Army (North Africa
and Sicily) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1944
Deputy Chief of Staff, 15th Army Group
(later Allied Armies in Italy), and later Deputy
Chief of Staff to Supreme Allied Commander,
Mediterranean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1944 . . . . . . 1945
Chief of Staff, Allied Forces Headquarters (Italy)
and Headquarters, Mediterranean Theater of
Operations, US Army (MTOUSA). . . . . . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1945
Army Member of Joint Strategic Survey Committee,
Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . . . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1947
Deputy Commandant, National War College,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1947 . . . . . . 1949
Director of Military Assistance, Office of the
Secretary of Defense, Washington, DC . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1950
Commanding General, 11th Airborne Division,
Fort Campbell, KY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1950 . . . . . . 1951
Commanding General, 7th Infantry Division,
Far East Command (FECOM), Korea . . . . . . . 1951 . . . . . . 1952
Deputy Chief of Staff for Plans and Research,
Office, Chief of Staff, Army, Washington, DC . . 1952 . . . . . . 1955
Commanding General, Army Forces,
Far East and Eighth Army . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1955
Commander in Chief, Far East and United
Nations Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1957
Vice Chief of Staff, US Army, Washington, DC . . . 1957 . . . . . . 1959
Chief of Staff, US Army, Washington, DC . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1960
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1960 . . . . . . 1962
Commander in Chief, US European Command,
and Supreme Allied Commander,
Europe (1963) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1969

104
Pcp US Mt Dct Qct
Army Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Silver Star
Legion of Merit (Degree of Officer)
Legion of Merit

Parachutist

105
 Maxwell Davenor Taylor
1 October 19621 July 1964

M axwell Taylor was born on 26 August 1901 in the small Missouri

town of Keytesville, near Kansas City. After attending Northeast
High School and Kansas City Junior College, he entered the US Military
Academy, graduating fourth in his class in 1922.
Commissioned as an Army engineer, Taylor transferred in 1926 to the
field artillery and served one year with the 10th Field Artillery. Thereafter,
most of his assignments before World War II made use of his fluency in for-
eign languages. He taught French and Spanish at West Point. Then in the
1930s he was attached to the US Embassy in Tokyo, Japan, and served as
Assistant Military Attach in Peking, China. In June 1940 Taylor was sent on
a special hemispheric defense mission to Latin America. In December 1940
he returned to an artillery assignment as Commander of the 12th Field Artil-
lery Battalion at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.
When the United States entered World War II, Major Taylor was serving
in the Office of the Secretary of the War Department General Staff. Promoted
to colonel in June 1942, he was assigned as Chief of Staff to Brigadier General
Matthew Ridgway at Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. Taylor helped Ridgway
transform the 82d Infantry Division into the Armys first airborne division.
Following promotion to brigadier general in December 1942, Taylor
took command of the 82d Division Artillery, which saw combat in Sicily and
Italy from July 1943 through early 1944. On 7 September 1943 he participated
in a daring secret mission behind enemy lines to Rome just twenty-four
hours before the scheduled invasion of Italy. His judgment that the risks of

G M D. T
United States Army

107
 Lieutenant General Taylor in Korea, February 1953.

an airborne landing near Rome were too great
resulted in cancellation of the planned air
drop. In March 1944 Taylor assumed com-
mand of the 101st Airborne Division. He was
promoted to major general in June. Taylor
parachuted with the division into Normandy
on D-Day and commanded it during the
airborne invasion of Holland and in the
Ardennes and Central European campaigns.
In September 1945 Major General Taylor
became the Superintendent of West Point.
After four years at the Academy, he filled suc-

108
cessive assignments as Chief of Staff of the
European Command; the first US commander
in Berlin; and, on the Army Staff, Assistant
Chief of Staff for Operations and, after
promotion to lieutenant general in August
1951, Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations
and Administration.
On 11 February 1953 Lieutenant General
Taylor assumed command of the Eighth US
Army. Under his command, the Eighth Army
engaged in the Korean Wars last round of bit-
ter fighting. Taylor received his fourth star on
23 June 1953. After the 27 July 1953 armistice,
he presided over several massive exchanges
of prisoners, helped expand the Republic of
Koreas army, and administered the US mili-
tary assistance program for the Republic of
Korea. In November 1954 he assumed com-
mand of all US ground forces in Korea, Japan,
and Okinawa and, in April 1955, of the US
Far East Command and the United Nations
Command in Korea.
Appointed Chief of Staff of the Army on
30 June 1955, Taylor served in that position
for four years. During his tenure he advo-
cated less reliance on the doctrine of massive
nuclear retaliation to a Soviet attack and more
dependence on flexible response. Taylors
fight against cutbacks in Army strength put
him at odds with his old commander, Presi-
dent Dwight Eisenhower. To make the best
use of reduced forces, Taylor decided to sub-
stitute firepower for manpower. Under his
supervision, the Army replaced the old trian-
gular organization of the infantry division
with three regiments with a pentomic orga-
nization of five small, self-contained battle
groups able to disperse or concentrate rapidly
on the atomic battlefield and capitalize on the
US advantage in tactical nuclear weapons.
While Taylor was Chief of Staff, the Army also
enforced court-ordered school desegregation
in Little Rock, Arkansas, in 1957 and, together
with the US Marines, protected the govern-
ment of Lebanon during 1958.
After retiring from active duty in July
1959, General Taylor criticized US strategic
planning and joint organization in The Uncer-
tain Trumpet, published in 1960. This book
influenced President John F. Kennedys deci-
sion to adopt the strategy of flexible response.
Taylor then pursued a civilian career, first as
chairman of the board of the Mexican Light
and Power Company and later as president of
the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts in
New York.
In 1961, at President Kennedys request,
General Taylor returned to public service. In
April the President asked him to lead a group
to investigate the Bay of Pigs debacle, which
had badly shaken the Presidents confidence
in the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Kennedy then
recalled Taylor to active duty as his Military
Representative at the White House. It was in
this capacity that General Taylor first became
involved in the expanding US military effort
in Southeast Asia. In late 1961, after visiting
Saigon, Taylor recommended sending 5,000
to 8,000 US support troops to help South Viet-
nam resist the growing Viet Cong insur-
gency.
Impressed with Taylors advice and abil-
ity, President Kennedy appointed him Chair-
man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 1 October
1962. Just two weeks after Taylor became
Chairman, the United States obtained the first
definite evidence that the Soviet Union was
secretly establishing missile sites and develop-
ing an offensive nuclear capability in Cuba.
General Taylor was a member of the Executive
Committee (EXCOMM) of the National Secu-
rity Council, the small group of officials that
the President summoned to advise him on a
daily basis during the Cuban missile crisis.
Speaking on behalf of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Taylor recommended air strikes against Cuba,
naval quarantine of the island, and prepara-
tion for an invasion. President Kennedy on
22 October directed a naval quarantine of
109
 Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy swears in General Taylor as Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, 1 October 1962. President John F. Kennedy looks on.

Cuba, alerted a force of some 250,000 men for
a possible invasion, and called upon the
Soviet Union to withdraw its missiles, but he
reserved air strikes as a last resort. The Soviet
Union removed the missiles in mid-November,
and the crisis passed.
On arms control, General Taylor reversed
his longstanding opposition to a nuclear test
ban and convinced the Chiefs to do likewise.
They had opposed such a treaty as an invi-
tation for the Soviet Union to carry on test-
ing secretly in order to achieve nuclear
supremacy. During August 1963, in what
Taylor later described as his greatest diplo-
matic triumph, he persuaded his colleagues
that a limited test ban was compatible with
national security. Following endorsement
by the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Senate approved
the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty with the
Soviet Union on 24 September 1963.

110
 General Taylor in South Vietnam, 1963.

While General Taylor was Chairman, the
deteriorating situation in South Vietnam
increasingly occupied the attention of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff. A coup in Saigon, result-
ing in the assassination of President Ngo
Dinh Diem in early November 1963, unleashed
further political instability in South Vietnam.
The Viet Cong and their North Vietnamese
patrons exploited the turmoil by intensifying
attacks in the countryside and against US
military advisers in South Vietnam. In March
1964 the new President, Lyndon B. Johnson,
directed the Joint Chiefs of Staff to draw up
plans for retaliatory air strikes against North
Vietnam. Following trips to Saigon in the
spring of 1964, General Taylor and Secretary
of Defense Robert S. McNamara urged con-
tinued support of the South Vietnamese coun-
terinsurgency effort, short of US ground com-
bat involvement. They did recommend plan-
ning for air strikes and possible commando
raids against North Vietnam, a course that
was not followed until after Taylors retire-
ment.
On 1 July 1964 President Johnson named
Taylor the US Ambassador to South Vietnam,
and General Taylor retired from military
service for a second time. In Saigon, Ambas-

111
sador Taylor witnessed both the introduction
of US ground combat troops into South
Vietnam and the launching of a US air cam-
paign against North Vietnam, actions that
had been actively considered while he was
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
After resigning as ambassador in mid-
1965, Taylor served on the Presidents Foreign
Intelligence Advisory Board and as a special
adviser to President Johnson. He was presi-
dent of the Institute for Defense Analyses
112
from 1966 to 1969. Throughout his
retirement General Taylor wrote and
lectured widely on defense and national
security matters. His major works
include Responsibility and Response
(1967), Swords and Plowshares (1972),
Changing Dynamics of National Security
(1974), and Precarious Security (1976).
General Taylor died at Walter Reed
Army Medical Center on 19 April 1987.
 M Dpt T
General, USA
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent
2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Jun 22
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Mar 27
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Aug 35
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Jul 40
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jan 42 . . . . . 13 Jun 45
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Jun 42
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Dec 42. . . . . 24 Jan 48
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Jun 44 . . . . . 08 Mar 52
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 51
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Jun 53

Agt Dt
From To
Student, Engineer School, Fort Humphreys, VA,
and Officer, 17th Engineers, Camp Meade, MD . 1922 . . . . . . 1923
3d Engineers, Schofield Barracks, HI . . . . . . . . . 1923 . . . . . . 1926
6th Engineers, Camp Lewis, WA; transferred to
10th Field Artillery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1926 . . . . . . 1927
Student of French language, Paris, France;
then Instructor, US Military Academy,
West Point, NY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927 . . . . . . 1932
Student, Field Artillery School, Fort Sill, OK . . . . 1932 . . . . . . 1933
Student, Command and General Staff School,
Fort Leavenworth, KS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1933 . . . . . . 1935
Student of Japanese language, US Embassy,
Tokyo, Japan; Assistant Military Attach,
Peking, China (1937) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1935 . . . . . . 1939
Student, Army War College, Washington, DC . . . . 1939 . . . . . . 1940
Member, War Plans Division, on Hemisphere
Defense Mission to Latin America . . . . . . . . 1940 . . . . . . 1940
Commander, 12th Artillery Battalion,
Fort Sam Houston, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1940 . . . . . . 1941
Office of Secretary, General Staff, War Department,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941 . . . . . . 1942
Chief of Staff, 82d Airborne Division, Camp Claiborne,
LA; then Division Artillery Commander,
82d Airborne Division, Fort Bragg, NC . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1943

113
Agt Dt
From To
Division Artillery Commander, 82d Airborne
Division, Sicily and Italy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1944
Commanding General, 101st Airborne Division,
Normandy, Western and Central Europe . . . . . 1944 . . . . . . 1945
Superintendent, US Military Academy,
West Point, NY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1949
Chief of Staff, European Command,
Heidelberg, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1949
US Commander, Berlin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1951
Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3, and Deputy Chief of
Staff, Operations and Administration,
Department of the Army, Washington, DC. . . . 1951 . . . . . . 1953
Commanding General, Eighth Army, Korea,
Army Forces, Far East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1953 . . . . . . 1954
Commanding General, US Army Forces,
Far East, and Eighth US Army,
Far East Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954 . . . . . . 1955
Commander in Chief, Far East Command . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1955
Chief of Staff, US Army, Washington, DC . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1959
Retired from active service, 30 June 1959
Recalled to active duty, 1 July 1961
Military Representative to the President,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961 . . . . . . 1962
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1962 . . . . . . 1964

Pcp US Mt Dct Qct

Distinguished Service Cross
Army Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Silver Star (with oak leaf cluster)
Legion of Merit
Bronze Star
Purple Heart

Parachutist

114
 Earle Gilmore Wheeler
3 July 19642 July 1970

E arle Wheeler was born in Washington, DC, on 13 January 1908. After

attending Eastern High School, he joined the DC National Guard at
the age of sixteen and rose to the rank of sergeant. He then entered the US
Military Academy in 1928. After graduating in 1932, Wheeler spent the next
twelve years as an infantry officer, serving from company to division level.
He also taught mathematics at West Point and graduated from the Command
and General Staff College. In 1942 he commanded an infantry battalion.
During World War II Wheeler rose to colonel. As Chief of Staff of the 63d
Infantry Division, he went overseas with the division in December 1944.
Wheeler participated in campaigns that halted the German drive in Alsace-
Lorraine, breached the Siegfried Line, seized Heidelberg, and crossed the
Danube. He was selected to lead an assault regiment against Hitlers moun-
tain fortress in the Bavarian Alps but missed his opportunity for combat
command when Germany surrendered as the operation was about to
begin.
After the war Wheeler served in a variety of command and staff assign-
ments. He commanded the 351st Infantry Regiment in Italy in 1951 and 1952.
He was then assigned to Allied Forces Southern Europe in Naples, Italy, first
as Readiness Officer and then as Assistant Chief of Staff for Plans and Oper-
ations. On his return to the United States in 1955, Wheeler joined the Army
Staff as Director of Plans in the Office of the Operations Deputy. He was
promoted to major general in December 1955 and in 1957 became Assistant
Deputy Chief of Staff for Military Operations. While serving in that position,

G E G. W
United States Army

117
 Colonel Wheeler inspects an honor guard in Trieste, November 1951.

he was chosen to head a joint committee to
study ways to make interservice planning
and decision making more effective.
From 1958 until 1960 Wheeler com-
manded the 2d Armored Division and III
Corps in Texas. Promoted to lieutenant gen-
eral, Wheeler returned to the Pentagon in
1960 as Director of the Joint Staff. In March
1962 the Army promoted him to general and
he was assigned as Deputy Commander in
Chief of the European Command.
After only seven months Wheeler
returned to Washington in October 1962 as
Chief of Staff of the Army. In addition to
developing the Armys air assault division
and improving the overseas reinforcement
system, he helped persuade the other Service
Chiefs to support the Limited Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty with the Soviet Union. During
Wheelers twenty-one months in office, Army
troops were deployed for possible use during
both the Cuban missile crisis and civil rights
disturbances in Mississippi and Alabama.
Following a visit to South Vietnam in late
1962, Wheeler argued for augmenting US
support troops and advisers to help the Sai-

118
gon government deal more effectively with
the Viet Cong insurgency.
General Wheeler became Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 3 July 1964. During
the next four years he was a regular attendee
at President Lyndon Johnsons Tuesday lun-
cheons with senior policy advisers and at
other high-level national security conferences.
Wheelers influence, however, was overshad-
owed by that of Secretary of Defense Robert S.
McNamara. As Chairman, General Wheeler
worked with marked success to eliminate dis-
sents or splits in JCS recommendations,
which, he believed, only invited interference
by McNamara. But Wheelers approach did
not succeed. Unanimity did not translate into
greater JCS influence, and McNamara deter-
mined military policies to a degree that none
of his predecessors had approached.
The Vietnam War consumed much of
Wheelers time and energy during the six
years he served as Chairman. Initially,
Wheeler and the Chiefs believed that US air
powerwithout ground troops or the risk of
a land war with Chinacould assist South
Vietnam in defeating communist aggression.
Throughout late 1964 and early 1965, Wheeler
presented the President and his civilian advis-
ers JCS recommendations for retaliatory air
strikes and then for a sustained air campaign
against North Vietnam. In February 1965
President Johnson approved a bombing cam-
paign, though not on the scale recommended
by the Chiefs. By the time the air operations
got under way the following month, the situ-
ation in South Vietnam had worsened.
Wheeler and his JCS colleagues no longer
thought an air campaign alone would suffice
and recommended the commitment of ground
forces. Although Johnson approved ground
force deployments, they were not of the mag-
nitude preferred by the Chiefs.
From 1965 through early 1968, Wheeler
led the Chiefs in recommending an expanded
air campaign against North Vietnam and
increased deployment of ground troops to
South Vietnam. Johnson listened carefully to
Wheeler and approved gradually expanded
bombing and larger force deployments, but
always at slower and smaller rates than those
advocated by the Chiefs. Such gradualism,
Wheeler and his colleagues argued, failed to
punish the enemy sufficiently to force him to
end the war in Vietnam.
The Tet offensive of January 1968 marked
a turning point in Wheelers and the Joint
Chiefs influence on the conduct of the war.
Although the offensive was costly for the
enemy, it proved a psychological victory. The
magnitude of the surprise attack greatly
increased opposition to the war in the United
States. As a consequence, President Johnson
increasingly disregarded JCS advice and pro-
ceeded to limit the bombing of North Viet-
nam, place a hold on further troop increases
in South Vietnam, and call for negotiations to
end the fighting. Wheeler continued to attend
all high-level White House meetings on Viet-
nam, but his recommendations and advice on
the war had little impact. In July 1968, how-
ever, Johnson sought and received congres-
sional approval to extend Wheelers chair-
manship for an additional year.
Though preoccupied with the war, Presi-
dent Johnson planned to begin negotiations
with the Soviet Union for strategic arms limi-
tations. In July 1968 Wheeler established the
position of Assistant to the Chairman for Stra-
tegic Arms Negotiations. Toward the end of
General Wheelers tenure as Chairman, Presi-
dent Richard Nixons Secretary of Defense,
Melvin Laird, authorized a support staff for
the position, and this office became the focal
point for military support to the US delega-
tion to the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
(SALT).
In 1969 President Nixon secured another
years extension of Wheelers tenure as Chair-
119
 General Wheeler and General Creighton W. Abrams in South Vietnam, October 1969.
man. Determined to end US involvement in
the war, Nixon adopted a policy of Vietnam-
ization, the gradual withdrawal of US forces
and buildup of South Vietnamese combat
capabilities, while also negotiating with the
North Vietnamese. Political necessity com-
pelled larger and faster US withdrawals than
Wheeler and his colleagues thought prudent.
General Wheeler retired on 2 July 1970
120
after an unprecedented six years in office.
Those who knew him best detected his great
frustration over his failure to win civilian
approval of the strategy that he believed
would win the war in Vietnam. The stress of
these six years led to several heart attacks that
greatly weakened Wheelers health. He died
on 18 December 1975 in Frederick, Maryland.
General Wheeler and his family with President Richard M. Nixon following a ceremony at the
White House where Wheeler received the Defense Distinguished Service Medal, 9 July 1970.

121
 E G W
General, USA
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Jun 32
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 35
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Sep 40 . . . . . 10 Jun 42
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Feb 42
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Nov 42
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Jun 43
LTC (postwar reduction) . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 47 . . . . . . 01 Jul 48
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Sep 50 . . . . . 06 Oct 53
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 Nov 52 . . . . . 13 May 60
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Dec 55 . . . . . 30 Jun 61
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Apr 60
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Mar 62

Agt Dt
From To
29th Infantry, Fort Benning, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . 1932 . . . . . . 1936
Infantry School, Fort Benning, GA . . . . . . . . . . 1936 . . . . . . 1937
15th Infantry Regiment, Tientsin, China,
and Fort Lewis, WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1937 . . . . . . 1940
Instructor, US Military Academy,
West Point, NY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1940 . . . . . . 1941
Aide-de-Camp to Commanding General,
36th Infantry Division, Fort Sam Houston
and Camp Bowie, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941 . . . . . . 1941
Command and General Staff College,
Fort Leavenworth, KS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941 . . . . . . 1942
Battalion Commander, 141st Infantry Regiment,
Camp Blanding, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1942
G-3, 99th Infantry Division; Chief of Staff,
63d Infantry Division, Camp Van Dorn, MS . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1944
Chief of Staff, 63d Infantry Division, European
Theater of Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1944 . . . . . . 1945
Instructor, Field Artillery School, Fort Sill, OK . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1946
Deputy Chief of Staff, Headquarters,
Western Base Section, France . . . . . . . . . . . 1946 . . . . . . 1947

122
Agt Dt
From To
G-3, Headquarters, US Constabulary,
Heidelberg, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1947 . . . . . . 1949
Student, National War College, Fort McNair,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1950
Member, Joint Intelligence Group, Joint Chiefs
of Staff, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1950 . . . . . . 1951
Commanding Officer, 351st Infantry Regiment,
Trieste; then Deputy Commanding General,
US Troops, Trieste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951 . . . . . . 1952
Readiness Officer, then Assistant Chief of Staff for
Plans and Operations, Allied Forces,
Southern Europe (NATO), Naples, Italy . . . . . 1952 . . . . . . 1955
Director of Plans, Office of the Deputy Chief of
Staff for Military Operations, US Army,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1957
Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Military
Operations, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . 1957 . . . . . . 1958
Commanding General, 2d Armored Division,
Fort Hood, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958 . . . . . . 1959
Commanding General, III Corps and 2d Armored
Division, Fort Hood, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1960
Director, Joint Staff, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . 1962
Deputy Commander in Chief, US European
Command, Camp des Loges, France . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1962
Chief of Staff, US Army, Washington, DC . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1964
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1964 . . . . . . 1970

Pcp US Mt Dct
Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Army Distinguished Service Medal (with 2 oak leaf clusters)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Bronze Star (with oak leaf cluster)
Army Commendation Medal (with oak leaf cluster)

123
 Thomas Hinman Moorer
2 July 19701 July 1974

T homas Moorer was born in Mt. Willing, Alabama, on 9 February

1912. After he graduated as valedictorian from Cloverdale High
School in nearby Montgomery in 1927, his interest in technology and a
natural attraction to military service led Moorer to enter the US Naval
Academy. He graduated in 1933. After completing training as an aviator at
the Pensacola Naval Air Station in 1936, he flew with fighter squadrons
based on the carriers Langley, Lexington, and Enterprise.
Lieutenant Moorer was serving with a patrol squadron at Pearl Harbor,
Hawaii, when the Japanese attacked in December 1941. His unit subse-
quently participated in the Dutch East Indies campaign of early 1942, during
which he flew numerous combat missions. He received a Purple Heart after
being shot down and wounded off the coast of Australia in February 1942
and then surviving an attack on the rescue ship, which was sunk the same
day. Three months later he braved Japanese air superiority to fly supplies
into and evacuate wounded out of the island of Timor. For this action, he
received the Distinguished Flying Cross for valor. He was promoted to lieu-
tenant commander in October 1942.
In 1943 and 1944 Moorer commanded Bombing Squadron 132, which
conducted anti-submarine warfare against the Germans off the coasts of
Florida, Cuba, and North Africa. He was promoted to commander in April
1944, soon after becoming the gunnery and tactical officer on the staff of the
Air Commander of the Atlantic Fleet.

Adl T H. M
United States Navy

125
 Lieutenant (Junior Grade) Moorer, third from left, with his PBY crew, Ford Island,
Hawaii, 1940.
After the war Moorer was assigned to the
Strategic Bombing Survey in Japan. Before his
promotion to captain in January 1952, his
assignments included serving as Project Offi-
cer for the development of the Sidewinder
missile and in air operations at sea. After
graduating from the Naval War College in
1953, he served on the staff of the Air Com-
mander of the Atlantic Fleet and then as Aide
126
to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air.
In 1956 he assumed command of his first ship,
the USS Salisbury Sound (AV-13), a seaplane
tender that sailed extensively in the Far East.
Captain Moorer joined the Navy Staff as
a strategic planner in 1957. In 1958 he became
Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for War
Gaming Matters and was promoted to rear
admiral. After a year at sea in command of
 Admiral Moorer, Commander in Chief, Atlantic, greets Vice President Hubert H. Hum-
phrey at the US Naval Air Station, Norfolk, Virginia, June 1965.

Carrier Division SIX, Moorer returned to the
Navy Staff in 1960 to direct the Long Range
Objectives Group. In 1962 he was promoted
to vice admiral and assumed command of the
Seventh Fleet.
In June 1964 Moorer received his fourth
star and became Commander in Chief of the
Pacific Fleet. Two months after he assumed
command, the United States became involved
in a war in Vietnam. In August the destroyer
USS Maddox was attacked while on patrol in
the Tonkin Gulf off the coast of Vietnam, and
Pacific Fleet planes took part in a retaliatory
strike against North Vietnam. Admiral Moorer
left the Pacific Fleet on 30 March 1965, just
two weeks after its air forces joined in ROLL-
ING THUNDER, the US air campaign against
North Vietnam. He remarked that he felt like
a fire chief that leaves a roaring fire just when
he gets the hoses hooked up and is ready to
turn on the water.
On 30 April 1965 Moorer assumed com-

127
 Admiral Moorer in South Vietnam, August 1969.

mand of NATOs Allied Command, Atlantic;
the US Atlantic Command; and the Atlan-
tic Fleet. He was the only officer in the
Navys history to command both the Pacific
and Atlantic Fleets. As CINCLANT, Moorer
successfully concluded the US operation in
the Dominican Republic. As Supreme Allied
Commander, Atlantic, he initiated a major
revision in NATO maritime strategy, devel-
oping the concept of a standing naval force
for the Allied Command, Atlantic.
On 1 August 1967 Admiral Moorer
became Chief of Naval Operations. For the
next three years he guided the Navy during
the height of the Vietnam War, a period char-
acterized by growing antipathy at home

128
toward US military involvement in Southeast
Asia and the beginning of Soviet naval chal-
lenges to US maritime dominance. Moorer
marshalled available resources to counter the
expansion of large Soviet task forces into the
Mediterranean, the Red Sea, and the Indian
Ocean. Despite fiscal constraints and the
needs of the Vietnam War, he was particularly
successful in modernizing US submarines to
assure their continued technical superiority.
On 2 July 1970 Admiral Moorer became
the seventh Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff. He was the first naval officer to hold the
post since Admiral Radford. As Chairman,
Moorer often found his and the Chiefs advice
disregarded by the President and the Secre-
tary of Defense. Nevertheless, he believed
that the Chairmans position was sufficiently
strong and that the joint system worked well;
he saw no need to revamp JCS organization.
According to Moorer, personalities, not orga-
nization charts, made all the difference.
In December 1971 the Secretary of
Defense revised the World-Wide Military
Command and Control System (WWMCCS),
the systems and procedures that linked the
President and the field commanders. The
chain for communicating commands contin-
ued to run from the President to the Secretary
of Defense through the Joint Chiefs to the uni-
fied and specified commanders. For emer-
gency and crisis situations, however, the Sec-
retary specified a shortened chain through
the Chairman representing the Chiefs. This
change merely reflected the existing situation.
In many Vietnam actions during his first eigh-
teen months in office, Admiral Moorer had
dealt directly with field commanders on oper-
ational issues. During the September 1970
Middle East crisis in which the regime of Jor-
dans pro-Western King Hussein was threat-
ened, Moorer had acted for the Chiefs because
time was critical and had informed them
later.
129
When Moorer took office, the process of
Vietnamization, whereby the Vietnamese
assumed progressively greater responsibility
for combat operations and US forces with-
drew, had been under way for over a year.
Although he and the Chiefs accepted the con-
cept of Vietnamization, they disagreed with
the President and top civilian advisers over
the pace of the US withdrawals. The Joint
Chiefs favored smaller and slower US reduc-
tions to allow the South Vietnamese more
time to adjust to their expanding combat
role.
Moorer was particularly perturbed over
the rules of engagement in Southeast Asia
and the restraints placed on US military
action there. He repeatedly recommended the
mining of Haiphong harbor and heavy bomb-
ing around the Hanoi area. He and the Chiefs
believed that increased naval and air pressure
on North Vietnam would lead to a peace set-
tlement, but their advice was rejected and US
forces withdrew at a rate that the Joint Chiefs
deemed too much too soon. From nearly
415,000 troops in South Vietnam in 1970,
troop strength declined to 25,000 by the end
of 1972. In late 1972 President Richard Nixon
directed naval and air bombardment of previ-
ously prohibited targets in the Hanoi and
Haiphong area, and on 27 January 1973 the
North Vietnamese agreed to an accord.
Moorer felt vindicated, since the military
measures that he had long advocated had
worked.
As JCS representative in the various NSC
committees, Moorer was deeply involved in
the strategic arms limitation talks (SALT). In
May 1972 President Nixon went to Moscow
for the final and climactic round of SALT. The
afternoon and evening of 25 May witnessed
tense exchanges of messages as the President
sought JCS acceptance of the final terms nego-
tiated in Moscow. Moorer recommended
rejecting them to make the Soviets give more
ground, but Nixon pressed strongly for JCS
concurrence. Moorer then presided over a
hastily arranged JCS conference from which a
statement of their accord with the agree-
ment finally emerged. Afterward, Moorer
joked that he had gone through the entire
dictionary to find this acceptable word.
Admiral Moorer also was concerned
about declining conventional force levels. He
saw force recommendations by the Joint
Chiefs reduced by the President and then
again by Congress and worried that conven-
tional capabilities were being cut below the
danger point. Repeatedly, during high-level
meetings he warned that an essential element
in any strategic equation was the communist
threat, which was real and rising, and that the
United States should enhance its ability to
respond conventionally to that threat.
In October 1973, when Egypt and Syria
attacked Israeli forces in occupied territory
that Israel had won from them during the
1967 Six Day War, the Joint Chiefs of Staff
130
supervised a large airlift of arms to Israel
directed by President Nixon. Admiral Moorer
worried about whether the Arabs would turn
to the Soviet Union and thereby imperil US
access to Middle East oil. In fact, Israel won
such successes against Egypt that the Soviet
Union did threaten to intervene. At a mid-
night meeting in the White House, Moorer
said bluntly that the Middle East would be
the worst place to fight a war with the Soviet
Union. He supported the administrations
decisions, however, to deter Moscow by order-
ing a worldwide alert, stopping Israels
advance, and then restoring ties with the Arab
states.
Admiral Moorer retired as Chairman
on 1 July 1974. In retirement, he served as a
senior adviser at the Center for Strategic and
International Studies in Washington, DC, and
on several corporate boards. He died at the
National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda,
Maryland, on 5 February 2004, at age 91.
 T H M
Admiral, USN
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

ENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jun 33
LTJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jun 36
LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Nov 40
LCDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Oct 42
CDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Apr 44
CAPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jan 52
RADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 58
VADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Oct 62
ADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Jun 64

Agt Dt
From To
USS Salt Lake City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1933 . . . . . . 1933
Navy Yard, New York, NY; CFO USS New Orleans . 1933 . . . . . . 1935
Student, Naval Air Station, Pensacola, FL . . . . . . 1935 . . . . . . 1936
Fighter Squadron ONE-B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1936 . . . . . . 1937
Fighter Squadron SIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1937 . . . . . . 1939
Patrol Squadron 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1939 . . . . . . 1942
Patrol Squadron 101. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1942
Transition Training Squadron, Atlantic Fleet . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1943
Commanding Officer, Bombing Squadron 132 . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1944
Gunnery and Tactical Officer, Staff, Commander
Air Force, Atlantic Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1944 . . . . . . 1945
Member of Strategic Bombing Survey (Japan),
Staff, Office of Chief of Naval Operations . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1946
Executive Officer, Naval Aviation Ordnance
Test Station, Chincoteague, VA . . . . . . . . . . 1946 . . . . . . 1948
Operations Officer, USS Midway. . . . . . . . . . . . 1948 . . . . . . 1949
Operations Officer, Carrier Division FOUR . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1950
Experimental Officer, Naval Ordnance Test
Station, Inyokern, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1950 . . . . . . 1951
Student, Naval War College, Newport, RI . . . . . . 1952 . . . . . . 1953
Plans Officer, Staff, Commander Air Force,
Atlantic Fleet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1953 . . . . . . 1955
Aide to the Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Air,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1956

131
Agt Dt
From To
Commanding Officer, USS Salisbury Sound . . . . . 1956 . . . . . . 1957
Assistant Director, Strategic Plans Division, Office
of Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, DC . 1957 . . . . . . 1958
Joint Operations Analysis Group, Washington, DC . 1958 . . . . . . 1958
Assistant Chief of Naval Operations
(War Gaming Matters), Washington, DC . . . . . 1958 . . . . . . 1959
Commander, Carrier Division SIX . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1960
Director, Long Range Objectives Group, Office
of Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, DC . 1960 . . . . . . 1962
Commander, Seventh Fleet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1964
Commander in Chief, US Pacific Fleet . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . 1965
Commander in Chief, Atlantic and Atlantic Fleet
and Supreme Allied Commander, Atlantic . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1967
Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, DC . . . . 1967 . . . . . . 1970
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1970 . . . . . . 1974

Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulfct

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with oak leaf cluster)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal (with 4 gold stars)
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Silver Star
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Purple Heart

Naval Aviator

132
134
 Geore Srahe Brown
1 July 197420 June 1978

G eorge Brown was born in Montclair, New Jersey, on 17 August

1918. His father was a West Point graduate and career cavalry offi-
cer. After high school in Leavenworth, Kansas, Brown attended the Univer-
sity of Missouri. He then followed in his fathers footsteps and entered the
US Military Academy, where he excelled as a cadet captain, regimental adju-
tant, and polo player.
Following his 1941 graduation and primary and advanced flight train-
ing, Brown served as a bomber pilot in Europe during World War II. He
participated in the famous low-level bombing raid against the oil refineries
in Ploesti, Romania, in August 1943. When the lead plane and ten others of
his forty-plane group were lost, Major Brown led the surviving planes back
to base. He received the Distinguished Service Cross for his heroism. Promo-
tions came rapidly during World War II, and in October 1944 Brown attained
the rank of colonel.
After the war, Colonel Brown served in a variety of command and staff
billets. During the last year of the Korean War, he was Director of Operations
of the Fifth Air Force in Seoul, Korea. After graduating from the National
War College in 1957, Brown served as Executive Assistant to the Chief of
Staff of the Air Force and then Military Assistant to the Deputy Secretary of
Defense. He was promoted to brigadier general in August 1959 and served
as Military Assistant to Secretaries of Defense Thomas Gates and Robert McNa-
mara. Promoted to major general in April 1963, he commanded the Eastern
Transport Air Force, McGuire Air Force Base, New Jersey, from 1963 to 1964 and

Gl Gg S. B
United States Air Force

135
 General Brown in the cockpit of a UH-1 helicopter in South Vietnam, October 1968.

Joint Task Force II, a JCS all-service weapons
testing unit at Sandia Base, New Mexico, from
1964 to 1966. After promotion to lieutenant
general in August 1966, Brown became Assis-
tant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff. Two years later he received his fourth
star.
From 1968 to 1970 General Brown served
as Commander of the Seventh Air Force in
Vietnam and Deputy Commander for Air
Operations, United States Military Assistance
Command, Vietnam (USMACV). Responsible
for all US air operations in South Vietnam,
which he coordinated with those of the South
Vietnamese air force, Brown advised the
MACV Commander on all matters pertaining
to tactical air support. He returned to the
United States in 1970 and became Commander
of Air Force Systems Command, Andrews Air
Force Base, Maryland.
On 1 August 1973 General Brown became
the Chief of Staff of the Air Force. In that posi-
tion, he campaigned to upgrade the strategic
bomber program. Brown pushed to replace
the aging B-52s with B-1s, swing-wing aircraft
that could carry the latest electronic equip-
ment and twice the payload of the B-52s and
penetrate deeper into Soviet territory.

136
 General Brown visits US Marines during an exercise in Puerto Rico, February 1975.

Appointed by President Richard Nixon,
General Brown became the eighth Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 1 July 1974. He
was the first Air Force officer since General
Twining to fill the position. As Chairman,
Brown served under three Presidents during
a period of limited budgets and constrained
force structure.
A few months after becoming Chairman,
General Brown made off-the-cuff remarks
that led to a public rebuke by President Ger-
ald R. Ford. In October 1974, during a ques-
tion-and-answer session following a speech
he had delivered at Duke University Law
School, Brown suggested that Israel had
undue influence over US national security
policy and referred to the power of Jews and
their money in the United States. When a
public uproar followed, Brown apologized
for his remarks. Nevertheless, in an interview
published two years later, he made similar
comments as well as intemperate remarks
about Britain and Iran. Despite this episode,
President Ford and Secretary of Defense Don-
ald Rumsfeld endorsed Browns continuing
as Chairman, and he served under President
Jimmy Carter as well.
Strategic arms limitation talks took up

137
 General Brown with Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger, November 1975.
much of General Browns time as Chair-
man. He and the Chiefs stressed the need
to maintain essential equivalence, which
meant finding a formula by which the US
lead in missile re-entry vehicles would offset
Soviet superiority in missile throw-weight.
The Vladivostok accords of November 1974
established broad limits for both sides. Com-
plex negotiations followed, centering on trad-
ing ceilings on US cruise missiles for ceilings
on Soviet Backfire bombers. These negotia-
tions were nearing completion when General
Brown retired.
After the US withdrawal from Vietnam,
the South Vietnamese military was not suc-
cessful in holding its own against the North
Vietnamese forces. General Brown led the
Joint Chiefs in urging US air and naval deploy-
ments to the area around South Vietnam to
138
signal US support for the Saigon government,
but public and congressional opposition to
any further involvement in Vietnam pre-
cluded approval of any military action. Then
in early March 1975 the North Vietnamese
launched an offensive that quickly overran
the South Vietnamese forces and climaxed
with the fall of Saigon on 30 April.
General Brown participated in decision
making over the US response to two confron-
tations in the Far East that were widely per-
ceived as testing US will in the aftermath of
the communist takeover of South Vietnam.
On 12 May 1975, less than two weeks after the
fall of Saigon, sailors of Cambodias radical
communist regime seized the US merchant
ship SS Mayaguez on the high seas in the Gulf
of Thailand. While jets from the carrier USS
Coral Sea sank three Cambodian naval vessels
and attacked a Cambodian air base, US
Marines retook the ship and stormed Koh
Tang Island, where they believed the crew
was being held. This operation, which brought
release of the crew, found wide support in the
United States.
In August 1976, when North Korean
guards killed two US officers and wounded
several US and South Korean enlisted men
trying to trim a tree in the Demilitarized
Zone (DMZ) dividing the two Koreas, Presi-
dent Ford, at the strong urging of General
Brown and the Chiefs, reinforced US forces
in and around South Korea. Meanwhile, a
large party of US and South Korean soldiers
entered the DMZ and cut down the tree,
139
which was obscuring surveillance of the zone.
General Brown played a crucial role in
the success of the 1977 negotiations to transfer
ownership of the Panama Canal from the
United States to Panama. His willingness to
make concessions to Panama, softening the
US position, made it possible to reach an
agreement, and his support for the agreement
was instrumental in securing the treatys rati-
fication by the Senate in April 1978.
Stricken with cancer, General Brown
retired from active duty on 20 June 1978, ten
days before the expiration of his second term
as Chairman. Less than six months later, on
5 December 1978, he died.
 Gg Sctcly B
General, USAF
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Jun 41
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Jun 42 . . . . . 12 Jun 44
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Oct 42
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Feb 43 . . . . . 03 Sep 48
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Aug 43 . . . . . 12 Apr 51
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Oct 44 . . . . . 24 Apr 56
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 59 . . . . . 30 Jan 62
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Apr 63 . . . . . 27 Feb 64
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 66
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 68

Agt Dt
From To
Student, Primary and Advanced Flying Schools,
Pine Bluff, AR, and Kelly Field, TX . . . . . . . . 1941 . . . . . . 1942
Pilot, B-24 Transportation Training, 344th
Bombardment Squadron, Barksdale Field, LA. . 1942 . . . . . . 1942
Pilot, B-24; Flight Commander, later Commander,
329th Bombardment Squadron,
93d Bombardment Group, Barksdale Field, LA;
Fort Myers Army Air Base, FL; Grenier Field,
NH; England, and later Libya . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1943
Air Executive Officer, 93d Bombardment Group,
Libya, later England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1943 . . . . . . 1944
Assistant Operations Officer, 2d Bombardment
Division, England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1944 . . . . . . 1945
Assistant to Air Chief of Staff, Operations,
Headquarters, Army Air Force Training
Command, Fort Worth, TX,
later Barksdale Field, LA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1946
Assistant to Air Chief of Staff, Operations,
Air Defense Command (ADC),
Mitchel Field, NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1946 . . . . . . 1948
Assistant Deputy Chief for Operations, ADC
(later Continental Air Command),
Mitchel Air Force Base, NY . . . . . . . . . . . . 1948 . . . . . . 1950

140
Agt Dt
From To
Commander, 62d Troop Carrier Group,
McChord Air Force Base, WA . . . . . . . . . . . 1950 . . . . . . 1951
Commander, 56th Fighter Interceptor Wing,
Air Defense Command; later Commander,
4708th Defense Wing, Selfridge
Air Force Base, MI. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951 . . . . . . 1952
Assistant Director and later Director of Operations,
Fifth Air Force, Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1952 . . . . . . 1953
Commander, 3525th Pilot Training Wing,
Williams Air Force Base, AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 1953 . . . . . . 1956
Student, National War College, Washington, DC . . 1956 . . . . . . 1957
Executive Assistant to Chief of Staff, US Air Force,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1957 . . . . . . 1959
Military Assistant to Deputy Secretary of Defense,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1959
Military Assistant to Secretary of Defense,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1963
Commander, Eastern Transport Air Force,
McGuire Air Force Base, NJ . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1964
Commander, Joint Task Force II, Sandia Base, NM . 1964 . . . . . . 1966
Assistant to Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1968
Commander, Seventh Air Force, and Deputy
Commander for Air Operations, Military
Assistance Command, Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1970
Commander, Air Force Systems Command,
Andrews Air Force Base, MD . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1973
Chief of Staff, US Air Force, Washington, DC . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1974
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1974 . . . . . . 1978

Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulfct

Distinguished Service Cross
Defense Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Silver Star
Legion of Merit (with 2 oak leaf clusters)
Distinguished Flying Cross (with oak leaf cluster)
Bronze Star
Air Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Army Commendation Medal

Command Pilot

141
142
 Davi Chares Jones
21 June 197818 June 1982

D avid Jones was born on 9 July 1921 in Aberdeen, South Dakota. He

grew up in Minot, North Dakota, where he often rode his bicycle
to a nearby airfield and dreamed of becoming a combat pilot. After graduat-
ing from the local high school, he attended the University of North Dakota
and Minot State College. Jones left college in April 1942, volunteering for the
US Army Air Corps. An aviation cadet, he earned his commission and pilot
wings in 1943.
After serving as a flying instructor in New Mexico, Arizona, and Texas,
Lieutenant Jones was assigned to the 3d Emergency Rescue Squadron of the
Fifth Air Force in Japan in 1945. He began as a unit pilot, flying Catalina fly-
ing boats, and rose to command the squadron. He was promoted to captain
in April 1946. From 1948 to 1949 Jones was a unit instructor and then Assis-
tant Operations and Training Officer with the 2236th Air Force Reserve
Training Center, Godman Field, Kentucky. During this period he also
attended the Air Tactical School at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida; the
Atomic Energy Course at Keesler Air Force Base, Mississippi; and the Armed
Forces Special Weapons Course at Sandia Base, New Mexico.
Assigned to the 19th Bombardment Squadron at March Air Force Base,
California, in January 1950, Jones was promoted to major in February 1951.
During his three and one-half years with the 19th, he rose to aircraft com-
mander, then operations officer, and finally commander of the squadron. He
flew more than three hundred hours on combat missions over North Korea
when the squadron was one of the first bombardment units committed to the

Gl Dd C. J
United States Air Force

143
 Captain Jones following award of the Distinguished Flying Cross, October 1950.

Korean War. In May 1953 Jones transitioned
from bombers to tankers, taking command of
the 22d Air Refueling Squadron at March.
Promoted to lieutenant colonel in June 1953,
he remained at March but returned to bomb-
ers the following year as Commander of the
33d Bombardment Squadron.
Jones served at Headquarters, Strategic
Air Command (SAC), Offutt Air Force Base,
Nebraska, during SACs buildup. Assigned in
September 1954, he was an operations plan-
ner in the Bomber Mission Branch until Janu-
ary 1955, when the SAC Commander in Chief,
General Curtis LeMay, selected him as his
aide. Promoted in April 1957, Colonel Jones
became Director of Materiel and later Deputy
Commander for Maintenance of SACs 93d
Bombardment Wing at Castle Air Force Base,
California.
After graduating from the National War
College in 1960, Jones was assigned to the Air
Staffs Operations Directorate for four years.
As Chief of the Manned Systems Branch, he
worked on the B-70 bomber project. He next
served as Deputy Chief and then Chief of the
Strategic Division. After F-100 and F-4 train-

144
 General Jones, as Air Force Chief of Staff, greets President Gerald R. Ford, 1975. Secretary
of Defense James R. Schlesinger and Deputy Secretary of Defense William P. Clements
look on.

ing, he assumed command of the 33d Tactical
Fighter Wing, Eglin Air Force Base, Florida, at
its activation in 1965 and brought it to opera-
tionally ready status.
Jones then served in key staff assign-
ments with US Air Forces, Europe (USAFE).
In October 1965 he became USAFE Inspector
General, responsible for inspecting units at
over ninety installations in ten countries. He
was promoted to brigadier general in Decem-
ber 1965. In January 1967 he became USAFE
Chief of Staff and in June Deputy Chief of
Staff for Plans and Operations. He received
his second star in November 1967.
In February 1969 Jones was assigned to
Headquarters, Seventh Air Force, Tan Son
Nhut Airfield, Republic of Vietnam, as Dep-
uty Chief of Staff for Operations. He became
Vice Commander in June. Promoted to lieu-
tenant general, he returned to SAC in August
1969 as Commander of the Second Air Force,
headquartered at Barksdale Air Force Base,

