International Environmental Modelling and Software Society (iEMSs) 2010 International Congress on Environmental Modelling and Software Modelling

for Environments Sake, ift! "iennial Meeting, #ttawa, Canada $avid %& Swayne, 'an!ong (ang, %& %& )oinov, %& *i++oli, ,& ilatova (Eds&) !tt-.//www&iemss&org/iemss2010/inde0&-!-1n2Main&3roceedings

Modeling a simple trigeneration system: Environmental costs

Monica Carvalho a, Miguel A. Lozano ! , Luis M. Serra ,c Volker
a, 4, c

ohlgemuth

5I,SE6I7%, 8niversity of 9arago+a, 9arago+a (S-ain)& carval!o, mlo+ano, serra :;ni+ar&es

d

<,' "erlin, Ind;strial Environmental Informatics 8nit, "erlin (5ermany)& )olker&'o!lgem;t!:!tw64erlin&de A!stract: Directive COM 2002/91/EC recognized the importance of buildings in the consumption of energ ! helping promote a stable frame"or# for the support of cogeneration in the European $nion% Cogeneration and &rigeneration can provide substantial benefits from economic! energetic! and environmental vie"points% &he $mberto soft"are is used to model a trigeneration s stem providing electricit ! heat! and cooling to a building! revealing important relevant structures and flo"s% &he soft"are's basis rests on (etri net"or#s and double)entr boo##eeping and cost accounting! allo"ing the setup of comple* s stems and also a combined material! energ and inventor calculation% $mberto soft"are is an +ndustrial Environmental Management +nformation , stem! specificall designed to anal ze the distribution of material and energ resources throughout a productive s stem% Each piece of e-uipment is modeled as a transition .indicating material or energ transformations/ and is specified utilizing user)defined functions .technical production coefficients and generation of emissions/% 0et"or# parameters "ere used to calculate the emissions associated "ith the operation of the s stem% 1rom the perspective of Material 1lo" 0et"or#s! arro"s are vie"ed as accounts of material and energ flo"s! and places #eep trac# of all relevant stoc#s% Costs are understood as the amount of emissions generated .according to the consumption of resources/ in order to obtain a flo"% &he issue of allocating environmental costs is introduced and t"o scenarios for each operational mode are compared2 the trigeneration s stem vs% a conventional energ suppl s stem% Keywords. &rigeneration3 Material ,oft"are% ". #$%&'()C%#'$ 5esidential and tertiar sectors are responsible for more than 607 of final energ consumption in the European Communit 8Directive COM 2002/91/EC! 20029% &he tertiar sector includes different t pes of buildings .hospitals! schools! hotels! etc%/ "ith a great variet of uses and energ services .heating! cooling! and electricit /% +n Mediterranean countries the need for heating is restricted to fe" "inter months! limiting the application of cogeneration s stems% &here is! ho"ever! a significant need for cooling during the summer period% One solution is the use of absorption chillers for cooling! "hich efficientl recover :"aste; heat to cooling energ % < combining cogeneration "ith absorption chillers .= trigeneration/! the energ demand can be e*tended into the summer months to match cooling loads% 4s sustainabilit )related issues such as energ consumption and environmental impact become a more integrated part of operational and long)term planning decisions! simulation modeling and anal sis tools are needed to aid in the decision ma#ing process% Material 1lo" 4nal sis3 Environmental costs3 $mberto

Carvalho et al. / Modeling a simple trigeneration system: Environmental costs

1lo" 4nal sis .M14/ has become an important instrument to support environmental protection and sustainable development% Often! a special approach! >ife C cle 4ssessment .>C4/! is put on the same level as M143 >C4 is a tool that provides global perspective of environmental loads 8?uine@! 20029% >C4 is an obAective process to evaluate the environmental loads associated "ith a product! process! or activit ! identif ing and -uantif ing the use of mass and energ as "ell as the emissions to the environment% >C4 also determines the impact of the use of resources and emissions! evaluating and carr ing out strategies of environmental improvement%
1 &his stud modeled a simple trigeneration s stem "ith $mberto soft"are 8200B9! incorporating environmental information on the consumption of resources% & picall ! anal sis on environmental loads concentrates on the s stem's input and output of energ and materials3 no anal sis of the internal operations/processes ta#es place% $mberto soft"are is specificall designed to anal ze the distribution of material and energ resources throughout a productive s stem% Cere costs are understood as the amount of emissions generated .according to the consumption of resources/ in order to obtain a flo" .or commodit /% Cence! the cost of a flo" represents the amount of emissions that have been generated in the overall s stem to produce this flo"% &he issue of allocating environmental costs .emissions/ is introduced and t"o scenarios are compared2 the trigeneration s stem vs% a conventional energ suppl s stem%

*.