145
Louisiana.
In April 1971 Jones returned to USAFE as
Vice Commander in Chief. He assumed com-
mand of USAFE and Fourth Allied Tactical
Air Force in August and was promoted to
general in September. In his NATO capacity
as Commander of Fourth Allied Tactical Air
Force, General Jones directed an international
planning team that integrated Central Region
air forces into a more cohesive organization.
Central to this effort was his creation of a
small operational and planning headquarters,
Allied Air Forces, Central Europe.
After a career which had included opera-
tional and command positions in bomber,
tanker, training, and tactical fighter units as
well as headquarters staff positions, General
Jones became Chief of Staff of the Air Force in
July 1974. In that position, he advocated the
development of high-technology weapons
systems, reorganized the Air Force command
structure, and substantially reduced head-
quarters staffs. Appointed by President Rich-
ard M. Nixon, General Jones subsequently
developed a close working relationship with
Secretary of Defense Harold Brown and Pres-
ident Jimmy Carter. In April 1978 Carter
nominated him to be Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff.
The nomination was controversial. Crit-
ics in the military and Congress argued that
Jones should have fought to reverse the Presi-
dents 1977 decision to cancel the B-1 bomber.
General Jones, however, believed that the Air
Forces earlier efforts to prove the error of
President John F. Kennedys decision to cancel
the B-70 had been detrimental to the long-
term interests of the service. Although Jones
was a strong advocate of the B-1, he main-
tained that it was wrong to try to overturn the
decision of the Commander in Chief.
General Jones became the ninth Chair-
man on 21 June 1978. He was the only Chair-
man who was not a college or service acad-
146
emy graduate. Jones served four years under
two Presidents. With the four years that he
had served as Air Force Chief of Staff, his ten-
ure on the Joint Chiefs of Staff was longer
than that of any other member in JCS history.
He presided over the Joint Chiefs of Staff dur-
ing a period of increasing Soviet military
power and the emergence of militant Islam as
a threat to pro-Western regimes in the Persian
Gulf region. His tenure as Chairman saw
increased funding for defense in response to
the Soviet threat and continuing JCS advo-
cacy of strategic force modernization despite
progress on strategic arms control.
Jones accompanied President Carter to
Vienna in June 1979 for the final stage of the
SALT II negotiations with the Soviet Union.
While the Joint Chiefs had reservations about
aspects of the completed agreement, Joness
congressional testimony reflected their view
that the limitations it imposed did not them-
selves pose a danger to the United States. He
cautioned, however, that maintenance of stra-
tegic parity within these limits required ongo-
ing strategic modernization and warned that
there was a risk that SALT II could become a
tranquilizer to the American people. On bal-
ance, the Joint Chiefs judged the agreement to
be adequately verifiable and recommended
its ratification. However, Soviet intervention
in Afghanistan in December 1979 doomed
already slim prospects for Senate approval,
and President Carter withdrew the agree-
ment.
When the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
raised fears that Soviet forces there might
move into neighboring Iran, where an anti-
Western militant Islamic regime had taken
power in early 1979, President Carter created a
rapid deployment force (RDF) for Southwest
Asia to counter any such attempt in the region.
Subsequently, at the Secretary of Defenses
direction, General Jones oversaw planning for
the transformation of the RDF into a regional
 General Jones, right, with General John W. Vessey, Jr., 1982.

unified command. Planning for what in 1983
became the US Central Command was essen-
tially completed during his chairmanship.
After Iran refused to release US Embassy
personnel taken hostage during the Novem-
ber 1979 seizure of the embassy by followers
of Iranian leader Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini,
President Carter in early 1980 directed the
JCS to plan a rescue effort. General Jones over-
saw the planning, which was accomplished in

147
secrecy outside the existing command structure;
the result was a proposal for a multi-service
mission involving Air Force transports, Army
commandos, and Navy helicopters piloted by
Marines. The President approved the mission
after General Jones informed him that the JCS
believed that the plan was militarily feasible
and had a good chance of succeeding. When
mechanical problems and weather conditions
caused failures or crashes of several aircraft,
the mission was aborted. Congressional and
Defense Department investigations found
that lack of joint training and joint command
and control at the tactical level had contrib-
uted to the failure. In response, the Joint
Chiefs in August 1980 established a counter-
terrorist joint task force as a field operating
agency to conduct extensive training in joint
planning and command and control.
General Jones bore the brunt of criticism
for the failure of the hostage rescue mission.
When President Carter nominated him for a
second term, congressional opponents
attacked Jones both for the failure of the raid
and for his support of the administrations
defense and foreign policies. However, on 19
June 1980 the Senate voted overwhelmingly
to confirm him. After Ronald Reagans vic-
tory in the November 1980 presidential elec-
148
tion, critics of Jones launched a campaign to
persuade Reagan to dismiss the Chairman.
But President Reagan decided to retain Jones.
General Jones had become increasingly
dissatisfied with the operation of the joint
system. During his last year as Chairman, he
conducted an extensive review of the sys-
tems structural problems. This resulted in a
proposal for changes to the National Security
Act to improve the quality and timeliness of
military advice and the combined readiness
and effectiveness of the nations combat
forces. His central recommendation was that
the Chairman, rather than the corporate JCS,
should be the principal military adviser to the
President and Secretary of Defense. His pro-
posal for JCS reform prompted the most
active debate on defense organizational issues
since the 1950s. After his retirement on
18 June 1982, General Jones continued to be
an active participant in this debate. He saw
his ideas come to fruition with the 1986 pas-
sage of the Goldwater-Nichols Department of
Defense Reorganization Act. In retirement,
General Jones served as chairman of the
board of the National Education Corporation
and on several corporate and public service
boards.
 Dd Cl J
General, USAF
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 Feb 43
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Feb 44 . . . . . 06 Feb 46
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Apr 46 . . . . . 25 Oct 48
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Feb 51 . . . . . 23 Jan 52
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jun 53 . . . . . 01 Jul 59
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Apr 57 . . . . . 22 Dec 60
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Dec 65 . . . . . 10 Feb 66
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Nov 67 . . . . . 24 Jan 69
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 69
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 71

Agt Dt
From To
Aviation Cadet, Roswell, NM; Advanced
Flying Instructor, Roswell, NM; Yuma, AZ;
Pecos, TX; and Hobbs, NM. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1942 . . . . . . 1945
Pilot; Operations and Training Officer; Commander,
3d Emergency Rescue Squadron,
Fifth Air Force, Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1948
Unit Instructor, 2235th Air Force Rescue Training
Center, Godman Field, KY . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1948 . . . . . . 1949
Student, Air Tactical School,
Tyndall Air Force Base, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1949
Student, Atomic Energy Course,
Keesler Air Force Base, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1949
Assistant Operations and Training Officer,
Godman Field, KY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1949
Student, Special Weapons Course,
Sandia Base, NM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1950
Pilot and Operations Officer; Commander,
19th Bombardment Squadron,
March Air Force Base, CA, and Okinawa . . . . 1950 . . . . . . 1953
Commander, 22d Air Refueling Squadron,
March Air Force Base, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1953 . . . . . . 1954
Commander, 33d Bombardment Squadron,
March Air Force Base, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954 . . . . . . 1954

149
Agt Dt
From To
Operations Planner, Bomber Mission Branch,
Headquarters, Strategic Air Command,
Offutt Air Force Base, NE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954 . . . . . . 1954
Aide to Commander in Chief, Strategic Air
Command, Offutt Air Force Base, NE . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1957
Director of Materiel; Deputy Commander for
Maintenance, 93d Bombardment Wing,
Castle Air Force Base, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1957 . . . . . . 1959
Student, National War College, Washington, DC . . 1959 . . . . . . 1960
Chief, Manned Systems Branch; Deputy Chief
and then Chief, Strategic Division, Deputy
Chief of Staff/Operations, Headquarters,
US Air Force, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . 1964
Student, USAF Operations Training Course,
Luke and Davis-Monthan Air Force Bases, AZ . 1964 . . . . . . 1965
Commander, 33d Tactical Fighter Wing,
Eglin Air Force Base, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1965
Inspector General, Chief of Staff, and Deputy
Chief of Staff/Plans and Operations,
Headquarters, US Air Forces Europe,
Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1969
Deputy Chief of Staff/Operations and Vice
Commander, Seventh Air Force,
Tan Son Nhut Air Base, Vietnam . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1969
Commander, Second Air Force, Barksdale
Air Force Base, LA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1971
Vice Commander in Chief, US Air Forces, Europe,
Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1971
Commander in Chief, US Air Forces, Europe,
Wiesbaden Air Base, Germany (Ramstein
Air Base, Germany, after March 1973) and
Commander, Fourth Allied Tactical Air Forces,
Ramstein Air Base, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1974
Chief of Staff, US Air Force, Washington, DC . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1978
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1978 . . . . . . 1982

150
Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulfct
Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal (with 2 oak leaf clusters)
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross
Bronze Star
Air Medal (with oak leaf cluster)
Air Force Commendation Medal

Command Pilot
Missileman

151
 John Wiiam Vesse, Jr.
18 June 198230 September 1985

J ohn Vessey, Jr., was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota, on 29 June 1922.

In May 1939, thirteen months before he graduated from Roosevelt
High School, he enlisted in the Minnesota National Guard as a motorcycle
rider. His unit was activated in February 1941.
During World War II, Vessey served with the 34th Infantry Division.
The experience of early American setbacks in North Africa left Vessey with
a life-long appreciation of the need for realistic combat training, modern
equipment, physical fitness, and air-ground cooperation. When Major Gen-
eral Omar Bradley, Commander of II Corps in North Africa, launched the US
drive on Bizerte in April 1943, he gave the 34th the most difficult obstacle:
the well-defended Hill 609. In the first clear-cut US Army victory of the cam-
paign, the 34th Division took its objective, opening the way for the US
advance on Bizerte. Vessey, who had been a first sergeant since 1 September
1942, later described being a first sergeant in combat as the toughest job he
had. He was with the 34th when it entered the Anzio beachhead in Italy in
May 1944; there he received a battlefield commission as a second lieutenant,
serving as a forward observer.
After the war most of Vesseys service continued to be in field artillery
assignments. In the 1950s he served with the 4th Infantry Division in Ger-
many and the Eighth US Army in the Republic of Korea. During this period
he also attended the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leaven-
worth, Kansas.

Gl J W. Vy, J.
United States Army

153
 Sergeant Vessey in World War II.
By the time Vessey became a lieutenant
colonel, he had earned enough credits through
night school and correspondence courses for
a bachelor of science degree, which he received
from the University of Maryland in 1963. In
1965 he received a master of science from
George Washington University. From 1963 to
1965 Vessey commanded the 2d Battalion, 73d
Field Artillery in the 3d Armored Division;
then he spent a year as a student at the Indus-
trial College of the Armed Forces.
During the Vietnam War, Vessey served
for a year as Executive Officer of the 25th
154
Infantry Division Artillery in Vietnam. In
March 1967, while acting as Commander of
the 2d Battalion, 77th Artillery, he was given
the mission of establishing a fire support base
at Suoi Tre during Operation JUNCTION
CITY. Located deep in enemy-controlled ter-
ritory, Vessey and his men oriented the fire-
bases defenses on the enemys likely avenues
of approach and rehearsed counterattack
plans. During the attack by a reinforced regi-
ment, the base was partially overrun. Vessey
and his men fired their howitzers directly into
the enemy ranks. Although greatly outnum-
 General Vessey and Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger at a congressional
hearing, February 1983.

bered, the defenders, aided by gunships and
artillery, killed four hundred of their assail-
ants while successfully defending the fire-
base. Lieutenant Colonel Vessey received the
Distinguished Service Cross for his actions
during the battle.
From Vietnam, he went to Germany, to
serve first as Commander of the 3d Armored
Division Artillery from October 1967 until
March 1969 and then as Division Chief of Staff
for a year. He was promoted to colonel in
November 1967. Vessey went back to South-
east Asia in December 1970 to head the US
Army Support Command, Thailand. In Janu-
ary 1972 he went into Laos to coordinate all US
military operations in support of the war in
Laos. Vessey worked with the US ambassador,
the CIA station chief, and an assortment of
military contingents. When the Laotian cease-
fire came in February 1973, the Royal Lao

155
government controlled all major cities and the
vast majority of the population.
Upon his return to the United States,
Vessey became Director of Operations in the
Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Opera-
tions and Plans. Promoted to major general
in August 1974, he assumed command of
the 4th Infantry Division (Mechanized) at
Fort Carson, Colorado. Promoted to lieuten-
ant general in September 1975, he became the
Armys Deputy Chief of Staff for
Operations and Plans.
Vessey received his fourth star in Novem-
ber 1976. From 1976 to 1979 he served in the
Republic of Korea as Commanding General of
the Eighth US Army; Commander of US
Forces, Korea; and Commander in Chief of
the United Nations Command. In 1978 he
became the first Commander in Chief of the
Republic of Korea-United States Combined
Forces Command. His tour was marked by
increased tension caused by evidence of a
North Korean buildup and by President
Jimmy Carters 1977 announcement that US
ground forces would be withdrawn. Vessey
worked to assuage South Korean concerns
and change the Presidents decision. After
Carters 1979 visit, withdrawal plans were
suspended and then cancelled.
From July 1979 until June 1982 General
Vessey served as Vice Chief of Staff of the
Army. On 18 June 1982 he became the tenth
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the
last World War II combat veteran to serve in
the position. General Vessey was the only
Chairman who had been neither a Service
Chief nor a commander of a unified or speci-
fied command. He served as Chairman during
a period of unprecedented growth in peace-
time defense spending and an expanded US
military presence worldwide intended to
counter growing Soviet military power.
Vessey and the Service Chiefs believed
that their overriding task lay in convincing
156
Soviet leaders that their quest for military
superiority and geostrategic advantage was
fruitless. In Europe, they pushed the contro-
versial but successful deployment of Pershing
II and ground-launched cruise missiles to
offset the Soviet SS-20 missiles. In Southwest
Asia, highly visible US military activities
underscored the US commitment to defend
its vital interests in the region. In Central
America, training and intelligence were pro-
vided to support counterinsurgency efforts.
Believing that it was a mistake to commit
a superpowers forces to a peacekeeping mis-
sion, Vessey and the Joint Chiefs in 1982 and
1983 advised against deployment of a Marine
contingent to Lebanon as part of a multina-
tional peacekeeping force intended to restore
peace among warring factions there. Their
advice was not taken, and on 23 October 1983
a terrorist attack on the Marine headquarters
building in Beirut killed 241 Marines. In late
February 1984 President Ronald Reagan with-
drew the contingent from Lebanon.
Vessey stressed the need for improve-
ment of war plans and, for the first time, JCS
members along with commanders of unified
and specified commands personally partici-
pated in war games. Realizing the need to
strengthen the joint system, Vessey and the
Service Chiefs improved Joint Staff operations
by adding a capability for budgetary analysis
and by improving the quality of its personnel,
changes that did not require legislation.
Secretary of Defense Caspar Weinberger
understood the importance of decentraliza-
tion; he authorized Vessey to direct military
operations on the Secretarys behalf. The 1983
Grenada operation, for example, was planned
by Atlantic Command, reviewed by the JCS,
and approved by Secretary Weinberger and
the Presidentall in four days. Vessey over-
saw execution of the operation that rescued
US citizens and brought a pro-US govern-
ment into power.
 General Vessey briefs President Ronald Reagan at the White House, 1985. Left to right:
Donald Regan, White House Chief of Staff; Caspar W. Weinberger, Secretary of
Defense; President Reagan; Vice President George Bush; Robert McFarlane, Assistant
for National Security Affairs; and General Vessey.

During Vesseys tenure there was General Vessey retired on 30 September

increased emphasis on space as a theater of
operations. In early 1983 the Joint Chiefs men-
tioned to the President that defense against
nuclear-armed missiles might be technically
feasible in the next century. To their surprise,
Reagan seized upon the concept and on 23
March 1983 announced his vision of the Strate-
gic Defense Initiative (SDI). Realizing the enor-
mous military advantages to be gained from
operations in space and to support SDI, the JCS
recommended the establishment of a unified
command for space. US Space Command was
activated on 23 September 1985.
1985, several months before the expiration of
his second term as Chairman. He was the last
four-star World War II combat veteran on
active duty and, with forty-six years of
service, had served the longest of anyone
then in the Army. Shortly after General
Vesseys retirement, Secretary Weinberger
appointed him to the Integrated Long Term
Strategy Commission. Vessey also served
President Reagan and his successors, Presi-
dents George H. W. Bush and William J. Clin-
ton, as a special emissary to Vietnam on the
question of American service personnel miss-

157
ing from the Vietnam War. He was a long-
term member of the Defense Policy Board and
the Defense Science Board, chairing several of
the latters task forces and studies. In recogni-
tion of his service to the nation, he received
the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1992.

158
 J Wll Vy, J.
General, USA
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 May 44
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Apr 46 . . . . . 13 Jun 51
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 Jan 51 . . . . . . 29 Oct 54
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 May 58 . . . . . 26 Jan 62
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Jan 63 . . . . . . 02 Jan 69
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Nov 67 . . . . . 12 Mar 73
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Apr 71 . . . . . 23 Dec 74
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 74 . . . . . 23 Aug 76
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 75
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Nov 76

Agt Dt
From To
National Guard enlisted service . . . . . . . . . . . . 1939 . . . . . . 1941
34th Division Artillery, Camp Claiborne, LA,
Northern Ireland, North Africa, and Italy as
S/Sgt, 1st Sgt, and then battlefield commission
to 2Lt (Communications Officer/Forward
Observer/Air Observer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941 . . . . . . 1945
US Army Field Artillery School, Fort Sill, OK . . . . 1945 . . . . . . 1949
Student, Field Artillery Officers Advanced Course,
Field Artillery School, Fort Sill, OK . . . . . . . . 1949 . . . . . . 1950
Battery Officer; then Battery Commander,
18th Field Artillery, Fort Sill, OK . . . . . . . . . 1950 . . . . . . 1951
Assistant S-3 and Liaison Officer; then Headquarters
Battery Commander; then Assistant S-3 and
Liaison Officer, 4th Infantry Division Artillery,
US Army, Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951 . . . . . . 1954
Student, Artillery Officer Advanced Course,
Artillery and Guided Missile School,
Fort Sill, OK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954 . . . . . . 1955
Battery Commander, Artillery and Guided Missile
School Officer Candidate School . . . . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1956
Gunnery Instructor, Artillery and Guided Missile
School, Fort Sill, OK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1956 . . . . . . 1957
Student, US Army Command and General
Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, KS . . . . . . . 1957 . . . . . . 1958
Artillery Section, Eighth US Army with duty station
CINCPAC Coordination Center, Philippines . . 1958 . . . . . . 1958

159
Agt Dt
From To
Chief, Operations Branch, Artillery Section,
Eighth US Army, Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958 . . . . . . 1959
Assignment Officer, then Executive Officer,
Artillery Officers Division, Office of Deputy
Chief of Staff for Personnel, Washington, DC . . 1959 . . . . . . 1963
Student, Armed Forces Staff College, Norfolk, VA . 1963 . . . . . . 1963
Commander, 2d Battalion, 73d Artillery,
3d Armored Division, US Army, Europe . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1965
Student, Industrial College of the Armed Forces,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1966
Executive Officer, 25th Infantry Division Artillery,
Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1967
Commander, 3d Armored Division Artillery,
US Army, Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . 1969
Chief of Staff, 3d Armored Division,
US Army, Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1970
Student, US Army Primary Helicopter School,
Fort Wolters, TX; later US Army Aviation
School, Fort Rucker, AL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1970
Commanding General, US Army Support
Command, Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1971
Deputy Chief, JUSMAGTHAI (Chief MAAG, Laos) 1972 . . . . . . 1973
Director of Operations, Office of the Deputy Chief
of Staff for Operations and Plans,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1974
Commanding General, 4th Infantry Division
(Mechanized), Fort Carson, CO . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1975
Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and Plans,
US Army, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1976
Commanding General, Eighth US Army; and
Commander in Chief, US Forces, Korea; and
Commander in Chief, United Nations Command;
and (1978) Commander in Chief, Republic of
Korea-United States Combined Forces
Command, Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . 1979
Vice Chief of Staff, US Army, Washington, DC . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1982
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1982 . . . . . . 1985

160
Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulfct

Distinguished Service Cross

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with oak leaf cluster)
Army Distinguished Service Medal (with 2 oak leaf clusters)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit (with oak leaf cluster)
Bronze Star (with oak leaf cluster)
Air Medal (with 4 oak leaf clusters)
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Army Commendation Medal (with V device)
Purple Heart

Army Aviator

161
 Wiiam James Crowe, Jr.
1 October 198530 September 1989

W illiam Crowe was born on 2 January 1925 in La Grange, Kentucky,

and grew up in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. After graduating
from Classen High School, he attended the University of Oklahoma. Inspired
in part by his fathers experiences in the Navy during World War I, Crowe
entered the US Naval Academy. After completing the accelerated wartime
program he graduated in 1946, but as a member of the class of 1947.
His initial sea tour was aboard the USS Carmick (DMS-33). After com-
pleting submarine school in 1948, he qualified in submarines in March 1950
in the diesel submarine USS Flying Fish (SS-29). Almost all of his sea assign-
ments over the next decade were on diesel submarines. In 195l and 1952
Crowe served as Flag Lieutenant and Aide to the Commander of the US
Atlantic Fleets Submarine Force at New London, Connecticut.
After promotion to lieutenant in 1952 and another submarine tour, he
served from 1954 to 1955 as Assistant to the Naval Aide to President Dwight
D. Eisenhower. During this tour he attended George Washington University
Law School at night. Crowes assignment in Washington kindled an interest
in the study of government, and he began to rethink his Navy career path.
Enrolling in the only full-time graduate program then available in the Navy,
he received a masters in personnel administration from Stanford University
in 1956.
From Stanford, Crowe returned to sea as Executive Officer of the USS
Wahoo (SS-565) in Honolulu, Hawaii. Promoted to lieutenant commander in
January 1958, he became personal aide to the Deputy Chief of Naval Opera-

Adl Wll J. C, J.
United States Navy

163
 Midshipman Crowe, 1946.

tions for Plans, Policy and Operations the fol-
lowing autumn. This appointment introduced
him to the Navys role in international politics
and set his career direction.
In 1960 Crowe received his first com-
mand: the Navys newest diesel submarine,
the USS Trout (SS-566), based in Charleston,
South Carolina. Promoted to commander in
1962, he was selected that year as one of the
Navys first candidates for a doctorate in the
social sciences. Even the possibility of joining
the prestigious nuclear submarine program
did not dissuade him from his decision to
pursue graduate studies. Crowe received a
masters and a doctorate in politics from
Princeton University.
After he received his Ph.D. in 1965, he
returned to submarine duty as Chief of Staff to
the Commander of Submarine Squadron
THREE in San Diego, California. At the end of
1966 he was promoted to Commander of Divi-
sion 31, which concentrated on anti-
submarine operations. In 1967 he left San
Diego to return to the Plans and Policy Depu-
tys Office, where he headed the East Asia and
Pacific Branch of the Politico-Military Policy

164
Division and was promoted to captain in July
1967. After the North Korean capture of the
USS Pueblo in January 1968, he acted as the
Navys liaison with the State Department. His
office drafted the repatriation plan for the
captured crew, and at the direction of Chief of
Naval Operations (CNO) Admiral Thomas
Moorer, Crowe conducted the investigation
of the crews treatment during captivity.
In 1970, at the age of forty-four, Crowe
volunteered for service in Vietnam. He served
first as an adviser and then as Senior Adviser
to the Vietnamese Riverine Force in the
Mekong Delta. He returned to Washington in
197l as Director of the Office of Micronesian
Status Negotiations and Deputy to the Presi-
dents Personal Representative for Microne-
sian Status Negotiations in the Interior Depart-
ment, an appointment which recognized his
policy experience but seemed likely to side-
track his career. However, the head of the
1973 rear admiral selection board argued that
Crowes experience as an advocate should
outweigh his relative lack of sea duty. This
coincided with a push by CNO Admiral Elmo
Zumwalt for the promotion of officers with
wider ranges of experience, and Crowe was
promoted in July 1973.
Rear Admiral Crowe returned to the Pen-
tagon, where he served as Deputy Director of
the Strategic Plans, Policy and Nuclear Sys-
tems Division in the CNOs Office and then as
Director, East Asia and Pacific Region, in the
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense
for International Security Affairs. In June 1976
he assumed command of the Middle East
Force, based in Bahrain in the Persian Gulf.
Promoted to Vice Admiral in August
1977, he was appointed the Navys Plans,
Policy and Operations Deputy. After receiv-
ing his fourth star, Admiral Crowe became
Commander in Chief of Allied Forces South-
ern Europe in May 1980 and assumed the
additional responsibility of Commander in
165
Chief of US Naval Forces, Europe, in January
1983.
In July 1983 he became Commander in
Chief of the Pacific Command (CINCPAC).
When President Ronald Reagan stopped in
Hawaii en route to China in the spring of
1984, he was so impressed with Crowes brief-
ing on the military situation in the Far East
that he reportedly told Secretary of Defense
Caspar Weinberger that if another Chairman
was needed, he had found him. When Gen-
eral Vessey decided to retire, Reagan named
Crowe to replace him.
Admiral Crowe became the eleventh
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on
1 October l985. He was the first since Admiral
Radford to come directly from the helm of a
unified command. On 1 October 1986 he
became the first Chairman to serve under the
Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense
Reorganization Act, which transferred con-
siderable authority from the corporate JCS to
the Chairman. After the law came into force,
Crowe made the transition from being first
among equals on the corporate body to being
the principal military adviser to the President,
the Secretary of Defense, and the National
Security Council.
Admiral Crowe came to the chairman-
ship at a time of increasing international ter-
rorism. When Palestinian terrorists hijacked
the Italian cruise ship Achille Lauro a week
after he was sworn in, US efforts to obtain
custody of the hijackers were frustrated. Then,
in December Americans were among those
killed during terrorist assaults on the Rome
and Vienna airports. In addition, Libyan
leader Muammar Qaddafi, a principal spon-
sor of terrorism, had proclaimed a Line of
Death one hundred miles off Libyas shore
well beyond its internationally recognized
territorial waters.
On Crowes recommendation, the United
States responded by adopting new rules of
 Admiral Crowe, Commander in Chief, Allied Forces Southern Europe, at a briefing
during a NATO exercise, 1981.

engagement; US units were allowed to respond
to apparent threats rather than waiting until
they were fired upon. This change led to the
sinking of two Libyan patrol boats during a
March 1986 Sixth Fleet exercise in the Gulf of
Sidra. A week later, when terrorists bombed a
West Berlin discotheque frequented by Amer-
ican soldiers, the United States attributed the
attack to Qaddafi, and the Reagan adminis-
tration decided to retaliate.
In deliberations over the US response,
Crowe argued that the focus should be on
Qaddafis military capability. Although the
decision to launch a night air strike that
included command and control and terrorist
targets resulted in an operation that was nei-
ther as focused nor as massive as Crowe had
recommended, the 26 April raid on Libya led
to an immediate reduction in the Libyan
military presence in the Gulf of Sidra and in
Libyas terrorist activities.
In October 1986, at a meeting with Soviet
General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in
Reykjavik, Iceland, President Reagan, with-
out consulting the Joint Chiefs of Staff, pro-
posed the elimination of all intercontinental
ballistic missiles in ten years. Gorbachev
accepted the proposal, but the summit

166
 Admiral Crowe welcomes Marshal Sergei Akhromeyev, Chief of the Soviet General
Staff, to The Tank, the JCS Conference Room in the Pentagon, 8 July 1988.

adjourned without an agreement. On the Planning Group (NSPG). He informed the

Presidents return to Washington, the admin-
istration did not discuss the proposals with
the Joint Chiefs. Nevertheless, Admiral Crowe
thought that he had to bring the issue before
the Chiefs. They agreed that the Presidents
proposal was completely unacceptable
from the point of view of US national secu-
rity.
With only lukewarm support from Secre-
tary Weinberger, who believed that the zero-
ballistic-missile (ZBM) proposal would not be
pursued, Crowe initiated discussion of the
subject in a meeting of the National Security
President that the Joint Chiefs believed that it
would be ill-advised to proceed with the ZBM
proposal. The concept was, in fact, not pur-
sued, and Admiral Crowe believed that his
speaking out at the meeting bolstered his rela-
tionship with the other members of the NSPG.
During Crowes tenure as Chairman
there was heightened tension in the Persian
Gulf region as a result of the Iran-Iraq War. In
1987 he was actively involved in the planning
for Operation EARNEST WILL, the US reflag-
ging and convoying of Kuwaiti tankers in the
Persian Gulf to protect them from Iranian

167
 Admiral Crowe conducts a press briefing, June 1989.
attack. Using the increased authority that
Goldwater-Nichols gave the Chairman and
the CINCs to design command and control
arrangements, Crowe guided the creation of
a joint task force to conduct the operation. In
July 1988, when the USS Vincennes mistak-
enly shot down an Iranian civilian airliner,
Crowe, supported by Secretary of Defense
Frank Carlucci, urged immediate public dis-
closure of the shootdown. When the Secre-
tary of State and the President agreed, Crowe
was given the responsibility of making the
announcement.
With the lessening of tensions between
the United States and the Soviet Union in
1987, Admiral Crowe initiated a historic dia-
logue with his Soviet counterpart. When
168
Chief of the Soviet General Staff Marshal Ser-
gei Akhromeyev was in Washington in
December 1987 for the signing of the Interme-
diate Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, Crowe
invited him to the Pentagon, where Akhro-
meyev met with the Chairman and the other
JCS members in The Tank. A private Crowe-
Akhromeyev meeting led to an agreement
designed to prevent accidental armed conflict
between US and Soviet armed forces and to a
formal program of military-to-military dia-
logue between the services of the two coun-
tries. In the summer of 1988 Akhromeyev and
the Soviet Service Vice Chiefs visited the
United States at Crowes invitation. When
Crowe and the US Service Vice Chiefs returned
the visit in June 1989, he and Akhromeyevs
successor, General Mikhail Moiseyev, signed
the Agreement on the Prevention of Danger-
ous Military Activities and a military-to-mili-
tary contacts agreement. Crowes initiatives
did much to hasten the thaw in the Cold War.
After his retirement on 30 September
1989, Admiral Crowe became a counselor at
the Center for Strategic and International
Studies in Washington, DC, and University
Professor of Geopolitics at the University of
Oklahoma. He wrote his memoir, The Line of
Fire; served on a number of corporate boards;
and was a director of the Council on Foreign
Relations. From 1990 until 1993 Crowe co-
chaired the Carnegie Commission on Reduc-
ing the Nuclear Danger; he co-authored its
1993 report, Reducing Nuclear Danger: The Road
Away from the Brink. In 1993 President William
J. Clinton appointed him Chairman of the
Presidents Foreign Intelligence Advisory
Board. From 1994 until 1997 Crowe served as
US Ambassador to the Court of St. James.
169
Upon his return to Washington, DC, he became
chairman of the advisory board of Capitoline/
MS&L, a government relations firm, and then
senior adviser to GlobalOptions, LLC, an
international crisis management firm. He
served on the Overseas Presence Advisory
Panel and in 1998-1999 chaired the State
Department Accountability Review Boards,
appointed after the August 1998 bombings of
the US embassies in Nairobi, Kenya, and Dar
Es Salaam, Tanzania, to examine the embas-
sies security procedures. He taught political
science at the Naval Academy, served as a
trustee of Princeton University, and was Sha-
piro Visiting Professor of International Affairs
at George Washington University. In recogni-
tion of his long-time service to the nation,
Admiral Crowe was awarded the Presidential
Medal of Freedom in 2000. He died at the
National Naval Medical Center in Bethesda,
Maryland, on 18 October 2007, at age 82.
 Wll J C, J.
Admiral, USN
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

ENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Jun 46
LTJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Jun 49
LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jun 52
LCDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jan 58
CDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 62
CAPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 67
RADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Jul 73 . . . . . . 01 Jun 74
VADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Aug 77
ADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 May 80

Agt Dt
From To
USS Carmick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1946 . . . . . . 1946
Naval Mine Warfare School, Yorktown, VA . . . . . 1946 . . . . . . 1946
USS Carmick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1947 . . . . . . 1948
Naval Submarine School, Submarine Base,
New London, CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1948 . . . . . . 1948
USS Flying Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1948 . . . . . . 1951
Staff, Commander Submarine Force,
US Atlantic Fleet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1951 . . . . . . 1952
USS Clamagore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1952 . . . . . . 1954
Naval Administrative Unit, Potomac River
Naval Command . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954 . . . . . . 1955
Student, Stanford University. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1956
Executive Officer, USS Wahoo . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1956 . . . . . . 1958
Head, New Development/Special Weapons Branch,
Personnel Research Division, Bureau of Naval
Personnel, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958 . . . . . . 1959
Aide to Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (Plans
and Policy), Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1960
Commanding Officer, USS Trout . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . 1962
Student, Princeton University . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1965
Staff, Commander Submarine Squadron THREE . . 1965 . . . . . . 1966
Commander, Submarine Division 31 . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1967
Head, East Asia and Pacific Branch,
Politico-Military Policy Division, Office of
Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, DC . . 1967 . . . . . . 1970

170
Agt Dt
From To
Senior Adviser, Amphibious Task Force 211 and
Commander, Task Force 210; Senior Adviser,
Deputy Commander, Tran Hung Dao,
Binh Thuy, from 6 Apr 1971 to 20 Aug 1971,
US Naval Forces, Vietnam, and Naval Advisory
Group, Military Assistance Command, Vietnam 1970 . . . . . . 1971
Director, Office of Micronesian Status
Negotiations and Deputy to Presidents Personal
Representative for Micronesian Status
Negotiations, Department of the Interior,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1973
Deputy Director, Strategic Plans, Policy and
Nuclear Systems Division, Office of Chief of
Naval Operations, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1974
Director, East Asia and Pacific Region, Office of
Assistant Secretary of Defense (ISA),
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1976
Commander, Middle East Force . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . 1977
Deputy Chief of Naval Operations, Plans, Policy
and Operations, and Senior Navy Member,
US Delegation, United Nations Military
Staff Committee, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1980
Commander in Chief, Allied Forces Southern
Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . 1983
Commander in Chief, Pacific Command
(redesignated US Pacific Command on
11 October 1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . 1985
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1985 . . . . . . 1989

Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulfct

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal (with 2 gold stars)
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit (with 2 oak leaf clusters)
Bronze Star (with V device)
Air Medal

Submarine Officer
Submarine Commanding Officer

171
 Coin Lher Powe
1 October 198930 September 1993

C olin Luther Powell, the son of Jamaican immigrants, was born on

5 April 1937 in the Harlem section of New York City. He grew up
in the South Bronx, where he graduated from Morris High School. At sixteen
he entered the City College of New York. Attracted by the panache of the
Pershing Rifles drill team, he joined the Army Reserve Officer Training
Corps (ROTC). There he found a sense of direction. He became company
commander of the Pershing Rifles, attained ROTCs highest rank of cadet
colonel, and was named a distinguished military graduate. When he
graduated in l958 with a bachelor of science in geology, Powell was commis-
sioned a second lieutenant in the Regular Army.
During the next decade Powell mastered infantry tactics and unit lead-
ership. After completing Infantry Officer Basic, Ranger, and Airborne
schools, he joined the 3d Armored Division in West Germany as a platoon
leader. He then transferred to Fort Devens, Massachusetts, to command a
company of the 5th Infantry Division and in 1962 was promoted to captain.
From December 1962 to November 1963 Powell was assigned to Viet-
nam, where he served as an adviser to a South Vietnamese infantry battal-
ion. Wounded during this tour, he received a Purple Heart. On his return, he
completed the Infantry Officer Advanced Course at Fort Benning, Georgia;
was promoted to major in 1966; and the following year became an instructor
at the Infantry School. In 1968 he graduated from the Command and
General Staff College, Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, second in a class of 1,244.

Gl Cl L. Pll
United States Army

173
 ROTC Cadet Sergeant First Class Powell, 1957.

In June 1968 Major Powell returned to
Vietnam, serving first as a battalion executive
officer and then as Assistant Chief of Staff,
Operations (G-3), and later deputy G-3, with
the 23d Infantry Division (Americal). During
this tour he received the Soldiers Medal for
repeatedly returning to a burning helicopter
to rescue others despite being injured him-
self.
Powell spent 1969 to 1973 in Washington,
DC. Promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1970,
he received a masters in business administra-
tion from George Washington University in
1971. In 1971 and 1972 he worked as an oper-
ations research analyst in the Planning, Pro-
gramming and Analysis Directorate in the
Office of the Assistant Vice Chief of Staff of
the Army. Selected in 1972 as one of seven-
teen White House Fellows from among l,500
applicants, he was assigned to the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) as Special
Assistant to the Deputy Director.
Lieutenant Colonel Powell returned to a
troop assignment in September 1973 as Com-
mander of the 1st Battalion of the 32d Infan-
try, 2d Infantry Division, guarding the Demil-

174
 Lieutenant Colonel Powell as a battalion commander in South Korea.

itarized Zone in the Republic of Korea. His
next assignment, from 1974 to 1975, was as an
operations research systems analyst in the
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense
for Manpower and Reserve Affairs. During
1975 and 1976 he was a student at the National
War College, Fort Lesley J. McNair, Washing-
ton, DC. Promoted to colonel in 1976, Powell
assumed command of the 2d Brigade, 101st
Airborne Division (Air Assault), Fort Camp-
bell, Kentucky, in April of that year.
Colonel Powell returned to the Office of
the Secretary of Defense (OSD) in July 1977 as
Executive to the Special Assistant to the Secre-
tary and Deputy Secretary of Defense. After
promotion to brigadier general in 1979 he
continued in OSD as Senior Military Assistant
to the Deputy Secretary until June 198l, when
he became Assistant Division Commander for
Operations of the 4th Infantry Division (Mech-
anized), Fort Carson, Colorado. In August
1982 General Powell became the Deputy
Commanding General of the US Army Com-
bined Arms Combat Development Activity,
Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.
In July 1983 he returned to the Pentagon

175
 Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney swears in General Powell as the twelfth Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 3 October 1989.

as Senior Military Assistant to Secretary of
Defense Caspar Weinberger. Promoted to
major general the following month, Powell
continued as Weinbergers assistant until June
1986, when he assumed command of V Corps
in Europe. He was promoted to lieutenant
general in July.
Six months later, President Ronald Rea-
gan summoned him to become the Deputy
National Security Adviser under Frank Car-
lucci, for whom Powell had worked at OMB
and in OSD. When Carlucci became Secretary
of Defense, General Powell replaced him as
National Security Adviser. He served in this
position from December 1987 until the end of
the Reagan presidency in January 1989. Dur-
ing this time he organized and coordinated
several summit meetings between President
Reagan and other world leaders.
In April 1989 Powell received his fourth
star and became Commander in Chief of
Forces Command (CINCFOR), Fort McPher-

176
 General Powell briefs the press during Operation DESERT STORM, 1991.

son, Georgia, responsible for the general
reserve of US-based Army forces. Within
months of his appointment as CINCFOR,
President George H. W. Bush selected Gen-
eral Powell to be the twelfth Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff. When Powell became
Chairman on 1 October 1989, he was the first
African-American, the first ROTC graduate,
and, at fifty-two, the youngest officer to serve
in the position.
General Powells tenure as Chairman
coincided with the end of the Cold War; his
chairmanship saw more change in the world
than that of any of his predecessors. Powell
was the principal architect of the reorienta-
tion of US strategy and the reduction of the
armed forces in response to the changed stra-
tegic environment. He directed the most sig-
nificant change in national military strategy
since the late 1940s, devising a strategy that

177
focused on regional and humanitarian crises
rather than on the Soviet Union. Powells con-
cept of a base force sufficient to maintain
the United States superpower status won
Secretary of Defense Dick Cheneys and Pres-
ident Bushs support for a 25 percent reduc-
tion in the size of the armed forces.
The first Chairman to serve his whole
tenure under the Goldwater-Nichols Depart-
ment of Defense reforms, Powell devoted
considerable energy to promoting joint cul-
ture in order to enhance the services ability
to fight together as a team. He guided the
development of doctrine for joint warfare
and was the driving force behind the expan-
sion of the Atlantic Commands responsibili-
ties, which transformed it from a principally
naval headquarters into one with responsibil-
ity for ground and air forces based in the
continental United States as well as East
Coast naval forces. When the new US Atlan-
tic Command (USACOM) came into exis-
tence on l October l993, the day after Powells
retirement, it was a joint command designed
to meet the military requirements of the post-
Cold War world.
During Powells chairmanship, the US
Armed Forces made over two dozen opera-
tional deployments. An attempted coup
against the Panamanian dictator Manuel
Noriega on 3 October 1989 almost postponed
Powells welcoming ceremony at the Penta-
gon. Over the next two months, the Chairman
worked with the Commander in Chief of US
Southern Command to develop a contingency
plan that would provide a large force should
President Bush decide to intervene in Panama.
After Panama declared a state of war with the
United States and Panamanian soldiers killed
an American officer and manhandled another
officer and his wife, President Bush ordered
the deployment of approximately 14,000
troops to Panama in late December. They
joined almost 13,000 troops already there to
178
execute Operation JUST CAUSE, which
resulted in the defeat of the Panamanian
forces and the downfall of Noriega.
General Powell played a central role in
the preparation for and conduct of the Persian
Gulf War. In response to Iraqs invasion of
Kuwait in August 1990, President Bush
ordered the deployment of some 250,000 US
troops to Saudi Arabia in Operation DESERT
SHIELD. Powell advised keeping all options
open, exerting diplomatic and economic pres-
sure while building up sufficient forces in the
region to assure quick victory if the United
States and its coalition partners concluded
that military action was necessary. When
Iraqi President Saddam Hussein did not with-
draw his forces from Kuwait, Powell endorsed
the Presidents decision to launch an offen-
siveOperation DESERT STORMin Janu-
ary 1991. After it became clear in late Febru-
ary that the coalition forces had achieved an
overwhelming victory, he supported the
Presidents decision to suspend hostilities.
The Persian Gulf victory boosted the mili-
tarys standing with the American public, and
General Powell became a well-known and
popular figure. For his leadership during the
war, he received a Congressional Gold Medal,
struck in his honor, and the Presidential
Medal of Freedom.
In addition to the combat operations in
Panama and the Persian Gulf, US forces par-
ticipated in a number of rescue and relief
operations during Powells chairmanship,
including humanitarian relief operations to
provide assistance to famine victims in Soma-
lia and to victims of ethnic warfare in Bosnia
in 1992 and 1993. While supporting limited
use of US forces to contain the crisis in the
Balkans and to assist the United Nations
forces on the ground there, General Powell
was reluctant to commit US forces to inter-
vene directly in the war and thus become one
of the belligerents. He forcefully argued
against the commitment of US ground troops
in either a peacemaking or combat role. In
internal debates in the Bush and Clinton
administrations and in published articles, he
advocated the use of US forces in combat only
when there were clear political objectives and
the political willingness to commit sufficient
resources to achieve these objectives. Although
there was a perception of an uneasy relation-
ship between the military and the new Clin-
ton administration, especially over the issue
of homosexuals in the military, General Pow-
ell enjoyed a close working relationship with
President William J. Clinton.
When General Powell retired on 30 Sep-
tember 1993, the role of the Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff had been substantially
enhanced due to his aggressive exercise of the
expanded powers granted the Chairman in
the Goldwater-Nichols Act. His tenure as
Chairman subsequently became the subject of
debate among some scholars and commenta-
tors concerned with the role of the military in
policy development.
At his retirement General Powell was
awarded a second Presidential Medal of Free-
dom, this one with distinction. Later that year
Queen Elizabeth II made him an honorary
Knight Commander of the Bath. In retire-
ment, Powell wrote a best-selling autobiogra-
phy and became a frequent public speaker. As
179
a member of the three-man delegation, headed
by former President Jimmy Carter, that Presi-
dent Clinton sent to Haiti in September 1994,
he played a key role in negotiating the peace-
ful transfer of power from the military dicta-
torship to the elected president. Powell co-
chaired the Presidents Summit for Americas
Future in 1997 and subsequently launched
and became chairman of Americas Prom-
iseThe Alliance for Youth, a national orga-
nization to mobilize volunteer efforts to assist
young people in developing the character and
skills needed to become successful adults. A
trustee of Howard University and a director
of the United Negro College Fund, he also
served on the board of governors of the Boys
& Girls Clubs of America, on the advisory
board of the Childrens Health Fund, and on
corporate boards. In 1998 he received the US
Military Academys Sylvanus Thayer Award
for embodying the values expressed in the
Academys motto, Duty, Honor, Country,
and in 1999 the Air Force Academy awarded
him the Thomas D. White Defense Award for
his contributions to national defense. Powell
was a member of the US delegation of observ-
ers for the 1999 presidential election in Nige-
ria, one of the steps in that nations transition
to democratic rule. He also served as the 65th
United States Secretary of State, under Presi-
dent George W. Bush from 2001 to 2005.
 Cl Lut Pll
General, USA
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent
2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Jun 58 . . . . . 30 Jun 58
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Dec 59 . . . . . 30 Jun 61
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02 Jun 62 . . . . . 30 Jun 65
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 May 66 . . . . . 30 Jun 72
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 Jul 70 . . . . . . 30 Jun 79
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Feb 76
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jun 79 . . . . . 22 Jan 82
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 83
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 86
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 Apr 89

Agt Dt
From To
Student, Infantry Officer Basic Course, Ranger
and Airborne Courses, US Army Infantry
School, Fort Benning, GA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958 . . . . . . 1958
Platoon Leader, Company B, 2d Armored Rifle
Battalion, 48th Infantry, US Army, Europe . . . . 1958 . . . . . . 1959
Assistant Adjutant, Combat Command B,
3d Armored Division, US Army, Europe . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1959
Platoon Leader, later Executive Officer,
Company D, 2d Armored Rifle Battalion,
48th Infantry, US Army, Europe . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1960
Liaison Officer, later Executive Officer,
Company A, 1st Battle Group, 4th Infantry,
2d Infantry Brigade, 5th Infantry Division
(Mechanized), Fort Devens, MA. . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . 1961
Commander, Company A, 1st Battle Group,
4th Infantry, 2d Brigade, 5th Infantry
Division (Mechanized), Fort Devens, MA . . . . 1961 . . . . . . 1962
S-1, 1st Battalion, 2d Infantry, 5th Infantry Division
(Mechanized), Fort Devens, MA. . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1962
Student, US Army Special Warfare Center,
Fort Bragg, NC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1962
Self Defense Corps Training Center Adviser,
2d Infantry Division, I Corps, Military
Assistance Advisory Group, Vietnam . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1963

180
Agt Dt
From To
Senior Battalion Adviser, Unit Advisory Branch,
later Assistant G-3 (Operations) Adviser,
1st Infantry Division, Army of the Republic of
Vietnam, Military Assistance Advisory Group,
Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1963
Test Officer, US Army Infantry Board,
Fort Benning, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1964
Student, Infantry Officer Advanced Course,
US Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, GA . . 1964 . . . . . . 1965
Test Officer, Supporting Weapons Test Division,
US Army Infantry Board, Fort Benning, GA . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1966
Instructor/Author, Operations Committee,
US Army Infantry School, Fort Benning, GA . . 1966 . . . . . . 1967
Student, US Army Command and General Staff
College, Fort Leavenworth, KS . . . . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . 1968
Executive Officer, 3d Battalion, 1st Infantry,
11th Infantry Brigade, Americal Division,
US Army, Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1968
Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3 (Operations), later
Deputy G-3 (Operations), Americal Division,
US Army, Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1969
Student, George Washington University,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1971
Operations Research Analyst, Office of the
Assistant Vice Chief of Staff, United States
Army, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1972
White House Fellow, Office of Management and
Budget, The White House, Washington, DC . . . 1972 . . . . . . 1973
Commander, 1st Battalion, 32d Infantry,
2d Infantry Division, Eighth United States
Army, Korea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1974
Operations Research Systems Analyst, Office of the
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower
Requirements and Analysis), Office of the
Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower and
Reserve Affairs), Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1975
Student, National War College, Fort McNair,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1976
Commander, 2d Brigade, 101st Airborne
Division (Air Assault), Fort Campbell, KY . . . . 1976 . . . . . . 1977
Executive to the Special Assistant to the Secretary
and Deputy Secretary of Defense,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1978

181
Agt Dt
From To
Senior Military Assistant to the Deputy Secretary
of Defense, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1981
Assistant Division Commander, 4th Infantry
Division (Mechanized), Fort Carson, CO . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1982
Deputy Commanding General, US Army Combined
Arms Combat Development Activity,
Fort Leavenworth, KS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . 1983
Military Assistant to the Secretary of Defense, Office
of the Secretary of Defense, Washington, DC . . 1983 . . . . . . 1986
Commanding General, V Corps, US Army, Europe . 1986 . . . . . . 1986
Deputy Assistant to the President for National
Security Affairs, The White House,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1987
Assistant to the President for National Security
Affairs, The White House, Washington, DC . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1989
Commander in Chief, Forces Command,
Fort McPherson, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . 1989
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1989 . . . . . . 1993

Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulfct

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Army Distinguished Service Medal (with oak leaf cluster)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (with oak leaf cluster)
Soldiers Medal
Bronze Star
Purple Heart
Air Medal
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Army Commendation Medal (with 2 oak leaf clusters)

Ranger
Parachutist
Air Assault
Pathfinder
Combat Infantryman

182
 John Mahase Davi
Shaikashvii
25 October 199330 September 1997

J ohn Shalikashvili was born 27 June 1936 in Warsaw, Poland. During

World War II he lived through the German occupation of Poland, the
1944 Warsaw uprising, and flight to Germany. In 1952 he emigrated with his
family to the United States, settling in Peoria, Illinois.
Shalikashvili entered Peoria Central High School, graduating in 1954.
He received a scholarship to Bradley University. There he enrolled in the Air
Force Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), but his eyesight was not good
enough for him to become a pilot. Shalikashvili became a US citizen in May
1958, received a bachelors degree in mechanical engineering from Bradley
that June, and was drafted into the Army in July. Six months later Private
Shalikashvili was selected for Officer Candidate School (OCS) at Fort Sill,
Oklahoma. Upon graduation in July 1959, he was commissioned a second
lieutenant in the field artillery.
His first leadership assignmentin charge of a mortar platoon in
Alaskaproved so challenging and enjoyable that he decided to make the
Army his career. After promotion to first lieutenant in January 1961, Sha-
likashvili left Alaska for the Army Air Defense School at Fort Bliss, Texas,
where he was an instructor in several courses and later a student in the
advanced course. Promoted to captain in July 1963, he remained at Fort Bliss
as a staff officer at the Army Air Defense Center. From February 1965 to
January 1968 he served in information, operations, and command positions
with US Army Europe in Germany not far from where he had spent much
of his childhood. He was promoted to major in August 1967.

Gl J M. Sll
United States Army

185
 Lieutenant Shalikashvili in Alaska.
As a senior district adviser in Vietnam in
1968 and 1969, Major Shalikashvili served in
the I Corps Tactical Zone near the North Viet-
namese border in an area heavily infiltrated by
the Viet Cong. He received a Bronze Star for
valor for directing successful resistance to an
attack from two enemy positions while accom-
panying a small patrol on a search operation.
186
While a student in the staff course at the Naval
War College, Newport, Rhode Island, he
received a masters degree in international
relations from George Washington University
in 1970. Then followed the first of several tours
at Fort Lewis, Washington: a year as Executive
Officer, 2d Battalion, 18th Field Artillery, 212th
Field Artillery Group.
 Colonel Shalikashvili as Division Artillery Commander
with the 1st Armored Division.

In June 1971 Major Shalikashvili was sent
to Korea as an operations officer with the
United Nations Command and US Forces,
Korea. When he returned to the United States,
he was assigned to the Army Military Person-
nel Center in Alexandria, Virginia. Promoted
to lieutenant colonel in May 1974, he returned
to Fort Lewis in July 1975 as Assistant Fire
Support Coordinator, Division Artillery, 9th
Infantry Division. In December he took com-
mand of the 1st Battalion, 84th Field Artillery.
Following successful command, Shalikashvili
was selected to attend the Army War College
in Carlisle Barracks, Pennsylvania.
After graduating from the War College,
Lieutenant Colonel Shalikashvili returned to
Europe, where from June 1978 to June 1979 he
was Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3 (Operations),
US Army Southern European Task Force. Pro-
moted to colonel in December 1978, he com-
manded the Division Artillery of the 1st
Armored Division, US Army Europe, from
June 1979 to August 1981. Next assigned
stateside, Colonel Shalikashvili served his
first tour in the Pentagon. From September
1981 to August 1984 he was assigned to the
Armys Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for
Operations and Plans, where he dealt with

187
 Lieutenant General Shalikashvili meets with Kurdish refugees during Operation
PROVIDE COMFORT, 1991.

the politico-military aspects of military opera-
tions, first as Chief of the Politico-Military
Division and then as Deputy Director of the
Strategy, Plans, and Policy Directorate.
Over the next five years he held signifi-
cant command and staff positions and rose to
the rank of lieutenant general. In August 1984
Brigadier General Shalikashvili returned to
the 1st Armored Division in Germany as an
Assistant Division Commander. He came
back to the Army Staff in July 1986 as Assis-
tant Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations and
Plans (Joint Affairs) and Director of Strategy,
Plans, and Policy. In this capacity he helped
develop the Armys position on the reduction
of theater nuclear missiles in Europe in prepa-
ration for US negotiations with the Soviet
Union. In June 1987 Major General Shalikash-
vili assumed command of the 9th Infantry
Division at Fort Lewis, where he impressed
General Colin L. Powell, then Commander in
Chief of Forces Command, with his ability to
get things done. Shalikashvili restored sta-
bility and direction to a division that had
experienced considerable disruption as a
result of years of experimentation with orga-
nization and equipment.
He became Deputy Commander-in-Chief
of US Army Europe and the Seventh Army in
September 1989 and was promoted to lieuten-
ant general the next month. Shalikashvili
directed the evacuation of all US chemical

188
 General Shalikashvili and Secretary of Defense William J. Perry meet with reporters upon
arrival in Haiti to visit with Haitian leaders and US troops deployed there, October 1994.
munitions from Germany and assisted with
the movement of VII Corps to Saudi Arabia
for pparticipation in the Persian Gulf War.
Selected in April 1991 to command Operation
PROVIDE COMFORT, a US-led multinational
relief operation of unprecedented scale, Sha-
likashvili demonstrated exceptional organiza-
tional and diplomatic skill. Charged with
saving half a million Iraqi Kurds who had
fled into the mountains of northern Iraq and
eastern Turkey at the end of the Persian Gulf
War and were dying at the rate of one thou-
sand a day, he directed the relief effort, nego-
tiated with the Turkish government, and dealt
with the Iraqi military. By July most of the
refugees had been resettled in Iraq. The suc-
cess of this humanitarian operation convinced
him that, used judiciously, the military had a
role beyond its primary mission of going
to war, that it could bring to such crises an
organization and structure unmatched by any
civilian institution: I saw firsthand what an
enormous capacity the armed forces have for
doing good.
In August 1991 Shalikashvili returned to
the Pentagon to serve General Powell as Assis-
tant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
In that position he traveled extensively with
Secretary of State James A. Baker III as the
Chairmans representative, dealing primarily
with the consequences of the collapse of the
Soviet Union. He received his fourth star in June
1992, when he became Commander in Chief of
the US European Command (USCINCEUR)
and Supreme Allied Commander, Europe
(SACEUR). As SACEUR, he helped lay the
groundwork for recasting the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) to deal with the
new Europe that had resulted from the demise
of the Warsaw Pact.
189
 Selected by President William J. Clinton,
General Shalikashvili became the thirteenth
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 25
October 1993. He was the first foreign-born
Chairman, the first draftee to rise to the posi-
tion, and the first OCS graduate to be
appointed. As Chairman, he continued to
prefer to be known, as he had for most of his
career, as Shali.
Shalikashvilis tenure saw a dramatic
increase in the number of overseas deployments
of US forces, particularly in peacekeeping and
humanitarian operations, including those in
Bosnia, Haiti, and Rwanda. While he sup-
ported the militarys participation in these
types of operations, he maintained that the
United States needed to be very selective in
deploying its forces and should become
engaged only when important national inter-
ests were involved, all other options had been
exhausted, and the intervention of its military
could be decisive. In the debate over the appro-
priate US response to the conflict that had
raged in Bosnia since 1992, he opposed com-
mitment of US ground forces as combatants
but advocated US participation in a NATO
peace implementation force once all warring
factions had agreed to a peace framework.
The increased frequency of operations
during his chairmanship strained troop morale
and readiness. As a former enlisted soldier,
Shalikashvili felt a special bond with enlisted
personnel and took particular satisfaction from
his success in winning support for increasing
the defense budgets provisions for pay, hous-
ing, and benefits to improve the quality of life
for enlistees and their families. While he
believed that the nations armed forces were
prepared to meet any near-term contingency,
he was concerned about future readiness if the
accelerated pace of operations continued.
Accordingly, he recommended closing bases
to provide funding to maintain readiness.
To deal with the shifting geostrategic situ-
ation, Shalikashvili directed the development
of an overarching strategic vision to take the
190
US military into the twenty-first century as a
force that could shape the international envi-
ronment in which it would have to operate
instead of continually responding to crises ad
hoc. Published in 1996, Joint Vision 2010
provided a doctrinal framework for the devel-
opment of service strategies that would
employ advanced technology to dominate
any battlefield.
The central strategic issue during his ten-
ure was the question of the future of NATO,
the linchpin of the US relationship with
Europe. Shalikashvili was, in the apt descrip-
tion of the New York Times, the intellectual
godfather of the Partnership for Peace,
NATOs military cooperation program with
the former members of the Warsaw Pact. This
initiative became the foundation for the Clin-
ton administrations support for the incremen-
tal enlargement of the alliance. Believing that
a viable NATO was essential to US interests,
Shalikashvili thought that its gradual expan-
sion was a cost-effective insurance policy
for maintaining European stability. In July
1997, two months before the end of his second
term as Chairman, the alliance voted to extend
membership to Hungary, the Czech Republic,
and his birthplace, Poland.
At his retirement as Chairman on 30 Sep-
tember 1997 General Shalikashvili received
the Presidential Medal of Freedom. In retire-
ment, he was a visiting professor at the Cen-
ter for International Security and Coopera-
tion at Stanford University and worked as a
consultant in the high-technology industry.
He devoted considerable energy to promot-
ing military-to-military relations between the
United States and Russia and China. In early
2000 President Clinton appointed him to
head an effort to win Senate support for rati-
fication of the Comprehensive Test Ban
Treaty. Shalikashvili also served on the
boards of a number of corporations and non-
profit organizations as well as his alma mater,
Bradley University. He died in Tacoma, Wash-
ington, on 23 July 2011, at age 75.
 J Mlc Dd Sll
General, USA
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Jul 59
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Jul 61 . . . . . . 07 Jul 62
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 Jul 63 . . . . . . 07 Jul 66
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Aug 67 . . . . . 07 Jul 73
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 May 74 . . . . . 07 Jul 80
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 Dec 78
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 83
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 86
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Oct 89
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Jun 92

Agt Dt
From To
Enlisted Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958 . . . . . . 1959
Forward Observer, later Platoon Commander,
Mortar Battery (106 mm), 1st Battle Group,
9th Infantry, US Army, AK . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1960
Forward Observer, Headquarters Battery, later
Assistant Executive Officer, Battery B,
2d Howitzer Battalion, 15th Artillery,
US Army, AK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . 1961
Instructor, Air Defense Artillery, later Guided
Missile, and later Senior Instructor,
Administration and Operations Branch,
High Altitude Missile Department,
Academic Organization, US Army
Air Defense School, Fort Bliss, TX . . . . . . . . . 1961 . . . . . . 1963
Student, Artillery Officer Advanced Course, US
Army Field Artillery School, Fort Sill, OK, and
US Army Air Defense School, Fort Bliss, TX . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1963
Staff Officer, Plans and Operations Division, G-3
(Operations), US Army Air Defense Center,
Fort Bliss, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1964

191
Agt Dt
From To
Assistant Information Officer, 32d Artillery
Brigade, US Army Europe, Germany . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1965
Assistant Operations Officer, 32d Army Air Defense
Command, US Army Europe, Germany . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1966
Commander, Headquarters and Headquarters
Battery, 32d Army Air Defense Command,
US Army Europe, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1967
Operations Officer, 32d Army Air Defense
Command, US Army Europe, Germany . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . 1968
Senior District Adviser, Advisory Team 19,
US Military Assistance Command, Vietnam . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1969
Student, Naval War College, Newport, RI . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1970
Executive Officer, 2d Battalion, 18th Field Artillery,
212th Field Artillery Group, Fort Lewis, WA . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1971
Operations Officer, Current Operations, Office
of the Assistant Chief of Staff, J3, United
Nations Command/US Forces Korea . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1972
Assignment Officer, later Personnel Management
Officer, Field Artillery Branch, and later Chief,
Assignment Branch, Lieutenant Colonels
Division, Officer Personnel Management
Directorate, US Army Military Personnel
Center, Alexandria, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . 1975
Assistant Fire Support Coordinator, Division
Artillery, 9th Infantry Division,
Fort Lewis, WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1975
Commander, 1st Battalion, 84th Field Artillery,
9th Infantry Division, Fort Lewis, WA . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1977
Student, US Army War College,
Carlisle Barracks, PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1978
Assistant Chief of Staff, G3 (Operations),
US Army Southern European Task Force . . . . 1978 . . . . . . 1979
Commander, Division Artillery, 1st Armored
Division, US Army Europe, Germany . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1981
Chief, Politico-Military Division, later Deputy
Director, Strategy, Plans, and Policy Directorate,
Office, Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations
and Plans, US Army, Washington, DC . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1984
Assistant Division Commander, 1st Armored
Division, US Army Europe, Germany . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . 1986

192
Agt Dt
From To
Assistant Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations
and Plans (Joint Affairs)/Director of Strategy,
Plans, and Policy, Office, Deputy Chief of
Staff for Operations and Plans, US Army,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . 1987
Commanding General, 9th Infantry Division,
Fort Lewis, WA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1989
Deputy Commander in Chief, US Army Europe
and Seventh Army, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . 1991
Assistant to the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1992
Supreme Allied Commander, Europe, Supreme
Headquarters, Allied Powers Europe/
Commander in Chief, US European
Command, Belgium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . 1993
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1993 . . . . . . 1997

Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulfct

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Army Distinguished Service Medal (with oak leaf cluster)
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit (with 2 oak leaf clusters)
Bronze Star (with V device)
Meritorious Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Air Medal
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Army Commendation Medal

Parachutist
Combat Infantryman

193
 Henr Hh Sheon
1 October 199730 September 2001

H ugh Shelton was born 2 January 1942 in Tarboro, North Carolina,

and grew up on a farm near the small town of Speed. After gradu-
ating from North Edgecombe High School, he entered North Carolina State
University. He enjoyed the Army Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC)
and enrolled for an additional two years beyond the two then mandatory for
men attending land-grant colleges. When he received his bachelor of science
in textile technology in June 1963, he was commissioned a second lieutenant
of infantry in the Army Reserve.
Lieutenant Shelton spent two years on active duty at Fort Benning,
Georgia, where he was a platoon leader first with the 2d Infantry Division
and then with the 1st Cavalry Division. While at Fort Benning, he completed
the Ranger course at the Army Infantry School, qualified as a parachutist,
and was promoted to first lieutenant. Shelton remained in the Army Reserve
when he returned to civilian life in July 1965 to work for Regal Textile Cor-
poration in Ware Shoals, South Carolina, a job he had accepted before enter-
ing military service. Although promoted before completing the companys
training program, he decided that he preferred Army life and in 1966 applied
to return to active duty as an officer in the Regular Army.
Several months later he received orders to report to Fort Bragg, North
Carolina, for training in preparation for assignment to the Special Forces in
Vietnam. Shelton served from September 1966 until July 1967 with the 5th
Special Forces Group along the Ho Chi Minh Trail, engaged in cross-border
operations to impede the flow of men and supplies from North Vietnam

Gl Hy H. Slt
United States Army

195
 Lieutenant Shelton on patrol along the Vietnamese border, 1967.

through Laos into South Vietnam. Promoted
in March 1967, Captain Shelton received
command of Detachment A-104 at Ha Thanh
in the mountains of Quang Ngai province in
South Vietnam in July. Through December
1967 he worked with the South Vietnamese
Special Forces and local Montagnard tribes-
men to disrupt Viet Cong infiltration across
the Laotian border. He received a Purple
Heart after a poisoned punji stake drove
through his leg and was awarded the Bronze
Star for valor for leading the repulse of Viet
Cong that had attacked one of his South Viet-
namese patrols.
Following his tour with the Special
Forces, Captain Shelton was assigned to the

196
 Lieutenant General Shelton prepares to jump with his troops in France to commemo-
rate the fiftieth anniversary of the D-Day landings, June 1994.

Army Training Center at Fort Jackson, South
Carolina. He would spend most of the rest of
his career in airborne and light infantry units.
In January 1969 he returned to Vietnam as an
intelligence officer with the 173d Airborne
Brigade, subsequently becoming a company
commander and later acting battalion opera-
tions officer. From March 1970 through July
1972 he was back at Fort Benning at the Army
Infantry School, initially as a student in the
Infantry Officer Advanced Course and then
as an instructor and later an operations officer
in the Florida Phase, Ranger Department.
In June 1973 Shelton graduated from the
Air Command and Staff College, Maxwell Air
Force Base, Alabama, and received a masters
degree in political science from Auburn Uni-
versity. From Alabama, he went to the 25th
Infantry Division at Schofield Barracks,
Hawaii, where he held several staff positions,
including Executive Officer of the 1st Battal-
ion, 14th Infantry, 2d Brigade, and was pro-
moted to major in February 1974. Major Shel-
tons next assignment was with the Army
Military Personnel Center, Alexandria, Vir-
ginia, where he served from June 1977 until
April 1979 handling the career management
and assignments of other majors.
Promoted to lieutenant colonel in Novem-
ber 1978, Shelton assumed command of the 3d

197
 Lieutenant General Shelton (right), as Commander of Joint Task Force, Haiti, accompa-
nies (left to right) Lieutenant Colonel Linton Graham, Commander, Caribbean Com-
mand Battalion; Ambassador William Swing, US Ambassador to Haiti; and Admiral
Paul David Miller, Commander in Chief, US Atlantic Command, October 1994.

Battalion, 60th Infantry, 2d Brigade, 9th Infan-
try Division at Fort Lewis, Washington, in
April 1979. In June 1981 he became the divi-
sions Assistant Chief of Staff for Operations.
Selected to attend the National War College,
Fort McNair, Washington, DC, in 1982 and
1983, Lieutenant Colonel Shelton then served
a brief tour at the Pentagon. Assigned to the
Army Staff in June 1983, he chaired the Reserve
Components Study Group in the Office of the
Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel until his
promotion to colonel in October, when he
received command of the 1st Brigade, 82d Air-
borne Division at Fort Bragg. While brigade
commander, Colonel Shelton directed a com-
bined arms task force during several overseas
deployments. In November 1985 he became
Chief of Staff of the 10th Mountain Division at
Fort Drum, New York.
After his selection for brigadier general,
Shelton served in the Operations Directorate
on the Joint Staff from July 1987 until July
1989 as a deputy director of the National
Military Command Center and then as Dep-
uty Director for Current Operations. He
received his first star in August 1988. From

198
 General Shelton during a visit to US soldiers deployed to Mace-
donia in support of the United Nations Preventive Deployment
Force, April 1998.

the Joint Staff, Shelton went to Fort Campbell,
Kentucky, as an assistant division commander
with the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault).
During the 1991 Persian Gulf War, Brigadier
General Shelton led the divisions forces in a
deep helicopter assault into Iraq. The division
was poised to block Iraqi units fleeing to
Baghdad when the war ended.
Over the next five years, Shelton held
two of the Armys most prestigious com-
mands. In May 1991 he returned to Fort Bragg
as Commanding General of the 82d Airborne
Division; he was promoted to major general
that October. He assumed command of XVIII
Airborne Corps and Fort Bragg upon promo-
tion to lieutenant general in June 1993. As
corps commander, Lieutenant General Shel-
ton gained national prominence leading the
multinational operation which in 1994
restored an environment safe for the return of
Haitis democratically elected government.
Shelton received his fourth star on 1 March
1996 after becoming Commander in Chief of
the US Special Operations Command
(USCINCSOC) at MacDill Air Force Base,
Florida, on 29 February. Leading the com-
mand during a period of greatly increased
demand for special operations forces world-

199
wide, General Shelton defined the character-
istics necessary for these forces to function
effectively well into the twenty-first century.
During his tenure the largest operational
commitment of special operations forces was
to the peacekeeping mission in the Balkans.
General Shelton became the fourteenth
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 1
October 1997. He was the first to possess a
special operations background, expertise that
fit well with Secretary of Defense William S.
Cohens interest in unconventional warfare.
Shelton often stated that he did not believe in
fair fights and endorsed the use of over-
whelming force when committing American
troops to combat.
While the end of the Cold War had
brought major reductions in the size of the US
military and in the number of forces perma-
nently stationed overseas, its operational
tempo had risen sharply during the Clinton
administration. At the time General Shelton
became Chairman, the United States had
already been involved in peace operations in
Bosnia since 1993. During his first term, addi-
tional forces became engaged in counterdrug
operations in Latin America, peace operations
in Kosovo, and enforcing United Nations
sanctions against Iraq, to name but a few
instances. In August 1998 the United States
also retaliated against terrorist attacks at
American embassies in Kenya and Tanzania
by launching cruise missiles against terrorist
facilities in Afghanistan and Sudan.
In this uncertain strategic environment,
General Shelton believed the US military had
to be prepared to undertake flexible missions
with well-defined and limited objectives.
Force readiness, therefore, was a top priority.
In 1999 he led the Joint Chiefs of Staff in win-
ning administration and congressional sup-
port for major reforms to improve military
pay and retirement, as well as resources to
maintain and modernize the military. Gen-
eral Shelton also prioritized force integration
and interoperability. He recommended
replacing the Atlantic Command with a new
organization focused on oversight of joint
doctrine and experimentation and the prepa-
ration of US-based forces for deployment
overseas. This occurred on 1 October 1999,
when US Joint Forces Command came into
existence, the same day that Shelton began his
second term as Chairman.
In May 2000 General Shelton released
Joint Vision 2020: Americas MilitaryPre-
paring for Tomorrow. He advocated a grad-
ual transformation of the joint force that
would enable it to dominate the full spectrum
of future military operations. By replacing or
modernizing existing equipment, incorporat-
ing new technologies, and preparing highly
trained personnel, the joint force could con-
duct prompt, sustained, and synchronized
operations with combinations of forces tai-
lored to specific situations. General Shelton
identified asymmetric threats as the nations
most serious near-term danger, but also pri-
oritized the need to maintain a strategic deter-
rence posture, which included an overseas
presence and the ability to rapidly project
power worldwide. As if to emphasize the
danger from asymmetric threats, al-Qaeda
affiliated terrorists attacked the USS Cole in a
Yemeni harbor five months later.
President George W. Bush took office in
January 2001, installing Donald H. Rumsfeld
as his Secretary of Defense. The new secre-
tary championed a rapid transformation of
the military to meet 21st Century challenges,
using the 2001 Quadrennial Defense Review
to shift toward a force structure defined by
joint capabilities, rather than regional require-
ments. General Shelton supported this OSD
initiative, but cautioned against compromis-
ing current readiness to accomplish future
modernization and maintained that existing
regional threats warranted a significant over-
200
seas presence. Consistent with his earlier
efforts to improve the quality of life for ser-
vice personnel and their families, he reiter-
ated that people remained the nations most
critical strategic asset.
Al-Qaeda operatives launched multiple
terrorist attacks against the United States on
11 September 2001, striking the World Trade
Center in New York City and the Pentagon in
Washington, DC. Already scheduled to retire
in October, General Shelton spent his remain-
ing weeks in office coordinating military
plans to destroy al-Qaeda and Taliban forces
in Afghanistan and helping to develop an
interagency strategy to defeat, disrupt, and
degrade terrorist activities around the world;
201
these endeavors would become known as
Operation ENDURING FREEDOM and the
Global War on Terrorism.
President Bush later awarded General
Shelton a Congressional Gold Medal, recog-
nizing more than thirty-eight years of dedi-
cated military service. Following retirement,
he served as Executive Director of the General
Hugh Shelton Leadership Center at North
Carolina State University, established in 2002,
and Director of the Hugh and Carolyn Shel-
ton Military Neurotrauma Foundation, estab-
lished in 2005. He has also held senior man-
agement positions in several corporations,
most involving the defense industry.
 Hy Hug Slt
General, USA
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Sep 64*

1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Jan 65
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Mar 67
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Feb 74
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 Nov 78
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Oct 83
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 88
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Oct 91
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Jun 93
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Mar 96
*Date of rank adjusted for time not spent on active duty.

Agt Dt
From To
Platoon Leader, Headquarters Company, 1st Bat-
talion, 38th Infantry, 2d Infantry Division;
Student, Ranger Course, US Army Infantry
School; Platoon Leader, Company D, 1st Bat-
talion, 5th Cavalry, 1st Cavalry Division,
Fort Benning, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1965
US Army Reserve, not on active duty . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1966
Platoon Leader, Detachment B-52, 5th Special Forces
Group, 1st Special Forces, US Army, Vietnam . . 1966 . . . . . . 1967
Commander, Detachment A-104, Company C,
5th Special Forces Group, US Army, Pacific . . . 1967 . . . . . . 1967
Executive Officer, 11th Battalion, 3d Training
Brigade, US Army Training Center; then S-4,
3d Advanced Individual Training Brigade,
Fort Jackson, SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1968
S-2; later Commander, Company C; later Acting
S-3, 4th Battalion, 503d Infantry, 173d Airborne
Brigade, US Army, Vietnam . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1970
Student, Infantry Officer Advanced Course; later
Instructor, then Operations Officer, Ranger
Department, US Army Infantry School,
Fort Benning, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1972

202
Agt Dt
From To

Student, Air Command and Staff College,

Maxwell Air Force Base, AL . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . 1973
S-1, then S-3, 2d Brigade; then Chief, Officer
Management Branch, then Deputy G-1, then
Executive Officer, 1st Battalion, 14th Infantry,
2d Brigade, 25th Infantry Division, Schofield
Barracks, HI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1977
Professional Development Officer, Combat Arms
Branch, later, Chief, Assignments Branch,
Majors Division, Officer Personnel
Management Directorate, US Army Military
Personnel Center, Alexandria, VA . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1979
Commander, 3d Battalion, 60th Infantry,
2d Brigade; then Assistant Chief of Staff,
G-3, 9th Infantry Division, Fort Lewis, WA . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1982
Student, National War College, Fort McNair,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . 1983
Chairman, Reserve Components Study Group,
Office, Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel,
US Army, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . 1983
Commander, 1st Brigade, 82d Airborne
Division, Fort Bragg, NC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . 1985
Chief of Staff, 10th Mountain Division (Light
Infantry), Fort Drum, NY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . 1987
Deputy Director for Operations, National
Military Command Center, J-3; then Deputy
Director for Operations (Current Operations),
J-3, Joint Staff, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1989
Assistant Division Commander, 101st Airborne
Division (Air Assault), Fort Campbell, KY,
(including Operation DESERT STORM,
Saudi Arabia, August 1990-March 1991) . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . 1991
Commanding General, 82d Airborne
Division, Fort Bragg, NC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1993
Commanding General, XVIII Airborne Corps
and Fort Bragg, NC; also Commander, Joint
Task Force, Haiti, September-October 1994 . . . 1993 . . . . . . 1996
Commander in Chief, US Special Operations
Command, MacDill Air Force Base, FL . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1997
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC . . 1997 . . . . . . 2001

203
Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulfct
Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Distinguished Service Medal (with 4 oak leaf clusters)
Legion of Merit (with oak leaf cluster)
Bronze Star (with V device)
Bronze Star (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Purple Heart
Meritorious Service Medal (with 2 oak leaf clusters)
Air Medal
Army Commendation Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)

Special Forces
Ranger
Master Parachutist
Military Freefall Parachutist
Air Assault
Pathfinder
Combat Infantryman

204
206
 Rihar Bowman Mers
1 October 200130 September 2005

R ichard Bowman Myers was born on 1 March 1942 in Kansas City,

Missouri. He grew up in a middle class suburban neighborhood,
the son of a regional manufacturing representative and former primary
school teacher. While attending Shawnee Mission North High School he
played the saxophone and piano in a small band and competed in football,
basketball, and track. After graduating from high school in 1960, Myers
entered Kansas State University-Manhattan. Enamored with airplanesjet
fighters in particularsince his first ride on a commercial airliner he enrolled
in the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Course and acquired his private
pilots license while participating in the program. In January 1965 he gradu-
ated with a bachelor of science in mechanical engineering and was subse-
quently commissioned a second lieutenant on 3 February 1965.
That June Second Lieutenant Myers began flight training at Vance Air
Force Base, Oklahoma, learning to fly the Cessna T-37 Tweet and Northrop
T-38 Talon aircraft. After earning his wings a year later, he transferred to
Davis-Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, and completed back-seat pilot train-
ing in the MacDonald F-4 Phantom fighter-bomber. First Lieutenant Myers
then joined the 417th Tactical Fighter Squadron, stationed at Ramstein Air
Base, Germany; the squadron would redeploy to Mountain Home Air Force
Base, Idaho, in August 1968.
Captain Myers transferred to Homestead Air Force Base, Florida, in
April 1969, where he trained as an F4-E Phantom command pilot. That
December he reported to the 13th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Udorn Royal

Gl Rcd B. My
United States Air Force

207
 Second Lieutenant Myers poses in front of a T-38 Talon II trainer while attending
flight school at Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma, in 1966.

Thai Air Base, Thailand. The squadrons pri-
mary mission was to interdict the infiltration
of men and materiel from North to South
Vietnam. In addition to flying night bombing
missions, Myers served as an F-4 forward air
controller (Fast Fac) and earned the Distin-
guished Flying Cross.
Having completed his first combat tour
in Southeast Asia in November 1970, Cap-
tain Myers served briefly with the 80th Tac-
tical Fighter Squadron at Yokota Air Base,
Japan, before joining the 67th Tactical
Fighter Squadron at Kadena Air Base, Oki-
nawa, in March 1971. During this assign-
ment, he served as a weapons and tactics
officer, as well as a flight commander. He
also forward deployed to Korat, Thailand,
for a second combat tour in 1972, where he
flew F-4C Wild Weasel missions to detect
and suppress North Vietnamese air defenses
during Operations LINEBACKER I and II.
After returning from Asia in August
1973, Captain Myers joined the 414th Fighter
Weapons Squadron. During the next three
years, he served as an instructor pilot and
later as the air-to-ground flight commander
at the Air Force Fighter Weapons School,
Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada. The schools
mission was to educate and train already
proficient pilots to be the best instructor
pilots in the US Air Force. Following this
assignment, in July 1976 Major Myers

208
 Captain Myers, left, and David Haas, his backseater, sit atop
500 pound bombs loaded aboard their F-4 Phantom at Udorn
Air Force Base, Thailand, in June 1970.

attended the Air Command and Staff Col-
lege at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama.
In addition to being a Distinguished Gradu-
ate of the staff college, he concurrently
earned his masters in business administra-
tion from Auburn University.
In June 1977 Major Myers reported to
the Directorate of Operations, Deputy Chief
of Staff for Plans and Operations, Head-
quarters US Air Force, Washington, DC. He
served as an operational test and evaluation
officer for the next three years, working to
enhance the realism of the electronic war-
fare ranges at Nellis Air Force Base, and as
the Air Force representative to Joint test and
evaluation. Interactions on Capitol Hill
provided him with practical insights into
the national security decision-making pro-
cess. After this assignment, in June 1980
Lieutenant Colonel Myers attended the US
Army War College at Carlisle Barracks,
Pennsylvania.
In June 1981 Lieutenant Colonel Myers
returned to the operational forces at Sey-

209
mour Johnson Air Force Base, North Caro-
lina, this time flying the F-4E. He served
briefly as Chief of Weapons and Tactics for
the 4th Tactical Fighter Wing until October
and then as the Operations Officer and
Commanding Officer of the 355th Tactical
Fighter Squadron until November 1983. He
subsequently returned to the 4th Tactical
Fighter Wing, where he temporarily served
as the Assistant Deputy Commander for
Operations.
Promoted to colonel, Myers reported to
Headquarters Tactical Air Command at
Langley Air Force Base, Virginia, in January
1984. His first assignment, held until Octo-
ber of that year, was as Deputy Director of
Personnel Plans and Programs, Deputy
Chief of Staff for Personnel. He then served
as a Team Chief of the Inspector General
Team. Both billets provided him with
insights into the structure and function of
the Air Force personnel system and the
administrative and operational details of
the US Air Forces largest major command.
Colonel Myers returned to Nellis Air
Force Base in September 1985, this time as
Commandant of the Fighter Weapons
School. During his twelve-year absence the
school had transitioned to the more sophis-
ticated F-15 Eagle and F-16 Fighting Falcon
and had added complex exercises simulat-
ing the presence of allied air forces and
involving airborne early warning and con-
trol system aircraft. One year later he
assumed command of the 325th Tactical
Training Wing at Tyndall Air Force Base,
Florida, training pilots to fly the advanced
F-15 Eagle fighter.
In June 1987 Colonel Myers returned to
Langley Air Force Base. His first of five
assignments there was as Commander of
the 1st Tactical Fighter Wing, which was
responsible for the air superiority mission
and primarily focused on the Persian Gulf
210
region. After completing this tour in Feb-
ruary 1989, he transferred to Headquarters
Tactical Air Command. He subsequently
served as the Assistant Deputy Chief of
Staff for Plans until June 1989, Inspector
General until January 1990, Deputy Chief of
Staff for Plans until June 1990, and Deputy
Chief of Staff for Requirements until Decem-
ber 1991. These successive staff assign-
ments enabled him to become intimately
familiar with operational requirements and
modernization programs, such as the joint
surveillance and target attack radar system,
that would launch the Air Force into the
21st Century. On 1 April 1990 Myers
received his first star.
Brigadier General Myers returned to
the Pentagon in December 1991, where he
worked as Director of Fighter, Command
and Control, and Weapons Programs, Office
of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force
for Acquisition. He helped to shepherd cur-
rent and future weapons systems through
the Pentagons complex acquisition process
and defended them on Capitol Hill; this
occurred during a period of major Defense
reductions following the Cold War. Simul-
taneously, he became an advocate for new
systems to support the nations increased
involvement in mid-intensity conflicts
around the globe and to address the poten-
tial proliferation of nuclear threats among
developing countries. On 1 September 1992
he advanced to major general, and the fol-
lowing summer he was nominated for a
third star.
In November 1993 Lieutenant General
Myers returned to Yokota Air Base to com-
mand US Forces Japan and the Fifth Air
Force. This was his first joint command,
and Myers led forces from all four services
assigned to defend US interests in northeast
Asia. His assignment combined military
duties with diplomatic responsibilities. He
 A US Army soldier directs the attention of senior leaders across the demilitarized zone
into North Korea during February 1997. Standing, from left, are Lieutenant General
Myers, then serving as assistant to the CJCS; Secretary of State Madeline Albright; and
Lieutenant General Richard F. Timmons, Commander of the Eighth Army.

worked to allay Japanese concern over the
implication of the American military pres-
ence upon their national sovereignty and
planned for a consolidation of US bases on
Okinawa that would not decrease Americas
military posture in the Pacific.
Returning to Washington in June 1996,
Lieutenant General Myers served as Assis-
tant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff. He was the official liaison between
the CJCS, General John Shalikashvili, USA,
and the Department of State, headed by Sec-
retaries Warren Christopher and then Mad-
eline Albright. Myers participated in major
policy issues, including the reintegration of
France into the North American Treaty
Organizations command structure, expan-
sion of the North American Treaty Organi-
zation into Eastern Europe, and formulation
of a new Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty
with Russia.
In July 1997 General Myers received his
fourth star and assumed command of Pacific
Air Forces (PACAF) at Hickam Air Force
Base, Hawaii. He was now responsible for
an area that stretched from California to
India, with authority over four numbered
air forces situated in Japan, South Korea,
Guam, and Alaska. During his tenure, the
command integrated the joint direct attack
munitions (JDAM) into its arsenal. Although
the new precision guided bombs required
aircraft modifications and new tactics, the
bombs extended the life of aging airplanes

211
 General Myers and Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld review briengs aboard
a C-130E aircra headed for Baghdad, Iraq, in May 2004.

by greatly enhancing accuracy and there-
fore combat effectiveness. General Myers
had expected to retire after his PACAF
assignment, but one year later he was
selected for unified command.
General Myers moved to Peterson Air
Force Base, Colorado, in August 1998 to
command US Space Command, which
directed all integrated attack warning and
space operations, and Air Force Space Com-
mand, one of SPACECOMs subordinate
commands. Among a broad spectrum of
responsibilities were overseeing space con-
trol and space support activities and
employing space assets to enhance the oper-
ational effectiveness of the nations other
combatant commands. Strategic activities
ranged from launching spacecraft and mon-
itoring satellites to maintaining an intercon-
tinental ballistic missile capability as a com-
ponent of the nuclear deterrent. He also
helped improve the reliability of the aging
Titan IV Launch Rocket System, which had
threatened to disrupt the satellite launches
until a new launch vehicle appeared.
Concurrently, General Myers led the
North American Aerospace Defense Com-
mand (NORAD), a combined US and Cana-
dian command charged with defending
North America against an air or missile
attack. He also managed contingency sup-
port of the Space Transportation System,
otherwise known as the Space Shuttle pro-
gram.