S#M+LE %&#,E$E&A%#'$ S-S%EM

&he purpose of the trigeneration s stem .1igure 1/ is to meet the demand of different energ services .electricit ! Ed3 heating! D d3 and cooling! 5 d/ of a consumer center% &he simple trigeneration s stem consists of the follo"ing productive units2 a cogeneration module CM .providing heat! D c! and "or#! F /! c an au*iliar boiler 4< .providing heat! D /! a an absorption chiller 4C .providing cooling! 5 ! and driven b heat! D / r and a mechanical chiller EC .providing cooling! 5e! and driven b electricit ! Er/%

.igure ". ,imple trigeneration s stem%

Demands "ill al"a s be met either b the productive units of the trigeneration s stem or "ith the help of purchased electricit from the electric grid .E /% &he p possibilities also e*isted that a fraction .D lE 0/ of the cogenerated heat could be "asted! and the electricit could be sold to the mar#et .E /%s 1 and c 1 refer a to the fuel utilized b the cogeneration module and the au*iliar boiler! respectivel % Environmental loads "ere generated in the cogeneration module and in the au*iliar boiler! "hich operate on natural gas% Fhen electricit "as purchased from the electric grid to help cover energ demands! environmental loads "ere also considered% *." 'peration o/ the system &he operation of the s stem "as optimized using the >+0?O 8200G9 modeling language and optimizer! and detailed e*planation is given in >ozano et al& 820099% &he obAective
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http2//"""%umberto%de/en

Carvalho et al. / Modeling a simple trigeneration system: Environmental costs

function to be minimized "as the operational variable cost .H/h/! subAect to ph sical and economic constraints that determined the operation of the s stem% 0ine different operation modes "ere established .&able 1/! considering the values of purchased electricit .E p/! sold electricit .Es /! au*iliar heat .Da / and "aste heat .Dl /% %a!le ". Operation modes% EpE 0 Ep= 0 Ep= 0 Es= 0 Es = 0 Es E 0 DaE 0 C6 C" C0 Dl = 0 Da= 0 C2 CI CJ Dl = 0 Da= 0 CB C1 C2 Dl E 0 1lo"s for different e*amples of optimal operation states corresponding to operation modes C1! CK! CG and C9 are sho"n in &able 2% &he input monitor of $mberto soft"are "as used to model the s stem "ith greater fle*ibilit ! allo"ing modifications in operation modes to be carried out easil % &he flo"s that defined each operation mode "ere established in the input model! and appear in 1igure 1 as blue arro"s% <lac# arro"s indicate the flo"s that "ere calculated b $mberto soft"are% 1. %a!le *. Energ flo"s .#Fh/ for different e*amples of optimal operation C1 CK CG C9 Ed 600 600 200 200 Dd 600 100 B00 100 5d 600 100 100 100 Ep 100 I0 0 0 Es 0 0 1K0 1I0 1c 1000 1000 1000 1000 1a K00 0 2I0 0 Fc KI0 KI0 KI0 KI0 Dc 600 600 600 600 Fcc KI0 KI0 220 200 Er I0 0 20 0 Dl 0 160 0 160 Dcc 600 2B0 600 2B0 Da 260 0 200 0 Dr 260 1B0 0 1B0 51I0 100 0 100 5e 2I0 0 100 0