212
 In September 1999 President William J.
Clinton nominated General Myers to
become the fifth Vice Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff. The Senate Armed Services
Committee confirmed his appointment, and
on 1 March 2000 he joined the Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Henry H.
Shelton, USA, and Secretary of Defense Wil-
liam S. Cohen in the Pentagon. As second
ranking member of the uniformed services,
Myers was a full member of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff and chaired the groups meetings
during Sheltons absence.
The Chairman and his Vice shared a
commitment to prepare Americas military
for the 21st Century. General Myers believed
that this involved developing new organi-
zations, doctrine, training, and technology
that would enable the military to function
efficiently in multidimensional battlespace.
The new Secretary of Defense, Donald H.
Rumsfeld, was already acquainted with the
Vice Chairman from previously chairing the
US Ballistic Missile Commission and the US
Commission to Assess National Security
Space Management and Organization.
Secretary Rumsfeld was intent upon
reforming the Pentagon bureaucracy and
transforming the military into an agile, net-
work-centric force capable of acting imme-
diately from a forward position to defeat
adversaries swiftly and decisively. This
constellation of strategic goals, structural
changes, and management traits sometimes
frustrated the Joint Chiefs of Staff, requiring
that General Myers mediate between the
service requirements and the Secretarys
vision.
One of General Myers' principal duties
was to chair the Joint Requirements Over-
sight Council (JROC). The Council consid-
ered issues such as strategic needs, acquisi-
tion processes, and resource availability in
order to advise the Chairman on the size,
213
structure, and composition of the armed
forces. General Myers believed that the
JROC had to focus on strategic require-
ments, supported by far-reaching joint capa-
bility assessments. He reduced the number
of missions evaluated in the Joint Warfight-
ing Capability Assessment, orienting the
remaining items toward full spectrum
dominance, as described in General Shel-
tons Joint Vision 2020. General Myers
also established an Enhanced Joint Require-
ments Board to acquire outside input on
selected programs and a Joint Requirements
Panel to direct acquisition and development
issues. He made the process more inclusive
than it had been and relied upon a larger
number of subsidiary boards to refine top-
ics for the Councils consideration.
General Myers was also a member of
the National Security Council Deputies
Committee. The deputies usually discussed
policy issues among themselves and then
recommended potential courses of action to
the Principals Committee. A major concern
was the steady rise in global terrorism. In
October 2000 Osama bin Ladens al-Qaeda
organization attacked the USS Cole (DDG
67) in Yemen. Less than a year later, al-
Qaeda launched multiple terrorist attacks in
the United States, striking the World Trade
Center in New York City and the Pentagon.
General Myers, while serving as acting
Chairman on September 11, 2001, partici-
pated in the immediate response to the 9/11
attacks and assisted General Shelton in
developing a strategy to defeat, disrupt,
and delay terrorism around the worldthe
Global War on Terrorismas well as eradi-
cate al-Qaeda and Taliban forces in Afghan-
istan.
Nominated by President Bush to
become the 15th Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, General Myers completed
the confirmation process in the midst of the
post 9/11 turmoil and was sworn into office
on 1 October 2001, becoming the first Vice
Chairman to succeed his predecessor. He
laid out three personal priorities: to con-
tinue the Global War on Terrorism, to pur-
sue transformation of the military, and to
support military personnel and their fami-
lies. As the principal military advisor to the
President, National Security Council, and
Secretary of Defense, he relied on the Joint
Chiefs of Staffs advice on national security
matters and promoted a collegial atmo-
sphere conducive to reaching consensus.
Coalition forces launched Operation
ENDURING FREEDOM against al-Qaeda
and Taliban targets in Afghanistan on 7
October 2001, toppling the radical Islamist
regime three months later. General Myers
subsequently supported the employment of
NATO forces to help secure and stabilize
the war-torn nation. General Myers argued
forcefully that the Geneva Conventions
applied to the nation of Afghanistan and
that it required humanitarian treatment of
all prisoners captured in that country. Influ-
enced by his Vietnam service, he believed
that the Geneva Convention was the gold
standard for US forces. That standard must
be maintained, he urged, to ensure that
potential US prisoners were treated decently
and to provide an example for others to
emulate.
In March 2002 General Myers directed
the Joint Staff to plan a strategic offensive to
neutralize al-Qaeda leaders. Working with
the Central Intelligence Agency, the Joint
Staff identified two of the organizations
principal leaders and seven key planners or
subordinate commanders. During the next
thirteen months, collaborating interagencies
captured five of the subordinates. Mean-
while, progress in Afghanistan continued.
Following the ratification of their new con-
stitution in January 2004, Afghan citizens
214
voted in presidential elections in September
and parliamentary elections a year later.
General Myers also had a major role in
planning the invasion of Iraq. By 2001 post-
Gulf War sanctions no longer constrained
Saddam Hussein, and intelligence indicated
that he possessed weapons of mass destruc-
tion that could support terrorist attacks
against the United States and its allies. Gen-
eral Myers facilitated communication
among participants, including US Central
Command, the Department of Defense, and
the National Security Council, as well as the
service branches and other government
agencies. He advised throughout the plan-
ning process, giving particular attention to
logistics coordination and civil-military
operations following the intended regime
change. To support regime change, he
modified the evolving operations plan,
detailing Central Commands responsibility
for promoting stability and reconstruction
following the hostilities, and established a
combined joint task force to focus on post-
conflict issues.
Coalition forces launched Operation
IRAQI FREEDOM on 20 March 2003. Uti-
lizing the joint capabilities of all the ser-
vices, they quickly drove Saddam Hussein
from power. In place of the Baathist regime,
the Bush administration established the
Coalition Provisional Authority to coordi-
nate reconstruction, while Central Com-
mand established Combined Joint Task
Force-7 to coordinate stability and security
operations. Hindered by issues of size,
structure, and function, this bifurcated civil-
military effort could not counter a growing
insurgency backed by al-Qaeda. General
Myers and other senior Defense Depart-
ment officials considered the option of rais-
ing troop levels as a potential solution, but
ultimately decided that a larger presence
might incite greater unrest across the strug-
gling country.
Matters worsened in 2004. As US casu-
alties mounted and detainee abuse at Abu
Ghraib prison became known, American
citizens questioned the war and the Iraqi
insurgents grew bolder. Yet, General Myers
remained steadfast in his belief that aban-
doning Iraq would harm national security
interests. He advised President Bush to
relate publicly the administrations deter-
mination to see ongoing efforts in Iraq
through to conclusion and to use all instru-
ments of national policynot just the mili-
taryin Afghanistan and Iraq. At the same
time, Coalition forces established the Multi-
National Security Transition Command in
Iraq, which armed and trained a hundred
thousand personnel during its first year of
operations. Concurrent political progress
enabled Iraqi citizens to vote for National
Assembly and Governorate Council offi-
cials during January 2005. The assembly
ratified its new constitution in October.
General Myers also pursued the trans-
formation of Americas military, orchestrat-
ing substantive changes to the nations uni-
fied command plan after the 9/11 terrorist
attacks. On 1 October 2002 US Northern
Command emerged as a new combatant
command designed to consolidate and coor-
dinate domestic defense. Among its mis-
sions were supporting local, state, and fed-
eral authorities and assisting the newly cre-
ated Department of Homeland Security
when responding to national emergencies.
Comprised of several joint task forces previ-
ously assigned to US Joint Forces Com-
mand, Northern Command directed the
North American Aerospace Defense Com-
mand. On the same day that Northern
215
Command was established, US Strategic
Command absorbed US Space Command,
consolidating the nations nuclear deterrent
and space missions.
Like his predecessors, General Myers
continued to promote a joint culture among
the nations military services. In the
National Military Strategic Plan for the
War on Terrorism (2002/2005), he provided
guidance to the service chiefs and regional
commanders for a multi-pronged strategy
targeting terrorist networks at eight key
pressure points. In Joint Operations Con-
cepts (2003) and Capstone Concept for
Joint Operations (2005), he articulated a
vision to develop integrated functional
capabilities. In National Military Strat-
egy(2004) he reiterated the importance of
protecting the United States against exter-
nal attacks and aggression, preventing con-
flict and surprise attack, and prevailing
against adversaries.
General Myers retired from the military
on 30 September 2005, after more than forty
years of active service. In recognition of his
contribution, which included more than six-
hundred combat flight hours during the
Vietnam War, he received the Presidential
Medal of Freedom on 9 November 2005.
During retirement, Myers accepted a part-
time appointment as a Foundation Profes-
sor of Military History at Kansas State Uni-
versity and holds the Colin L. Powell Chair
for National Security, Leadership, Charac-
ter and Ethics at the National Defense Uni-
versity. He also served on the board of
directors for the USO, as well as the Northrop
Grumman, United Technologies, Aon, and
John Deere corporations.
 Rcd B My
General, USAF
Pt Dt

Temporary Permanent

2 LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 Feb 65
1 LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Dec 66
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Jun 68
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Mar 76 . . . . . 01 Sep 76
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Nov 79 . . . . . 01 Dec 79
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 84
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Apr 90
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 92
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Nov 93
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 97

Agt Dt
From To

Student, Pilot Training, Vance Air Force Base

(AFB), OK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1966
F-4D Phantom II Pilot, 417th Tactical Fighter
Squadron (TFS), Ramstein Air Base, West
Germany, and Mountain Home AFB, ID . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1969
F-4 Phantom II Pilot, F-4 Replacement Training
Unit, Homestead AFB, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1969
F-4D Phantom II Pilot, 13th TFS, Udorn Royal
Thai AFB, Thailand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1970
F-4C Phantom II Pilot, 80th TFS, Yokota Air Base,
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1971
F-4 Phantom II Weapons and Tactics Ocer and
Flight Commander, 67th TFS, Kadena Air Base,
Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1973
Instructor Pilot and Flight Commander, 414th
Fighter Weapons Squadron, Nellis AFB, NV . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1976
Student, Air Command and Sta College,
Maxwell AFB, AL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . 1977
Operational Test and Evaluation Sta Ocer,
Directorate of Operations, Deputy Chief of Sta
for Plans and Operations, Headquarters
US Air Force (USAF), Washington, DC . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1980

216
Agt Dt
From To

Student, US Army War College,

Carlisle Barracks, PA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . 1981
Chief of Weapons and Tactics, 4th Tactical Fighter
Wing (TFW), Seymour Johnson AFB, NC . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1981
Operations Ocer and Commander, 335th TFS,
Seymour Johnson AFB, NC . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1983
Assistant Deputy Commander for Operations,
4th TFW, Seymour Johnson AFB, NC . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . 1984
Deputy Director of Personnel Plans and
Programs, Deputy Chief of Sta for
Personnel, Headquarters Tactical Air
Command (TAC), Langley AFB, VA. . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . 1984
Team Chief, Inspector General Team,
Headquarters TAC, Langley AFB, VA . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . 1985
Commandant, US Air Force Fighter Weapons
School, Nellis AFB, NV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . 1986
Commander, 325th Tactical Training Wing
(TTW), Tyndall AFB, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . 1987
Commander, 1st TFW, Langley AFB, VA . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1989
Assistant Deputy Chief of Sta for Plans,
Headquarters TAC, Langley AFB, VA. . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . 1989
Inspector General, Headquarters TAC,
Langley AFB, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . 1990
Deputy Chief of Sta for Plans, Headquarters
TAC, Langley AFB, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . 1990
Deputy Chief of Sta for Requirements,
Headquarters TAC, Langley Air Force Base, VA. 1990 . . . . . . 1991
Director of Fighter, Command and Control, and
Weapons Programs, Oce of the Assistant
Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1993
Commander, US Forces Japan, and Commander,
5th Air Force, Yokota Air Base, Japan . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . 1996
Assistant to the Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Sta,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1997
Commander, Pacic Air Forces, Hickam AFB, HI . . 1997 . . . . . . 1998
Commander in Chief, North American Aerospace
Defense Command and US Space Command;
Commander, Air Force Space Command; and
Department of Defense Manager, Space
Transportation System Contingency Support,
Peterson AFB, CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . 2000

217
Agt Dt
From To

Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Sta,

Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 . . . . . . 2001
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Sta,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . 2005

Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulct

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)

Distinguished Service Medal (with oak leaf cluster)
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Distinguished Flying Cross (with oak leaf cluster)
Meritorious Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Air Medal (with 18 oak leaf clusters)

Command Pilot

218
220
 Peer Pae
1 October 200530 September 2007

P eter Pace was born in Brooklyn, New York, on 5 November 1945.

The son of an Italian immigrant who worked as an electrician in the
city, he was the third of four children. Growing up in Teaneck, New Jersey,
Peter played soccer and baseball, ran track, and learned that constant prac-
tice developed proficiency. He applied this philosophy throughout his adult
life.
Following graduation from Teaneck High School in 1963, Midshipman
Pace entered the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland,
joining his older brother Simone, two years his senior. The younger Pace
majored in Mechanical Engineering (Ship Propulsion Option) and earned a
varsity letter in soccer. The experience of training novice midshipmen dur-
ing their Plebe Summer convinced him that he was more suited for a career
in the Marine Corps infantry than the Navy submarine service. The prece-
dent set by his older brother, a Marine who had earned a Silver Star and
Purple Heart in Vietnam, also influenced Paces decision to join the Marines.
Upon graduation from the Naval Academy on 7 June 1967, Second Lieu-
tenant Pace received a commission in the United States Marine Corps. In
August he reported to The Basic School at Quantico, Virginia. A student in
Basic Course 2-68, he received training in military fundamentals and infan-
try tactics and finished at the top of his class. Next, he completed a brief
course in supporting arms coordination at Camp Pendleton, California.
Lieutenant Pace deployed to Vietnam in February 1968 and assumed
command of 2d Platoon, Company G, 2d Battalion, 5th Marine Regiment.

Gl Pt Pc
United States Marine Corps

221
Midshipman Peter Pace joins his older
brother, Simone, at the US Naval Academy
in 1963.
Arriving at the end of the North Vietnamese
Tet offensive, he took part in the conclusion of
the battle for Hue City. During the following
year he participated in eleven major search
and clear operations; these involved aggres-
sive patrolling and could escalate into bri-
gade-size engagements. On 18 August Pace
earned the Bronze Star for valor by leading
his platoon in a flanking maneuver against a
fortified position that had halted the com-
panys advance on an enemy supply com-
plex. Crossing a stream and several rice
paddies under enemy fire, Paces platoon
enveloped the fortified enemy position.
222
2d Lieutenant Pace and his platoon sergeant,
Sergeant Reid B. Zachary, in Vietnam during
1968.
Afterward, he became the battalions assis-
tant operations officer and was promoted to
first lieutenant on 7 September.
Lieutenant Pace returned to the United
States during March 1969 and reported to
the Marine Barracks in Washington, DC.
After serving as Head of the Infantry and
Intelligence Writer Unit at the Marine Corps
Institute for six months, he took command
of 2d Platoon, Guard Company. Besides
performing official ceremonies, the platoon
provided security at the presidential retreat
at Camp David, Maryland. A year later he
 Captain Peter Pace commands the Silent Drill Platoon at the Marine Corps War Memorial
in 1971.

took charge of the Special Ceremonial Pla-
toon, which included the Silent Drill Team,
Marine Corps Color Guard, and Body Bearer
sections. He also served as a White House
Social Aide and advanced to captain on 1
March 1971.
In September 1971 Captain Pace trans-
ferred to Fort Benning, Georgia, where he
attended the US Army Infantry Officers
Advanced Course, graduating second in his
class. Simultaneously, he finished a masters
degree in business administration at George
Washington University, which he had begun
during his previous assignment. He then
completed the Nuclear and Chemical Target
Analysis Course in July, finishing first in his
class, and the Basic Airborne Course in
August.
Captain Paces next assignment took
him to Okinawa, Japan, in September 1972.
After briefly commanding Headquarters
and Service Company, 3d Reconnaissance
Battalion, he deployed to Nam Phong, Thai-
land, in October. He joined Task Force

223
Delta, serving as the operations officer and
later executive officer of a battalion-size
security detachment attached to Marine Air
Base Squadron-15. The detachment pro-
tected the Thai Air Force Base hosting
Marine Aircraft Group 15, then engaged in
air combat operations in Vietnam. As part
of his duties, Pace also advised a Royal Thai
security guard company.
In October 1973 Captain Pace returned
to Washington, DC, where he became the
Assistant Majors Monitor for the Officer
Assignments Branch at Headquarters,
Marine Corps. In this capacity, he managed
the careers of over 2,000 ground officers,
matching professional skills, development
needs, and individual desires when fulfill-
ing specific manpower requirements.
Captain Pace subsequently reported
to Camp Pendleton, California, in October
1976. He first served as the operations offi-
cer for 2d Battalion, Fifth Marines, and was
promoted to major on 1 August 1977. His
next assignments were as the Executive
Officer for 3d Battalion, 5th Marines, and
finally as Staff Secretary to the Command-
ing General of 1st Marine Division.
In August 1979 Major Pace returned to
Quantico, Virginia, to attend the Marine
Corps Command and Staff College. Fol-
lowing graduation, he assumed command
of Marine Corps Recruiting Station, Buffalo,
NY, in July 1980. During this three-year
tour, Pace was promoted to lieutenant colo-
nel on 1 October 1982 and led the organiza-
tion during its ascent from forty-third to the
fifth ranked station in the nation.
Lieutenant Colonel Pace came back to
Camp Pendleton in May 1983 and took
command of 2d Battalion, 1st Marines,
which served as the air contingency battal-
ion for 1st Marine Division. The battalion
then deployed to Okinawa, Japan, in Sep-
tember 1984, where it became the air contin-
224
gency battalion for 3d Marine Division. The
following January it joined the 35th Marine
Amphibious Unit. During that time Pace
also served as the amphibious units opera-
tions officer and commander of the landing
force during Exercise Beach Guard 1-85 in
the Republic of the Philippines.
In June 1985 Lieutenant Colonel Pace
entered the National War College in Wash-
ington, DC. After graduation the following
year, he moved to Seoul, Korea, for duty
with the joint and combined US Forces
Korea, Combined Forces Command, and
United Nations Command. He initially
served as Chief of the Ground Forces Branch,
Operations Section, of the Combined-Joint
Staff. He reorganized the branch to lead the
combined battle staff within the crisis action
system and personally authored revisions
to contingency plans. In April 1987 he
became the Executive Officer to the Assis-
tant Chief of Staff for Operations. This
assignment enabled him to develop an
appreciation for the v aried perspectives
that different organizations might have for
the same issue.
After assuming command of Marine
Barracks Washington, DC, in August 1988,
Pace was promoted to colonel on 1 October.
In addition to overseeing traditional cere-
monial and security functions, he intensi-
fied the units tactical training and devel-
oped a light infantry capability within the
command. His efforts enabled the barracks
to deploy a reinforced rifle company to
Southwest Asia during Operation DESERT
SHIELD, which provided security to the 2d
Marine Division Command Post during
Operation DESERT STORM. Concurrently,
Pace was the Director of the Marine Corps
Institute; he revised nonresident profes-
sional military education and enhanced the
tactical training guides for units deploying
to the Persian Gulf region.
 Senior US leaders salute after deplaning during United Nations Operation in Somalia
II. From left, General Joseph P. Hoar, USMC, Commander in Chief, US Central Com-
mand; Major General Thomas M. Montgomery, USA, Commander of US Forces and
UN Deputy Force Commander; and Brigadier General Peter Pace, USMC, Deputy
Commander of US Forces.

In July 1991 Colonel Pace moved to
Camp Lejeune, North Carolina. He served
as Chief of Staff for the 2d Marine Division
until February 1992, when he became the
Assistant Division Commander. Frocked to
brigadier general on 6 April, he oversaw
establishment of the Riverine Assault Craft
Platoon and its initial deployment to South
America, as well as exercise employment of
the Mobile Riverine Force.
Brigadier General Pace then went to the
Marine Corps Combat Development Com-
mand at Quantico, Virginia, in June 1992.
While serving concurrently as the president
of Marine Corps University and Command-
ing General of Marine Corps Schools, he
completed the Harvard Program for Senior
Executives in National Security and received
two temporary assignments. From Decem-
ber 1992 to February 1993 he served as
Deputy Commander of Marine Forces
Somalia during Operation RESTORE HOPE.
This US-led international effort secured the
area around Mogadishu and enabled

225
humanitarian relief operations to resume
after disruption by the nations warring fac-
tions. Then, from October 1993 to January
1994 Pace served as Deputy Commander of
US Joint Task Force Somalia during Opera-
tion CONTINUE HOPE. Part of the United
Nations Operation in Somalia II, this initia-
tive sought to maintain security and foster
development leading to long-term stability.
Frocked to major general on 21 June
1994, Pace reported to Yokota Air Base in
July as the Deputy Commander of US Forces
Japan, serving under then-Lieutenant Gen-
eral Richard B. Myers, USAF. Leadership
of the joint force assigned to defend Japan
and support operations in Korea necessi-
tated both military and diplomatic skills. In
the latter capacity, Pace served as the US
Representative to the Joint Committee, the
principal interlocutor between the United
States and Japan on all status of forces
issues. He worked to allay Japanese con-
cern over the implication of the American
military presence upon their national sover-
eignty and planned for consolidation of US
bases in Okinawa that would not decrease
Americas military posture in the Pacific.
Major General Pace returned to Wash-
ington in July 1996, where he was promoted
to lieutenant general on 5 August and
assigned as Director of Operations (J-3), the
Joint Staff. His arrival coincided with the
publication of Joint Vision 2010, the Chair-
mans framework for employing advanced
technology to enhance service strengths and
dominate any battlefield. During the next
year, the military responded to crises in
Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Caribbean and
the North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) incorporated three Eastern Bloc
nations formerly associated with the Soviet
Union.
In November 1997 Lieutenant General
Pace assumed command of US Marine
226
Corps Forces, Atlantic, as well as Fleet
Marine Forces and Marine Bases, Atlantic,
located at Norfolk, Virginia. Besides US
Atlantic Command, Paces responsibilities
included command of Marines in both US
European and Southern Commands. To
facilitate that role, he transformed existing
liaison elements assigned to those organiza-
tions into subsidiary Marine component
commands. This direct approach proved
useful when supporting NATO missions in
Bosnia-Herzegovina and Kosovo.
After receiving his fourth star on 8 Sep-
tember 2000, General Pace became the Com-
mander in Chief of US Southern Command.
Headquartered in Miami, Florida, this econ-
omy of force command promoted democ-
racy, stability, and prosperity throughout
Latin America and the Caribbean. It
achieved these goals by conducting train-
ing, civic assistance, and military interac-
tion exercises. These exercises built rap-
port, enhanced host nation capabilities, and
advanced the national drug control strategy,
designed to reduce the flow of illicit sub-
stances into the United States. By helping to
organize, train, and equip partner nations
security forces, Southern Command enabled
them to conduct interdiction operations
against the drug growers and traffickers,
especially those in the Andean Ridge region.
Ongoing efforts to establish the Colombian
Counternarcotics Brigade, operate the Joint
Peruvian Riverine Training Center, and
improve regional aviation facilities were
among the initiatives. Southern Command
simultaneously developed its theater archi-
tecture to meet 21st Century requirements,
and provided humanitarian assistance fol-
lowing a hurricane in Belize and an earth-
quake in El Salvador.
General Pace became the 6th Vice Chair-
man of the Joint Chiefs of Staff on 1 October
2001, the first Marine to hold that position.
Once again, he found himself serving with
General Richard B. Myers, USAF, who
became the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff on the same day. Just three weeks ear-
lier, on 11 September 2001, al-Qaeda opera-
tives had launched multiple terrorist attacks
against the United States, striking the World
Trade Center and the Pentagon. As the
nation prosecuted its Global War on Terror-
ism (GWOT), Pace spent more time address-
ing strategic plans and policy than acquisi-
tion issues, a departure from the Vice Chair-
mans traditional role.
Coalition forces launched military
operations against al-Qaeda and Taliban
targets in Afghanistan on 7 October, top-
pling the radical Islamist regime three
months later. As the administration shifted
its attention to other nations that supported
terrorism, the Secretary of Defense, Joint
Chiefs of Staff, and Combatant Commands
prepared for a strike against Iraq and its
impact upon the nations global defense
posture. While the Joint Chiefs evaluated
US Central Commands evolving opera-
tions plan, late changes in force composi-
tion complicated the pre-invasion buildup.
This required that Generals Myers and Pace
seek Secretary Rumsfelds approval for
hundreds of individual deployment orders.
To remedy this situation and facilitate the
anticipated redeployment of forces follow-
ing the war, the Joint Staff J-8 began transi-
tioning from the Timed Phased Force and
Deployment Data System to a new Global
Force Management System.
Coalition forces launched Operation
IRAQI FREEDOM on 19 March 2003, occu-
pied Baghdad on 9 April, and heard Presi-
dent Bush declare an end to major combat
operations on 1 May. Concurrently, during
the Elaborate Crossbow exercise series, the
Joint Staff, Combatant Commands, and ser-
vices considered post-war support require-
227
ments, force reconstitution plans, and their
impact upon global security. Their findings
contributed to a realignment of the nations
defense posture in 2004; increasing the abil-
ity to source and surge capabilities cross-
theater reduced the requirement to pre-
position forces to support regional combat-
ant commanders during times of crisis.
Although fighting continued in Afghan-
istan and Iraq, both countries established
fragile democracies and showed gradual
gains. In Afghanistan, local delegates rati-
fied a new constitution in January 2004,
enabling its citizens to vote in presidential
elections during September, followed by
parliamentary elections a year later. In Iraq,
citizens elected a National Assembly and
Governorate Council during January 2005;
the Assembly ratified Iraqs new constitu-
tion in October 2005.
As Vice Chairman, General Pace also
chaired the Joint Requirements Oversight
Council (JROC), which validated force capa-
bility requirements; co-chaired the Defense
Acquisition Board, which approved all
major acquisition programs; and served on
the National Security Council Deputies
Committee, the Homeland Security Council
Deputies Committee, and the Nuclear
Weapons Council. As head of the JROC,
General Pace replaced the aging Joint Warf-
ighting Capabilities Assessment (JWCA)
with a newer, more versatile Joint Capabili-
ties Integration Development System
(JCIDS) in 2003.
Conceptually linked to the Chairmans
Joint Operations Concepts, JCIDS promoted
interoperability by identifying, evaluating,
and prioritizing strategic capability gaps.
To filter the flow of issues through subsid-
iary capability boards, General Pace
appointed as Gatekeeper the Joint Staff
J-8, Director of Force Structure, Resources,
and Assessment. He also instituted the use
 General Peter Pace presents the Purple Heart Medal to a Marine wounded while fight-
ing in Iraq.
of operational availability analysis within
the evaluation process, enabling the JROC to
consider the sustainability of different capa-
bilities when comparing alternatives and to
avoid redundancy when fulfilling joint
requirements. Board discussions opened to
a wider portion of the interagency commu-
nity.
The JROC also supported the Joint
Rapid Acquisition Cell (JRAC), an Office of
the Secretary of Defense (OSD) initiative to
fulfill joint requirements that, if left unmet,
could result in casualties or hamper near-
term military missions. Combatant com-
mands forwarded urgent operational needs
to the Joint Staff J-8 for validation as imme-
diate warfighting needs. The JRAC then
228
filled the requirements within 120 days,
often procuring off-the-shelf capabilities,
such as protection from improvised explo-
sive devices, side body armor, and Arabic
interpreters.
On 30 September 2005 General Pace
became the 16th Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, the first Marine to hold that
position. His top priority was to win the
war on terrorism by, in part, assisting oth-
ers to create good governance and the rule
of lawshaping an environment that pre-
cludes the flourishing of terrorism. He
advocated broad-based collaboration as a
tool to building and enhancing interagency
relationships. He emphasized applying the
military instrument in a way that would
complement and strengthen the actions of
other elements of national power. General
Paces remaining priorities were to acceler-
ate transformation, strengthen joint warf-
ighting, and improve the quality of life of
service members and their families. Gen-
eral Pace hired the first senior enlisted
adviser to the chairman, Army Command
Sergeant Major William J. Gainey. He pub-
lished the Chairmans Planning Guidance
on 1 October 2005, the first ever comprehen-
sive written guidance to the Joint Staff.
The 2005 Quadrennial Defense Review
reflected this focus. In concert with efforts
to defeat terrorist extremism, defend the
homeland, counter weapons of mass
destruction, and shape the choices of coun-
tries at strategic crossroads, the document
advanced the shift toward expeditionary
forces, highlighting a need for speed, agility,
precision, and lethality when thwarting
non-traditional or asymmetrical threats. It
also accentuated the militarys supporting
role during interagency stability, security,
transition, and reconstruction operations,
underscoring that the Department of
Defense alone could not win the current
conflict.
During July 2006 escalating violence in
Afghanistan and Iraq prompted a compre-
hensive policy review. Early in January
2007, one month after Robert Gates suc-
ceeded Donald Rumsfeld as the Secretary of
Defense, the Bush administration presented
its New Way Forward in Iraq. This initia-
tive, a strategic realignment to reverse dete-
riorating conditions in that theater of opera-
tions, emphasized the security and develop-
ment aspects of the clear, hold, and build
counterinsurgency strategy. It also strength-
ened the nations overall strategic reserve by
raising thresholds for the Army and Marine
Corps end strengths.
The first of five surge brigades reached
Iraq during late January 2007. Six months
later General Pace had an opportunity to
observe the improvements in Iraqs security
situation firsthand. After visiting Baghdad
and Ramadi he told reporters: A sea change
is taking place in many places here. Its no
longer a matter of pushing al-Qaeda out
but ratherhelping the local police and
local armyget their feet on the ground
and set up their systems.
General Pace retired on 1 October 2007,
after more than forty years of active military
service. In recognition of his contribution to
the nation, President Bush presented him
with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on
19 June 2008. Following retirement, Pace
served on the Presidents Intelligence Advi-
sory Board and the Secretary of Defenses
Defense Policy Board. He also held leader-
ship positions in several corporations
involved in management consulting, pri-
vate equity, and information technology
security, and taught as a visiting/adjunct
faculty member at Kelley School of Busi-
ness, Indiana University; Fordham Univer-
sity; and Georgetown University. He is co-
founder and Chairman of Wall Street Warf-
ighters Foundation and has held advisory
positions with a number of other organiza-
tions designed to support the troops and
their families, to include the Marine Corps
Law Enforcement Foundation, USO, Ameri-
can Corporate Partners, Snowball Express,
and Our Military Kids.
229
 Pt Pc
General, USMC
Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

2d Lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Jun 67
1st Lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Sep 68
Capt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Mar 71
Maj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Aug 77
Lt Col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Oct 82
Col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Oct 88
Brig Gen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 Apr 92 . . . . . 1 Aug 92
Maj Gen. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Jun 94 . . . . . 1 Aug 95
Lt Gen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Aug 96
Gen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 Sep 00 . . . . . 1 Nov 00

Agt Dt
From To

Midshipman, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD . 1963 . . . . . . 1967

Student, The Basic School, Quantico, VA . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . 1968
Rie Platoon Commander and then Assistant
Operations Ocer, 2d Baalion, 5th Marines,
1stMarine Division, Republic of Vietnam . . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1969
Head, Infantry Writer Unit, Marine Corps
Institute, and Platoon Leader, Special
Ceremonial Platoon and Guard Company,
and Camp David Security Detachment
Commander and White House Social Aide at
Marine Barracks, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1971
Student, Infantry Ocers Advanced Course,
Nuclear and Chemical Target Analysis Course,
and Basic Airborne Course, Fort Benning, GA . . 1971 . . . . . . 1972
Operations Ocer and then Executive Ocer,
Security Element, Marine Aircra Group 15,
1st Marine Aircra Wing, Nam Phong, Thailand 1972 . . . . . . 1973
Assistant Majors Monitor, Headquarters Marine
Corps, Washington, DC. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1976
Operations Ocer, 2d Baalion, 5th Marines, then
Executive Ocer, 3d Baalion, 5th Marines,
and then Sta Secretary, 1st Marine Division,
Camp Pendleton, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . 1979
Student, Marine Corps Command and Sta College,
Quantico, VA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1980

230
Agt Dt
From To

Commanding Ocer, Marine Corps Recruiting

Station, Bualo, NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . 1983
Commanding Ocer, 2d Baalion, 1st Marines,
1st Marine Division, Camp Pendleton, CA . . . . 1983 . . . . . . 1985
Student, National War College, Washington, DC . . 1985 . . . . . . 1986
Chief, Ground Forces Branch, Combined-Joint Sta,
and then Executive Ocer to the Assistant Chief
of Sta, Operations, United Nations Command-
Combined Forces Command-US Forces Korea-
Eighth US Army, Seoul, Korea . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . 1988
Commanding Ocer, Marine Barracks,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . 1991
Chief of Sta and then Assistant Division
Commander, 2d Marine Division,
Camp Lejeune, NC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1992
Served concurrently as President, Marine Corps
University and Commanding General, Marine
Corps Schools, Marine Corps Combat
Development Command, Quantico, VA.
Temporarily assigned as Deputy Commander,
Marine Forces Somalia (Dec 1992 Feb 1993)
and Deputy Commander, Joint Task Force
Somalia (Oct 1993 Mar 1994) . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . 1994
Deputy Commander and Chief of Sta, US Forces
Japan, Yokoto Air Base, Japan . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . 1996
Director for Operations, The Joint Sta,
Washington DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1997
Commander, US Marine Corps Forces, Atlantic-
Europe-South, Norfolk, VA. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . 2000
Commander in Chief, US Southern Command,
Miami, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 . . . . . . 2001
Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Sta,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . 2005
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Sta,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . 2007

231
Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulct

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)

Navy Distinguished Service Medal
Army Distinguished Service Medal
Air Force Distinguished Service Medal
Coast Guard Distinguished Service Medal
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit
Bronze Star Medal (with V device)
Defense Meritorious Service Medal
Meritorious Service Medal (with gold star)
Navy Commendation Medal (with "V" device)
Navy Achievement Medal (with gold star)
Combat Action Ribbon

Parachutist

232
234
 Mihae Genn Men
1 October 200730 September 2011

M ichael G. Mullen was born in Los Angeles, California, on 4 Octo-

ber 1946. The son of a prominent Hollywood publicist, he was
the eldest of five children. While attending Notre Dame High School in
Sherman Oaks he participated in service and social clubs and excelled in
basketball, becoming the teams most valuable player. Following high school
he enrolled in the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland.
Midshipman Mullen graduated on 5 June 1968, earning a bachelor of science
degree in systems engineering and a commission in the US Navy.
Ensign Mullen reported to San Diego, California, for ten weeks of train-
ing in military justice and anti-submarine warfare operations. He then joined
the USS Colle (DD 730) in October 1968. Serving as an anti-submarine war-
fare ocer, he oversaw employment of the ships Drone Anti-Submarine He-
licopter (DASH), an unmanned aircra armed with torpedoes, designed to
extend the destroyers stand-o aack capability. He was promoted to lieu-
tenant (junior grade) in June 1969, and that September the destroyer sailed
for a six-month deployment to the Western Pacic. As part of Seventh Fleet,
the crew participated in operations o the coast of Vietnam, including naval
gunre in support of US Army, US Marine Corps, and South Vietnamese
forces near Da Nang.
In February1971 Lieutenant (j. g.) Mullen graduated from the Depart-
ment Head Course 32 at Naval Destroyer School, Newport, Rhode Island.
Aer completing a brief course in nuclear weapons at Norfolk, Virginia, he
reported aboard the USS Blandy (DD 943) as Weapons Ocer and was promot-

Adl Mcl G. Mull

United States Navy

235
 Commander Mullen and his executive officer, Lieutenant (j.g.) Steve Laporte, aboard
the bridge of the guided missile destroyer USS Goldsboro (DDG 20).

ed to full Lieutenant in July 1971. As part of
Destroyer Squadron Twenty-Six, nicknamed
The Mod Squad, the Blandy participated
in an experimental program designed to give
junior ocers more responsibility by assign-
ing them to billets normally held by personnel
of greater rank. While serving consecutively
as the ships Weapons and Operations O-
cer, Mullen participated in NATO operations
in the Mediterranean, tracked Soviet ships in
the Caribbean, and qualied to command de-
stroyers.
Aer completing short courses in damage
control and eet petroleum operations in Jan-
uary 1973, Lieutenant Mullen assumed com-
mand of the USS Noxubee (AOG 56), a World
War II era gasoline tanker, home ported in
Lile Creek, Virginia. The crew provided re-
plenishment services to the Atlantic Fleet and
completed two successful deployments to the
Mediterranean, including providing support
to US Navy ships in the eastern Mediterra-
nean during the 1973 Arab-Israeli war.
Lieutenant Mullen returned to the US
Naval Academy in July 1975. He served two
years as a Company Ocer for 150 midship-
men, with concurrent assignments as an in-
structor, a member of the admissions board,
and assistant ocer-in-charge for summer
midshipman training. During his nal year
at the academy, Mullen was promoted to lieu-
tenant commander in October 1977 and be-

236
came the Commandants executive assistant.
To prepare for his next assignment, Lieu-
tenant Commander Mullen completed the
ve-month prospective engineer ocers
course at Idaho Falls, Idaho, and Great Lakes,
Illinois. A month aer graduation in Octo-
ber 1978, he reported aboard the USS Fox (CG
33), a guided missile cruiser home ported in
Bremerton, Washington, as Chief Engineer.
Mullen oversaw a een month overhaul of
the ships propulsion system, and his depart-
ment earned two consecutive awards for en-
gineering excellence. The Fox deployed to the
Western Pacic in September 1980 and served
briey as agship in the Persian Gulf during
the continuing crisis with revolutionary Iran.
During the deployment, Mullen held concur-
rent responsibilities as the ships senior watch
ocer and force anti-air warfare command-
er for the USS Ranger Aircra Carrier Bale
Group and combatant forces operating in the
Persian Gulf.
In July 1981, aer completing a short
course in surface ship operations at Newport,
Rhode Island, Lieutenant Commander Mullen
became the Executive Ocer of the USS Ster-
e (CG 31), home ported in Subic Bay, Repub-
lic of the Philippines, while supporting Sev-
enth Fleet operations in the Western Pacic.
This involved bale group and multilateral
exercises with partner nations, including Ja-
pan and the Republic of Korea, and included
an encounter with a Vietnamese shing boat
that red upon the task group. The Stere also
recovered Vietnamese nationals at sea who
were eeing from South Vietnam.
While aending the Naval Postgraduate
School at Monterey, California, from January
1983 to March 1985, Lieutenant Commander
Mullen advanced in grade to Commander
and earned a master of science degree in op-
erations research. Aer completing a brief re-
fresher course in ship operations at Newport,
Rhode Island, Mullen transferred to Pearl Har-
bor, Hawaii, and took command of the USS
Goldsboro (DDG 20) in June 1985. The guided
missile destroyer executed Third Fleet opera-
tions until August 1986, when it deployed to
the Western Pacic and Persian Gulf. As part
of the Middle East Force from November to
January 1987, the crew conducted maritime
security operations under wartime conditions
during the Iraq-Iran conict. In recognition
of his performance while commanding aoat,
Mullen received the Pacic Fleets 1987 Vice
Admiral Stockdale Leadership Award.
Commander Mullen returned to New-
port, Rhode Island, in October 1987. Aer
completing the integrated warfare course for
post-command ocers at the Naval War Col-
lege, in December he assumed the duties of
Director of the Surface Warfare Division Of-
cer Course. Promoted to captain in Septem-
ber 1989, Mullen transferred to Washington,
DC, where he became the Navys sta assis-
tant to the Director for Operational Test and
Evaluation at the Oce of the Secretary of
Defense (OSD). He was involved in modern-
ization initiatives such as the Arleigh Burke-
class (DDG 51) guided missile destroyer, the
AEGIS SPY-1B radar testing and evaluation,
improvements to the Standard Missile ca-
pabilities, Seawolf-class (SSN 21) submarine,
and Tomahawk missile programs. As OSD
pursued its new Fly-before-Buy procure-
ment strategy, he proved especially adept at
enhancing evaluation methods, draing tech-
nical assessments for the Defense Acquisition
Board, and brieng members of Congress.
Captain Mullen next completed the 11
week Advanced Management Program at
Harvard Business School in November 1991,
followed by command refresher training in
Rhode Island and Virginia. In April 1992 he
assumed command of the AEGIS guided mis-
sile cruiser USS Yorktown (CG 48), that years
Atlantic Fleet winner of the Marjorie Sterre
Baleship Fund Award for overall readiness.
237
 Winners of the 1987 Vice Admiral James B. Stockdale Award for Inspirational Leader-
ship. Standing, from left, are Admiral Stockdale; Commander Michael G. Mullen, rep-
resenting the Pacific Fleet; Commander Charles W. Moore, Jr., representing the Atlantic
Fleet; and Admiral Carlisle A. H. Trost, the Chief of Naval Operations.

With the Cold War ended, the ship visited
Severomorsk, Russia, and trained with the
Romanian and Bulgarian navies. The crew
earned another award for bale eciency
during 1993, while conducting counter-drug
operations in the Caribbean as part of Joint
Task Force (JTF) 4 and maritime interdiction
operations o Haiti as part of JTF-120 dur-
ing Operation SUPPORT DEMOCRACY. In
each case Mullen served as the forces air war-
fare commander. He also embarked women
aboard the Yorktown on a temporary basis in
an eort to enhance diversity and opportu-
nity in the Navy.
Returning to Washington in February
1994, Captain Mullen served as Director of the
Surface Ocer Distribution Division at the
Bureau of Naval Personnel. This was a tumul-
tuous period, characterized by reductions in
personnel, resources, and ultimately the size
of the eet. He implemented changes in per-
sonnel assignments to complement the new
force structure, including initiatives to realign
career paths, increase command opportunities
for younger ocers, broaden opportunities
for joint education and joint assignments, and
institutionalize diversity. In August 1995 Mul-
len became Director of the Surface Warfare
Plans, Programs, and Requirements Division
in the Oce of the Chief of Naval Operations.
As the SC-21 (Surface Combatant for the 21st
Century) program entered the cost and op-
erational analysis phase of development, he
advocated the addition of distributed system
networks and extended-range precision weap-
ons to the Arsenal Ship design.
Following his promotion to ag rank on
1 April 1996, Rear Admiral (lower half) Mul-

238
len served briey as the Deputy Director of
the Surface Warfare Division and completed
refresher training at Oceana, Virginia. Then,
in August he took command of Cruiser-De-
stroyer Group TWO, with concurrent duties
as commander of the USS George Washington
(CVN 73) Aircra Carrier Bale Group. The
bale group participated in inter-deployment
training as part of the Atlantic Fleet until Oc-
tober 1997, when it deployed to the Mediterra-
nean Sea and Persian Gulf. George Washington
participated in multi-bale group operations
in the Gulf as the cornerstone of US Central
Commands military presence in the Middle
East. Central Command forces during this
time nearly came to blows with the Iraqi mili-
tary, rst in December 1997 and then again in
February 1998. The presence and readiness
of US forces eventually helped convince Sad-
dam Hussein to allow United Nations weap-
ons inspectors into Iraq.
Newly promoted Rear Admiral (upper
half) Mullen returned to the Oce of the
Chief of Naval Operations in May 1998, this
time as Director of the Surface Warfare Divi-
sion (N-86). Inheriting a reduced force with
growing lioral responsibilities, he told Con-
gress, we can no longer safely mortgage our
future readiness by further deferring recapi-
talization and modernization. Advocating
a measured revolution that acknowledged
scal limitations, he addressed retention is-
sues through systems automation, continu-
ation pay, and reduced sea-time. He also
sought a modest increase in shipbuilding
and installed new technologies aboard exist-
ing vessels. Among several key 21st Century
initiatives were the tactical Tomahawk cruise
missile, theater ballistic missile defense, and
the multi-mission DD-21 destroyer programs.
In October 2000 Vice Admiral Mullen ac-
cepted concurrent command of the US Sec-
ond Fleet and NATO Striking Fleet Atlantic,
embarked upon the USS Mount Whitney (LCC
20). The Second Fleet operated from the
North to the South poles and as far east as Eu-
rope. Besides training the Atlantic bale eet,
evaluating new tactics, and maintaining bale
group readiness, Mullen could also assemble
JTF-120 to address emergent regional crises.
The Striking Fleet maintained maritime supe-
riority in the Atlantic and guaranteed NATOs
sea lines of communication.
Vice Admiral Mullen returned to Wash-
ington in August 2001 as the Deputy Chief
of Naval Operations for Resources, Require-
ments, and Assessments (N-8) in the Oce of
the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). Dur-
ing his two-and-a-half-year tenure, Mullen
improved the eciency of the Navys acqui-
sition process and identied program cuts to
recapitalize funding for force modernization
and transformation. A principal architect of
Sea Power 21, the CNOs strategic vision to
address 21st Century threats, he advocated
for a Global Concept of Operations that re-
congured naval forces to create additional
expeditionary strike groups. This enabled the
eet to expand its geographic scope of inu-
ence and enhance the nations deterrence ca-
pability.
Following his promotion to admiral in
August 2003, Mullen was appointed the Vice
Chief of Naval Operations. He represented
Navy interests as a member of the Joint Re-
quirements Oversight Council and led imple-
mentation of the CNOs Fleet Response Plan,
designed to replace rigid Cold War-era train-
ing, maintenance, and deployment cycles
with a more exible timetable that increased
the eets surge capacity.
In October 2004 Admiral Mullen took
concurrent command of US Naval Forces, Eu-
rope, and Allied Joint Force Command, situ-
ated in Naples, Italy. In this dual role he com-
manded the Combined and Joint NATO Force
in the Balkans (17,000 troops in Kosovo), co-
ordinated ongoing NATO counterterrorism
239
eorts in the Mediterranean during Opera-
tion ACTIVE ENDEAVOR, and stood up the
rst NATO training missions in Iraq (NTM-I).
This varied experience provided a fresh un-
derstanding of the dynamic global changes
and an appreciation of the need for a secure
environment to allow democracy and oppor-
tunity to ourish.
Eight months later, on 22 July 2005, Ad-
miral Mullen became the 28th Chief of Naval
Operations. His initial guidance to the Navy
identied three priorities: sustaining combat
readiness, building a eet for the future, and
developing 21st Century leaders. Readiness
meant maintaining a responsive forceships
and personnelwith a wide range of opera-
tional capabilities. Mullen again sought to
harness the nations diversity, empowering
sailors to reach their full potential.
Dedicated to developing the Sea Power
21 vision, Admiral Mullen began to build to-
day a force that is properly sized, balanced,
and priced for tomorrow. To bolster the na-
tions agging shipbuilding industry, he rec-
ommended replacement of aging vessels and
expansion of the current eet to 313 ships by
2020. Much of the eets anticipated growth
was linked to a new multi-mission lioral
combat ship, which would reduce costs and
improve the Navys capability to deal with
terrorist threats and humanitarian crises
world-wide.
Admiral Mullen also championed re-
vamping the National Fleet Policy between
the Navy and Coast Guard and led the na-
val services to update the unied maritime
strategy in A Cooperative Strategy for 21st
Century Seapower. The global strategy es-
tablished dispersed eet stations to build in-
ternational relationships and sustain the joint
eets constant forward presence. Acknowl-
edging growing requirements for interop-
erability among maritime nations sharing
similar interests, Mullen proposed that allies
240
collaborate to form a Thousand Ship Navy
to secure the global maritime commons. He
envisioned a free-form, self-organizing net-
work of maritime partners facilitated by the
implementation of an automatic identication
system for ships at sea and the creation of a
Virtual Regional Maritime Trac Center.
Based on the recommendation of Dr.
Robert M. Gates, the Secretary of Defense,
Admiral Mullen became the 17th Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Sta on 1 October 2007.
Mullen arrived in the midst of the Global
War on Terrorism and two wars and imme-
diately established three priorities that would
resonate throughout his four-year tenure as
Chairman. His rst priority was to develop a
strategy to protect the nations interests in the
Middle East, then dominated by the ongoing
campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan.
As CNO, Admiral Mullen supported
President Bushs temporary troop surge in
Iraq, support that was made possible through
the Chiefs collective insistence that the surge
would be accompanied by economic develop-
ment and political reconciliation. During his
conrmation hearings for Chairman, he tes-
tied that Americas ground forces were se-
verely strained, but defeat would strengthen
the nations adversaries and further under-
mine Middle East stability.
Security conditions in Iraq had improved
by the fall of 2007, enabling the additional US
forces to start to gradually withdraw. None-
theless, Admiral Mullen made clear that the
Iraqi security forces still needed American
military assistance to counter insurgent and
terrorist violence. A base force would have
to remain in place until the Iraqis were suf-
ciently trained and equipped. In November
2008, aer much debate, the Iraqi Parliament
accepted a status of forces agreement with the
United States that restricted US combat op-
erations and called for an intermediate with-
drawal of American forces from major cities
 Admiral Mullen meets with General Ashfaq Parvez Kayani, Chief of Staff of the Paki-
stani Army, in Islamabad on 24 July 2010.
by June 2009, followed by their complete de-
parture by the end of 2011.
Relegated by necessity to an economy
of force mission, the situation in Afghanistan
and neighboring Pakistan worsened during
2007. Frustrated by NATO shortfalls in capa-
bility and capacity, Admiral Mullen called for
a well-coordinated counterinsurgency strat-
egy. He also started an eort for alternative
logistics supply to reduce reliance on Paki-
stan. As the Bush administration reassessed
its military and diplomatic strategies the fol-
lowing year, Mullen acknowledged that coali-
tion forces were losing ground and advocated
greater involvement. In Afghanistan, we do
what we can, he told members of the House
Armed Services Commiee in December 2007.
In Iraq, we do what we must. He also initi-
ated a long-term diplomatic relationship with
General Ashfaq Kayani, the Pakistani Army
Chief of Sta, pledging support and solicit-
ing cooperation in combating militants in the
countrys unruly tribal area.
Shortly aer his inauguration in 2009,
President Obama shied the militarys focus
from Iraq to Afghanistan, presented a new
counterinsurgency strategy for the region,
and increased the number of deployed forces.
He pledged collaboration with Pakistan in the
ght against terrorism and emphasis on more
resources for training security forces, ghting
government corruption, and combating drug
tracking in Afghanistan.
By January Admiral Mullen was repeat-
edly warning about the detrimental eect that
poor governance and corruption was having
on the population. Despite a dramatic in-
crease in our civilian presence in Afghanistan
this past year, Mullen told members of the
House Armed Services Commiee in Febru-
241
ary 2011, improvements in sub-national gov-
ernance and reconstruction have not kept pace
with progress in improving security. This has
impeded our ability to hold, build and trans-
fer.
There were further gains in security
particularly in the south and east over the
springand a robust eort to continue to
grow and develop competent Afghan security
forces. Admiral Mullen worked with special
operations forces to provide options for the
President for operations against Osama bin
Laden in the spring of 2011, the execution of
which resulted in the killing of Osama bin
Laden. Together these developments made it
possible for Admiral Mullen to support Presi-
dent Obamas plan to withdraw US troops
and turn over security to Afghan forces by
2014. He advised a cautious approach, how-
ever, to ensure that the drawdown did not oc-
cur too swily.
Admiral Mullens second priority as
Chairman was to improve the health of the
force by balancing current requirements
against future national security threats. The
toll taken on US ground forces during pro-
tracted wars in Iraq and Afghanistan partic-
ularly worried him, and Mullen questioned
their readiness to ght a high-intensity war
against a major adversary. Besides repair-
ing or replacing worn out equipment, he
proposed increasing the interval between de-
ployments, training to full-spectrum opera-
tions, and addressing the welfare of service
members and their families, especially the
needs of the combat wounded and families of
the fallen. Mindful of the costs of such ini-
tiatives, he suggested that the country devote
additional resources to national security and
considered a defense budget pegged at 4 per-
cent of its gross domestic product the absolute
minimum.
The recession in 2008 challenged mod-
ernization eorts, compelling Admiral Mul-
242
len to acknowledge that the federal debt rep-
resented the single biggest threat to national
security. During the next three years the
Chairman and Secretary Gates aggressively
trimmed expensive, redundant, or failing pro-
grams in order to recapitalize funds for higher
priority requirements. They curtailed mul-
tiple high-technology items, disestablished
US Joint Forces Command, and ultimately re-
duced the end strength of the Army and Ma-
rine Corps to support the all-volunteer force,
meet current operational needs, and address
the most-likely future threats. Nevertheless,
in April 2011 President Obama ordered an-
other $400 billion in reductions over the next
twelve years. Admiral Mullen agreed that the
Defense Department should contribute to re-
solving the nations decit crisis and believed
that it could responsibly manage a build-
down, but he worried that reckless cuts could
hollow the military.
Admiral Mullen voiced concern over a
widening gulf between the military and the
public. Even though the military enjoyed
what he called a Sea of Goodwill on the part
of the American people, only a small percent-
age of the general population had a personal
connection to those in uniform. He and his
wife Deborah urged communities to embrace
returning veterans, and he called on the mili-
tary to remember, as well, their own duties of
citizenship.
The most controversial issue separat-
ing civil and military values was a maer of
enlistment criteria. Mullen had been con-
cerned about the issue for years, and in 2008
he ordered his sta to conduct a serious study
about the ramications to the force. He pri-
vately decided to support a change to the
Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy. During his
January 2010 State of the Union Address,
President Obama reiterated his pledge to end
Dont Ask, Dont Tell, a policy that barred
gays and lesbians from serving openly in the
 Admiral Mullen and General Nikolai Makarov, Chief of the General of Staff of the
Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, congratulate each other on signing a memo-
randum of understanding on combating terrorism in St. Petersburg on 6 May 2011.

military. A week later, Admiral Mullen en-
dorsed the Presidents plan before members
of the Senate Armed Services Commiee, tes-
tifying, no maer how I look at the issue, I
cannot escape being troubled by the fact that
we have in place a policy which forces young
men and women to lie about who they are in
order to defend their fellow citizens.
When released in late November, the
anticipated Pentagon study concluded that
allowing gays and lesbians to serve openly
would present minimal risk to military ef-
fectiveness. President Obama subsequently
signed the repeal into law on 22 December
and nine months later, aer Admiral Mullen,
Secretary Leon Panea, and President Obama
certied to Congress that the military was
ready to execute the new policy, Dont Ask,
Dont Tell ocially ended on 20 September
2011.
Admiral Mullens third priority was to
balance strategic risk around the globe. His
2011 National Military Strategy envisioned
a multi-nodal world characterized more by
shiing interest-driven coalitions based on
diplomatic, military, and economic power,
than by rigid security competition between
opposing blocks. In this dynamic environ-
ment, he advocated an interagency approach
to foreign policy in which military leaders
played a wide range of supporting roles. Chi-
nese military modernization and expansion,
and North Korean and Iranian nuclear pro-
liferation, he believed, presented particularly
signicant risks to regional stability and open
access to the global commons. To mitigate
these risks he proposed a geographically dis-
tributed, operationally resilient, and politi-
cally sustainable expeditionary force capable
of conducting full-spectrum operations with

243
its international partners. The establishment
of US Africa Command in 2007 and US Cyber
Command in 2010 reected the wide range of
emerging 21st century challenges.
Admiral Mullen was an active military
diplomat and statesman, encouraging im-
proved military-to-military relations through-
out the world. He met frequently with the
Chief of Sta of the Pakistani Army, leading
eorts to establish a more collaborative as-
sociation with that country. He also led the
US delegations that successfully negotiated
nuclear arms reductions (New Start Treaty)
with the Russians; met with the Chinese, Japa-
nese, and South Korean chiefs to ease tensions
in East Asia; and laid the groundwork for in-
creasing Americas presence in the Pacic.
244
Perhaps Admiral Mullens greatest diplo-
matic challenge occurred near the end of his
tenure as Chairman, during the unanticipated
Arab Spring of 2011, when a wave of popular
uprisings confronted authoritarian regimes
throughout the Middle East. He met with
senior ocials from several Gulf States to en-
courage tolerance and decry escalating vio-
lence. Once President Obama decided to sup-
port the U.N. Security Councils resolution to
protect civilians in Libya, he led NATO and
Arab allies to quickly establish a no-y zone
and supported subsequent operations that
resulted in the demise of the Qadda regime.
Admiral Mullen le oce on 1 October
2011. He retired one month later, aer serv-
ing over forty-three years in uniform.
 Mcl Gl Mull
Admiral, USN

Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

ENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Jun 68
LTJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Jun 69
LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 71
LCDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Oct 77
CDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jun 83
CAPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 89
RADM (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Apr 96
RADM (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Mar 98 . . . . . 01 Oct 98
VADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Sep 00 . . . . . 01 Nov 00
ADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Aug 03

Agt Dt
From To

Midshipman, US Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD . 1964 . . . . . . 1968

Student, Fleet Training Center, San Diego, CA. . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1968
Student, Fleet Anti-Submarine Warfare School,
San Diego, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1968
Anti-Submarine Ocer, USS Colle (DD 730) . . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1970
Student, Naval Destroyer School, Newport, RI . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1971
Student, Nuclear Weapons Training Group,
Atlantic, Norfolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1971
Weapons and Operations Ocer,
USS Blandy (DD 943) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1972
Student, Damage Control Course, Fleet Training
Center, Norfolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . 1973
Student, Fleet Petroleum School, Quartermaster
School, Fort Lee, VA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1973
Student, Sta, Commander Service Force,
US Atlantic Fleet, Norfolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1973
Commanding Ocer, USS Noxubee (AOG 56) . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1975
Company Ocer and Executive Assistant to the
Commandant, US Naval Academy,
Annapolis, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1978
Student, Ship Material Readiness Group,
Idaho Falls, ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . 1978
Engineering Ocer, USS Fox (CG 33) . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . 1981

245
Agt Dt
From To

Student, Surface Warfare Ocers School

Command, Newport, RI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1981
Executive Ocer, USS Stere (CG 31) . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1983
Student, Naval Postgraduate School,
Monterey, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . 1985
Student, Surface Warfare Ocers School
Command, Newport, RI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . 1985
Commanding Ocer, USS Goldsboro (DDG 20) . . . 1985 . . . . . . 1987
Student, Naval War College, Newport, RI . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1987
Director, Surface Warfare Division Ocer Course,
Surface Warfare Ocers School Command,
Newport, RI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1989
Military Sta Assistant to the Director,
Operational Test and Evaluation, Oce of the
Secretary of Defense, Washington, DC . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . 1991
Student, Harvard University Advanced
Management Program, Cambridge, MA . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1991
Student, Surface Warfare Ocers School
Command, Newport, RI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1991
Student, Tactical Training Group Atlantic,
Naval Air Station Oceana, VA . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1991
Student, Commander, Naval Surface Force
Atlantic, Norfolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1992
Student, Aegis Training Center, Dahlgren, VA . . . . 1992 . . . . . . 1992
Commanding Ocer, USS Yorktown (CG 48). . . . . 1992 . . . . . . 1994
Director, Surface Ocer Distribution Division,
Bureau of Naval Personnel, Washington, DC . . 1994 . . . . . . 1995
Director, Surface Warfare Plans, Programs, and
Requirements Division, Oce of the Chief of
Naval Operations, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . 1996
Deputy Director, Surface Warfare Division, Oce
of the Chief of Naval Operations,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1996
Student, Tactical Training Group Atlantic,
Naval Air Station Oceana, VA . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1996
Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Group TWO and
George Washington Balegroup, Charleston, SC . 1996 . . . . . . 1998
Director, Surface Warfare Division, Oce of the
Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, DC . . . 1998 . . . . . . 2000
Commander, US Second Fleet and NATO Striking
Fleet Atlantic, Norfolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 . . . . . . 2001

246
Agt Dt
From To

Deputy Chief of Naval Operations for Resources,

Requirements, and Assessments, Oce of the
Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, DC . . . 2001 . . . . . . 2003
Vice Chief of Naval Operations, Oce of the
Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, DC . . . 2003 . . . . . . 2004
Commander, US Naval Forces, Europe, and Allied
Joint Force Command, Naples, Italy . . . . . . . 2004 . . . . . . 2005
Chief of Naval Operations, Washington, DC . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . 2007
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Sta,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . 2011

Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulct

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with gold star)

Distinguished Service Medal (with gold star)
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (with silver star)
Meritorious Service Medal
Navy Commendation Medal
Navy Achievement Medal

Surface Warfare Ocer

247
248
 Marin Ewar Demse
1 October 2011Present

M artin E. Dempsey was born in Bayonne, New Jersey, in 1952. He

attended John S. Burke Catholic High School in Goshen, New
York, where he excelled in track and basketball. Following graduation from
the United States Military Academy at West Point in 1974, where he had
played lacrosse as a cadet, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the
United States Army. As a company grade officer, General Dempsey served
with the 2d Armored Cavalry Regiment in Europe and the 10th Cavalry at
Fort Carson, Colorado. Following troop command, he earned a masters
degree in English from Duke University and then served as an assistant pro-
fessor at West Point.
As a eld grade ocer, General Dempsey deployed to Saudi Arabia with
the 3d Armored Division in 1991 to support Operations DESERT SHIELD and
DESERT STORM. He later commanded 4th Baalion, 67th Armor Regiment
in Germany for two years and then served as Armor Branch Chief at US Army
Personnel Command. In 1996 he took command of the 3d Armored Cav-
alry Regiment. Following that assignment as the Armys senior scout, he
served as an Assistant Deputy Director for Strategic Plans and Policy (J-5) on
the Joint Sta, and as Special Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Sta, General Henry H. Shelton, USA. During this period of his career, he at-
tended both the Army Command and General Sta College and the National
War College, earning masters degrees in military art and national strategic
studies.

Gl Mt E. Dpy
United States Army

249
 General Dempsey takes the oath of office as the 18th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff on 30 September 2012 at Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall. His wife, Deanie, looks
on while holding the Bible, as outgoing Chairman Admiral Michael G. Mullen admin-
isters the oath.

Promoted to brigadier general in Au-
gust 2001, Dempsey rst served in the King-
dom of Saudi Arabia training and advising
the Saudi Arabian National Guard. Then,
in June 2003 he took command of the 1st
Armored Division in Baghdad and partici-
pated actively in Operation IRAQI FREE-
DOM for fourteen months. Aer complet-
ing his command tour, he returned to Iraq
in August 2005, this time leading the Multi-
National Security Transition Command and
NATO Training Mission. Following that as-
signment, in August 2007 General Dempsey
became the Deputy and later Acting Com-
mander of US Central Command, Tampa,
Florida. He next took charge of US Army
Training and Doctrine Command in Decem-
ber 2008, and then, on 11 April 2011, became
the 37th Chief of Sta of the US Army. Five
months later, on 1 October 2011, he took of-
ce as the 18th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
of Sta.
General Dempsey and his wife, Deanie,
have three children, each of whom served in
the US Army, one remaining on active duty,
and six grandchildren.

250
 Martin E. Dempsey
General, USA

Pt Dt
Temporary Permanent

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Jun 74
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 Jun 76
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 Aug 78
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 85
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Apr 91
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 95
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 01
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sep 04
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 Sep 05
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 Dec 08

Agt Dt
From To

Cadet, US Military Academy, West Point, NY .............. 1970 ..................... 1974

Student, Armor Ocer Basic Course, US Army
Armor School, Fort Knox, KY.................................... 1974 ..................... 1975
Platoon Leader, B Troop, 1st Squadron,
2d Armored Cavalry, US Army Europe and
Seventh Army, Germany ............................................ 1975 ..................... 1976
Support Platoon Leader, 1st Squadron, 2d Armored
Cavalry, US Army Europe and Seventh Army,
Germany ....................................................................... 1976 ..................... 1977
S-1 (Personnel), 1st Squadron, 2d Armored Cavalry,
US Army Europe and Seventh Army, Germany ..... 1977 ..................... 1978
Student, Armor Ocer Advanced Course,
US Army Armor School, Fort Knox, KY .................. 1978 ..................... 1979
Motor Ocer, 1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry,
4th Infantry Division (Mechanized),
Fort Carson, CO........................................................... 1979 ..................... 1980
Commander, A Troop, 1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry,
4th Infantry Division (Mechanized),
Fort Carson, CO........................................................... 1980 ..................... 1980
S-3 (Operations), 1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry,
4th Infantry Division (Mechanized),
Fort Carson, CO........................................................... 1980 ..................... 1981

251
Agt Dt
From To

Commander, Headquarters and Headquarters

Troop, 1st Squadron, 10th Cavalry, 4th Infantry
Division (Mechanized), Fort Carson, CO . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1982
Graduate Student, Duke University, Durham, NC . 1982 . . . . . . 1984
Instructor, later Assistant Professor, Department of
English, US Military Academy, West Point, NY . 1984 . . . . . . 1987
Student, US Army Command and General Sta
College, Fort Leavenworth, KS . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1988
Executive Ocer, 4th Baalion, 67th Armor,
3d Armored Division, US Army Europe and
Seventh Army, Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . 1989
Operations Ocer, later Executive Ocer,
3d Brigade, 3d Armored Division, US Army
Europe and Seventh Army, Germany
(Operations DESERT SHIELD/DESERT STORM,
Saudi Arabia) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . 1991
Commander, 4th Baalion, 67th Armor,
1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division, US Army
Europe and Seventh Army, Germany . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1993
Chief, Armor Branch, Combat Arms Division,
Ocer Personnel Management Directorate,
US Total Army Personnel Command,
Alexandria, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . 1995
Student, National War College, Fort Lesley J.
McNair, Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . 1996
Commander, 3d Armored Cavalry Regiment,
Fort Carson, CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1998
Assistant Deputy Director for Politico Military
Aairs, Europe and Africa (J-5), The Joint Sta,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . 1999
Special Assistant to the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Sta, The Joint Sta, Washington, DC . 1999 . . . . . . 2001
Program Manager, Saudi Arabian National Guard
Modernization Program, Saudi Arabia . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . 2003
Commanding General, 1st Armored Division,
US Army Europe and Seventh Army
(Operation IRAQI FREEDOM) . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . 2004
Commanding General, 1st Armored Division,
US Army Europe and Seventh Army, Germany . 2004 . . . . . . 2005
Commander, Multi-National Security Transition
Command Iraq and NATO Training Mission
Iraq (Operation IRAQI FREEDOM) . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . 2007

252
Agt Dt
From To

Deputy Commander, later Acting Commander, US

Central Command, MacDill Air Force Base, FL . 2007 . . . . . . 2008
Commanding General, US Army Training and
Doctrine Command, Fort Monroe, VA . . . . . . 2008 . . . . . . 2011
Chief of Sta, US Army, Washington, DC . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . 2011
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Sta,
Washington, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . Pres

Pcpl US Mlty Dct d Qulct

Defense Distinguished Service Medal (with oak leaf cluster)

Distinguished Service Medal (with 3 oak leaf clusters)
Defense Superior Service Medal
Legion of Merit (with 2 oak leaf clusters)
Bronze Star Medal (with "V" device and oak leaf cluster)
Meritorious Service Medal (with 2 oak leaf clusters)
Joint Service Commendation Medal
Army Commendation Medal
Army Achievement Medal (with oak leaf cluster)

Combat Action Badge

Parachutist

253
The Vice Chairmen
 Robert Tralles Herres
6 Fbuy 198728 Fbuy 1990

R obt Hs ws bo o 1 Db 1932 Dv, Colodo.

Hs ft d tugt Mos od to Ay vtos Wold W I,
d Hss old bot gdutd fo t US Mlty Ady. Gd-
utg fo Est Hg Sool Dv, Hs ppld fo ppotts to
bot Wst Pot d t US Nvl Ady, wg ppott to t
ltt 1950. Dug t su bfo s fl y s dsp,
ld to fly spls ov t Cspk By. Etlld by flyg d
g to bg flgt tg dtly upo gduto, Hs x-
sd opto vlbl bfo t stblst of t A Fo Ady
d td t A Fo s sod lutt ft gdutg fo t
Nvl Ady 1954. Followg flgt tg, Lutt Hs flw
F-86 fgts fo t xt t ys.
Aft g sts dg ltl gg fo t A
Fo Isttut of Tology, Wgt-Pttso A Fo Bs, Oo,
1958, Hs ws pootd to pt 1959 d to jo fv ys lt.
Fo 1960 to 1963 ws ssgd s lyst t t US Euop Co-
d Elto Itllg Ct, Ldsy A Stto, Wst Gy,
w dvlopd stts of t tl pblts of Sovt blo
fos. Aft y flgt optos t Ctuoux A Stto F,
td t A Cod d Stff Collg, Mxwll A Fo Bs,
Alb. Dug ts pod lso d sts dg publ
dstto fo Gog Wsgto Uvsty.

General Robert Tralles Herres

United States Air Force

257
 Midshipman Herres aboard the USS Albany, 1951.

Hs ws sltd s stout-plot MN, Wsgto, DC, w lpd

t Md Obtg Lbotoy (MOL) dft txt o t lty uss of sp.
pog 1966. Pootd Fbuy 1967, I 1971 Colol Hs b V
Lutt Colol Hs gdutd fo Cod of Sttg A Cods
t Aosp Rs Plot Sool, Edwds (SAC) 449t Bobdt Wg, Klo
A Fo Bs, Clfo, w flw A Fo Bs, Mg, flyg B-52 bob-
F-104 Stfgts d vty of ot - s, d ws ppotd wg od
ft. Movg to t MOL pog t Los Fbuy 1973. I Apl 1973 lft Klo
Agls A Fo Stto, Clfo, to od t 310t Sttg Wg (Pov-
svd fo August 1967 to August 1969 s sol) t U-Tpo Royl T Nvl A Fld,
osp s flgt tst off, Cf of Tld, w KC-135 tks ud s
t Flgt Cw Dvso, d Assstt to t od flw ssos suppot of US
Dputy Pog Dto fo Tst Optos. lty optos Soutst As. Sx
H ws pootd to olol Novb ots lt Hs tud to Klo to
1968 d, o llto of t MOL pog su od of t 449t. H d
Ju l969, b Dputy Cf of Stff fo t utl M 1974, w ws dsg-
Pls d Rquts t t A Fo Flgt td Dto of Cod d Cotol t
Tst Ct, Edwds A Fo Bs. Fo SAC Hdquts, Offutt A Fo Bs,
1970 to 1971 Hs ttdd t Idustl Nbsk. I Sptb 1974 ws po-
Collg of t Ad Fos, Fot Lsly J. otd to bgd gl.

258
 Lieutenant Colonel Herres, far left, at the announcement of his selection for the Manned
Orbiting Laboratory program, 1967.

Dug t xt dd Gl Hs Stff s Assstt Cf of Stff fo Cou-

svd bot od postos d stff tos d Coput Rsous. H ws po-
ssgts volvg od, otol, d otd to jo gl M 1978.
outos (C3). I 1975 b Dp- Two od ssgts followd.
uty Cod, Suty Assst Po- Hs dd t A Fo Coutos
gs, t Elto Systs Dvso, Cod, Sott A Fo Bs, Illos, fo
Hso A Fo Bs, Mssustts, 1979 to 1981. Fo 1981 to 1982 o-
w gd fog lty sls po- dd SACs Egt A Fo, Bksdl
gs. I August 1977 Hs jod t A A Fo Bs, Lous. Hs od

259
ludd B-52s, FB-111s, KC-135s, d M- Hs s ts fst Cod Cf
ut d Tt tottl bllst (USCINCSPACE).
ssls. Hvg vd s td st O 6 Fbuy 1987 Gl Hs
August 1981, tud to t Ptgo b t fst V C of t Jot
1982. Cfs of Stff, posto stblsd by t
As Dto of Cod, Cotol, d 1986 Goldwt-Nols DOD Rogz-
Coutos o t Jot Stff fo Oto- to At. H svd fo two d o-lf ys
b 1982 to July 1984, Gl Hs wokd wt Adl Wll Cow. I foultg
losly wt t C of t Jot Cfs t sposblts fo ts w posto,
of Stff, Gl Jo Vssy, d t Sv Cow, Hs, d Sty of Dfs Cs-
Cfs o pogs, pls, d budgts p Wbg gd tt t V C-
fftg ll ufd d spfd ods would t Jot Rquts
d t sv opots. Ovsgt Coul (JROC) d t Nul
I July 1984 Hs ws pootd to g- Cod d Cotol Syst; sv s V
l d b t Cod Cf of C of t Dfs Aqusto Bod
t US-Cd Not A Aosp (DAB); d pst t C o t
Dfs Cod (NORAD) d ts sup- Dfs Rsous Bod, t xutv o-
tt of t O-St Ispto Agy, t
potg US ogzto, t USAF Aosp
Nul Wpos Coul, t Aouts
Dfs Cod (ADCOM), d Co-
d Astouts Coodtg Bod, d
d of t USAF Sp Cod t
t Ntol Sp Coul. W t Bus
Ptso A Fo Bs, Colodo. Hs sklls
dstto stblsd t Dputs Co-
s plot, g, tl tllg -
tt of t Ntol Suty Coul
lyst, od, pog, d g
1989, t V C svd s t C-
of sttg od, otol, d ou-
s psttv o t ott. Ad-
tos systs uquly qulfd fo
l Cow ld o Hs fo s tl
ts sposblts.
xpts, ptully t s of sp
Fo Colodo Spgs, Hs ot- d od d otol.
ud to wok wt Gl Vssy o two As C of t JROC d V C-
ltd pojts, t Sttg Dfs It- of t DAB, Hs sttutolzd t
tv (SDI) pog to dvlop bot ts- ol of t lty sttg quts fo
tl d sp-bsd systs fo t dfs jo wpos systs. As Defense Weekly
of Not A gst ttk by Sovt suzd, btd w lf to t
bllst sslsd t stblst of JROC . . . d put t poss bk t
ufd od fo sp. Ts w o- ds of t lty d t Jot Stff. I
d ws to ssu bod sposblts t JROC, Hs d t Sv V Cfs
fo lty sp systs suppotg ll dvlopd podus fo vw d vlu-
t lty dptts d fo bot t to of pottl jot lty quts,
bllst ssl dfs ffot d sltd sltd w pogs to od to t
ssos of t Aosp Dfs Co- DAB fo jot dvlopt d qusto,
d. T pg to ufy ll US lty ovsw oss-sv quts d -
sp ffots sudd o 23 Sptb gt ssus, d solvd sv dff-
1985, w Psdt Rold Rg stb- s tt os ft tto of jot po-
lsd t US Sp Cod d sltd gs. Dug Hss tu t JROC

260
 General Herres, as Acting Chairman, briefs the National Security Council at the White
House, 1987. Left to right: General Herres, Secretary of Defense Caspar W. Weinberger,
President Ronald Reagan.

fousd o los suppot, sp-bsd Gl Hs os to t bfo t

suvll, d tstllt systs.
Hs svd bfly s V C
wt Gl Col Powll, wo b
C of t Jot Cfs of Stff o 1
Otob 1989. Dug t ly ots of
Powlls sp, Hs wokd wt
s outpts t NSC Dputs Co-
tt dug t ttptd bl oup
gst Plpp Psdt Cozo Aquo
Novb 1989 d t US tvto
P tt Db.
xpto of s sod t. Followg s
tt o 28 Fbuy 1990, jod
USAA, dvsfd su d fl
svs ssoto dqutd S
Atoo, Txs. H ws ppotd ts -
d f xutv off Sptb
1993. I tt, Hs d t ps-
dtl osso ppotd to ssss t
ol of wo t lty d ws -
b of V Psdt D Quyls Sp
Poly Advsoy Bod d t August

261
Cott, w, t t qust of Psdt tol bod of dtos of Juo Av-
Gog H. W. Bus, vwd t futu of t t d ws b of t bod of t
US sp pog. H ws of t Atlt Coul of t Utd Stts, t
bod of t Isu Isttut fo Hgwy Ntol Mtog Ptsp, d t
Sfty d t Isu Ifoto Ist- Ngboood Housg Svs of A.
tut d of t Ntol Assoto I Apl 2000 td s f xutv off-
of Idpdt Isus. of USAA but d of t
A Egl Sout, Hs ws ltd to t bod. Gl Hs dd o 24 July 2008
tol xutv bod of t Boy Souts of S Atoo, Txs, t g 75.
A. H lso svd s of t

262
 R T H
Gl, USAF
Pmin D
Tpoy Pt

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 Ju 54
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 Ju 55 . . . . . 04 Ju 57
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Ap 59 . . . . . 04 Ju 61
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Jul 64 . . . . . . 04 Ju 68
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Fb 67 . . . . . 04 Ju 75
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Nov 69 . . . . . 01 Ot 77
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sp 74 . . . . . 04 D 80
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 M 78 . . . . . 01 J 83
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 81
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 84

Aignmn D
Fo To
Studt, US Nvl Ady, Apols, MD . . . . 1950 . . . . . . 1954
Studt, Plot Tg, 3560t Studt Squdo,
Wbb A Fo Bs, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1954 . . . . . . 1955
Plot, lt A Eltos Mt Off,
93d Fgt-Itpto Squdo, Ktld
A Fo Bs, NM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1955 . . . . . . 1958
Studt, A Fo Isttut of Tology,
Wgt-Pttso A Fo Bs, OH . . . . . . . 1958 . . . . . . 1960
Tl Itllg Alyst (Eltos Eg),
lt Cf, Dfsv Cpblts Sto,
US Euop Cod, Elto Itllg
Ct, Ldsy A Stto, Gy . . . . . . 1960 . . . . . . 1963
Assstt Cf, lt Cf, Flgt Tg B,
7322d A Bs Wg, Ctuoux A Stto,
F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1964
Studt, A Cod d Stff Collg,
Mxwll A Fo Bs, AL . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . 1965
Istuto, Wpos Eployt Dvso,
A Uvsty, Mxwll A Fo Bs, AL . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1966
Studt, Aosp Rs Plot Sool,
Edwds A Fo Bs, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1967
Aosp Rs Flgt Tst Off; lt Cf,
Flgt Cw Dvso; d Assstt to t Dputy
Pog Dto fo Tst Optos, Md
Obtg Lbotoy Pog, Los Agls
A Fo Stto, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . 1969

263
Aignmn D
Fo To
Dputy Cf of Stff, Pls d Rquts,
A Fo Flgt Tst Ct, Edwds
A Fo Bs, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1970
Studt, Idustl Collg of t Ad Fos,
Fot MN, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1971
V Cod, lt Cod,
449t Bobdt Wg,
Klo A Fo Bs, MI . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1973
Cod, 310t Sttg Wg (Povsol),
U-Tpo Royl T Nvl Afld, Tld . . 1973 . . . . . . 1973
Cod, 449t Bobdt Wg,
Klo A Fo Bs, MI . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1974
Dto, Cod d Cotol, Hdquts,
Sttg A Cod,
Offutt A Fo Bs, NE . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1975
Dputy Cod, Suty Assst Pogs,
Elto Systs Dvso, Hso
A Fo Bs, MA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1977
Assstt Cf of Stff, Coutos d
Coput Rsous, d lt Dto,
Cod, Cotol d Coutos,
Hdquts, US A Fo, Wsgto, DC . . 1977 . . . . . . 1979
Cod, A Fo Coutos Cod,
Sott A Fo Bs, IL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1981
Cod, Egt A Fo, Bksdl
A Fo Bs, LA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1982
Dto, Cod, Cotol d Couto
Systs, Ogzto of t Jot Cfs of Stff,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . 1984
Cod Cf, Not A Aosp
Dfs Cod d Aosp Dfs
Cod, d Cod, US A Fo Sp
Cod, Ptso A Fo Bs, CO . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . 1985
Cod Cf, Not A Aosp
Dfs Cod d US Sp Cod,
d Cod, US A Fo Sp Cod,
Ptso A Fo Bs, CO . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . 1987
V C, Jot Cfs of Stff,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1990

264
Pincip US Miiy Dcin nd Quificin
Dfs Dstgusd Sv Mdl (wt 3 ok lf lusts)
A Fo Dstgusd Sv Mdl (wt ok lf lust)
Nvy Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Ay Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Lgo of Mt (wt ok lf lust)
Boz St
Mtoous Sv Mdl
A Mdl
A Fo Codto Mdl

Cod Plot
So Mssl
A Tff Cotoll
Sp

265
 Dai Emer Jeremiah
1 M 199028 Fbuy 1994

D vd J ws bo o 25 Fbuy 1934 Potld, Ogo.

H gdutd fo Lol Hg Sool Potld d d
blo of busss dstto 1955 fo t Uvsty of Ogo,
Eug. J td Nvl Off Cddt Sool d ws os-
sod sg o 30 M 1956. Dug t xt t ys svd o
fv dstoys t US Pf Flt d os to lutt od.
Fo 1966 to 1968 Lutt Cod J wokd t Su-
f Elto Wf Systs Sto t Off of t Dputy Cf of
Nvl Optos fo Flt Optos d Rdss. Dug ts pod
sw tt poly ws oft d toug t fl poss, so 1968
d st of s fl gt fo Gog Wsg-
to Uvsty. Aft tou s Exutv Off of t gudd ssl
dstoy USS Joseph Strauss, Cod J ttdd Ad Fos
Stff Collg fo August 1970 to Juy 1971. Fou ots lt gdu-
td fo t pog gt dvlopt ous t t Hvd
Busss Sool.
Ov t xt svl ys, stff ssgts lttd wt s duty.
I 1971 J b lyst t Off of t Assstt Sty
of Dfs fo Pog Alyss d Evluto. Fo 1974 to 1976 o-
dd t gudd ssl dstoy USS Preble. I 1976 dd t Po-
gs, Pls, d Dvlopt B t Off of t Cf of Nvl
Optos (CNO). H ws pootd to pt 1977. Fo 1979 to 1980
odd Dstoy Squdo 24. T followg two ys svd

Admiral David E. Jeremiah

United States Navy

267
 Ensign Jeremiah.

s Exutv Assstt to t Cod t USS Saratoga (CV 60), J

Cf of t Pf Flt. H xt svd s oodtd vl ffots Otob 1985
Exutv Assstt to t Cf of Nvl tt fod dow Egypt ol -
Optos d ws pootd to flg k o l yg t jks of t Itl us
1 Otob 1983. sp Achille Lauro. Wl ggd fdo
Fo August 1984 to Apl 1986 J, of vgto optos t Gulf of Sd
ow dl, odd Cus- 1986, fos ud s od dstoyd
Dstoy Goup EIGHT d dug tt svl ssl ptol ft d two Lby
pod tw sw to t Mdt. suf-to- ssl sts.
As Cod of Tsk Fo 60, bkd J lft t Mdt d, ft

268
 Commander Jeremiah on board the USS Joseph Strauss, 1970.

pooto to v dl, svd t Off t US Pf Flt (USCINCPACFLT).

of t Cf of Nvl Optos s Dto of Wt xtsv optol xp,
Pog Plg fo Apl 1986 to Spt- ludg ods t Mdt
b 1987. O 29 Sptb 1987 t Nvy d t Pf, d pogt d fsl
pootd to dl d sltd to gt xpts, Adl J
b t twty-td Cod Cf of b t tos sod V C

269
 Rear Admiral Jeremiah, as commander of Task Force 60, in the task force command
and control room of the USS Saratoga during operations off the coast of Libya, 1986.

of t Jot Cfs of Stff o 1 M 1990. ul wpos dvlopt d suty,

H ssud sposblty t s of d ovsgt of tllg quts.
jot wfgtg quts dvlopt, J o obsvd tt, fulfllg
sou lloto, ss-poly gt, ts sposblts fo t C, t

270
job of V C ws t bodst t
Dptt of Dfs, tly t bod-
st job lty ufo.
Adl J svd wt Gl
Col L. Powll, C of t Jot Cfs
of Stff, fo t d o-lf ys. T
wokg ltosp losly sbld
ptsp, wt Powll dsbg J
s s lt go. Ty ddd tt t V
C sould ptpt fully t -
gt d dto of t Jot Stff d
povdg lty dv to t Ntol
Cod Autots. J dlt wt
t svs o pogs d budgts, wt
t Ntol Suty Coul (NSC) Dputs
Cott ss gt, d wt
t Dto of Ctl Itllg o tll-
g quts d ovsgt. Powll
ld o J s soudg bod d
sou of dv o wd g of ssus.
Tus Js flu wt wll byod
s sposblts s C of t Jot
Rquts Ovsgt Coul (JROC) d
V C of t Dfs Aqusto
Bod (DAB) d s t Cs ps-
ttv t tgy poly-kg po-
ss. I Otob 1992, wt stog bkg
fo Powll, Cogss d t V C-
full b of t Jot Cfs of Stff.
Aft t 1990 Iq vso of Kuwt,
Adl J wokd s b of t
NSC Dputs Cott to ostt t
lty buldup Sud Ab, psv
dvs olto, df US objtvs, d
ovs optos to lbt Kuwt. Fo s
otbutos dug t Ps Gulf W,
vd t Psdts Ctzs Mdl.
Dug bot t Bus d Clto d-
sttos, w t Dputs Cott
dbtd t us of US fos gol ss
Sol, Ht, d Bos, J
opposd su volvt ulss t ws pt
of opsv pog to ddss t
oots of t ss outy. Nvt-
lss, 1992, w ttol f lf
ffots Sol w fusttd by Sol
wlods d ovg bdts, Adl J-
suppotd Psdt Gog H. W.
Buss dso to dploy US fos t
Db s pt of lf opto. Op-
to RESTORE HOPE sudd opg
dlvy outs d pottg UN food lf
ovoys.
W Utd Ntos follow-o fo
took ov t opto My 1993, t lkd
l of od, gd objtvs,
d t suppotg oo d poltl
suppot tt Adl J pssttly
dvotd, d fos otolld by Sol
wlods, otbly Mod F Add,
sud t dpdtos. I Ju, ft gu-
busd d klld twty-fou Pk-
st solds, t UN Suty Coul lld
fo t ptu of tos sposbl fo t kll-
gs. Togt wt Gl Powll, Adl
J opposd lls fo dployt of Sp-
l Optos Fos (SOF) but luttly
gd August ft ptd ttks o US
toops.
Aft Powll td o 30 Sptb
1993, ttks o US fos Sol ld to
g US poly. As Atg C utl
Gl Jo Slksvl b C
o 25 Otob, Adl J ws ky
ptpt sttg w ous. O 3 Oto-
b 1993, ft sussful SOF d w
pott subodts of Add w p-
tud, Sol gu sot dow two US
lopts. W US toops ttptd s-
u, lg fo of Sols pd dow t
As, kllg gt d woudg
gty-fou. Publ to ld Psdt Wl-
l J. Clto to wtdw SOF fos. H st
spf ttbl fo wtdwl d, t
Js ugg, dtd bot goud d
s-bsd fot of t g
fos to stblz t stuto.
271
 Admiral Jeremiah meets with the headman and a tribesman in Oddur, Somalia, 1992.

Wy of dployg US goud obt T otgs Sol, Ht, d

toops to s w o US vtl tst ws Bos; t tt fo Iq d Not Ko;
t stk, Adl J lso gud wt ttol tos; d t woldwd
t Dputs Cott gst goud op- tvts of t dug tls pstd
tos Ht d Bos. H odd y of sttg llgs. At t s
ulttol ffots to ogz t H- t, US publ opo lld fo sft of
t suty fos, sto t ltd ps- sous to dost ds. As ty stu-
dt, d povd dvloptl d. Dspt tud dfs postu ft t Cold W,
s wg tt dqut dplot goud- so dfs offls bot t Bus d
wok ws ot pl, t USS Harlan County, Clto dsttos ld upo Adl
wt US tg sso of ly 200 Js dv to sp poly o qu-
toops, ws st to Ht Otob 1993, oly sto, fo stutu, d sou ssus,
to b pvtd fo dokg t Pot-u- ptully t DOD fstutu.
P by plty ggs loyl to t ul- As C of t JROC d V C-
g lty jut. of t DAB, J fd t bs

272
llg of oosg wpos d ou-
tos systs fo t twty-fst tuy
t t w lttl oy ws vlbl to
stt w pojts. H sougt to ov wy
fo systs tt ould ot b sly dptd
to xplot w tologs o tt w so
gly splzd tt ty ould oly b
usd gst ow tt o uqu
vot.
Adl J wokd wt t ot
bs of t JROC to dvlop qu-
ts syst w dvd wpos
d systs ould b podud o sll
sl d obd wt xstg systs to
stsfy otgy quts wl -
tg t US ld dfs tology. I
Js vw, ts would spd podu-
to, du osts, d llow t lty to
xplot w tologs dsgg do-
t, tts, d ogztos. Wt t
JROC, Adl J pusd fo svl
wpos systs dd vtl to jot
wfgtg. Aog ts w jot o-
d d otol systs fo globl d t-
t otgs, sttg slft d t
C-17 ft fo od sttg lft pbl-
ty, btt s fo obt dtfto of
fdly fos, d sd dployt of
ud l vls to pov bttl-
fld tllg fo t tt d jot tsk
fo od.
Followg t sugy Novb
1993, Adl J otud to sv s
Gl Slksvls V C d to
pfo bod g of tol suty
duts utl s tt o 28 Fbuy
1994. O s tt, Austl wdd
t fst Od of Austl gv to fo-
g off.
I tt, J b psdt
of Tology Sttgs & Alls, Not-
Vg-bsd sttg osultg d
vstt bkg f ggd ply
t osp, dfs, tloutos,
d ltos dusts. H ws b
of t Dfs Poly Bod d 1997 svd
o t Ntol Dfs Pl, w studd
ow t US lty sould pp fo t
twty-fst tuy. O ub of o-
sos t US tllg outy lld
upo s toublsoot. I 1996 J-
d blu-bbo pl tt x-
d t ogzto of t Ntol Ro-
ss Off d odd gs
to pov ts sposvss. I 1998
dd quy fo t Ctl Itllg
Agy (CIA) to t tllg ou-
tys flu to tpt Ids tstg of
ul wpos, d t Dto of Ctl
Itllg sltd to t 1999
dpdt vw of t CIAs tl
sssst of t dg to tol suty
sultg fo Cs spog tvts t
US ul wpos lbotos. J
lso svd o t bods of svl opo-
tos d opoft ogztos.
273
 Dvid Em Jmih
Adl, USN

Pmin D
Tpoy Pt
ENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 M 56
LTJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Sp 57
LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 My 60
LCDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 M 65
CDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sp 69
CAPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Ap 77
COMO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Jul 82. . . . . . . . 01 Ot 83
RADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01Ap 85 . . . . . 01 Sp 86
VADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 86
ADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Ot 87

Aignmn D
Fo To
Nvl Rutg Stto d Off of Nvl
Off Pout, Sttl, WA . . . . . . . . . 1956 . . . . . . 1956
USS Charles E. Brannon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1956 . . . . . . 1959
Rlsd fo tv duty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959 . . . . . . 1961
USS McGinty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1961 . . . . . . 1962
USS Twining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1964
Flt Tg Ct, S Dgo, CA . . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . 1964
Optos Off, USS Benjamin Stoddert . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . 1966
Assstt Hd, Suf Eltos Wf
Systs Sto, Off of t Cf of Nvl
Optos, Flt Optos d Rdss,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1968
Exutv Off, USS Joseph Strauss . . . . . . . . . 1968 . . . . . . 1970
Studt, Ad Fos Stff Collg, Nofolk, VA . 1970 . . . . . . 1971
Studt, Hvd Uvsty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1971
Systs Alyst, Off of t Sty of Dfs,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1974
Nvl Dstoy Sool, Nwpot, RI . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1974
Cod, USS Preble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1976
Hd, Pog, Pls d Dvlopt B,
Off of t Cf of Nvl Optos,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . 1979
Cod, Dstoy Squdo 24 . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1980

274
Aignmn D
Fo To
Exutv Assstt to t Cod Cf,
US Pf Flt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . 1982
Exutv Assstt to t Cf of Nvl
Optos, Off of t Cf of Nvl
Optos, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . 1984
Cod, Cus-Dstoy Goup EIGHT . . . 1984 . . . . . . 1986
Dto, Nvy Pog Plg, Off of t
Cf of Nvl Optos, Wsgto, DC . . 1986 . . . . . . 1987
Cod Cf, US Pf Flt . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1990
V C, Jot Cfs of Stff,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . 1994

Pincip US Miiy Dcin nd Quificin

Dfs Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Nvy Dstgusd Sv Mdl (wt 3 gold sts)
Ay Dstgusd Sv Mdl
A Fo Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Lgo of Mt (wt gold st)
Mtoous Sv Mdl (wt gold st)
Nvy Avt Mdl (wt V dv)

Suf Wf Off

275
 Wlla Artr Owes
1 M 199429 Fbuy 1996

W ll Ows ws bo 8 My 1940 Bsk, Not Dkot.

Hs tl gdft d svd t Sps-A
W, s ft d b Nvy lstd dug Wold W I, d t
ul fo wo ws d d b US Nvl Ady gdut.
Oglly plg to ttd t Uvsty of Not Dkot, Ows
ddd to sk ppott to t Nvl Ady ft sg ov
bout lf t. H td t Ady ft gdutg fo Bsk
Hg Sool 1958. I Ju 1962 vd blo of s dg
vl s d s osso s sg.
Aft lost two ys of tg, Ows, wo d b pootd to
lutt (juo gd) Db 1963, bkd o s
ul sub, vtully spdg totl of ov sx ys uds.
Hs fst uds tou ws o t bllst ssl sub USS James
Monroe (SSBN 622) fo Apl 1964 utl M 1966. Dug tt tou
ws pootd to lutt.
Followg vl gudd ssl sool, Lutt Ows svd bfly
o t USS Tecumseh (SSBN 628). Fo t, ws sltd to b Eg-
g Off of t ul ttk sub USS Seadragon (SSN 584). Dug
s t bod, t Seadragon ptptd suvll optos off
Not Vt dug 1966 d 1967. Ows d wt t Seadragon
utl Ju 1971, plyg ky ol dug ts lost t-y ovul.
Nd Sub Fo Pf Flt Off of t Y 1969, ws
pootd to lutt od Sptb of tt y.

Admiral William A. Owens

United States Navy

277
 Owss fst stff ssgt ws t H ws pootd to pt August
Off of t Sty of t Nvy, w 1983 d ssud od of Sub
fo Ju 1971 utl July 1972 ws Asss- Squdo FOUR t su of 1984. As
tt Hd of t Spl Studs d Obj- squdo od supvsg t op-
tvs Dvso t Off of Pog tos of fout sps tt dployd fo t
Appsl. T pt of Cf of Nvl Mdt to t Not Atlt, Cpt
Optos Fllows solsp to study t Ows todud so of t fst tts fo
Oxfod Uvsty Egld, Lutt t ployt of fst ttk subs wt
Cod Ows vd bot blos ot Nvy d A Fo systs. H xt
d sts dgs polts, plosopy, svd s Cf of Stff to t Cod
d oos fo Oxfod 1974. Follow- Sub Fo, Atlt, fo Ju 1985 to
g tg ssgt wt Cod, M 1986.
Sub Squdo ONE, svd s Ex- T followd ss of sgly
utv Off of t Pf Flts USS Pogy pott ssgts so d flot.
(SSN 647) fo Db 1974 utl August Aft svg s Exutv Assstt d
1977. H vd sts dg g- So Ad to t V Cf of Nvl Op-
g gt fo Gog Wsg- tos fo M 1986 to Ju 1987 d
to Uvsty 1975. vg s pooto to dl (low
Aft s pooto to od lf) My 1987, Ows ssud od
July 1977, tg t Adl Hy Rk- of Sub Goup SIX, t Nvys lgst
ovs Dvso of Nvl Rtos t t sub goup. I tt pty x-
Dptt of Egy d t Codg sd optol otol of ul-powd
Offs Sool Pl Hbo, Hw, p- subs optg t Wst Atlt.
pd Ows fo t xt stg of s . W t Nvy stblsd t Sttg
Fo July 1978 to August 1980 o- Tk Tk t spg of 1988, Ows
dd t Pf Flts USS Sam Houston vd ddtol sposblts s ts fst
(SSBN 609). Nxt svd sot ssgts dto. I Ju 1988 tud to t
s Dputy Cod fo Rdss o t Off of Pog Appsl o t Sty
squdo stff of Sub Squdo TEN of t Nvys Stff s Dto. Aft oly
d t s Codg Off of t USS ot tt posto, b So
Corpus Christi (SSN 705). Mlty Assstt to Sty of Dfs
Aft y wt t fst Sttg Stud- Fk C. Clu. Ows otud to sv
s Goup t t Nvl W Collg Nw- tt posto ud Clus susso,
pot, Rod Isld, w ptptd Sty Dk Cy, d vd s s-
t dvlopt of t Nvys t od st August 1990.
sttgy, Cod Ows b Exu- I Otob R Adl Ows ssud
tv Assstt to t Dto of Nvl W- od of t Sxt Flt d t Not
f t Off of t Cf of Nvl Op- Atlt Tty Ogztos (NATO) Stk
tos. H svd tt posto fo August Fo Sout, Alld Nvl Fos Sout. H
1982 to Ju 1984, pod dug w t ws pootd to v dl Fbuy
dtots sop xpdd to lud l- 1991. T fst sots of t Ps Gulf W
to, t, d tt ul wf. w lud fo sps ud V Adl
Dug ts t Ows lso gudd t Owss od t Est Mdt-
Nvys w gg ffot. . Dug t w, s fo s o-

278
 Rear Admiral Owens accompanies Secretary of Defense-designate
Dick Cheney, March 1989.

d w dployd to t Ps Gulf d b ovd of t d to f op-

t Rd S. To y out ts ddtol tol tkg fo t ssuptos of t
sposblts wl tg gtd pst d to ov byod t stt-
quts t Mdt, w fo gy tt ld lost solly o bttl
ofgutos w todud pszg goups fo lost ll optos.
jot pblts d foto wf. Cf of Nvl Optos Adl Fk B.
Ts sll ofgutos povd to v Klso II sltd V Adl Ows to b t
gt pblty t xptd. T Nvys fst Dputy Cf of Nvl Optos fo
d to odfy ts optol dot du- Rsous, Wf Rquts, d Assss-
g t w gtly flud Owss tk- t (N-8). Fo July 1992 to Db 1993
g. Coludg tt t Gulf W d b Ows dtd t ogzto of t
dotl dsst fo t U.S. Nvy, Nvy Stff to t t w llgs of t

279
 Admiral Owens and the other Joint Requirements Oversight Council members at their
weekly breakfast meeting, summer 1995. Left to right: Rear Admiral Francis W. Lacroix,
Director for Force Structure, Resources and Assessment, Joint Staff; Admiral Owens;
Admiral Joseph W. Prueher, Vice Chief of Naval Operations; General Thomas S. Moor-
man, Vice Chief of Staff, USAF; General Richard D. Hearney, Assistant Commandant,
USMC; and General Ronald H. Griffith, Vice Chief of Staff, USA.

post-Cold W wold. H ovsw t dl fos d todud d pstd s

duto t Nvys fo stutu fo poposls fo w sttgy fo t Nvy
lost 600 sps to bout 340. To t d t to fo t twty-fst tuy.
flxblty d fftvss of dud Pootd to dl Db 1993,
fo, tgtd suf, sub, d w ws dsgtd Cod Cf
vto wf; pssd fo sd l- of t Pf Flt, Ows d just vd to
o g tology; d dvotd ssu s w posto w Psdt Wl-
gt Nvy ptpto jot wf. l J. Clto otd s V C-
I 1995 t Nvl Isttut Pss publsd of t Jot Cfs of Stff. O 1 M
s book High Seas: The Naval Passage to an 1994 Adl Ows b t tos
Uncharted World, w dsbd t td V C.