M'(EL#$, %3E S#M+LE %&#,E$E&A%#'$ S-S%EM

Modeling is a po"erful tool for investigating comple* s stems! such as information net"or#s! material and energ streams% 4ccording to Fohlgemuth et al& 8200B9! all business activities create flo"s of energ and materials! and the management of these flo"s forms an integral part of ho" a compan interacts "ith the environment% Environmental Management +nformation , stems .EM+,/ are designed to detect! evaluate and prevent a "ide range of environmental dangers and stresses% M14 can be defined as an instrument for anal zing comple* net"or#s of materials and energ flo"s! stoc#s! as "ell as material and energ transformations% &he most important concept in this field is >C4! "hich is considered to be a promising solution to address the problems of resource and energ efficienc as "ell as eco)efficienc 8Moeller et al&! 20099% +n the >ife C cle +nventor 4nal sis .>C+4/! anthropogenic material and energ flo"s are calculated% &he modeling of such flo"s is accomplished through linear process specifications and lin#s bet"een them3 the solutions ield the contributions of the processes 8CeiAungs and ,uh! 20069% $mberto soft"are allo"s the visualization of processes! units and flo"s! carr ing out mass and energ balances and anal zing from an environmental point of vie" the loads/emissions generated% (etri 0ets and double)entr boo##eeping and cost accounting are the basis of $mberto soft"are! allo"ing the setup of comple* s stems and also a combined material! energ and inventor calculation% 4s Material 1lo" 0et"or#s .M10/ are (etri)0ets! the consist of &ransitions! (laces and 4rro"s .directed graphs/! "hich can . S , , S /3 "here & is a set be formalized as K)tuples! "ith 0 = .&! ,! 1/ and of &ransition nodes! , are inventor nodes! called (laces! and each element of 1 describes a flo" bet"een t"o subsets of (laces triggered b a transition of & 8Fohlgemuth et al&! 200B9% $sing a diagram notation! &ransitions are sho"n in $mberto soft"are as s-uares! indicating the location of material or energ transformations% (laces can be input or output

Carvalho et al. / Modeling a simple trigeneration system: Environmental costs

places connecting the material flo" net"or# "ith its environment! and are represented b circles% &he LconnectionL place has t"o concentric circles! and is utilized to connect transitions .lin# from the output of one process to the input of the ne*t process/% 4rro"s lin# places and transitions! and thus create the actual net"or# structure% &he functional unit "as the production of the demanded energ services during one hour of operation of the different alternatives% 1." +laces

4n important function of places is that the delimit the M10 from its environment3 the are points of contact "ith the "orld% &he inputs of the simple trigeneration s stem .1igure 1! green circles/ "ere the consumption of fuel b the cogeneration module .1 / and c au*iliar boiler .1 a/! and the electricit purchased from the grid .E p /% &he outputs of the s stem .red circles in 1igure 1/ "ere the demands of electricit .E /! d heat .D d /! and cooling .5 /%d 1reedom "as available to the consumer to decide ho" the s stem operated! to minimize costs or environmental impacts3 "asted heat permitted the operation of the cogeneration module to match the demand of the consumer center and the sale of surplus autogenerated electricit permitted to realize profit% &herefore t"o more outputs of the s stem "ere "aste heat .D l/ and the autogenerated electricit sold to the grid .Es/% &he place :Emissions; accounted for the environmental loads originating from the consumption of natural gas .in CM and/or 4</ and from the purchase of electricit from the grid% &he t"o :emissions; outputs seen in 1igure 1 are duplicate places% +f an arro" leads to a place far a"a ! the graphical displa might become incomprehensible% &herefore the :emissions; place "as duplicated and the cop "as positioned in the vicinit of transition (% 4ll emissions go into the atmosphere! but $mberto soft"are trac#s the contribution of each transition to account for its share of emissions% 1.* %ransitions

Each piece of e-uipment "as modeled as a transition% 4 slightl more comple* but more fle*ible method to specif transitions "as applied! utilizing e*pressions to describe the relationships bet"een input and output flo"s of a transition! ma#ing it possible to model non)linear transitions% &o guarantee that the net"or# could be calculated in both directions! the user)defined functions also considered the inverse form% &able K sho"s the technical parameters of the e-uipments! "hich establish the relationship bet"een inputs and outputs of each transition% %a!le 1. &echnical parameters of the simple trigeneration s stem%
&ransition/E-uipment CM 4< 4C EC Efficienc coefficient M" N F /1 c = c 0%KI M-N D /1 c = c 0%60 O- Da/1 a= 0%J0 CO(- 5-/D r= 0%B2I CO(e 5e/E r= I%0 0ominal capacit .#F/ Fc nom = KI0 Da nom = 600 5- nom = 2I0 5e nom = 2I0

Environmental loads "ere calculated "ith ,ima(ro 8200J9! utilizing environmental databases 8+DEM4&! 200I3 Ecoinvent! 200G9 on the consumption of natural gas and electricit % 4 more detailed e*planation is found in Carvalho et al& 82010a9% $mberto soft"are could have been used to calculate the environmental loads! as it supports import and e*port of datasets from the Ecoinvent database! "ith all datasets read )to)use as an $mberto >ibrar % Co"ever! the "or#ing version installed "as ed;c! especiall designed for educational purposes and did not include the Ecoinvent database% &he CO2emissions associated "ith the consumption of natural gas in ,pain "ere calculated as 0%2G2 #g CO per #Fh of consumed natural gas .related emissions of burning natural 2 gas and total aggregated s stem inventor for a user in ,pain/%

Carvalho et al. / Modeling a simple trigeneration system: Environmental costs

&he CO 2emissions associated "ith the ,panish electricit mi* considered the proportions .2I%J7 Coal! 26%67 0atural gas in combined c cle! 19%G7 0uclear! 10%67 Others .biomass! cogeneration! minih draulic/! 9%67 Eolic! 9%67 C draulic! and 0%97 1uelgas to produce the electricit 85EE! 200G9% &he average CO emissions associated "ith electricit 2 in ,pain in 200G "ere calculated as 0%KJI #g CO2per #Fh consumed% &hese environmental load values "ere incorporated into $mberto as net parameters! "hich are parameters valid not onl locall for a single transition but for an entire M10 or for subnets% 0et parameters can be used in the functions of the transition specifications in the same "a as transition parameters% <ranching points , .,ale/! > .Faste heat/! ( .(urchase/! D .Ceat node/! and 5 .5efrigeration node/ "ere also modeled as transitions% <ranching points can be interpreted as decision points! in "hich possibilities are reflected% (oint , refers to the possibilit of selling autogenerated electricit to the grid3 point > refers to the possibilit of "asting part of the cogenerated heat3 point ( refers to the possibilit of purchasing electricit from the grid3 point D refers to the possibilit of operating the au*iliar boiler! and point 5 adds the contributions of the chillers to satisf the refrigeration demand% 1.1 Allocation

4llocation is a ver important issue "hen apportioning environmental loads to multiproduct s stems! to ensure each part is credited "ith their appropriate share% Fhen using the full capacit of $mbertoPs >ife C cle +nventor .>C+/ calculation method! coupled processes can be modeled as multi)material processes% 5esearch on allocation of emissions and environmental burdens "ill allo" the environmental benefits of cogeneration technologies .ade-uatel designed and operated/ to be better understood and e*ploited 84busoglu and Qanoglu! 20093 5osen! 200J9% &he issue of allocation "as not addressed in this paper% 4n economic reference "as considered to apportion the emissions bet"een the products of the cogeneration module3 the fractions allocated to electrical and heat productions! on the basis of their mar#et value! "as GI7 to electricit and 2I7 to heat .mar#et values2 0%100 H/#Fh for electricit and 0%0K0 H/#Fh for heat3 8>ozano et al&! 2009a9/% $mberto soft"are supports the consideration of different approaches to the allocation issue! and even supports the use of scripts to attach comple* rules or models to a transition% &he authors proposed a different allocation method in Carvalho et al% 82010b9! "hich "as implemented in $mberto soft"are through an assistant! allocating emissions to the consumed products of the cogeneration module .F cc and D !/ cc in proportion to the emissions generated b their alternative production% &he allocation of environmental loads to the internal flo"s and final products of the trigeneration s stem "as accomplished b the application of algebra and rules similar to those used in thermoeconomic anal sis for the evaluation of internal costs% +n modes CK and C9 the environmental loads associated "ith "aste heat "ere charged to the useful cogenerated heat! Dcc % 4 &ES)L%S A$( (#SC)SS#'$

<ased on the flo" -uantities entered in the input monitor! the s stem calculated the flo"s of the entire net"or# using the transition specifications%