280
 Admiral Owens with Secretary of Defense William J. Perry and President William J.
Clinton, August 1995.

As V C, Adl Ows usd t svs d to su t topblty

s posto s of t Jot Rqu- of w systs. To opls s objtvs,
ts Ovsgt Coul (JROC) to dv sd t JROCs lytl pbl-
s opt of jot syst of systs tt ts; stblsd t Jot Motly Rdss
would utlz t ost t dvs Rvw, w d; d ws stu-
tllg, suvll, d oss; tl t to of t Ntol Ig-
outos d foto tolo- y Agy So Stg Goup, w
gs; d pso gudd utos to o-d.
v dot bttlfld wss fo Wt t suppot of t C, G-
t US lty y vot. A vol l Jo M. Slksvl, Adl Ows
d tlss popot of t d to tk fully xplotd t utoty tt t Goldwt
dvtg of t voluto tology to Nols Dptt of Dfs Rogz-
lty fftvss of to At vstd t C of t Jot
dud dfs spdg, Ows stov to Cfs of Stff d, by xtso, t V
d duplto of wpos systs og C. Ud s dto, t JROCs

281
sop bodd to lud pogg; t
ods f of t ufd ods
(CINCs) b dt ptpts t
JROC poss; d tt poss ws tgtd
to t Dfs Dptts plg, po-
gg, d budgtg syst (PPBS).
Ows lso sougt ogssol suppot fo
s ttvs. As sult, t Ntol Dfs
Autozto At fo Fsl Y 1996
dd t Goldwt-Nols At to gv
sttutoy utoty to t JROC d dsg-
td t JCS C s ts ,
llowg to dlgt t posto oly to
t V C.
Adl Ows os to t t t d
of o t s V C. Hs tu d
gtly sd bot t utoty d t
vsblty of t V Cs posto d
xpdd t ltys ol dfs po-
gg. Hs ds, splly s dvoy
of gt l o g tology, w
otovsl d spd osdbl
dbt, w otud byod s tu
s V C.
Aft s tt o 29 Fbuy 1996
Ows b v of t bod
d t psdt of S Appltos
Ittol Copoto (SAIC), t tos
lgst ploy-owd g-tology
opy. I lt 1998 ws d v
of t bod d f xutv
off of Tlds Holdgs, Ltd., pt of
w f foudd by opot lds t
g-tology fld to dploy twok of
stllts to povd g of tlou-
tos svs woldwd. H b o-
f xutv off of t pt opy,
Tlds, Apl 1999. Ows lso wot
sod book, Lifting the Fog of War, pstg
s ds o t ol of dvd tology
futu wf.
282
 Wiim Ahu On
Adl, USN

Pmin D
Tpoy Pt

ENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 Ju 62
LTJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 D 63
LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 D 65
LCDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sp 69
CDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 77
CAPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 83
RADM (LH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . My 87 . . . . . . 01 Nov 88
RADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Aug 90 . . . . . 01 Sp 91
VADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Fb 91
ADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02 D 93

Aignmn D
Fo To
Mdsp, US Nvl Ady,
Apols, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1958 . . . . . . 1962
Nul Pow Sool, M Isld,
Vlljo, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1962 . . . . . . 1963
Nvl Nul Pow Tg Ut,
Ido Flls, ID . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1963
Nvl Sub Sool, Goto, CT. . . . . . . . . 1963 . . . . . . 1964
USS James Monroe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1964 . . . . . . 1966
Nvl Gudd Mssls Sool, D Nk,
Vg B, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1966
USS Tecumseh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1966
Egg Off, USS Seadragon . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1971
Assstt Hd, Spl Studs d Objtvs
Dvso, Off of Pog Appsl,
Off of t Sty of t Nvy,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1972
Studt, Oxfod Uvsty, Utd Kgdo . . . . 1972 . . . . . . 1974
Tg, Cod, Sub
Squdo ONE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1974
Exutv Off, USS Pogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1977
Tg, Dvso of Nvl Rtos,
Dptt of Egy, Wsgto, DC . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1977
Studt, Cod Sub Sool,
Pl Hbo, HI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1978

283
Assgts Dts
Fo To
Codg Off, USS Sam Houston . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . 1980
Dputy Cod fo Rdss,
Cod Sub Squdo TEN . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . 1981
Codg Off, USS Corpus Christi . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1981
Rs Fllow, Nvl W Collg . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1982
Exutv Assstt to t Dto, Nvl
Wf, Off of t Cf of Nvl
Optos, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . 1984
Cod, Sub Squdo FOUR . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . 1985
Cf of Stff to t Cod Sub
Fo, Atlt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . 1986
Exutv Assstt/So Ad to t V
Cf of Nvl Optos, Off of t
Cf of Nvl Optos, Wsgto, DC . . 1986 . . . . . . 1987
Cod, Sub Goup SIX . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1988
Dto, Off of Pog Appsl, Off of
t Sty of t Nvy, Wsgto, DC . . . 1988 . . . . . . 1988
So Mlty Assstt to t Sty of
Dfs, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1988 . . . . . . 1990
Cod Sxt Flt d Cod, Stk
Fo Sout, Alld Nvl Fos Sout . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . 1992
Dputy Cf of Nvl Optos, Rsous,
Wf Rquts, d Asssst,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . 1993
V C, Jot Cfs of Stff,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . 1996

Pincip US Miiy Dcin nd Quificin

Dfs Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Nvy Dstgusd Sv Mdl (wt gold st)
Ay Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Dfs Supo Sv Mdl
Lgo of Mt (wt 3 gold sts)
Mtoous Sv Mdl
Nvy Codto Mdl (wt gold st)

Sub Off
Mssl Sub Off
Nul Pow Eg

284
 Jose W. Ralsto
1 M 199629 Fbuy 2000

J osp Rlsto ws bo Hopksvll, Ktuky, o 4 Novb

1943 d spt s ly ldood Fvw, Ktuky. H ovd
to Nowood, Oo, subub of Ct, w ws lv d gdu-
td fo Nowood Hg Sool. Rlsto wokd s wy toug M
Uvsty of Oo, vg blo of ts sty Ju 1965. A
dstgusd gdut of t A Fo Rsv Off Tg Cops
(ROTC) pog, ws ossod sod lutt t Rgul
A Fo tt July.
Followg plot d obt w tg d pooto to fst lu-
tt Juy 1967, Rlsto svd s F-105 fgt plot wt ttl
fgt squdos bsd t Kd A Bs, Okw, fo Apl 1967 utl
Otob 1969. Dug tt t Lutt Rlsto flw ssos ov
Soutst As out of Kot Royl T A Fo Bs, Tld, d
dployd to Ko spos to Not Kos szu of t USS Pueblo.
H ws pootd to pt July 1968. Cpt Rlsto tud to Sout-
st As 1970 s F-105 Wld Wsl plot wt t 354t Ttl Fgt
Squdo, flyg out of Tkl Royl T A Fo Bs, Tld, to ou-
t Not Vts tft ssl dfs. Dug s two tous
Soutst As, Rlsto flw 147 obt ssos ov Los d Not Vt-
d vd fou wds of t Dstgusd Flyg Coss. Hs
oplsts ludd oodtg t su of dowd w wl
ud pologd ostl f. O s tu to t Utd Stts Otob
1970, Rlsto b Wld Wsl stuto plot wt t 66t Fgt

General Joseph Ralston

United States Air Force

287
 Lieutenant Ralston before a mission in Southeast Asia.

Wpos Squdo t Nlls A Fo Bs, wt to Syou Joso A Fo Bs,

Nvd. Not Col, w ws Assstt Op-
I Db 1971 Rlsto ovd to s tos Off wt t 335t Ttl Fgt
fst ssgt t dvlopt of sys- Squdo d t Cf of t Stddz-
ts quts, w would to d Evluto Dvso of t 4t Tt-
spd sgft poto of s . Utl l Fgt Wg. Dug t Otob 1973
Ju 1973 ws fgt quts off- Ab-Isl W, Rlsto ogzd d
d pojt off fo F-15 d lgt- dtd t flgt plg t sposbl
wgt fgt pogs t Off of t fo t pd, ostop ovt of F-4 fgt-
Dputy Cf of Stff fo Rquts t s fo Syou Joso to Isl. H ws
Hdquts Ttl A Cod, Lg- pootd to jo Db 1973. Fo
ly A Fo Bs, Vg. Fo t Ju 1975 utl Ju 1976 Mjo Rlsto

288
 Lieutenant General Ralston in the cockpit of his aircraft in Alaska.

ttdd t Ay Cod d Gl Optos Off of t 68t Ttl Fgt

Stff Collg t Fot Lvwot, Kss. I Squdo d lt ssud od of t
1976 lso vd sts dg p- squdo. Lutt Colol Rlsto tud
sol gt fo Ctl Mg to Hdquts Ttl A Cod July
Uvsty. 1980 s Spl Assstt d t Exutv
I s fst ssgt t t Ptgo, Off to t Cod. Pootd to olo-
Rlsto spt t xt t ys o t A l Ju 1981, ws sltd to ttd t
Stff s ttl systs quts off- Ntol W Collg t Fot MN, Ws-
d pog g t Off of t gto, DC, dug 19831984.
Dputy Cf of Stff fo Rs, Dvlop- T xt doz ys sw sltd
t, d Aqusto, w ws pt of fo sgly pott postos qu-
t ogl t ovsg dvlopt of ts d qusto s wll s fo sgft
Stlt tology. H ws pootd to lu- od ssgts. Aft gdutg fo
tt olol Apl 1978. I July 1979 t Ntol W Collg, Colol Rlsto
ovd to Moody A Fo Bs, Gog, s tud to t A Stff, w, s Spl

289
 Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen swears in General Ralston as Vice Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1 March 1996.

Assstt fo Low Obsvbl Tology pootd to bgd gl M 1988.

t Off of t Dputy Cf of Stff fo
Rs, Dvlopt, d Aqusto,
g plyd ky ol t dvlopt of
Stlt tology d ts pplto to t
F-117 ft. I Fbuy 1986 Rlsto
vd s sod od: t 56t Tt- Off of t Assstt Sty of t A
l Tg Wg t MDll A Fo Bs,
Flod. Rtug to Hdquts Ttl
A Cod M 1987, ws spo-
sbl fo t qusto, poduto, d fld-
g of jo wpos systs odzg
ttl fos, fst s Assstt Dputy
Cf of Stff fo Optos d t s Dp-
uty Cf of Stff fo Rquts. H ws
I Ju 1990 Bgd Gl Rlsto
tud to t Ptgo; vd s s-
od st August. Fo t xt two ys
otud to wok quts d qu-
sto s Dto of Ttl Pogs t
Fo fo Aqusto d t s Dto of
Optol Rquts t Pls d
Optos Dtot o t A Stff.
Upo pooto to lutt gl
Ju 1992, Rlsto ssud od of t
Alsk Cod, Alsk Not A
Aosp Dfs Cod Rgo, 11t
A Fo, d Jot Tsk Fo Alsk t

290
 General Ralston meets in Oman with Sultan Qaboos bin Said.
Eldof A Fo Bs, Alsk. I July
1994 tud to t A Stff s Dputy
Cf of Stff fo Pls d Optos. I
Ju 1995 Rlsto ssud od of A
Cobt Cod t Lgly A Fo Bs,
sposbl fo tg d quppg ll A
Fo, A Ntol Gud, d A Fo
Rsv obt wgs d squdos t
Utd Stts d P. H vd s
fout st July.
Gl Rlsto b t fout V
C of t Jot Cfs of Stff o
1 M 1996. H ws t fst V C
to sv substtl poto of s tu
wt o t o C: t
ots wt Gl Jo M. Slksvl,
USA, d twty- ots wt Gl
Hy H. Slto, USA. W Gl Rlsto
b V C, Gl Slksvl
d gd tt Rlsto would futo s
Slksvls dputy, fully ptptg ll
spts of t Cs dy-to-dy tv-
ts, ddto to yg out s spf
sposblts s V C. Slks-
vl to gd Rlsto s s ost tustd
dvs. Slto d Rlsto d ssoto
291
of y ys, w bld t to wok sto poss d ovsg t dvlop-
losly togt fo t bgg of Sltos t of futu tologs. I gg t
sp d to otu t ppo to JROC, sw s futo to b oz-
sg sposblts doptd t t bg- g sv postos o pogs so tt
g of Rlstos tu. As sult of ts tol suty ds ould b t wt
gt, Rlsto dvotd t lst lf of budgty ostts. To fltt ts, -
s t to ovsg ut optos. td t two-st JROC Rvw Bod (JRB) to
Dug t fou ys of s tu dt w ssus would go fowd to
Rlsto foud slf sgly bsobd t JROC. Rlstos wok oodtg t
t tgy poss. Hs tv pt- Qudl Dfs Rvw (QDR), t
pto t Dputs Cott, dsbd Dfs Dptts vw of post-Cold
by o of ts bs s t f optg W sttgy d fo stutu, so pssd
ott fo A fog poly du- Sty of Dfs Wll S. Co tt
g t sod Clto dstto, Co tud to t V C fo dv
sud t luso of lty dv t ot s s wll.
ly stgs of poly foulto. Gl Gl Rlsto opltd s sod
Rlsto plyd ky ol t dvlopt t s V C o 29 Fbuy 2000.
of dstto poly o t tvto Psdt Wll J. Clto, upo Cos
Kosovo d gudg ts pltto odto, d otd to
t US-ld pg t, w t bo Cod Cf of t US Euo-
US fos dosttd t sults of s p Cod (CINCEUR) d Sup
otbutos to A Fo odzto. Alld Cod, Euop (SACEUR) t
Rlsto bougt to s duts s C- followg My. H ws t fst V C-
of t Jot Rquts Ovsgt to ov to ot lty posto t
Coul (JROC) d V C of t t d of s tou of duty. H td fo
Dfs Aqusto Bod (DAB) s xt- tt post o 1 M 2003.
sv xp t quts d qu-

292
 Jph Rn
Gl, USAF

Pmin D
Tpoy Pt

2LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Jul 65
1LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 J 67
CPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Jul 68
MAJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 D 73
LTC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Ap 78
COL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Ju 81
BG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 M 88
MG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 90
LTG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Jul 92
GEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 95

Aignmn D
Fo To
Studt, Plot Tg, Lugl A Fo
Bs, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1965 . . . . . . 1966
Studt, F-105, Cobt Cw Tg Sool,
Nlls A Fo Bs, NV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1967
F-105 Cobt Cw Mb, 67t Ttl
Fgt Squdo, lt 12t Ttl Fgt
Squdo, Kd A Bs, Okw . . . . . . 1967 . . . . . . 1969
Studt, F-105 Wld Wsl Plot Tg,
Nlls A Fo Bs, NV . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969 . . . . . . 1969
F-105 Wld Wsl Plot, 354t Ttl Fgt
Squdo, Tkl Royl T A Fo Bs,
Tld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1970
F-105 Wld Wsl Istuto Plot, 66t Fgt
Wpos Squdo, Nlls A Fo
Bs, NV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1971
Fgt Rquts Off d Pojt Off
fo F-15 d Lgtwgt Fgt Pogs,
Off of t Dputy Cf of Stff,
Rquts, Hdquts Ttl A
Cod, Lgly A Fo Bs, VA . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1973
Assstt Optos Off, 335t Ttl
Fgt Squdo; t Cf, Stddzto
d Evluto Dvso, 4t Ttl Fgt
Wg, Syou Joso A Fo Bs, NC . . 1973 . . . . . . 1975

293
Aignmn D
Fo To
Studt, Ay Cod d Gl Stff
Collg, Fot Lvwot, KS . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1976
Ttl Fgt Rquts Off, Off
of t Dputy Cf of Stff, Rs d
Dvlopt, Hdquts US A Fo,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1976 . . . . . . 1979
Optos Off, t Cod,
68t Ttl Fgt Squdo, Moody
A Fo Bs, GA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1980
Spl Assstt, t Exutv Off to
t Cod, Hdquts Ttl A
Cod, Lgly A Fo Bs, VA . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . 1983
Studt, Ntol W Collg, Fot Lsly J.
MN, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . 1984
Spl Assstt fo Low Obsvbl Tology
to t Dputy Cf of Stff fo Rs,
Dvlopt d Aqusto, Hdquts
US A Fo, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . 1984 . . . . . . 1986
Cod, 56t Ttl Tg Wg,
MDll A Fo Bs, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . 1987
Assstt Dputy Cf of Stff fo Optos,
t Dputy Cf of Stff, Rquts,
Hdquts Ttl A Cod,
Lgly A Fo Bs, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1990
Dto of Ttl Pogs, Off of t
Assstt Sty of t A Fo fo
Aqusto, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . 1991
Dto of Optol Rquts,
Hdquts US A Fo, Wsgto, DC . . 1991 . . . . . . 1992
Cod, Alsk Cod, Alsk Not
A Aosp Dfs Cod
Rgo, 11t A Fo, d Jot Tsk Fo
Alsk, Eldof A Fo Bs, Alsk . . . . 1992 . . . . . . 1994
Dputy Cf of Stff fo Pls d Optos,
Hdquts US A Fo, Wsgto, DC . . 1994 . . . . . . 1995
Cod, Hdquts A Cobt
Cod, Lgly A Fo Bs, VA . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . 1996
V C, Jot Cfs of Stff,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . 2000
Cod Cf, US Euop Cod
d Sup Alld Cod, Euop . . . . 2000 . . . . . . 2003

294
Pincip US Miiy Dcin nd Quificin
Dfs Dstgusd Sv Mdl (wt ok lf lust)
A Fo Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Lgo of Mt (wt 2 ok lf lusts)
Dstgusd Flyg Coss (wt 3 ok lf lusts)
Mtoous Sv Mdl (wt 2 ok lf lusts)
A Mdl (wt 19 ok lf lusts)
A Fo Codto Mdl (wt 4 ok lf lusts)

Cod Plot

295
296
 Rd Bow Mys
1 M 200030 Sptb 2001

Gl Rd B. Mys, USAF, b t V C of t
Jot Cfs of St o 1 M 2000. H svd o bbvtd t
tt pty bfo dvg to t posto of C o 1 Otob
2001. Hs bogpy s pstd t Cs sto of ts volu.

297
298
 Peter Pae
1 Otob 200112 August 2005

G l Pt P, USMC, b t V C of t Jot
Cfs of St o 1 Otob 2001. H svd two ts tt -
pty bfo dvg to t posto of C o 1 Otob 2005. Hs
bogpy s pstd t Cs sto of ts volu.

299
300
 E Peter Gabasta, Jr.
13 August 20056 August 2007

E dud P. Gbst, J., ws bo o 4 My 1948 Cstot,

Nw Yok, w s ft owd ltl ottg busss.
T ldst of t ld, spt u of s ly ys o s gd-
pts oo f, w ws fly dvo. Aft gdutg fo
Cstot Hg Sool 1966, olld t Utd Stts Nvl Ad-
y t Apols, Myld. As dsp, Gbst studd l-
tl gg, ws t g of t Nvy wstlg t, d o-
dd t Colo Copy. Followg gduto o 3 Ju 1970, ws
ossod sg t Utd Stts Nvy d tpoly ssgd
to Wtsto, Nw Yok. Wl t svd s xutv off of t
Nvl Rsv Tg Ct d pstd t Nvl Ady Ifo-
to Pog.
Esg Gbst potd to t Nvl Nul Pow Sool, B-
bdg, Myld, Otob 1970 to study t dsg, ostuto, d op-
to of ul populso plts. Nxt, Apl 1971, tsfd to
t Nul Pow Tg Ut, Stdy, Nw Yok, fo stuto
ul populso d quld s gg wt o. Dug
ts pod, o 3 Sptb dvd gd to lutt (juo gd).
Tt Novb dd t Nvl Sub Sool t Goto, Cot-
ut, d opltd t sub os dotto ous.
I Db 1971 Lutt j.g. Gbst potd bod s st sp,
t USS Puer (SSN 652). H svd s t F Cotol d Topdo Dvso
O d d t sub spl optos, lt bog t M

Admi Edmund P. Gimini, J.

Utd Stts Nvy

301
 Midshipman Giambastiani, commanding the Color Company, leads classmates in a
parade at the US Naval Academy, Annapolis, Maryland.

Populso Assstt, Rdologl Cotols t otto ous t Psol, Flo-

O dug jo sp ovul, d d, August 1974, Lutt Gbst
vtully t Wpos O. At t s tsfd to t Nvy Rutg Co-
t, quld subs o 21 Fbu- d, Wsgto, DC, t t bgg of
y 1973, dvd gd to lutt o 1 t ll volut fo. Fo t xt two ys
July 1974, d b lgbl fo ssgt svd s t lstd utg pog
s g o o ul powd g fo ll sx-y oblgo dvd
vssl o 15 August 1974. H lso vd tl splts, ludg t dl,
Sub Squdo ONEs Juo O ltos, ul, d sub lds. H
Awd fo Exll Sp-dlg. Wl lso lpd dsg d plt t o-
ws t topdo d otol o, putzd Elstd Rutg Poduto
USS Puer b t st sub to b Mgt d Atvty Alyss Syst,
td fo ployt of t MK48 vy s wll s svl gt pots.
wgt topdo. Lutt Gbst tud to Go-
A opltg utg g- to, Cotut, Sptb 1977, w

302
opltd t Sub Os Advd of Itllg. Wokg fo D. Robt M.
Cous. Gdutg wt dstto, t Gts, wo would lt bo t 22d S-
potd bod t USS Francis Sco Key ty of Dfs, Gbst oodtd t
(SSBN 657) Apl 1978 d ws subsqut- s, dvlopt, d tstg of t-
ly pootd to lutt od o 1 sub dtto tologs.
Sptb. Fo t xt t ys Gbs- Bgg Otob 1986, Cod
t svd s t sps gg o, Gbst opltd two-ot obt
wt sposblty fo optg ts ul ous fo posptv odg os
populso plt. I ts pty ssstd t Pl Hbo, Hw. I Juy 1987
t stllto d sussful oplto tud to Wsgto d opltd o-
of t tst pog fo t C-4 Tdt I bl- ot fs ous ul populso.
lst ssl, ludg follow-o vluto T followg ot potd bod USS
us, d t ptptd t sttg Richard B. Russell (SSN 687) s ts posp-
dtt ptols. tv odg o, d fl-
I My 1981 Lutt Cod zg slf wt t vssl, ludg d-
Gbst opltd t-ot po- ployt to t wst P, ssud
sptv odg o ous ul- od August. Ud s t-y
populso tugt by t Dptt of od t Russell odutd o st
Egy Wsgto, DC. Lt tt y d two wst P dployts, -
opltd two-ot obt ous fo g t osutv Bl Ey E
posptv odg os tugt by wds, t Nvy Ut Codtos,
Cod Sub Fos, US Atlt d two slv os fo xll -
Flt, Nofolk, Vg. Tt Db lstd tto. Gbst ws pootd
potd bod Sub NR-1 Goto, to Cpt o 1 Sptb 1989.
Cotut, s t Posptv O-- Ov t xt fou ys Cpt G-
Cg. A flzg slf wt t bst ld svl postos tt pld
wolds oly ul-powd dp sub- t t fofot of vl sttgy d do-
g o gg d s vs- t. H potd to t Nvl W Collg t
sl, ws fokd to t k of od Nwpot, Rod Isld, Ju 1990, w,
o 22 Apl 1982 d ssud od of s o of sx Fllows ssgd to t Cf of
NR-1 o 7 My. Dug s t-y o- Nvl Optos Sttg Studs Goup,
d t subsbl odutd vty lpd ssss t futu suty vo-
of suvy, ovy, d suty optos, t 2010 d ts pltos fo tol
opltd t sps st jo ovul, d dfs. O y lt took od of
d t osutv wds fo g- Sub Dvlopt Squdo TWELVE
g xll (Rd Egg E). (t Wf Ct of Exll fo sub-
Cod Gbst tud to fo dot) t Nw Lodo, Cot-
Wsgto, DC, My 1985. Altoug of- ut. T oodtd t optos of
lly ssgd to t Sttg Sub sv ul k subs d dtd
Dvso t O of t Dputy Cf of t sub ttl dvlopt pog
Nvl Optos fo Sub Wf, fo bot t Atlt d P Flt sub-
ws dtld to t Ctl Itllg Ag- fos. As pt of ts ot, xpdd
y d b t st vl o to sv t squdos fous byod t-sub
s Spl Assstt to t Dputy Dto wf to lud wd vty of ssos

303
Cod Gbst s ppd bod t US Nvy's ul powd Dp
Subg Cft, NR-1.

T ul powd sub USS Richard B. Russell (SSN-687) psss bt t

Gold Gt Bdg wl dptg S Fsso By fo op o.

304
 suppot of bot bl goup vlopd t ovtolly d d sp-
d pbous tsk fo optos. l fos quppd Tdt Sub o-
I Ju 1993 tsfd to Nofolk, vso (SSGN) opt; d gd Dfs
Vg, bog t st Dto of t Dptt d ogssol suppot fo
Sttgy d Copts Dvso t t wly t of sll NSSN-774 Virginia-lss k
stblsd Nvl Dot Cod. I ts subs tt ould opt bot op-
pty vwd t Towk us o d lol vots to lud
ssl syst d lpd d optol obust tology sto pog. I o-
opts fo tt bllst ssl dfs juto wt ts pogs d ot
d obd d pbous wf. H wt t Dto of Suf Wf, ws
lso otbutd to t volvg sttg v- stutl t opto d todu-
so, Fo t S, sl dout to of t Blok IV Ttl Towk us
tt sd t vl svs fous fo ssl.
op-o optos volvg optg A ot s pooto to v d-
suppows to xpdtoy fos pt- l My 1998, Gbst potd to
ptg ulttol optos lol Nofolk, Vg. H ssud t ou-
gos oud t glob. t ods: Sub Fo, US Atl-
R Adl-slt (low lf) G- t Flt; At-sub d Ross
bst potd to P Flt dqu- Fos Atlt; d Subs Alld Co-
ts t Pl Hbo, Hw, August 1994, d Atlt, Not Atlt Tty Og-
w b t Dputy Cf of St fo zto (NATO). I ts ols, Gbst
Rsous, Rquts, d Assssts. oodtd t ployt of t bllst
H ws fokd to dl (low lf) ssl subs d twty-gt k
Db. Gbst gd t o- subs. T bllst subs, Tsk
ds v bllo doll budgt dug p- Fo 144, odutd sttg dtt p-
od of sl ustty, ddssg su ssus tols suppot of US Sttg Cod,
s fo stutu, odzto, d d- wl t k subs, Tsk Fo 84,
ss quts fo t t. ggd t-sub wf d po-
R Adl Gbst tud to vdd spl suvll suppot to US Sp-
Wsgto, DC, Juy 1996 to bo l Optos Cod d t gol
Dto of t Sub Wf Dvso obtt ods.
fo t Cf of Nvl Optos, s wll s V Adl Gbst tud to
Exutv Sty of t Sub T- Wsgto, DC, July 2000 s t d of
ology Coul, d dvd gd to t posptv CNOs tsto t d
dl (upp lf) o 1 August 1997. subsqutly svd s Dputy Cf of N-
As t Nvy lgd tslf t Cold vl Optos fo Rsous, Rquts,
W, d ovtv oust od- d Assssts (OPNAV N8). Adl V-
zto pog fo t gg SSN-688 Los o E. Clk, Cf of Nvl Optos t
Angeles-lss k subs. Gbs- t t, ogzd s st s sposbl-
t lso oodtd soug fo t po- ts to b d t svs wgtg
duto of t st SSN-21 Seawolf-lss k quts d t dss. I
sub, t Los Angeles-lss plt, suppot of tt ot, Gbsts d-
wokd to w ppovl fo t td Seawolf tot ssssd sttgy, quts, d
sub to b ostutd; fostd d d- t lloto of sous dug t ul

305

Sty of Dfs Dold H. Rusfld ofs
wt s So Mlty Assstt, V Adl Tg Ct Pold, d Jot Aly-
Gbst.
budgt foulto poss d povdd fo
gt pstto fo og t ld
ods.
Bgg My 2001 V Adl
Gbst svd fo gt ots
s t So Mlty Assstt to t S-
ty of Dfs, Dold H. Rusfld. Du-
g ts tuultuous pod suppotd t
Stys tsfoto ttv to fo
Ptgo buuy d ploy dvd
tologs to st t lty s sll-
, o xbl gtg fo. H lso p-
tptd g Opto ENDURING
FREEDOM, t pg to oust t Tlb
g fo Afgst.
O 2 Otob 2002 V Adl G-
bst ws pootd to dl d took
g of US Jot Fos Cod (JFCOM)
Nofolk, Vg. I spos to gs
d to t 2002 Ud Cod Pl
(UCP) tt dvstd t obtt od
of ts old suty sso d op-
tol sposblty fo t Not Atlt
go, fousd JFCOMs to o
tsfog As d fos to t
21st Ctuy llgs, g top-
blty, d suppotg optg fos
oud t glob. O 19 Ju 2003, follow-
g t tsto of Alld Cod Atlt
to Alld Cod Tsfoto, Adl
Gbst ssud t ddtol ol s
t st NATO Sup Alld Cod
Tsfoto. H pusud y of t
s gols tt d s od of JF-
COM, but otd od fous towd
As Euop lls. Gbst -
sd t ub of fog lso o-
s t JFCOM d, s d of NATO ts-
foto, suppotd t stblst of
Jot Wf Ct Nowy, Jot Fo
ss d Lssos Ld Ct Potugl.
Nw opts dsgd to xz t
y d tvss of wgtg
vly ud lty tsfoto.
I totl ts, Ets Bsd Optos
(EBO) od dy ppo to k
vulblts wt dvss dp-
lot, foto, lty, d l
systs, tby vg dsd ts
o tly d ool . I
pt, Optol Nt Asssst (ONA)
tgtd popl, foto, d lyt-
l tools to olltv poss to dtfy,
tgt, d ssss vulblts. Fostg
Collbotv Ifoto Evot d
stblsg Jot Itgy Coodto
Goups to s foto w sstl
bus dt lyss ws t ky to suss.
Nuous tg ttvs, gudd by
w dt fo JFCOM to ld t dvl-
opt of jot od d otol p-
blts, d sv topblty. B-
fo lug Opto IRAQI FREEDOM,
306
t Jot Wgtg Ct (JWFC) odut-
d svl xss to ddss optol
ssus t Ps Gulf go. A Stdg
Jot Fo Hdquts, std by os
xpd EBO d ONA wo fousd
o post-ot stblty d suppot op-
tos, fut d plg. T Jot
Ct fo Lssos Ld lso dployd
ollto d lyss t ovss to dou-
t t vso st d.
T sdg suss of ts ots -
td fut povts: t JWFC ttd
ss of sll sso sl xss bld t to ollbot wt dusty o t
to dut jot tsk fo dquts d-
ployg to Iq, Afgst, d t Ho of
Af; ll obtt ods stblsd
Stdg Jot Fo Hdquts, wt t
JFCOM lt dployg to suppot lf
optos log t Gulf Cost Hu-
Kt d Pkst followg
ssv tquk; t Jot Ct fo Op-
tol Alyss (foly lssos ld)
sttod pt ollto ts US
Ctl Cods of opto d
dsptd ot ts to ov pkp-
g optos Ht, lf ots followg
t Id O tsu, d Hu K- o-d t Dputs Advsoy Wokg
t. A out ot, t Jot Ntol
Tg Cpblty, lkd vous stll-
tos d twoks fo tg puposs d
dtd tt ll lty xss volv
jot ptpto.
Ely 2003, togt wt ts tsfo-
to d topblty ttvs, JF-
COM bg gg t fo dployt
fo Opto IRAQI FREEDOM. A y lt
JFCOM osttd t st otto of ll
fos Iq, s wll s ot fotos op-
tg Afgst, Ht, d t Ho of
Af. Ts susss ovd t C-
of t Jot Cfs of St d t S-
ty of Dfs tt oodtg su ts-
tos toug ultpl obtt ods
ws t, d t odd 2004 UCP
dsgtd JFCOM t ub fo soug
ost ovtol jot pow qu-
ts.
Adl Gbst blvd tt JF-
COM ould do b job of ggg t
pvt sto d ssbld Tsfo-
to Advsoy Goup to dsuss ky ssus
wt dustl lds. H qustd d
vd ltd qusto d tology
tsf utots sl to tos of -
tol lbotoy fo JFCOM. T sgt
s t ods l sous
dvlopt d xplotto of tsfo-
tol tologs.
O 12 August 2005 Adl Gbs-
t tud to Wsgto s t svt
V C of t Jot Cfs of St. I
ts posto wokd to tsfo t P-
tgos gt posss, w -
fd to s t busss of busss. As V
C, Gbst d t Jot R-
quts Ovsgt Coul (JROC), w
vldtd fo pblty quts; o-
d t Dfs Aqusto Bod, w
ppovd ll jo qusto pogs; d
Goup, w ovsw t pltto
of t 2006 Qudl Dfs Rvw. H
lso svd s b of t Ntol Su-
ts Coul Dputs Co, t Nul-
Wpos Coul, d t Mssl Dfs
Exutv Bod.
Wl xutg s sposblts fo
quts, qusto, d soug,
Adl Gbst dvdd s to
btw ut d futu ds. H sup-
potd t pd vldto d soug
of Jot Ugt Optol Nds by x-
plotg ovtol tology d xst-
g pblts to t gt wgt
quts wt 120 dys. T obt-
t ods st dtd quts,
t t JROC ppovd t s Idt
307
 Adl Gbst d bs of t Jot Rquts Ovsgt Coul
(JROC) spk wt Ay Colol Jo P. Rooy, od of t Abd Tst
Ct, followg bg o t sstt bus pottd (MRAP) vls.

Wgtg Nds, d lstly t Dfs to t ul dfs budgt. T ov-

Dptts Jot Rpd Aqusto Cll tol syst d gow ubso d
poud t usg supplty ot- fld to dqutly potz t pblty
gy fudg. Two ky ssus dug G- gps t ws dsgd to dtfy. Gbs-
bsts tu w obtg povsd t fousd t poss by bgg obt-
xplosv dvs d g tllg t ods d t tgy goups
gtg pblts. At t st Jot Rpd to t dsusso d dstllg ky qu-
Aqusto Woksop, ld Ju 2006, t ts to lst of t ost pssg lty
V C pszd t d to tk ssus. H ws ful to vod kg D-
dlvy d sustt of su pblts fs Dptt ols pt -
d su t ssgt t t ppop- bs of t oul, w blvd would
t lvl of topblty. ds ts blty to pst ptl
As d of t JROC, Adl Gbs- lty psptv to t Sty.
t ovsw t o dlbt qu- I od to pov pog g-
ts poss, w utlzd t wly s- t, Adl Gbst sttutd up-
tblsd Jot Cpblts Itgto d fot ost-bt lyss, odd pooly
Dvlopt Syst to tpt futu l- pfog ttvs, d goupd t-
ty ds d pog t dvlopt ltd quts to fou Jot Cpblty

308
Potfolos. Ts w logsts, blsp u. I Fbuy 2007 Adl Gbst
wss, t-t optos, d o- potd tt t dployd fos w opt-
d d otol systs. H lso kowl- st bout t w ppo; by Ju, t
dgd tt tologl lttos d Cod of Mult-Ntol Fo Iq sw
o-sz-ts-ll ppo ould b out- sgs tt Bgdd ws tug to ol.
podutv w fulllg jot quts, Adl Gbst l o o 6 Au-
s sow by t fltg Jot Ttl Rdo gust 2007 d td o 30 Sptb,
Pog d Ntol Pol Obtg Op- o t tty-sv ys of tv lty
tol Evot Stllt Syst. sv. S tt s otud to
Fdgs of t JROC subsqutly - sv vty of publ d pvt ols.
fod t Dputs Advsoy Wokg H s utly t of t Sty
Goup, pl st td to gud t 2005 of t Nvy Advsoy Pl d s svd o
Qudl Dfs Rvw d t - uous US Govt dvsoy bods,
td s pt ogzto to pl- vstgtos, d tsk fos fo t S-
t pogs dtd dug t vw ts of Dfs, Stt, d Ito dd-
poss. W lsd Fbuy 2006, t to to t Dto of t Ctl Itllg
dfs vw td ltd vo- Agy. Expls of ts tvts lud
luto of t tsfoto pg, usg t Sty of Dfss Tsk Fo o DoD
spd, glty, d pso to k sy- Nul Wpos Mgt, t Dfs
tl tts gst t old, dft S Bod, t Ntol Ady of E-
tosts, out wpos of ss dstu- gg/Ntol Rs Coul (NAE/
to, d u t ttol ou- NRC) o tt xd t Dpw-
ty. T foulto pld s t Hozo blowout d odd Ls-
tllg gtg pltfos, spl op- sos fo Ipovg Oso Dllg Sfty
tos fos, d xpdtoy fos to d t Sty of Stts Ittol S-
suppot stblty, suty, tsto, d - uty Advsoy Bod.
ostuto ots pls lk Afgst H lso svs o t bods of t At-
d Iq. Rgdg t l ot, t lt Coul of t Utd Stts d t US
V C otd tt wl Col- Nvl Ady Foudto. H s b
to fos d od, t lty of t P Coul o Ittol Poly
ould ot solv t ss lo, d d- d t Coul o Fog Rltos. Ad-
votd fo gt tgy ptpto. l Gbst s tv t busss o-
I Db 2006 Robt Gts sud- uty, w svs s dto o t
d Dold Rusfld s Sty of Dfs. bods of t Bog Copy d Most
O ot lt t Bus dstto Woldwd, I., w s t ld d-
pstd ts Nw Wy Fowd Iq, pdt dto. H s b of t bod
sttg lgt to vs dtot- of tusts fo t MITRE Copoto d s
g odtos tt tt of optos. b of t Advsoy Bod of t MIT
T ttv sply sd t ub Lol Lbotoy. I ddto to dp-
of US fos volvd outsugy dt osultg s psdt of Gbst
optos od to t su sp Goup LLC, lso svd s t C of
fo poltl d oo pogss to o- Al Not A.

309
 Edmund P Gimini, J.
Adl, USN

Pmin: D
Tpoy Pt
ENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 Ju 70
LTJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 Sp 71
LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 74
LCDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sp 78
CDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Ap 82 . . . . . 01 Ot 83
CAPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sp 89
RADM (L) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 D 94 . . . . . 01 Ot 95
RADM (U) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Aug 97
VADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 My 98 . . . . . 01 Aug 98
ADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02 Ot 02

Aignmn D
Fo To

Mdsp, Utd Stts Nvl Ady,

Apols, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1966 . . . . . . 1970
Exutv O d Blu d Gold Rutg
O, Nvl Rsv Tg Ct,
Wtsto, NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1970
Studt, Nvl Nul Pow Sool,
Bbdg, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1970 . . . . . . 1971
Studt, Nvl Nul Pow Tg Ut,
Stdy, NY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1971
Studt, Nvl Sub Sool, Nvl
Sub Bs Nw Lodo, Goto, CT . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1971
Topdo, F Cotol d Assstt Wpos,
M Populso Assstt, d t Wpos
O, USS Puer (SSN 652) . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1975
Studt, Rutg O Mgt
Otto Cous, Psol, FL. . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1975
Pog Mg, Nul Fld d Advd
Eltos Fld (lstd), Nvy Rutg
Cod, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1977
Studt, Sub Os Advd Cous,
Nvl Sub Bs Nw Lodo,
Goto, CT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1978
Eg O, USS Francis Sco Key (SSBN 657) . 1978 . . . . . . 1981

310
Aignmn D
Fo To

Studt, Dputy Assstt Sty fo Nvl

Rtos, Dpt. of Egy, Wsgto, DC . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1981
Studt, Posptv Codg O
Cous, Cod, Sub Fo,
US Atlt Flt, Nofolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . 1981 . . . . . . 1981
Posptv O--Cg d O--
Cg, Sub NR-1, Nvl Sub
Bs Nw Lodo, Goto, CT . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . 1985
Hd, Optos Suty Sto, O of t
Cf of Nvl Optos, d outly
Spl Assstt to t Dputy Dto fo
Itllg, Ctl Itllg Agy,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . 1986
Studt, Posptv Codg O
Cous, Cod, Sub Fo, US
P Flt, Nvl Stto Pl Hbo, HI . . . 1986 . . . . . . 1986
Studt, Dputy Assstt Sty fo Nvl
Rtos, Dptt of Egy,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1987
Posptv Codg O d Codg
O, USS Richard B. Russell (SSN 687) . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1990
Fllow, Cf of Nvl Optos Sttg Studs
Goup, Nvl W Collg, Nwpot, RI . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . 1991
Cod, Sub Dvlopt
Squdo TWELVE, Nvl Sub Bs
Nw Lodo, Goto, CT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1993
Dto of Sttgy d Copts, Nvl Dot
Cod, Nvl Stto Nofolk, VA . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . 1994
Dputy Cf of St fo Rsous, Wf
Rquts, d Assssts, US P
Flt,Nvl Stto Pl Hbo, HI . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . 1996
Dto, Sub Wf Dvso, O of t
Cf of Nvl Optos, Wsgto, DC . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1998
Cod, Sub Fo, US Atlt Flt,
d outly, Sub Alld Cod,
Atlt, d At-Sub d
Ross Fos, Atlt, Nvl Stto
Nofolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1998 . . . . . . 2000
Dputy Cf of Nvl Optos fo Rsous,
Wf Rquts, d Assssts,
O of t Cf of Nvl Optos,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 . . . . . . 2001

311
Aignmn D
Fo To

So Mlty Assstt to t Sty of

Dfs, O of t Sty of Dfs,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001 . . . . . . 2002
Cod, US Jot Fos Cod, d
outly, Sup Alld Cod
Tsfoto, Not Atlt Tty
Ogzto (2003-2005),
Nvl Stto Nofolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . 2005
V C, Jot Cfs of St,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2005 . . . . . . 2007

Pincip US Miiy Dcin nd Quicin

Dfs Dstgusd Sv Mdl (wt 2 ok lf lusts)

Nvy Dstgusd Sv Mdl (wt slv st)
Ay Dstgusd Sv Mdl
A Fo Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Cost Gud Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Lgo of Mt (wt 3 gold sts)
Mtoous Sv Mdl (wt 2 gold sts)
Nvy d M Cops Codto Mdl (wt gold st)

Sub Wf
Sttg Dtt Ptol
Dp Subg

312
314
 Jaes Ewar Cartwrt
31 August 20073 August 2011

J s E. Ctwgt ws bo o 22 Sptb 1949 Rokfod, Ill-

os, w s ft wokd s sls fo plubg d tg
opy. H fo lg fly, wt v ssts, d spt u of
s ldood lbog o s gdpts f. A gdutg fo Wst
Hg Sool 1967, td t Uvsty of Iow o swg sol-
sp d studd p-d. Altoug dd to t lty dug s
juo y, vd dft to oplt ollg. Ts ud s
dso, followg gduto 1971, to oll t M Cops Avto/
Nvl Flgt O pog.
A opltg t O Cddt Cous t Quto, Vg, Js
Ctwgt vd s osso s sod lutt t M Cops
Rsv o 12 Novb 1971. H t bg goous tg pog o-
td towd svg s bk-st wpos d tgtg systs opto
t F-4J Pto II gt-bob. Ts ludd ply tg t N-
vl A Stto (NAS), Psol, Flod, d d tpt tg t NAS,
Glyo, Gog. A bg dsgtd Nvl Flgt O o 22 Spt-
b 1972, Ctwgt tsfd to M Cops A Stto (MCAS), Cy
Pot, Not Col, d udwt gt tg wt M Fgt At-
tk Tg Squdo-201 (VMFAT-201). Altoug s pfo toug-
out ws otbl, t ws dug t l ps of tg tt d t
gst gd pot vg of y plt w ssgd to t
squdo utl tt t.