Carvalho et al. / Modeling a simple trigeneration system: Environmental costs

.igure *. Conventional s stem% %a!le 4. Emissions .#g CO /#Fh/ for e*amples C1 and CK corresponding to $nited 2 Qingdom and ,pain%

1or comparison! a reference s stem .1igure 2/ "as created! in "hich all energ demands "ere satisfied in a conventional "a .electricit "as purchased from the grid for E and d 5d! and D d "as satisfied b an au*iliar boiler/% &able 6 sho"s the emissions for e*amples C1 and CK for the trigeneration and conventional s stems%

Ed Dd 5d &O&4> #g CO2

$nited Qingdom ,pain C1 CK C1 CK &rig Conv &rig Conv &rig Conv &rig Conv 0%6BIB 0%IB10 0%6IKB 0%IB10 0%IKIG 0%KJI0 0%II6I 0%KJI0 0%1GJG 0%2IGI 0%202K 0%2IGI 0%2KB0 0%K600 0%2BG1 0%K600 0%1BI6 0%1122 0%K2KG 0%1122 0%20JB 0%0GG0 0%62G6 0%0GG0 K2K%9 KG2%K 2K6%1 2B1%6 K92%1 K20%J 291%K 19I%G

$mberto soft"are ans"ered the -uestion of "hat amount of emissions .#g CO /#Fh/ "as 2 associated "ith the consumption of each energ service% &he results for ,pain sho"n in &able 6 "ere not totall une*pected! and corroborate "ith the results of Carvalho et al& 82010a9! in "hich it is confirmed that trigeneration s stems have a great potential to reduce emissions! but this reduction depends on the energ consumption profiles and the fuel mi* of the electric grid region% &hus! in the case of $nited Qingdom! in "hich natural gas and electricit mi* emissions are! respectivel ! 0%20B #g CO /#Fh and 0%IB1 #g CO /#Fh 2 2 8$%Q% DE154! 200J9! it can be observed in &able 6 that trigeneration reduces emissions! contributing to carbon offsetting% Carbon offsetting is the process of reducing the carbon emissions of activities! and in the $Q the estimates of carbon offset b energ substitution are greater than those b se-uestration! "hen considering realistic and achievable offsets 8Cannell! 200K9% +t is "orth"hile to comment that the operation modes have been optimized from an economic vie"point% &he concept of "asting heat is not environmentall friendl as sho"n in e*ample CK for ,pain3 it could even be considered a potential threat to the climate 80ordell and ?ervet! 20099% Faste heat pla s an important role in affecting the urban thermal environment! ambient air -ualit ! and other attributes of the urban climate s stem! resulting in the $rban Ceat +sland .$C+/ phenomenon 81an and ,ailor! 200I9% $mberto soft"are uses diagrams to displa materials! energ and cost flo"s% 1igure K sho"s ho" the emissions associated "ith the consumption of heat .Dd / "ere formed in case C1 for ,pain% 4 scaling variant .Ma*imum flo"/ "as utilized for visualization purposes! so the ma*imum "idth in the net"or# "as limited to D % 4ll d other values "ere calculated proportionall %

Carvalho et al. / Modeling a simple trigeneration system: Environmental costs

.igure 1. Emissions associated "ith the consumption of Dd in e*ample C1 for ,pain%