Gn Jm E. Cigh
Utd Stts M Cops

315
 I My 1973 Sod Lutt Ct- I Db 1979 Cpt Ctwgt
wgt l t tg squdo d lot- jod VMFA-235 t MCAS, Ko By,
d to MCAS, Bufot, Sout Col. Ov Hw. Dug ts t-y tou d-
t xt fou ys, svd wt svl df- vd gd to jo o 23 Otob 1981.
ft uts vty of pts. Itlly As t squdos t o-
ssgd to M Fgt Ak Squd- , xdd pblty stdds stb-
o-251 (VMFA-251), futod s t lsd by Flt M Fos (FMF), P,
squdos bkto o ddto to d otbutd sgtly to t uts
s duts s d tpt o. Poot- ovll obt dss; ts ws o-
d to st lutt Novb 1973, - plsd s t squdo tstod to t
vd gul osso t US M F-4S Pto II d ptptd
Cops sotly t. Nxt, Ctwgt dployt to t Wst P. I dd-
tsfd to VMFA-232 Apl 1974. T to to s ol gt duts, ws lso
squdo ws dployd t t t d op- dvso ld, post-t tst plot,
tg out of MCAS, Iwku, Jp, d N d obt tts stuto. I og-
A Fo Bs, Okw. H otud sv- to of ts vts, Ctwgt ws
g s t uts bkto o d ws os s t squdos Nvl Avto of t
dsgtd ld d tpt o d Y fo 1981, 1st M A Wgs (1st
obt tts stuto, ols olly - MAW) Nvl Avto of t Y fo 1982, d
svd fo o ssod os. A - t Assoto of Nvl Avtos Outstd-
tug to Bufot July 1975, Ctwgt g C Avto fo 1983.
svd by s t M A Bs Squd- Mjo Ctwgt tud to Yu, A-
o 31 optos o bfo tsfg zo, Db 1982, w svd s
to VMFA-333 Novb. H dployd o t dsttv o fo VMFAT-101, s
bod t USS Nimitz d dvd to p- wll s F-4 stuto plot d post--
t Novb 1976. Upo s tu to t k plot. Ctwgt dtd t
Bufot M 1977, Ctwgt b ost t squdo dsttv sto
t bkto o fo M A t 3d MAW, ld v qulto
Goup 31. dtts wtout sp, d vd
Cpt Ctwgt tud to Ps- dt fo sussfully vtg pottlly
ol, Flod, July 1977, ts t s stu- dsstous bo gy.
dt vl vto. A opltg s bs I July 1985 Mjo Ctwgt potd to
gt tg Novb, lotd to Mxwll A Fo Bs, Alb. Wl t-
NAS, Kgsvll, Txs, fo gt stuto tdg A Cod d St Collg,
t F-4J Pto II. Bsds dstgus- vd t Codts Rs Awd
g slf dlly, lso vd u-up topy fo s lyss of t -
pssv sos l guy d dv pltos of tgtg otly plotd v-
bobg. A bg dsgtd vl v- ls to M Cops A-Goud Tsk
to o 13 Fbuy 1979, Ctwgt ts- Fos. H ws lso sltd s t top p-
fd to MCAS, Yu, Azo, w fo two ss d gdutd wt
udwt dvd gt stuto wt dstto.
VMFAT-101. Upo oplto of t obt Mjo Ctwgt lotd to Algto,
pbl syllbus, sly tstod to t Vg, Ju 1986. Assgd to t Sys-
sttus of stuto. ts d Egg Mgt Dvso

316
t Nvl A Systs Cod, svd s
t dputy ssstt pog g fo t
s, dvlopt, d tstg of F/A-18
Hot wpos systs. Wl ovsg
ult-llo-doll budgts d ld tst-
g ssts t svl lotos, lpd t-
gt t gt-k syst to t F/A-18
d tsto t Blu Agls dostto
squdo to t Hot. O 1 Otob 1988
ws pootd to lutt olol.
I My 1989 Lutt Colol Ct-
wgt tud to Iwku, Jp, ssu-
g od of M Avto Logsts
Squdo 12. Hs ut dployd o t
y dtts dug tty ult-fo
xss odutd tougout t go.
Byod dvlopg suppot pblts fo
t wly vd F/A-18 Hot d AV-8B
H , lso ttd dv bt- Cops to t 21st Ctuy. Dspt vy
tl dg p podus, sttutd
xpdtoy oxyg d tog syst,
d oodtd ugul ssl tg.
Dug s tu t squdo ws os
s Flt M Fo Ps o fo
t M Cops Avto Assotos Ex-
ptol Avt Awd d ws t
M Cops o fo t Dptt of
Dfss Mt Ey Awd.
Lutt Colol Ctwgt xt t-
tdd t Nvl W Collg t Nwpot,
Rod Isld, July 1990. A gdutg
wt sts dg tol suty
d sttg studs t followg Ju,
tud to Ko By, Hw. Itlly
ssgd s t ssstt optos o
fo M A Goup-24 (MAG-24),
ws g of dly gt optos d
dvlopd t uts tg, xs, d
ployt pl. I My 1992 Ctwgt
took od of VMFA-232. By vsg
t squdos t pots, - to t squdos to y obt sots wt s
sd t ub of sso pbl -
. H lso gd tg Alsk d todud w wpos tologs tt -
Clfo, w bld s plots to dvl-
op t -to- d -to-goud sklls b-
fo dployg to t Wst P.
I Juy 1993 Lutt Colol Ct-
wgt tud to Wsgto, DC, fo s
sod tou wt t Dptt of Avto
t Hdquts M Cops. Two ots
lt, o 9 M, ws pootd to olo-
l. As Dputy Hd of t Avto Pls,
Pogs, Dot, Jot Ms d Bud-
gt B, qukly b dvot
fo M ttl vto wt t Nvy
d Dfs Dptts. Futo,
lso ptptd vous studs ptg
to fo stutu, quts, tgto,
d ployt, ludg t M Cops
Log Rg Plg Goup, ollbotv
ttv to ddss post-Cold W fo -
dutos d t ous fo t M
woklod, opltd t S 21 Po-
g o fog polts, ttol l-
tos, d tol tsts t t Mssu-
ss Isttut of Tology.
Fo My 1994 Colol Ctwgt o-
dd MAG-31 t Bufot, Sout Col.
Hs gt yg squdos odutd bot
ut dployts to Iwku, Jp, d -
dployts to t Mdt-
. Wl optg fo t USS Theodore
Roosevelt d USS America, s wll s Avo
A Bs, Itly, svl of t goups squd-
os w obt ssos dug t Blks
ot. Augtg US A Fos, Euop,
MAG-31 lpd fo t o-y zo ov
Bos-Hzgov dug Opto DENY
FLIGHT, pott ut lf ots
dug Opto PROVIDE PROMISE, d
bob Sb tgts dug Opto DE-
LIBERATE FORCE. O svl osos
Colol Ctwgt took dvtg of vsts
plots. Wl od of MAG-31, -
d t goups obt tvss d
317
stblsd t F/A-18 Hots putto s ds xptto pg pl; d
tu ult-sso . supvsg M ptpto Jot Tsk
I July 1996 Colol Ctwgt g - Fo Cvl Suppot, w ttv volv-
tud to Wsgto, DC, w svd g lty ollboto wt fdl g-
s spl ssstt to t Dto of t s dug dost gs volvg
Jot St d ld t Dp Ak Wpos l, bologl, o dologl dts.
Mx Study. Ts pojt ssssd t l- I July 2000 Bgd Gl Ctwgt
tys dp stk pblts lto to lotd to Okw, Jp, to od 1st
gg tol suty tsts d - MAW. H stblsd t pots: to -
fod t 1997 Qudl Dfs R- t wgs wgtg pblts, to
vw, w sougt to poot o od- poot suty t P, d to -
bl, bld, d sttg otd dfs. pov t Ms dployt xp.
Pootd to bgd gl o 1 Otob Ts gols w sultously vd
1997, Ctwgt b t Dputy Dto by ptpto uous tg x-
fo Rsous d Rquts, Fo Stu- ss tt bld t Ms to o t
tu, Rsous, d Asssst Dtot, sklls d stbls ttol ltosps
t Jot St J-8. tougout t go. T wg ws o
H gudd odto of t Rqu- t dy to t pdly sltg op-
ts Gto Syst, vwd dou- tol quts followg t tost
ts fo t Jot Rquts Ovsgt ks o 9/11. Bsds xpdg suty
Coul, d ws volvd wt t svs tougout t P, ts squdos lso
ul Pog Objtv Modus ptptd Optos NORTHERN d
lvt to t obtt od d Jot SOUTHERN WATCH Iq, d Opto
St pots. H supvsd t Rsv ENDURING FREEDOM Afgst. Fol-
Copot Eployt Study, w o- lowg s pooto to lutt gl
sdd ovtv sttgs fo ogzg My 2002, Ctwgt o g dd bk
d ployg t tos gud d sv to Wsgto, DC.
fos dug t 21st Ctuy. At t Ptgo, Lutt Gl
Bgd Gl Ctwgt tsfd Ctwgt b Dto of t Fo
to Nofolk, Vg, July 1999, w Stutu, Rsous, d Asssst D-
svd s Dputy Cod of US M tot, J-8, of t Jot St dug tuul-
Cops Fos, Atlt, d wokd fo Lu- tuous pod. T Dfs Dptt ws
tt Gl Pt P, wo would lt ot oly posutg ws Afgst d
bo t 6t V C d 16t C- Iq, t ws lso tsfog tslf to t
of t Jot Cfs of St. Ctwgt 21st Ctuy quts. O jo g
d wd-gg duts tt otbutd to qusto volvd swt fo t bot-
bot M Cops d Jot Fos Co- to-up d sv-dv Jot Wgtg
d pogs: ovsgt of M op- Cpblts Asssst (JWCA) to t top-
tos t Nvl Bs Guto By, Cub; dow d sttgy-dv Jot Cpblts
tg d ployt of M Flt Itgto Dvlopt Syst (JCIDS). As
Attos Suty Ts, stblst t w systs ol Gtkp, Ct-
of subsdy M opot ods wgt osttd t pog vws d
t US Euop, Ctl, d Sout Co- dtd w ts would b osdd
ds; dvlopt of Jot Fos Co- by t Jot Rquts Ovsgt Coul

318
 Cllg fo t Ntol Mlty Cod Ct Fbuy 2008, Gl Ct-
wgt fos Sty of Dfs Robt M. Gts tt ssl d by t us
USS Lake Erie s sussfully tptd obtg stllt ov t P O
bfo t td t Et's tosp.

(JROC). Ky ssus ludd djustg fo fout st.

stutu d oposto oud t glob, Gl Ctwgt opltd jo
sg topblty by tgtg stutug ot ttd sotly follow-
wgtg pblts, d dvlopg - g 11 Sptb 2001, w volvd t
d wpos tologs. osoldto of gt globl ssts ud t
I July 2004 Gl Ctwgt ovd usps of Sttg Cod. Bus t
to Ou A Fo Bs, Nbsk, d b- sz d sop of t xpdd sso st
t st M to ld US Sttg d ousd o og so of t gov-
Cod. As o of ud o- t gs d obtt ods,
ds, STRATCOM ws sposbl fo d- Ctwgt solvd to b s sposv d
dssg tol dfs quts o lbl s possbl w fulllg suppot
globl sl d suppotg t ot gol qusts. H subsqutly sttutd o
d futol obtt ods. Two dtlzd od stutu t Sttg
ots lt, o 1 Sptb, vd s Cod, w bld t tl d-

319
 Gl Ctwgt, pstg t Utd Stts, d A Cf Msl All
Housto, pstg Austl, sg t Aqusto & Coss-Svg Agt
btw t two govts Apl 2010.

quts to ott o sttg-lvl t- fousd pdotly o osv dlvy

gto d dvoy, wl t subodt systs (ssls, bobs, d subs),
ogztos fousd o sso plg but t Nw Td obd ul, o-
d xuto. T w jot fo opot vtol, d o-kt pblts to
ods ludd: Sp; Globl Stk; u of slbl osv d dfsv op-
Ntwok Wf; Itgtd Mssl Dfs; tos. T Rlbl Rplt Wd po-
Itllg, Suvll, d Ros- g ws odzto ot to
s; d t Sttg Cod Ct fo t sfty, suty, d lblty of t gg
Cobtg Wpos of Mss Dstuto. stokpl of xstg wpos. It lso sougt
Togt, ty opssd bod g to du t d poduto osts
of tltd pblts: ss to pysl d stbls sustbl plt yl
d yb sps, ollto d dss- fo t futu. T Popt Globl Stk po-
to of foto, d osv d df- g volvd g tottl bl-
sv sus to dv tol suty o lst ssls wt ovtol utos to
globl sl. podu log-g, quk-stk, pso
Rsposbl fo gg t tos wpos. T Sttg Kowldg Itg-
ul sl d dt pblty, to-Wb (SKI-wb) bld uss to post -
Gl Ctwgt lso pltd sv- foto o t su tt d svd s
l tltd s d dvlopt vl to pdly dsst tllg.
pogs followg t 2001 Nul Postu T Ptsp to Dft Tos fltt-
Rvw. T Cold W Nul Td d d t ollboto of ds, tk tks,

320
 Dug pss of wt Udsty of Dfs Ml A. Flouoy
Db 2010, Gl Ctwgt xpls t pot of US-Pkst ltos
d t d to bl outsugy d outtos ttvs, followg
o-y vw of Psdt Bk Obs sttgy fo Afgst.

d busss lds to pott t wolds gs. H lso svd s t tg C

tl fstutus. dug Adl Ml G. Mulls fqut
O 31 August 2007, fou wks follow- bss fo t Ptgo.
g s St oto d tl p- Fo t sk of outblty d f-
pott, Gl Ctwgt ws olly y, Gl Ctwgt poposd tt
swo s t 8t V C of t Jot t V C b d pt -
Cfs of St by Sty of Dfs Rob- of t JROC. Moov, t t ly
t M. Gts. Ctwgts xp t solly o o to to st l-
Dtot fo Fo Stutu, Rsous ty quts, suggstd tt t V
d Asssst d ptully wll C b gv l dso kg u-
sutd to bo t sod-kg b toty log wt t blty to dlgt -
of As d fos. As V C- sposblty fo splzd quts to
d t Jot Rquts Ov- t ppopt futol obtt o-
sgt Coul (JROC), tskd wt vldtg d: tspotto (TRANSCOM ), spl
fo pblty quts, d o-d optos (SOCOM), od d otol
t Dfs Aqusto Bod (DAB), tskd (JFCOM), d tllg, suvll, d
wt ppovg ll jo qusto po- oss (STRATCOM). Fo t sk of

321
 Gl Ctwgt spks wt Gl Js Aos, Codt of t M
Cops, dug St Ad Svs Co ssso Db 2010. H d
t Sv Cfs povdd tstoy og t poposd pl of Dot Ask,
Dot Tll.

toougss, Ctwgt dvotd xtd- xstg pblts to t gt w

g full JROC bsp to t obtt
ods d to t Dfs Dptts
poly, qusto, d optolls os.
Altoug ot ll of ts odtos
w olly doptd, t JROC ws o
bl to opt s f ty w.
Wl xutg s quts, -
qusto, d soug sposblts,
Gl Ctwgt dvdd s to b- lty ds d pog t dvlop-
tw ut d futu ds. I t fo-
, suppotd t pd vldto d
soug of Jot Ugt Optol Nds
by xplotg ovtol tology d
gt quts. Ts w dtd
by t obtt ods, ppovd by
t JROC, d t poud by t Dfs
Dptts Jot Rpd Aqusto Cll us-
g supplty otgy fudg.
I t l s, Gl Ctwgt
ovsw t o dlbt quts
poss, w sougt to tpt futu
t to t ul dfs budgt. T
polfto of sytl tts d
gol ots dug of dlg
sl sous usd to od

322
o bld ppo w ppg to pogs tt d pvously ovs
out t tos ost lkly d ost wl odg STRATCOM. Fousg
dgous tts. H xpld, W d upo t sg pot of fo-
to b lot of pls, w d qutty o to tology, otud to stss t
t w d xqust pblty. d to ly t tos twoks, dlt
Gl Ctwgt d Sty Gts jusdto ov do, d dvlop
pgd to lg skg sous to osv d dfsv pblts to dtou
bst suppot t ut ots Iq d g of dvss. H lkws pootd
Afgst d to odz ovtol t dvlopt of ssl dfs systs
fos to out t tul d posptv d xtdd dt pblts d sup-
pblts of futu dvss. Ty - potd fubst of t tos xst-
ld o utld flg pogs tt t g ul sl. Slly, flttd
w lvt to ut lts o d b- gol suty d dplot ttvs
o ost pobtv bus of t sg oud t glob (Not Ko, Ctl As,
p of dvd tologs, su s t t Mddl Est, d Euop), ludg t
F-22 Rpto -gto gt. Svgs Ob dsttos Sttg As R-
w llotd to ot pogs, ptu- duto Tty wt Russ.
lly tos suppotg t ogog Globl Gl Ctwgt l o o 3 August
W o Tos, su s t pout 2011, oludg o t foty ys of u-
of ddtol ud l vls. T fod sv. Sotly followg tt,
ty sd y by dug t ws ppotd to t utl Dfs
wokfo, fog t lty pou- Poly Bod, w dvss t Sty of
t poss, d ltg dudt o Dfs o ky poly ssus. H lso b
obsolt pblts, su s JFCOM. fllow t t Wsgto-bsd Ct fo
Gl Ctwgt dvotd svl Sttg d Ittol Studs.

323
 Jm Edd Cigh
Gl, USMC

Pmin: D
Tpoy Pt

2d Lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Nov 71
1st Lt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00 Nov 73
Cpt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Nov 76
Mj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Nov 81
Lt Col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Ot 88
Col . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 M 93 . . . . . 01 Ot 93
Bg G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Ot 97 . . . . . 01 Ap 98
Mj G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001
Lt G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 My 02 . . . . . 10 My 02
G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Jul 04 . . . . . . 01 Sp 04

Aignmn D
Fo To

Studt, O Cddt Sool, Quto, VA . . 1971 . . . . . . 1971

Studt Nvl Flgt O, M Avto
Tg Suppot Goup (MATSG), Nvl A
Bs Tg Cod, Nvl A Stto
(NAS), Psol, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1971 . . . . . . 1972
Studt Nvl Flgt O (RIO Cous),
MATSG, Nvl A Tl Tg Ct,
NAS, Glyo, GA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . 1972
Nvl Flgt OUd Tg, M
Fgt Ak Tg Squdo-201
(VMFAT-201), M Cops A Stto
(MCAS), Cy Pot, NC . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1972 . . . . . . 1973
Nvl Flgt O d Squdo Ebkto
O, VMFA-251, M A Goup-31
(MAG-31), 2d M A Wg (2d MAW),
Bufot, SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973 . . . . . . 1974
Nvl Flgt O d Squdo Ebkto
O, VMFA-232, MAG-15, 1st MAW,
MCAS Iwku, Jp, d N A Fo
Bs, Okw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1974 . . . . . . 1975
Optos O, M A Bs Squdo 31
(MABS-31), MAG-31, 2d MAW, Bufot, SC . . 1975 . . . . . . 1975

324
Aignmn D
Fo To

L Dvso O, VMFA-333, MAG-31,

Bufot, SC (USS Nimitz) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1975 . . . . . . 1977
Ebkto O, Hdquts d
Mt Squdo-31 (H&MS-31),
MAG-31, Bufot, SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1977
Studt Nvl Avto, MATSG, MAFC,
Nvl A Stto, Psol, FL . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1977
Studt Nvl Avto, Tg Squdo-23
(VT-23), NAS, Kgsvll, TX . . . . . . . . . . . . 1977 . . . . . . 1978
Bs Tg O, VMFAT-101, MCCRTG-10,
3d MAW, MCAS Yu, AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . 1979
A Mt O, VMFA-235, MAG-24,
1st M Bgd, MCAS, Ko By, HI . . 1979 . . . . . . 1982
Adstto O d O--Cg,
Dployd C Optos, VMFAT-101,
3d MAW, MCAS, Yu, AZ . . . . . . . . . . . . 1982 . . . . . . 1985
Studt, A Cod d St Collg,
Mxwll A Fo Bs, AL . . . . . . . . . . . . 1985 . . . . . . 1986
Dputy Assstt Pog Mg
(F/A-18 Hot), Systs d Egg
Mgt Dvso, Nvl A Systs
Cod; Hdquts M Cops
(HQMC), Algto, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1986 . . . . . . 1989
Cod, M Avto Logsts
Squdo 12, MAG-12, 1st MAW, MCAS,
Iwku, Jp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1989 . . . . . . 1990
Studt, Nvl W Collg, Nwpot, RI . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . 1991
Assstt Optos O, MAG-24,
1st M Expdtoy Bgd, MCAS,
Ko By, HI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1992
Cod, VMFA-232, MCAS, 1st MEB,
Ko By, HI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . 1992
Spl Pojts O, MAG-24, 1st MEB,
MCAS, Ko By, HI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . 1992
Dputy B Hd, Avto Pls, Pogs,
Dot, Jot Ms d Budgt B,
Dptt of Avto, HQMC,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . 1994
Cod, MAG-31, 2d MAW, MCAS,
Bufot, SC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . 1996
Spl Assstt to t Dto, Jot St,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1997

325
Aignmn D
Fo To

Dputy Dto, Dtot fo Fo

Stutu (J-8), Rsous d Asssst,
Jot St, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . 1997 . . . . . . 1999
Dputy Codg Gl, US M Cops
Fos Atlt, Nofolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . 1999 . . . . . . 2000
Codg Gl, 1st M A Wg,
Okw, Jp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2000 . . . . . . 2002
Dto fo Fo Stutu, Rsous d
Asssst (J-8), Jot St, Wsgto, DC . . 2002 . . . . . . 2004
Cod, US Sttg Cod,
Ou A Fo Bs, NE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2004 . . . . . . 2007
V C, Jot Cfs of St,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . 2011

Pincip US Miiy Dcin nd Quicin

Dfs Dstgusd Sv Mdl (wt 3 ok lf lusts)

Lgo of Mt (wt gold st)
Mtoous Sv Mdl
Nvy Codto Mdl (wt gold st)
Nvy Avt Mdl

Nvl Avto
Nvl Flgt O

326
328
 Jaes Alexaer Weel, Jr.
4 August 2011Pst

J s A. Sdy Wfld, J., ws bo Coodo, Clfo, o

24 Apl 1956, t so of vl off. H gdutd wt
g oos osp gg fo t Gog Isttut of Tol-
ogy 1978, w d s osso toug t Nvy Rsv
Off Tg Cops pog. Dsgtd Nvl Avto 1980,
flw t F-14 Tot dug tl tous wt Fgt Squdos (VF) 1 d
24 d s stuto t t Nvy Fgt Wpos Sool (Top Gu).
As ld gd o, Adl Wfld svd s to o
wt t Euop d Ctl Cods B of t Jot St Op-
tos Dtot (J-3), d t s so d-d-p to t C of
t Jot Cfs of St, Ay Gl Col L. Powll. Rtug to s
duty 1994, subsqutly odd Fgt Squdo 211 (VF-211),
t pbous tspot USS Cleveland (LPD 7), d t USS
Enterprise (CVN 65). Wl odg t Enterprise dtly fol-
lowg t tost ks of 11 Sptb 2001, s w ptptd
obt optos suppot of Opto ENDURING FREEDOM (OEF)
Afgst. H lt svd s t Exutv Assstt to t V Cf
of Nvl Optos.
Followg s pooto to dl (low lf) Otob 2003,
Adl Wfld lttd btw ky ldsp ssgts so
d ot. I Db 2004, svg s Dto of Wf Pogs
d Tsfotol Copts t US Flt Fos Cod, took g
of t USS Theodore Roosevelt C Stk Goup (C Stk Goup

Admi Jm A. Winnfd, J.
Utd Stts Nvy

329
 Adl Wfld tks t ot of o s t 9t V C of t Jot
Cfs of St o 4 August 2011 t t Ptgo. Hs wf, My, olds t Bbl, s
Sty of Dfs Lo E. P dsts t ot.

TWO). As od of t stk goup, Suppot Fos NATO. T, svg

ld Tsk Fos 50, 152, d 58 sup-
pot of Opto IRAQI FREEDOM (OIF)
d t tpto optos t of t US dlgto to t Utd Ntos
Ab Gulf.
Nxt, svg s Dto of Jot
Iovto d Exptto (J-9) t US
Jot Fos Cod, b Dputy
Cod of US Nvl Fos Euop
Sptb 2007. I ts pty ld,
outly, US Sxt Flt, NATO Alld
Jot Cod Lsbo, d Stkg d
s Dto fo Sttg Pls d Poly (J-
5) o t Jot St, d s So Mb
Mlty St Co, took g of
US Not Cod d Not A-
Aosp Dfs Cod My
2010. A y lt, o 4 August 2011, s-
sud s ut posto s t 9t V
C of t Jot Cfs of St.
Adl Wfld d s wf, My,
v two tg sos.

330
 Jm And Winnfd, J.
Adl, USN

Pmin D
Tpoy Pt

ENS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Ju 78
LTJG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 Ju 80
LT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Jul 82
LCDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sp 88
CDR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sp 92
CAPT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Sp 97
RADM (LH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 Ot 03
RADM (UH) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 My 06 . . . . . 01 Aug 06
VADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Sp 07
ADM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 My 10

Aignmn D
Fo To

Dvso O, Nvl Stto, Apols, MD . . . 1978 . . . . . . 1978

Studt, Nvl Avto Sools Cod,
Psol, FL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1978 . . . . . . 1979
Studt, Tg Squdos SIX d 23 . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1979
Studt, Tg Squdo 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . 1979 . . . . . . 1980
Rplt Plot, Fgt Squdo 124 . . . . . . 1980 . . . . . . 1981
Pow Plts B O, Fgt Squdo 24 . 1981 . . . . . . 1983
Qulty Assu O, Nvl Fgt Wpos
Sool, S Dgo, CA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1983 . . . . . . 1987
Rplt Plot, Fgt Squdo 124 . . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1987
Optos O, Fgt Squdo ONE . . . . . 1987 . . . . . . 1990
Ato O, Euop d Ctl Cods
B, Dtot of Optos (J-3),
Jot St, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . 1990 . . . . . . 1991
So Ad-d-Cp to t C of t Jot
Cfs of St, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . 1991 . . . . . . 1992
Studt, Fgt Squdo 124 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1992 . . . . . . 1993
Exutv O, Fgt Squdo 211 . . . . . . . 1993 . . . . . . 1994
Codg O, Fgt Squdo 211 . . . . . 1994 . . . . . . 1995
Studt, Nvl Nul Pow Tg
Cod, Oldo, FL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1995 . . . . . . 1996
Studt, Nvl Rtos, Dptt of Egy,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1996

331
Aignmn D
Fo To

Exutv O, USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74) . . . 1996 . . . . . . 1998

Codg O, USS Cleveland (LPD 7) . . . . 1998 . . . . . . 2000
Codg O, USS Enterprise (CVN 65) . . . 2000 . . . . . . 2002
Exutv Assstt, O of t V Cf of
Nvl Optos, Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . 2002 . . . . . . 2003
Dto, Wf Pogs d Tsfotol
Copts (N-8), US Flt Fos Cod,
Nofolk, VA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2003 . . . . . . 2004
Cod, USS Theodore Roosevelt C Stk
Goup (C Stk Goup TWO) . . . . . . . . 2004 . . . . . . 2006
Dto fo Jot Iovto d Exptto
(J-9), US Jot Fos Cod, Nofolk, VA . . 2006 . . . . . . 2007
Cod, US Sxt Flt, NATO Alld Jot
Cod Lsbo, d Stkg d Suppot
Fos NATO; d Dputy Cod,
US Nvl Fos Euop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007 . . . . . . 2008
Dto fo Sttg Pls d Poly (J-5),
Jot St, Wsgto, DC, d So Mb,
Utd Stts Dlgto to t Utd Ntos
Mlty St Co . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2008 . . . . . . 2010
Cod, US Not Cod d Not
A Aosp Dfs Cod,
Colodo Spgs, CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2010 . . . . . . 2011
V C, Jot Cfs of St,
Wsgto, DC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2011 . . . . . . Pst

Pincip US Miiy Dcin nd Quicin

Dstgusd Sv Mdl
Dfs Supo Sv Mdl
Lgo of Mt (wt 2 gold sts)
Boz St
Dfs Mtoous Sv Mdl
Mtoous Sv Mdl
A Mdl (wt Fst Stk/Flgt Awd)
Nvy Codto Mdl (wt gold st)
Jot Sv Avt Mdl
Nvy Avt Mdl

Nvl Avto

332
The JCS Conference Room:
The Tank
T Jit Cis St C R, 2012
 The JCS Conference Room:
The Tank

In early 1942 the new US Joint Chiefs of Staff and US-British Combined
Chiefs of Staff organizations moved into the US Public Health Building in
Washington, DC, on Constitution Avenue between 19th and 20th Streets, NW.
The building was soon redesignated the Combined Chiefs of Staff Building.
Here the Joint Chiefs of Staff held their first formal meeting on 9 February 1942
in a conference room on the second floor (restored by the buildings later occu-
pant, the Interior Department, in 1992). They continued to use this room
throughout World War II.
The conference room, or presentation room as it was initially called, soon
became known as The Tank. A popular explanation of the origin of this nick-
name is that access to the entrance used by staff officers was down a flight of
stairs through an arched portal, supposedly giving the impression of entering a
tank.
The nickname survived the JCS Conference Rooms moves to various loca-
tions. In January 1946 The Tank moved with the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the
New War Department Building at 21st Street and Virginia Avenue, NW (later
the US Department of State Building). In April 1947 the conference room moved
with the Office of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Pentagon, where it has occupied
several locations on the second floor. From April 1947 until October 1949 it was
located on corridor 2 in the D ring. The JCS Conference Room then moved to
corridor 9 in the C ring. Since August 1957 The Tank has been on corridor 9
in the E ring. In addition to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Operations Deputies
and the Deputy Operations Deputies may meet there.

337
 George C. Marshall Research Library

The Combined Chiefs of Staff meet in the original JCS Conference Room, 23 October 1942.

The Joint Chiefs of Staff, January 2012. Seated left to right: General Raymond T. Odierno,
Chief of Staff of the Army; Admiral Jonathan W. Greenert, Chief of Naval Operations;
Admiral James A. Winnefeld, Jr., Vice Chairman of the JCS; General Martin E. Dempsey,
Chairman of the JCS; General Norton A. Schwortz, Chief of Staff of the Air Force; General
James E. Amos, Commandant of the Marine Corps; and General Craig R. McKinley, Chief
of the National Guard Bureau.

338
 T F
C
J C S
T Flg t Ci t Jit Cis St
 The Fa of he
Charman of he
Jon Chef of Saff

Soon after General Omar N. Bradley took office as the first Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff in August 1949, Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson
asked the Secretary of the Army to prepare designs for a distinguishing flag
for the Chairman. The Heraldic Branch of the Army Quartermaster Gener-
als Office (later the US Army Institute of Heraldry) drew up two designs,
which the Secretary of the Army submitted to Secretary Johnson on 17
November. On 6 December Johnson approved the design preferred by Gen-
eral Bradley and requested that the Secretary of the Army provide the Chair-
man with such a flag.
The Manufacturing Division of the Philadelphia Quartermaster Depot
made the flag, and it was delivered to General Bradley on 19 January 1950
and displayed in his office for the first time on 26 January. He also received
a flag made of bunting for field use, small boat and automobile flags, and the
flag reproduced on aluminum plates for use on aircraft.
The flag of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is of medium blue
and white silk (the colors of the flags of the Secretary and Deputy Secretary
of Defense, respectively) divided diagonally from upper hoist to lower fly,
blue above and white below. The central design consists of an American
eagle with wings spread horizontally.
On the eagles chest is a shield consisting of thirteen stripes, seven white
and six red, representing the thirteen original colonies, with blue in chief
(the upper part of the field), representing Congress joining the colonies into
unity. The eagle, facing the pike, the point of honor in heraldry, holds three

343
crossed gold arrows in its talons, representing
the Army, Navy, and Air Force.
The position of the Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff is indicated by four stars, each
with one point upward, placed on a diagonal
line from upper fly to lower hoist, two to each
side of the eagle. The stars on the blue field
are white; those on the white field are blue.
The placement of the stars on a diagonal line
is intended to be representative of all three
services. In Army and Air Force flags, stars
are placed in a horizontal center line, while in
the Navy a vertical center line is used for two
stars, an imaginary triangle for three stars,
and an imaginary lozenge for four stars.
The eagle and stars of the Chairmans
flag are hand-embroidered, and three edges
of the flag are trimmed with knotted fringe of
yellow silk. In addition, the flag has a cord
344
and tassels of medium blue and white silk
strands attached below the spearhead of the
pike. The Chairmans flag is displayed in his
office and carried in honors ceremonies when
he is present.
In September 1950, when General Brad-
ley was promoted to five-star rank, the Secre-
tary of the Army asked whether an additional
flag should be designed for use when the
Chairman was a five-star officer. General
Bradley did not think an additional flag was
needed. He believed that the flag represented
the position, not the rank of the individual
occupant, and should not be changed to show
the rank of the incumbent. The Secretary of
Defense acceded to General Bradleys wishes
and a five-star Chairmans flag was not
designed.
T J C S
I B
T Jit Cis St Idtiiti Bdg
 The Jon Chef of Saff
Ienfcaon Bae

Until 1963 the Joint Chiefs of Staff had no unique seal, emblem, or other
identification device. From March 1949, personnel serving on a full-time
duty status in the Organization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (OJCS) and associ-
ated boards and staffs were authorized to wear the National Military Estab-
lishment Identification Badge (subsequently renamed the Department of
Defense Identification Badge). Military personnel assigned to the OJCS wore
the DOD Identification Badge until January 1961, when Secretary of Defense
Thomas S. Gates suspended further issuance of the badge.
On 5 February 1962 Lieutenant General Earle G. Wheeler, who was just
completing his tour of duty as Director of the Joint Staff, wrote to the Assis-
tant Secretary of Defense for Manpower on the matter of the identification
badge. Wheeler favored reinstitution of the badge or a similar device for
military personnel on the Joint Staff. In December 1962, when Deputy Secre-
tary of Defense Roswell Gilpatric reinstated the DOD Identification Badge as
the Office of the Secretary of Defense Identification Badge but limited its
issuance to individuals assigned to OSD, he informed the Director of the
Joint Staff that he did not object to institution of a similar device for Joint
Staff personnel.
After the Personnel Directorate of the Joint Staff recommended adoption
of a JCS identification badge, the US Army Institute of Heraldry designed an
appropriate device. On 2 April 1963 the Joint Chiefs of Staff approved the
establishment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Identification Badge and on 3 April
issued JCS Memorandum of Policy (MOP) 142 authorizing award of the

347
badge to members of the US Armed Forces
assigned to the OJCS. Subsequently, the crite-
ria were expanded to include military person-
nel assigned to agencies in direct support of
the OJCS and later the Joint Staff. Over the
years the JCS Identification Badge has been
used as the seal of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
although no official action has ever desig-
nated it as such.
The design features, within an oval silver
metal wreath of laurel two and one-half
inches in height and two inches in width
overall, the shield of the United States. The
chief (the upper one-third of the shield) in
blue enamel and the base (the lower two-
thirds of the shield) of thirteen stripes in alter-
nating white and red enamel are superim-
posed on four gold metal unsheathed swords,
348
two in pale (vertical) and two in saltire
(crossed). The points and pommels of the
swords are resting on the wreath; the blades
and grips are entwined with a gold metal con-
tinuous scroll surrounding the shield with the
word Joint at the top and the words Chiefs
of Staff at the bottom, all in blue enamel let-
ters.
The symbolism of the badge includes the
laurel for achievement, courage, and victory
and the four unsheathed swords for the
armed might of the Army, Navy, Air Force,
and Marine Corps and their combined con-
stant vigilance and readiness in the defense of
the United States. Patented on 1 December
1964 (Patent No. Des. 199,678), the JCS Identi-
fication Badge appears on the covers of all JCS
publications, plans, and official files.
 Q S:
T C R
Quts Six, Jit Bs My-Hds Hll, Vigii, 2011
 Qarer S:
The Charman Reence

Quarters Six, Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall, Virginia, official resi-

dence of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was constructed in 1908,
the same year that Orville Wright made the worlds first military test flight
at Fort Myer. It was built from standard plan 120-H, designed by the Office
of the Armys Quartermaster General in Washington, DC.
The 120 plan series, issued in 1898, was based on standard plans
designed in the 1870s under Quartermaster General Montgomery Meigs. A
distinguished engineer officer and an able administrator, Meigs designed
many of the public structures in the Washington, DC, area. His efforts to
improve the efficiency of his department included the introduction of stan-
dardized plans for the various types of buildings built for the Army.
The 120 series of plans for family housing was widely used during the
major building boom that started at Fort Myer after it became a permanent
post in 1896. At that time Fort Myer was not only a bustling Signal Corps
center but also a cavalry station. The spurt in construction gathered even
more momentum after Secretary of War Elihu Roots reorganization of the
expanded Army at the beginning of the twentieth century. The plan varia-
tion known as 120-H was issued in 1907 toward the end of this period of
expansion. The dwellings built to this plan rose at the heart of Fort Myer.
Their brick facades stand on granite block foundations and are representa-
tive of officers quarters built on numerous military posts during this period.
Quarters Six, consisting of three stories and a basement, was originally
built as a duplex. It was the largest building among the stately homes of

353
General Dempsey poses with family members outside Quarters Six before he is
sworn in as the 18th Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Sta.

The sun room, with its spectacular view of Washington, DC, is a favorite spot
for guests, particularly when mingling before dinner.

354
The dining room, with table set for an official function, can seat up to twenty-
eight guests. The crystal, silverware, and china belong to the residence.

The large living room provides ample space for entertaining guests. Accessories
shown here belong to the Dempseys and reflect items collected during thirty-
seven years of service

355
356
The capital city as viewed from Quarters Six.
Officers Row. Housing two junior officers
and their families, the neo-Federal style build-
ing had eleven rooms and cost $19,202 to
build. It was among the first homes at Myer to
be built with provision for electrical lighting,
although installation of indoor plumbing was
still three years away.
The design of the house reflects an archi-
tectural transition from the complicated and
elaborate forms and features of Victorian resi-
dential construction to the simpler, more clas-
sical character of the Colonial Revival. The
use of stone below the water table is charac-
teristic of the former, while the plain win-
dows and pedimented facade are characteris-
tic of the latter.
In 1960 planning began for conversion of
the duplex into a single residence for the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The
Chief of Staff of the Army and the Chief of
Naval Operations had long had official resi-
dences, and in June 1960 an official home had
been designated for the Chief of Staff of the
Air Force. There was, however, no specific set
of quarters set aside for the Chairman. During
congressional consideration of the proposal
for official quarters for the Air Force Chief,
Senator John Stennis asked if there were plans
for permanent quarters for the Chairman.
President Dwight D. Eisenhower called the
Army Chief of Staff, General Lyman Lem-
nitzer, whom he had selected to be the next
Chairman, to the White House to discuss the
matter. As the Chairman, Lemnitzer would
have had the prerogative of remaining at
Quarters One at Fort Myer, the official
residence of the Chief of Staff of the Army, as
General Omar Bradley, another former Army
Chief, had done during his tenure as Chair-
man. However, the President wished Quar-
ters One to be available for the new Army
Chief of Staff. He asked Lemnitzer to arrange
357
for a permanent residence for the Chairman.
In September 1960 the Army reviewed
quarters at Fort Myer that might be suitable
for conversion into permanent housing for
the Chairman. General Lemnitzer selected
Quarters Six, which was a few doors from
Quarters One and next door to Quarters
Seven, recently designated as the official resi-
dence of the Air Force Chief of Staff. The pro-
jected cost of converting the duplex to a single
dwelling was $75,000. Secretary of the Army
Wilber M. Brucker recommended Quarters
Sixs conversion to Secretary of Defense
Thomas S. Gates, Jr., and both Secretary Gates
and President Eisenhower approved the
choice.
Renovation of the house began in early
1961. The project included major exterior and
interior changes and new mechanical and
electric systems. Among the additions were a
sun room and a carport. The final cost of the
renovation was $105,487. As remodeled, the
house has 7,365 square feet of living space.
General Lemnitzer and his wife moved into
Quarters Six in early January 1962 and
remained until his service as Chairman ended.
Since then, with the exception of Admiral
Mullen, who chose to remain at the Old Naval
Observatory, where he had previously estab-
lished his home while serving as the Chief of
Naval Operations, each Chairman has resided
in Quarters Six with his family during his ten-
ure. The first floor is used primarily for offi-
cial entertaining, while the family quarters
are on the second and third floors.
On Grant Avenue on a bluff looking
north across the Potomac River, the house
faces the flagpole on Whipple Field and has
a panoramic view of the monuments along
the Washington Mall. As part of Generals
Row, Quarters Six belongs to the Fort Myer
National Historic District.
Appendices
 Appen 1

Extracts of Public Law 81216, 10 August 1949

National Security Act Amendments of 1949

Sti 211 t Ntil Suity At 1947 is dd t d s

llws:
Sec. 211. (a) There is hereby established within the Department of Defense
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, which shall consist of the Chairman, who shall be the
presiding officer thereof but who shall have no vote; the Chief of Staff, United
States Army; the Chief of Naval Operations; and the Chief of Staff, United States
Air Force. The Joint Chiefs of Staff shall be the principal military advisers to the
President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense.
(b) Subject to the authority and direction of the President and the Secretary
of Defense, the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall perform the following duties, in addi-
tion to such other duties as the President or the Secretary of Defense may direct:
(1) preparation of strategic plans and provision for the strategic
direction of the military forces;
(2) preparation of joint logistic plans and assignment to the military
services of logistic responsibilities in accordance with such plans;
(3) establishment of unified commands in strategic areas;
(4) review of major material and personnel requirements of the
military forces in accordance with strategic and logistic plans;
(5) formulation of policies for joint training of the military forces;
(6) formulation of policies for coordinating the military education of
members of the military forces; and
(7) providing United States representation on the Military Staff
Committee of the United Nations in accordance with the provisions of the
Charter of the United Nations.
(c) The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (hereinafter referred to as the
Chairman) shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, from among the Regular officers of the armed services to

361
serve at the pleasure of the President for a term of two years and shall be
eligible for one reappointment, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, except in time of war hereafter declared by the Congress when there
shall be no limitation on the number of such reappointments. The Chairman
shall receive the basic pay and basic and personal money allowances prescribed
by law for the Chief of Staff, United States Army, and such special pays and
hazardous duty pays to which he may be entitled under other provisions of
law.
(d) The Chairman, if in the grade of general, shall be additional to the num-
ber of officers in the grade of general provided in the third proviso of section
504(b) of the Officer Personnel Act of 1947 (Public Law 381, Eightieth Congress)
or, if in the rank of admiral, shall be additional to the number of officers having
the rank of admiral provided in section 413(a) of such Act. While holding such
office he shall take precedence over all other officers of the armed services:
Provided, That the Chairman shall not exercise military command over the
Joint Chiefs of Staff or over any of the military services.
(e) In addition to participating as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in
the performance of the duties assigned in subsection (b) of this section, the
Chairman shall, subject to the authority and direction of the President and the
Secretary of Defense, perform the following duties:
(1) serve as the presiding officer of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;
(2) provide agenda for meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and assist
the Joint Chiefs of Staff to prosecute their business as promptly as prac-
ticable; and
(3) inform the Secretary of Defense and, when appropriate as deter-
mined by the President or the Secretary of Defense, the President, of those
issues upon which agreement among the Joint Chiefs of Staff has not been
reached.

362
 Appen 2

Extracts of Public Law 99433, 1 October 1986

Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense
Reorganization Act of 1986

Ct 5Jit Cis St
Sec.
151. Joint Chiefs of Staff: composition; functions.
152. Chairman: appointment; grade and rank.
153. Chairman: functions.
154. Vice Chairman.
155. Joint Staff.
...................................................................
S. 151. Jit Cis St: siti; utis
() Csiti.There are in the Department of Defense the Joint Chiefs
of Staff, headed by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The Joint Chiefs of
Staff consist of the following:
(1) The Chairman.*
(2) The Chief of Staff of the Army.
(3) The Chief of Naval Operations.
(4) The Chief of Staff of the Air Force.
(5) The Commandant of the Marine Corps.
(b) Futi s ility dviss.(1) The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff is the principal military adviser to the President, the National Security
Council, and the Secretary of Defense.
(2) The other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff are military advisers
to the President, the National Security Council, and the Secretary of Defense as
specified in subsections (d) and (e).

* 1992 Amendment (Public Law 102-484, 23 October 1992) added sub-paragraph

(2) The Vice Chairman; the following sub-paragraphs were re-numbered.

363
 () Consultation by Chairman.(1)In carrying out his functions, duties,
and responsibilities, the Chairman shall, as he considers appropriate, consult
with and seek the advice of
(A) the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; and
(B) the commanders of the unified and specified combatant commands.
(2) Subject to subsection (d), in presenting advice with respect to
any matter to the President, the National Security Council, or the Secretary of
Defense, the Chairman shall, as he considers appropriate, inform the President,
the National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense, as the case may be,
of the range of military advice and opinion with respect to that matter.
(d) Advi d iis bs t t Ci.(1) A mem-
ber of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (other than the Chairman) may submit to the
Chairman advice or an opinion in disagreement with, or advice or an opinion
in addition to, the advice presented by the Chairman to the President, the
National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense. If a member submits
such advice or opinion, the Chairman shall present the advice or opinion of
such member at the same time he presents his own advice to the President, the
National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense, as the case may be.
(2) The Chairman shall establish procedures to ensure that the presentation
of his own advice to the President, the National Security Council, or the Secre-
tary of Defense is not unduly delayed by reason of the submission of the
individual advice or opinion of another member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
() Advi qust.The members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, individu-
ally or collectively, in their capacity as military advisers, shall provide advice to
the President, the National Security Council, or the Secretary of Defense on a
particular matter when the President, the National Security Council, or the Sec-
retary requests such advice.
() Rdtis t Cgss.After first informing the Secretary of
Defense, a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff may make such recommendations
to Congress relating to the Department of Defense as he considers appropriate.
(g) Mtigs JCS.(1)The Chairman shall convene regular meetings
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
(2) Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the President
and the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman shall
(A) preside over the Joint Chiefs of Staff;
(B) provide agenda for the meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
(including, as the Chairman considers appropriate, any subject for the
agenda recommended by any other member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff);
(C) assist the Joint Chiefs of Staff in carrying on their business as
promptly as practicable; and
(D) determine when issues under consideration by the Joint Chiefs of
Staff shall be decided.
...................................................................

364
S. 152. Ci: itt; gd d *
() Aitt; t i.(1) There is a Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent
of the Senate, from the officers of the regular components of the armed forces.
The Chairman serves at the pleasure of the President for a term of two years,
beginning on October 1 of odd-numbered years. Subject to paragraph (3), an
officer serving as Chairman may be reappointed in the same manner for two
additional terms. However, in time of war there is no limit on the number of
reappointments.
(2) In the event of the death, retirement, resignation, or reassignment of the
officer serving as Chairman before the end of the term for which the officer was
appointed, an officer appointed to fill the vacancy shall serve as Chairman only
for the remainder of the original term, but may be reappointed as provided in
paragraph (1).
(3) An officer may not serve as Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff if the combined period of service of such officer in such positions
exceeds six years. However, the President may extend to eight years the com-
bined period of service an officer may serve in such positions if he determines
such action is in the national interest. The limitations of this paragraph do not
apply in time of war.
(b) Rquit itt.(1)The President may appoint an
officer as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff only if the officer has served as
(A) the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;
(B) the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Naval Operations, the
Chief of Staff of the Air Force, or the Commandant of the Marine Corps; or
(C) the commander of a unified or specified combatant command.
(2) The President may waive paragraph (1) in case of an officer if the Pres-
ident determines such action is necessary in the national interest.
() Gd d R.The Chairman, while so serving, holds the grade of
general or, in the case of an officer of the Navy, admiral and outranks all other
officers of the armed forces. However, he may not exercise military command
over the Joint Chiefs of Staff or any of the armed forces.
...................................................................
S 153. Ci: utis
() Plig; dvi; liy ulti.Subject to the authority, direc-
tion, and control of the President and the Secretary of Defense, the Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff shall be responsible for the following:

* 1987 Amendment (Public Law 100-180, 4 December 1982) substituted grade and
rank for rank.

365
 (1) Sttgi diti. Assisting the President and the Secretary of Defense
in providing for the strategic direction of the armed forces.
(2) Sttgi lig.(A)Preparing strategic plans, including plans
which conform with resource levels projected by the Secretary of Defense to be
available for the period of time for which the plans are to be effective.
(B) Preparing joint logistic and mobility plans to support those strategic
plans and recommending the assignment of logistic and mobility responsibili-
ties to the armed forces in accordance with those logistic and mobility plans.
(C) Performing net assessments to determine the capabilities of the armed
forces of the United States and its allies as compared with those of their poten-
tial adversaries.
(3) Contingency planning; preparedness.(A) Providing for the prepara-
tion and review of contingency plans which conform to policy guidance from
the President and the Secretary of Defense.
(B) Preparing joint logistic and mobility plans to support those contin-
gency plans and recommending the assignment of logistic and mobility respon-
sibilities to the armed forces in accordance with those logistic and mobility
plans.
(C) Advising the Secretary on critical deficiencies and strengths in force
capabilities (including manpower, logistic, and mobility support) identified
during the preparation and review of contingency plans and assessing the effect
of such deficiencies and strengths on meeting national security objectives and
policy and on strategic plans.
(D) Establishing and maintaining, after consultation with the commanders
of the unified and specified combatant commands, a uniform system of evaluat-
ing the preparedness of each such command to carry out missions assigned to
the command.
(4) Advi quits, gs, d budgt.(A)Advising the
Secretary, under section 163(b)(2) of this title, on the priorities of the require-
ments identified by the commanders of the unified and specified combatant
commands.
(B) Advising the Secretary on the extent to which the program recommen-
dations and budget proposals of the military departments and other compo-
nents of the Department of Defense for a fiscal year conform with the priorities
established in strategic plans and with the priorities established for the require-
ments of the unified and specified combatant commands.
(C) Submitting to the Secretary alternative program recommendations and
budget proposals, within projected resource levels and guidance provided by
the Secretary, in order to achieve greater conformance with the priorities
referred to in clause (B).
(D) Recommending to the Secretary, in accordance with section 166 of
this title, a budget proposal for activities of each unified and specified combat-
ant command.

366
 (E) Advising the Secretary on the extent to which the major programs
and policies of the armed forces in the area of manpower conform with strategic
plans.
(F) Assessing military requirements for defense acquisition programs.
(5) Dti, tiig, d duti.(A)Developing doctrine for the
joint employment of the armed forces.
(B) Formulating policies for the joint training of the armed forces.
(C) Formulating policies for coordinating the military education and train-
ing of members of the armed forces.
(6) Ot tts.(A)providing for representation of the United States
on the Military Staff Committee of the United Nations in accordance with the
Charter of the United Nations.
(B) Performing such other duties as may be prescribed by law or by the
President or the Secretary of Defense.*
...................................................................
S. 154. Vi Ci
() Aitt.(1) There is a Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
from the officers of the regular components of the armed forces.
(2) The Chairman and Vice Chairman may not be members of the same
armed force. However, the President may waive the restriction in the preceding
sentence for a limited period of time in order to provide for the orderly transi-
tion of officers appointed to serve in the positions of Chairman and Vice Chair-
man.
(3) The Vice Chairman serves at the pleasure of the President for a term of
two years and may be reappointed in the same manner for two additional
terms. However, in time of war there is no limit on the number of reappoint-
ments.
(b) Rquit itt.(1) The President may appoint an
officer as Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff only if the officer
(A) has the joint specialty under section 661 of this title; and
(B) has served in at least one joint duty assignment . . . as a general or
flag officer. **
(2) T Psidt y wiv g(1) in the case of an officer if the
President determines such action is necessary in the national interest.

* Additional legislation in 1986 (Public Law 99-433, 1 October 1986) added a section (b)
requiring a report on assignment of roles and missions.

** 1988 Amendment (Public Law 100-456, 29 September 1988) substituted completed

a full tour of duty in a joint duty assignment (as defined in section 664(f) of this
title) for served in at least one joint duty assignment (as defined under section
668(b) of this title).

367
 () Dutis.The Vice Chairman performs such duties as may be prescribed
by the Chairman with the approval of the Secretary of Defense. *
(d) Futi s tig Ci.When there is a vacancy in the office of
Chairman or in the absence or disability of the Chairman, the Vice Chairman
acts as Chairman and performs the duties of the Chairman until a successor is
appointed or the absence or disability ceases.
() Sussi t Ci d Vi Ci.When there is a
vacancy in the offices of both Chairman and Vice Chairman, or when there is a
vacancy in one such office and in the absence or disability of the officer holding
the other, the President shall designate a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff to
act as and perform the duties of the Chairman until a successor to the Chairman
or Vice Chairman is appointed or the absence or disability of the Chairman or
Vice Chairman ceases.
() Ptiiti i JCS tigs.The Vice Chairman may participate in
all meetings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, but may not vote on a matter before the
Joint Chiefs of Staff except when acting as Chairman. **
(g) Gd d .The Vice Chairman, while so serving, holds the
grade of general or, in the case of an officer of the Navy, admiral and outranks
all other officers of the armed forces except the Chairman. The Vice Chairman
may not exercise military command over the Joint Chiefs of Staff or any of the
armed forces.
..................................................................
S. 203. Ptiiti i t Ntil Suity Cuil tigs
Section 101 of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 402) is amended
by adding at the end the following new subsection:
() The Chairman (or in his absence the Vice Chairman) of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff may, in his role as principal military adviser to the National Security
Council and subject to the direction of the President, attend and participate in
meetings of the National Security Council.

* 1992 Amendment changed this section to read Duties.The Vice Chairman per-
forms the duties prescribed for him as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and such
other duties as may be prescribed by the Chairman with the approval of the Secretary
of Defense.

** 1992 Amendment struck this subsection which prohibited the Vice Chairman from
voting except when acting as Chairman and redesignated subsection (g) as subsection (f).

368
 Appen 3

Chronological Listing of
Presidents of the United States, Secretaries of Defense,
and Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Psidt Sty Ds Ci, JCS

Harry S. Truman James V. Forrestal

12 Apr 4520 Jan 53 17 Sep 4727 Mar 49
Louis A. Johnson Gen. of the Army
28 Mar 4919 Sep 50 Omar N. Bradley, USA
George C. Marshall 16 Aug 49
21 Sep 5012 Sep 51
Robert A. Lovett
17 Sep 5120 Jan 53

Dwight D. Eisenhower Charles E. Wilson Gen. of the Army

20 Jan 5320 Jan 61 28 Jan 538 Oct 57 Omar N. Bradley, USA
Neil H. McElroy 15 Aug 53
09 Oct 5701 Dec 59 Adm. Arthur W. Radford, USN
Thomas S. Gates, Jr. 15 Aug 5315 Aug 57
02 Dec 5920 Jan 61 Gen. Nathan F. Twining, USAF
15 Aug 5730 Sep 60
Gen. Lyman L. Lemnitzer, USA
01 Oct 60

John F. Kennedy Robert S. McNamara Gen. Lyman L. Lemnitzer, USA

20 Jan 6122 Nov 63 21 Jan 61 30 Sep 62
Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor, USA
01 Oct 62

369
 Psidt Sty Ds Ci, JCS

Lyndon B. Johnson Robert S. McNamara Gen. Maxwell D. Taylor, USA

22 Nov 6320 Jan 69 29 Feb 68 01 Jul 64
Clark M. Clifford Gen. Earle G. Wheeler, USA
01 Mar 6820 Jan 69 03 Jul 64

Richard M. Nixon Melvin R. Laird Gen. Earle G. Wheeler, USA

20 Jan 6909 Aug 74 22 Jan 6929 Jan 73 02 Jul 70
Elliot L. Richardson Adm. Thomas H. Moorer, USN
30 Jan 7324 May 73 02 Jul 7001 Jul 74
James R. Schlesinger Gen. George S. Brown, USAF
02 Jul 73 01 Jul 74

Gerald R. Ford James R. Schlesinger Gen. George S. Brown, USAF

09 Aug 7420 Jan 77 19 Nov 75
Donald H. Rumsfeld
20 Nov 7520 Jan 77

Jimmy Carter Harold Brown Gen. George S. Brown, USAF

20 Jan 7720 Jan 81 21 Jan 7720 Jan 81 20 Jun 78
Gen. David C. Jones, USAF
21 Jun 78

Ronald W. Reagan Caspar W. Weinberger Gen. David C. Jones, USAF

20 Jan 8120 Jan 89 21 Jan 8123 Nov 87 18 Jun 82
Frank C. Carlucci Gen. John W. Vessey, Jr., USA
23 Nov 8720 Jan 89 18 Jun 8230 Sep 85
Adm. William J. Crowe, Jr., USN
01 Oct 85

George H. W. Bush Dick Cheney Adm. William J. Crowe, Jr., USN

20 Jan 8920 Jan 93 21 Mar 8920 Jan 93 30 Sep 89
Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA
01 Oct 89

370
 Psidt Sty Ds Ci, JCS

William J. Clinton Les Aspin Gen. Colin L. Powell, USA

20 Jan 9320 Jan 01 20 Jan 933 Feb 94 30 Sep 93
William J. Perry Gen. John M. Shalikashvili, USA
03 Feb 9424 Jan 97 25 Oct 9330 Sep 97*
William S. Cohen Gen. Henry H. Shelton, USA
24 Jan 9720 Jan 01 01 Oct 97

George W. Bush Donald H. Rumsfeld Gen. Henry H. Shelton, USA

20 Jan 0120 Jan 09 20 Jan 0118 Dec 06 30 Sep 01
Dr. Robert M. Gates Gen. Richard B. Myers, USAF
18 Dec 06 01 Oct 0130 Sep 05
Gen. Peter Pace, USMC
01 Oct 0530 Sep 07
Adm. Michael G. Mullen, USN
01 Oct 07

Barack H. Obama Dr. Robert M. Gates Adm. Michael G. Mullen, USN

20 Jan 09 30 Jun 11 30 Sep 11
Leon E. Panetta Gen. Martin E. Dempsey, USA
01 Jul 11 01 Oct 11

* Admiral David E. Jeremiah, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, served as Acting
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff from 1 to 24 October 1993.

371
Noe
1 JCS Historical Div., Organizational Develop-
ment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 19421987
(Washington, 1988), 14.
2 The Papers of George Catlett Marshall, ed.
Larry Bland, vol. 3 (Baltimore: Johns Hop-
kins, 1991), 285; Forrest C. Pogue, George C.
Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 19391942 (New
York: Viking, 1966), 299300. In September
1941 the President had written to GEN Mar-
shall and ADM Stark, The Chief of Staff of
the Army is the Chief of Staff of the Com-
mander-in-Chief, and the Chief of Naval
Operations is, in effect, the Chief of Staff of
the Commander-in-Chief in respect to naval
operations. Vernon E. Davis, Origin of the
Joint and Combined Chiefs of Staff, vol. 1, TS
(Washington, 1972), 55.
3 William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York:
Whittlesey, 1950), 101. Leahy describes his
working routine on pages 9899. Leahy had
only a very small staff. Marshalls description
of him, in September 1942, as heading an
organization that included the joint secretar-
iat and various joint committees remained
purely theoretical. Bland, Marshall, 338;
Pogue, Marshall: Ordeal and Hope, 298.
4 John Ehrman, Grand Strategy, vol. 6 (Lon-
don: Her Majestys Stationery Office, 1956),
341; CCS 409, 25 Nov 43; Minutes of the 132nd
Mtg of the CCS, 0930, 30 Nov 43, 459; Papers
and Minutes of Meetings, SEXTANT and
EUREKA Conferences (JHO).
5 Alex Danchev, Very Special Relationship (Lon-
don: Brasseys, 1986), 58; Ehrman, Grand Strat-
egy, vol. 6, 341; Leahy, I Was There, 297, 315
316. Roosevelts failing health placed greater
responsibilities upon subordinates. On 6 April
1945 Leahy drafted and Roosevelt quickly
approved without comment a message to
Churchill that seemed to imply a major policy
374
change: Our Armies will in a very few days
be in a position that will permit us to become
tougher [toward Stalin] than has heretofore
appeared advantageous to the war effort.
Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Corre-
spondence, ed. Warren F. Kimball, vol. 3 (Princ-
eton: Princeton Univ. Press, 1984), 617.
6 Leahy, I Was There, 434435; David Robert-
son, Sly and Able: A Political Biography of James
F. Byrnes (New York: Norton, 1994), 434436.
Trumans decision had large consequences. In
Asia, communists gained power when they
were able, as in China and Vietnam, to iden-
tify with nationalist aspirations. In Japan, the
imperial institution remained the focus of
national loyalty.
7 James F. Schnabel, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and
National Policy: 19451947 (Washington, 1996),
202203.
8Diary of ADM W. D. Leahy, Entry for 5 Mar
46, Leahy Papers, Library of Congress; Ken-
neth W. Condit, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and
National Policy: 19471949 (Washington, 1996),
128137.
9 National Security Act of 1947, Statutes at
Large 61, sec.1, 495 (1948).
10 Steven L. Rearden, History of the Office of the
Secretary of Defense, vol. 1, The Formative Years,
19471950 (Washington, 1984), 3738.
11 Omar N. Bradley and Clay Blair, A Gener-
als Life (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983),
494495; National Military Establishment,
First Annual Report of the Secretary of Defense
(Washington, 1948), 34.
12Bradley and Blair, A Generals Life, 500501;
Condit, JCS and National Policy: 19471949,
142149; Rearden, OSD: Formative Years, 364
374.
13 Commission on Organization of the Execu-
tive Branch of the Government, Report to Con-
gress on National Security Organization, 15 Feb
49.
14 Congress, Senate, Committee on Armed
Services, National Security Act Amendments of
1949, 81st Cong., 1st sess., 16, 10, 1415, 22,
108125; Memo, JCS to SecDef, National
Security Act Amendments of 1949, 25 Mar
49, CCS 040 (11243), sec. 6.
15Congress, Senate, National Security Act
Amendments of 1949, Senate Report 81306,
81st Cong., 1st sess., 12 May 49; Congress,
House, Committee on Armed Services,
Hearings on S. 1843, 81st Cong., 1st sess.,
28422857, 2883.
16 Congressional Record, 95, pt. 5 (26 May 1949),
6879, and pt. 7 (14 July 1949), 9526; National
Security Act Amendments of 1949, Statutes at
Large 63, sec. 1, 578 (1950).
17 Congress, House, The National Defense Pro-
gram: Unification and Strategy, Committee on
Armed Services, 81st Cong., 1st sess., 528529,
535536.
18 Bradley and Blair, A Generals Life, 507512;
Congress, House, Committee on Armed Ser-
vices, The National Defense Program: Unifica-
tion and Strategy, 81st Cong., 1st sess., 528529,
535536. For a strongly Navy view, see Jeffrey
G. Barlow, Revolt of the Admirals, (Washington,
1994).
19 Maxwell D. Taylor, Reflections on the
American Military Establishment, Evolution
of the American Military Establishment Since
World War II, ed. Paul D. Schratz (Lexington,
VA: George C. Marshall Research Center,
1978), 11; Walter S. Poole, The Joint Chiefs of
Staff and National Policy: 19501952 (Washing-
ton, 1998), 4953.
20 Poole, JCS and National Policy: 19501952,
145147.
21 Taylor, Reflections on the American Mili-
tary Establishment, in Evolution of the Ameri-
can Military, ed. by Schratz, 11; Maxwell D.
Taylor, The Uncertain Trumpet (New York:
Harper, 1959), 110; Poole, JCS and National
Policy: 19501952, 145147; Dept. of State, For-
eign Relations of the United States: 1950, vol. 7
(Washington, 1976), 1431, cited hereafter as
FRUS.
22 British Joint Services Mission, Record of
Meeting in Pentagon at 1630 hours, 15 Jan
51, 17 Jan 51, copy in JHO.
23 SM20251 to JCS, StateJCS Discussion
on 24 Jan 51, 24 Jan 51, CCS 337 (12451),
sec. 1.
24 Congress, Senate, Military Situation in the
Far East, Committees on Armed Services and
Foreign Relations, 82nd Cong., 1st sess., 729
734; Bradley and Blair, A Generals Life, 653
654.
25Robert J. Watson, The Joint Chiefs of Staff
and National Policy: 19531954, (Washington,
1986), 57.
26 PublicPapers of the Presidents: Dwight D.
Eisenhower, 1953 (Washington, 1960), 225228;
JCS Historical Div., Organizational Develop-
ment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff: 19421987,
3541.
27 From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam: The Memoirs
of Admiral Arthur W. Radford, ed. Stephen
Jurika (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press,
1980), 181182, 317319.
375
28 Kenneth W. Condit, The Joint Chiefs of Staff
and National Policy: 19551956 (Washington,
1992), 3237; Byron R. Fairchild and Walter
S. Poole, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National
Policy: 19571960 (Washington, 2000), 3136.
29Watson, JCS and National Policy, 19531954,
253254; Condit, JCS and National Policy,
19551956, 178192, 202209; FRUS: 1955
1957, vol. 16 (Washington, 1990), 1080.
30Memorandum of Conference with the
President by BG Goodpaster, May 13, 1959,
14 May 59, Ann Whitman File, Dwight D.
Eisenhower Diary, Staff Notes, May 59,
Eisenhower Library; New York Times, 19 May
1959, 18.
31Public Papers of the Presidents: Eisen-
hower, 1958 (Washington, 1959), 274290.
32Congress, House, Reorganization of the
Department of Defense, Committee on Armed
Services, 85th Cong., 2d sess., 61766177.
33 As examples, during the 1954 Dien Bien
Phu crisis, South Korean President Syngman
Rhee offered to send a division to Laos.
Adm. Radford informed the NSC that he
favored rejecting the offer on military
grounds but that the Chiefs had outvoted
him on the issue. In 1974 the Chief of Naval
Operations, ADM Elmo R. Zumwalt, Jr.,
wanted a JCS memorandum to state that
there was no military rationale for endors-
ing a treaty imposing an upper limit or
threshold on the size of nuclear devices that
could be tested. The Army and the Air
Force particularly felt that that statement
was counterproductive, Zumwalt wrote
later, but I had the votes. The Marines went
along with the Navy and I, as acting Chair-
man, was the tiebreaker. However, the spirit
of compromise prevailed.... FRUS: 1952
1954, vol. 13 (Washington, 1982), 1095; Elmo
R. Zumwalt, Jr., On Watch (New York: Quad-
rangle, 1976), 497498.
34JCS Historical Div., Organizational Develop-
ment of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 19421989
(Washington, 1989), 3545.
35 CM 42359 to CNO et al., 10 Nov 59, Infor-
mation Management Div., Office of the Secre-
tary, Joint Staff.
36 From Pearl Harbor to Vietnam, ed. Jurika, 318.
37
Memorandum of Conference with the
President, July 14, 1959, by BG A. J. Good-
paster, Staff Notes, July 59 (3), Eisenhower
Library.
38Condit, JCS and National Policy: 19551956,
5978; FRUS: 19581960, vol. 3 (Washington,
1996), 444445.
39Maxwell D. Taylor, Swords and Plowshares
(New York: Norton, 1972), 197.
40 FRUS: 19611963, vol. 8 (Washington, 1996),
109110.
41 Taylor, Swords, 196203, 225244; FRUS:
19611963, vol. 14 (Washington, 1993), 398
399; CM35861 to SecDef, 11 Sep 61, JCS
1970/395; JCSM 64161 to SecDef, 22 Sep 61,
JCS 1907/396; 9172 Berlin/3100 (8 Sep 61).
42 JCS 2143/148, 15 Feb 62; Note to Control
Div., JCS 2143/148, 21 Feb 62; CM73462 to
JCS, 13 Jun 62; CM85962 to JCS, 2 Aug 62;
JCSM65462 to SecDef, 27 Aug 62, JCS
2143/170; all in JCS 3130 (24 Oct 61).
43 GEN Lyman L. Lemnitzer, interview by
Walter S. Poole, JCS Historical Div., 12 Feb
1976, JHO; GEN Lemnitzer, speech to National
Security Industrial Assn., 27 Oct 1962, JHO.
376
44 Congress, Senate, Nominations of GEN
411, 415416.
Maxwell D. Taylor and GEN Earle G. Wheeler,
Committee on Armed Services, 87th Cong., 49 GEN Harold K. Johnson, USA (Ret), inter-
2d sess., 9 Aug 62, 121; Taylor, Swords, 252.
view by Walter S. Poole, 21 Mar 1979, JHO.
The number of JCS papers with split rec-
The number of JCS splits fell from forty dur-
ommendations rose from thirteen in 1962 to
ing 1965 to seven in 1966 and remained in
forty-two in 1963. JCS Decision Statistics,
single figures throughout Wheelers tenure.
19581982, prepared by Action Manage-
JCS Decision Statistics, 19581982.
ment Div., JCS Secretariat.
50 GEN Earle G. Wheeler, interview by Dor-
45 Notes Taken from Transcripts of Meet-
thy P. McSweeny, 21 Aug 1969, Johnson
ings of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, October-
Library.
November 1962, Dealing with the Cuban
Missile Crisis, JHO; Benjamin F. Bradlee, 51 As of 30 September 1966, four of eleven
Conversations with Kennedy (New York: Nor-
significant airfields and nine of twenty ther-
ton, 1975), 122.
mal power plants listed in the ninety-four
46 target program had not been attacked. The
Draft JCSM54363 to SecDef, n.d. [16 Jul
port at Haiphong, which Wheeler regarded as
63], 3050 (5 Jul 63) sec. 2; Memo of Confer-
particularly important, remained untouched.
ence with the President, July 24, 1963, 10:00
JHO, The Joint Chiefs of Staff and the War in Vietnam,
AM, Chairmans File 031.1 Meetings with
pt. 3 (Washington, 1970), 3611; Robert S.
President; CM80263 to JCS, 10 Aug 63;
McNamara, In Retrospect (New York: Times
Note to Control Div., CM80263, 12 Aug
Books/Random House, 1995), 189.
63, 3050 (26 Jul 63) sec. 3.
52McNamara, In Retrospect, 291; FRUS: 1964
47 CM10962 to DJS, 14 Nov 62, JCS
1968, vol. 3 (Washington, 1996), 646; Con-
2143/177, 3130 (14 Nov 62) sec. 1; CM524
gress, Senate, Air War against North Vietnam,
63 to SecDef, 17 Apr 63, JCS 2143/201, same
Committee on Armed Services, 90th Cong., 1st
file, sec. 2B; CM111164 to JCS, 9 Jan 64,
sess., 127128.
JCS 2143/20513; 3130 (5 Jul 63); CM1124
64 to SecDef, 20 Mar 64, 3130 (16 Sep 63) sec. 53 Willard J. Webb, The Single Manager
4A; CM100963 to SecDef, 12 Nov 63, JCS
Problem, unpublished manuscript, JHO;
1800/7752, 7000 (10 Oct 63) sec. 3.
Jack Shulimson et al., U.S. Marines in Vietnam:
48 The Defining Year, 1968 (Washington, 1997),
JCSM47164 to SecDef, 2 Jun 64;
487515.
CM145164 to SecDef, 5 Jun 64; JCS
2343/3941, 9155.3 (28 May 64); Memoran- 54 Notes by Tom Johnson of the Presidents
dum for Record (MFR) by GEN Wallace M.
Meeting with GENs Wheeler and Abrams in
Greene, Jr., USMC, Chairmans Action on
the White House Family Dining Room, 1130
JCS Paper, Objectives and Courses of
1215 hours, 26 March 1968, Tom Johnsons
ActionSoutheast Asia, 1 Jun 64, Greene
Notes of Meetings Collection, Johnson Library.
Papers, Marine Corps Historical Center;
Clark M. Clifford had succeeded McNamara
Taking Charge, ed. Michael R. Beschloss
on 1 March 1968.
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997), 407

377
55Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, reap-
pointment, Statutes at Large 82, 180 (1969).
56 Memorandum of TELCONS with The Hon-
orable Melvin Laird on 8 June 1999 by David
A. Armstrong, JHO.
57Notes by Tom Johnson of the Presidents
Meeting with Secretary Rusk, Secretary Clif-
ford, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and Sen. Rich-
ard Russell, 1340 hours, 14 October 1968,
Tom Johnsons Notes of Meetings Collection,
Johnson Library. CM374368 to President
Johnson, 31 Oct 68, GEN Wheelers File, 091
Vietnam. Willard J. Webb, The Joint Chiefs of
Staff and the War in Vietnam: 19691970, TS
(Washington: 1976), 3851, 218220. Subjects
Affecting the Naval and Military Establishments,
Committe on Armed Services, 91st Cong., 2d
sess., p. 6917.
58 Structural DifficultiesIs a JCS Reorgani-
zation Really Needed? (Interview with For-
mer JCS Chairman ADM Thomas H. Moorer),
Sea Power 28, no. 13 (1985): 33. Shortly after
retiring, Wheeler wrote to GEN Harold K.
Johnson, who had been Army Chief of Staff
during 19641968, Frankly, Johnny, I feel that
I have been a colossal failure. GEN Johnson
showed this letter to Walter S. Poole during
an interview on 21 March 1979.
59 Kissinger, White House Years, 35.
60Congress, Senate, Nomination of Admiral
Thomas H. Moorer, USN, To Be Chairman, Joint
Chiefs of Staff, Committee on Armed Services,
91st Cong., 2d sess., 45 June 1970, 30.
61 Richard Nixon, The Memoirs of Richard
Nixon (New York: Grossett & Dunlap, 1978),
198, 500, 734, 939; Kissinger, White House
Years, 998, 1003, 1098, 11791180; Henry A.
Kissinger, Years of Upheaval (Boston: Little,
Brown, & Co., 1982), 458, 514, 534536, 544,
586; Congress, House, Joint Chiefs of Staff Cur-
rent Decisionmaking Process, Committee on
Armed Services, 85th Cong., 2d sess., 12 Oct
1978, 28, 68; ADM Thomas H. Moorer, inter-
view by members of Joint Staff Historical
Div., 29 June 1990, JHO.
62 Moorer Papers, CJCS Files.
63 Kissinger, White House Years, 12311241;
Moorer Papers, CJCS Files; Gerard Smith,
Doubletalk (Lanham: University Press of
America, 1980), 374; ACSAN10872 to CJCS,
5 Jul 72, Chairmans File 388.3 SALT (Jan-Dec
72).
64 GEN William Y. Smith, USAF (Ret), inter-
view by Ronald H. Cole, Walter S. Poole, and
Willard J. Webb, 20 Dec 88, JHO; Washington
Star, 13 Nov 1974, A1; Addresses and State-
ments by Gen. George S. Brown, 19741978,
26, JHO; U.S. News and World Report, 1 Nov
76, 6365; Donald H. Rumsfeld, interview by
Roger Trask and Alfred Goldberg, 12 Jul 94,
2729, Office of the OSD Historian.
65 Memo, Carter to CJCS, 22 Sep 77, Rela-
tions of JCS to the President, S, JCS Info
Memo 6077, Information Management Div.,
Office of the Secretary, Joint Staff; CM1814
78 to SecDef, 15 Feb 78, JCS 2522/124, S; Joint
Staff Historical Div., Evolution of the Joint Stra-
tegic Planning System: 19471989, 16.
66 William J. Jorden, Panama Odyssey (Austin:
University of Texas Press, 1984), 292294,
441442, 449450; CM126177 to CNO et al.,
26 Jan 77, U; Memo, CSA to CJCS, 27 Jan 77,
with buckslip, U; MFR by LTG Welborn G.
Dolvin, 31 Jan 77, U; State Dept. Memo,
Briefing for Senators, July 14, 15 Jul 77, U;
Ltr, CJCS to Sen. Bennett Johnson, 28 Jul 77,
U; all in CJCS File, 820 Panama; JCSM22377
378
to SecDef, 20 May 77, JCS 1778/2392, U; 933/
533 (20 Feb 75).
67 MFR by LTG W. Y. Smith, SALT VP Meet-
ing, 1000 hours, 21 April 1976, 22 Apr 76, TS;
MFR, JCS Meeting 1000, 19 Jan 77, Att to
Memo, LTG Smith to CJCS et al., 21 Jan 77, TS;
MFR by LTG Edward Rowny, 2 Mar 77, TS;
Chairmans File, 756 SALT; Strobe Talbott,
Endgame (New York: Harper & Row, 1979),
5859.
68 GEN David C. Jones, USAF (Ret), Reform:
The Beginnings, The Goldwater-Nichols DOD
Reorganization Act: A Ten Year Retrospective, ed.
Dennis J. Quinn (Washington, DC: National
Defense University Press, 1999), 4.
69 LTG William E. Odom, USA (Ret), inter-
view by Walter S. Poole and Steven L. Rearden,
16 Sep 98, JHO; Memo, GEN Jones to SecDef,
Overview of Budget Implications-Action
Memo, 12 Aug 1978, U, Brezinski Collection,
Staff Office File, Box 1, Jimmy Carter Presi-
dential Library; JCSM28478 to SecDef, 23
Aug 1978, JCS 2522/33, U, 557 (23 Aug 78);
Memo, SecDef to President, FY 1980 Defense
Program, 15 Sep 1978, TS, Brezinski Agency
File, Box 5, Carter Library.
70 Washington Star, 4 Jun 1980, 1; GEN Jones,
Statement, 4 June 1980, JHO; Congress, Sen-
ate, Nomination of David C. Jones to be Chairman
of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Committee on Armed
Services, 96th Cong., 2d sess., 16 June 1980.
71 James R. Schlesinger, The Charge Against
Gen. Jones, Washington Post, 1 Jan 81; Max-
well D. Taylor, Should They Fire Gen. Jones?
Washington Post, 27 Jan 81.
72 Report to the Secretary of Defense on the
National Military Command Structure, July
1978, reprinted in Congress, House, Reorgani-
zation Proposals for the Joint Chiefs of Staff,
Committee on Armed Services (Washington,
1982), 97:2. The Steadman Group took its
name from its head, Richard C. Steadman, a
former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense.
73 Quoted in James Schlesinger, The Office
of the Secretary of Defense, Reorganizing
Americas Defense Leadership in War and Peace,
ed. Robert J. Art, Vincent Davis, Samuel P.
Huntington (Washington, DC: Pergamon-
Brasseys, 1985), 257; Congress, Senate, Nomi-
nation of David C. Jones to be Chairman.
74 Jones, Goldwater-Nichols; David C.
Jones, Why the Joint Chiefs of Staff Must
Change, Directors and Boards, Feb 1982; Armed
Forces International Journal, Mar 1983, 6268,
72.
75 GEN Vessey, Letter to Director for Joint
History, 23 Sep 95, JHO; CM282 to SecDef,
19 Jun 82, CJCS Files 820 (Lebanon), S.
76 Congress, Senate, Nomination of John W.
Vessey, Jr., To Be Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff, Committee on Armed Services, 97th
Cong., 2d sess., 11 May 1982; GEN Edward C.
Meyer, The JCSHow Much Reform Is
Needed? Armed Forces Journal International,
April 1982, 8290; GEN Vessey, Letter to
Director for Joint History, 23 Sep 95, JHO;
Congress, House, Reorganization Proposals for
the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Investigations Subcom-
mitee of Committee on Armed Services, 97th
Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol.
128, 16 Aug 82 (daily ed.), H5953.
77 Ronald H. Cole, Operation URGENT FURY
(Washington, 1997), 33; Walter S. Poole, The
JCS and US Involvement in Lebanon: July 1982
February 1984, TS, 21, unpublished manu-
script, JHO; Letter, SecDef to President,
Hearings on JCS Reorganization, 19 Jul 82,
379
JHO.
78 DOD Authorization Act, 1985, Statutes at
Large 98, pt. 1, 2492 (1986); Heritage Founda-
tion, Mandate for Leadership II (1984), 431448;
Center for Strategic and International Studies,
Toward a More Effective Defense (1985), 1122;
Congress, House, Reorganization Proposals for
the Joint Chiefs of Staff1985, Investigations
Subcommittee of Committee on Armed Ser-
vices, 99th Cong., 1st sess.; Public Papers of the
Presidents: Ronald Reagan, 1985 (Washington,
1988), 775776.
79 Congress, Senate, Defense Organization: The
Need for Change, Staff Report 9986, Commit-
tee on Armed Services, 99th Cong., 1st sess.,
16 Oct 1985.
80 Congress, Senate, Reorganization of the
Department of Defense, Committee on Armed
Services, 99th Cong., 1st sess., 1985, 691699,
and 99th Cong., 2d sess., 1986, 317361; Blue
Ribbon Commission on Defense Manage-
ment, An Interim Report to the President,
26 Feb 86; William J. Crowe, Jr., The Line of Fire
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993), 154156;
Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense
Reorganization Act of 1986, Statutes at Large
100, pt. 1, 2492 (1989), cited hereafter as GNA.
See App. 2. The act was named for the Chair-
men of the Senate and House Armed Services
Committees, Sen. Barry Goldwater (R, AZ)
and Rep. William Nichols (D, AL).
81
GNA, sec. 211(a).
82 Crowe, The Line of Fire, 126128.
83 Ibid., 187188.
84
GEN Alfred G. Hansen, USAF (Ret), inter-
view by Dr. James K. Matthews, USTRANS-
COM Historian, 1998, 12, JHO.
85 See Lorna S. Jaffe, The Development of the
Base Force, 19891992 (Washington, 1993).
86 See Ronald H. Cole, Operation JUST CAUSE
(Washington, 1995); George Bush and Brent
Scowcroft, A World Transformed (New York:
Knopf, 1998), 469, 477.
87 See Richard Holbrooke, To End A War (New
York: Random House, 1998), 219221, 328.
88 CM66087 to SecDef, 6 Apr 87; Memo,
SecDef to CJCS, Duties of the Vice Chair-
man, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 15 Apr 87.
89 GEN Robert T. Herres, interview by Wil-
lard Webb, Walter Poole, and Lorna Jaffe, 13
Feb 90, JHO.
90 Letter, CJCS to Hon. Ike Skelton, 13 Jun
1992, Papers of GEN Colin L. Powell, National
Defense University Library Special Collec-
tions, Ft. McNair, Washington, D.C.; National
Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
1993, Statutes at Large 106, pt. 3, 2315 (1993).
91 National Defense Authorization Act for Fis-
cal Year 1996, Statutes at Large 110, pt. 1, sec.
905, 403404 (1997).
92 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS),
Joint Vision 2020, Americas Military-Pre-
paring for Tomorrow, Joint Forces Quarterly ,
25 (summer 2000): 61.
93 Idem.
94 GEN Richard B. Myers with Malcolm
McConnell, Eyes on the Horizon, Serving on the
Front Lines of National Security (New York:
Threshold Editions, 2009), 118.
95 Richard M. Meinhart, Leadership of the
380
Joint Requirements Oversight Council
(JROC), Joint Forces Quarterly 56 (1st Quarter
2010): 148.
96 GEN Henry H. Shelton, Posture Statement
of General Henry H. Shelton, Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs of Staff, Before the 107th Con-
gress Senate Armed Services Committee, 28
June 2001.
97 Myers, Eyes on the Horizon, 3, 268.
98 Ibid., 197-208.
99 Donald H. Rumsfeld and Richard B. Myers,
National Military Strategic Plan for the War
on Terrorism (Washington, DC: DOD, Octo-
ber 2002).
100Thom Shanker and Eric Schmitt, Military
Would Be Stressed by a New War, Study
Finds, New York Times, 24 May 2002, sec. A8;
Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) History
Brief, PowerPoint, Washington, DC: Joint
Staff (DJ-3), 14 May 2003.
101 Myers, Eyes on the Horizon, 241-42.
102 GEN Peter Pace, interview by BGEN Mark
P. Hertling, 8 May 2003, transcript, Washing-
ton, DC, Joint Staff (DJ7); Myers, Eyes on the
Horizon, 185-186.
103 Pace interview, 8 May 2003.
104 Global Force Management Data Initiative
(GFM DI), Concept Paper, Washington, DC,
Joint Staff (DJ-8), 16 Apr 07.
105 OIF History Brief; Douglas J. Feith,
"Strengthening U.S. Global Defense Posture,
Report to Congress (Washington, DC: DOD,
Sep 2004).
106 Myers, Eyes on the Horizon, 254-255, 258-
259.
107 Ibid., 273.
108Donald H. Rumsfeld, Joint Operations
Concepts, (Washington, DC: JCS, Nov 2003).
109Meinhart, Leadership of the JROC, 148-
149.
110 Paul Wolfowitz, Meeting Immediate Warf-
ighter Needs (IWNs), memorandum (Wash-
ington, DC: DOD, 15 Nov 2004).
111GEN Peter Pace, The 16th Chairmans
Guidance to the Joint StaffShaping the
Future (Washington, DC: CJCS, 1 Oct 2005).
112 Donald H. Rumsfeld, Quadrennial
Defense Review Report, (Washington, DC:
DOD, 6 Feb 2006); Donna Miles, Defense
Leaders: International, Interagency Support
Key to Victory, American Forces Press Service,
17 Oct 2006.
113 Thom Shanker, Vice Chairman of the
Joint Chiefs Says Hell Retire, New York
Times, 2 June 2007.
114 Meinhart, Leadership of the JROC,149;
Jason Sherman, DOD Making List of New,
Key Weapons, InsideDefense.com NewStand,
28 Apr 2006.
115 Gordon England, Statement for the
Record on DOD Management, Before the
House Armed Services Committee, Washing-
ton, DC, 26 June 2007; Dawn S. Onley, Joint
networks key to QDRs plans, Government
Computer News, 13 Jul 2006.
116Michael Gordon, U.S. Command Short-
ens Life of Long War as a Reference, New
381
York Times, 24 Apr 2007.
117Thomas E. Ricks, Pentagon May Suggest
Short-Term Buildup Leading to Iraq Exit,
Washington Post, 20 Nov 2006; Elaine M.
Grossman, Pace Group to Put Forth Strategy
Alternatives by Mid-December (Inside the
Pentagon, 9 Nov 2006).
118 President George W. Bush, President's
Address to the Nation, The White House:
Office of the Press Secretary, 10 Jan 2007;
President George W. Bush, Fact Sheet: The
New Way Forward in Iraq, The White House:
Office of the Press Secretary, 10 Jan 2007.
119 David S. Cloud, U.S. Considers Raising
Troop Levels in Iraq, New York Times, 20 Nov
06; Robin Wright and Peter Baker, White
House, Joint Chiefs At Odds on Adding
Troops, Washington Post, 19 Dec 2006; Bob
Woodward, Outmaneuvered and Out-
ranked, Military Chiefs Became Outsiders,
Washington Post, 8 Sep 2008; Jim Garamone,
Gates Calls for 92,000 More Soldiers,
Marines, American Forces Press Service, 11 Jan
2007.
120 Associated Press, Joint Chiefs of Staff
Peter Pace: Iraq Sea Change to Influence
Surge Decision, Fox News.com, 17 Jul 2007.
121 John T. Bennett, Cartwright Talks F-22,
Advocates JROC Changes, DefenseNews, 9
Jul 2009; ADM Michael G. Mullen, Charter
of the Joint Requirements Oversight Coun-
cil, CJCSI 5123.01E (Washington, DC: CJCS,
17 Apr 2010).
122 ADM Michael G. Mullen, CJCS Guidance
for 2007-2008, 1 Oct 2007; Thom Shanker,
Military Chief Warns Troops About Poli-
tics, New York Times, 26 May 08.
123 Stephen Farrell, British Troops Begin
Withdrawal From Basra, New York Times, 3
Sep 2007; David Stout, Slow Progress Being
Made in Iraq, Petraeus Tells Congress, New
York Times, 10 Sep 2007; David Cloud and
Thom Shanker, Petraeus Warns Against
Quick Pullback in Iraq, New York Times, 11
Sep 2007; Thom Shanker, Mullen Says Iraq
Running out of Time on Forces Accord,
New York Times, 22 Oct 2008.
124Campbell Robertson and Stephen Farrell,
Pact, Approved in Iraq, Sets Time for U.S.
Pullout, New York Times, 17 Nov 2008.
125 Helene Cooper and Sheryl Stolberg,
Obama Declares an End to Combat Mission
in Iraq, New York Times, 31 Aug 2010.
126 Ann Tyson, Pentagon Critical of NATO
Allies, Washington Post, 12 Dec 2007.
127 Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, Bush
Administration Reviews Its Afghanistan Pol-
icy, Exposing Points of Contention, New York
Times, 23 Sep 2008.
128 Thom Shanker, Joint Chiefs Chairman
Asks Pakistanis What They Need, New York
Times, 4 Mar 2008; Eric Schmidt, U.S.-Pakistani
Brainstorming on Border Violence, New York
Times, 28 Aug 2008.
129 Karen DeYoung, Obama Outlines
Afghanistan Strategy, Washington Post, 28
Mar 2009; Ann Tyson, Afghan Effort Is Mul-
lens Top Focus, Washington Post, 5 May
2009.
130 Elisabeth Bumiller and Thom Shanker,
Pentagon Ousts Top Commander in Afghan
War, New York Times, 12 May 2009; Eric
Schmidt and Thom Shanker, General Calls
for More U.S. Troops to Avoid Afghan Fail-
382
ure, New York Times, 21 Sep 2009.
131
ADM Michael G. Mullen, Prepared Testi-
mony before Congress, 2 Dec 2009.
141 President Obama, Remarks by the Presi-
dent in State of the Union Address, The
White House, Office of the Press Secretary, 27
Jan 2010.

132Anne Flaherty, Associated Press, in Army
Times, 12 Jan 2011.
133 President Obama, Remarks by the President
on the Way Forward in Afghanistan, The White
House, Office of the Press Secretary, 22 Jun
2011.
142 Hearing of the Senate Armed Services
Committee; Subject:The Dont Ask Dont
Tell Policy, Federal News Service, 2 Feb 2010.
143 Elisabeth Bumiller, Pentagon Sees Little
Risk in Allowing Gay Men and Women to
Serve Openly, New York Times, 30 Nov 2010.

134 Karen Parrish, Mullen Endorses Afghani- 144Elisabeth Bumiller, Service Chiefs Tell
stan Drawdown Plan, American Forces Press Panel of Risks to Dont Ask, Dont Tell
Service, 23 Jun 2011. Repeal, New York Times, 3 Dec 2010.

135 ADM Michael G. Mullen, Interview with 145 Sheryl Stolberg, Obama Signs Away
New Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Dont Ask, Dont Tell, New York Times, 22
Transcript, New York Times, 22 Oct 2007. Dec 1010.

136 Jim Garamone, Gates says people take 146ADM Michael G. Mullen, The National
top priority in budget decisions, American Military Strategy of the United States of
Forces Press Service, 6 Apr 2009. America, Redefining Americas Military
Leadership, OCJCS, 8 Feb 2011, 2.
137 GEN James E. Cartwright, DoD News
Briefing with Secretary Gates from the Penta-
gon, Transcript, Washington, DC: OASD
(PA), 6 Apr 2009.

138 Sandra Erwin, Gen. Cartwright: The

United States Has to Wake Up and Smell
Reality, National Defense Magazine, 13 May
2010.

139 Thom Shanker and Christopher Drew,

Obama Puts Deficit Ball Back in the Penta-
gons Court, New York Times, 15 Apr 2011.

140 JimGaramone, Mullen: DOD Must Help

Solve Federal Debt Crisis, American Forces
Press Service, 28 Apr 2011; Gordon Adams,
Mullen Truth-Telling on Defense Spending,
The Will and the Wallet, 2 May 2011.

383