CL'S)&E

+nternational mar#ets are increasingl see#ing an indication of environmental performance and the carbon emissions associated "ith products and services% &he responsibilit e*ists to ensure long term ecologicall sustainable production! particularl in changing climatic conditions% 4 trigeneration s stem "as modeled in $mberto soft"are! "ith the fle*ibilit to purchase/sell electricit from/to the grid% &he possibilities of "asting part of the cogenerated heat and operating an au*iliar boiler also e*isted% &he net"or# "as calculated for specific energ service demands! identif ing "here emissions "ere generated! and trac#ing the emissions throughout the s stem% &his stud case concentrated on the issue of climate change and therefore considered the emissions of CO2 % < incorporating environmental information on the usage and consumption of resources into $mberto soft"are! the approach of M10 gave insight on the environmental loads associated "ith each flo" of the s stem% &he use of $mberto soft"are "ith >C4 databases provided a relevant climate)related aspect% 1lo" anal sis of individual production steps specific to operation made it possible to stud the operational activities more precisel % &hus! the consumers of the trigeneration s stem #ne" the environmental loads associated "ith the consumption of each energ service .electricit ! heat! and cooling/% Different allocation methods bring ver different results! confirming the controvers as to "hat "as the most appropriate allocation method and "hat "as most logic in different situations% 4 rational distribution of costs or environmental loads to"ard the products in the cogeneration module must consider the nature of the operation mode 8>ozano et al&! 2009a! 2009b9% &herefore! the issue of environmental allocation rules re-uires detailed anal sis that "ill be presented in future "or# b the authors% ,trategies aiming at the mitigation of climate change lin# the reduction of emissions to the consumption of resources b a s stem% Changes in lifest les and consumption patterns that emphasize resource conservation can contribute to developing an econom that is both e-uitable and sustainable 8+(CC! 200G9% &he application of EM+, and >C4 tools could be promoted to i/ anal ze the distribution of material and energ resources throughout a productive s stem! ii/ allo" an emission) efficient econom to develop3 iii/ identif the most beneficial among competing technologies! and iv/ serve the numerical registration and interpretation of environmental effects%

Carvalho et al. / Modeling a simple trigeneration system: Environmental costs

AC6$'

LE(,ME$%S

&his "or# "as developed "ithin the frame"or# of research proAect E0E200G)BG122! funded in part b the ,panish ?overnment .Energ program/ and the European $nion .1EDE5 program/% ,pecial than#s are e*tended to the Department of +ndustrial Environmental +nformatics at C&F <erlin for the support given to Monica Carvalho during her research sta % &E.E&E$CES 4busoglu! 4% and Qanoglu! M% 4llocation of Emissions for (o"er and ,team (roduction <ased on Energ and E*erg in Diesel Engine (o"ered Cogeneration! Energ R 1uels! 2K! pp% 1I2BS1IKK! 2009% Cannell! M% ?% 5% Carbon se-uestration and biomass energ offset2 theoretical! potential and achievable capacities globall ! in Europe and the $Q% <iomass and <ioenerg ! 26 .2/! pp% 9G)11B! 200K% Carvalho! M%! ,erra! >% M! >ozano! M% 4% ?eographic evaluation of trigeneration s stems in the tertiar sector% Effect of climatic and electricit suppl conditions% Energy! +n (ress! 2010a% Carvalho! M%! Fohlgemuth! T%! >ozano! M% 4%! ,erra! >% M% Distribution of resources and allocation of environmental loads applied to trigeneration s stems% (roceedings of the 2Knd +nternational Conference on Efficienc ! Cost! Optimization! ,imulation and Environmental +mpact of Energ , stems% >ausanne! ,"itzerland! 2010b% COM 2002/91/EC! directive on the energ performance of buildings% Official Diar of the EC! 6%1%200K! >1! pp% BI)G1% Ecoinvent v2%0 Database! ,"iss Centre for >ife C cle +nventories% DUbendorf! ,"itzerland! 200G% 1an! C%! ,ailor! D% V% Modeling the impacts of anthropogenic heating on the urban climate of (hiladelphia2 a comparison of implementations in t"o (<> schemes% 4tmospheric Environment! K9 .1/! pp%GK)J6! 200I% ?uin@e! V% <% .Ed%/! Candboo# on life c cle assessment2 operational guide to the +,O standards% Dordrecht3 <oston2 Qlu"er 4cademic (ublishers! 2002% CeiAungs! 5%! ,uh! ,%! ,!e Com-;tational Str;ct;re of =ife Cycle %ssessment % Qlu"er 4cademic (ublishers! Dordrecht! &he 0etherlands! 2006% +DEM4& Database! ,ection for Environmental (roduct Development! 1acult of +ndustrial Design! Delft $niversit of &echnolog % Delft! &he 0etherlands! 200I% http2//"""%idemat%nl/ +(CC% ,ummar for (olic ma#ers% +n2 Climate Change 200G2 Mitigation% Contribution of For#ing ?roup +++ to the 1ourth 4ssessment 5eport of the +ntergovernmental (anel on Climate Change! Cambridge $niversit (ress! Cambridge! $nited Qingdom and 0e" Wor#! 0W! $,4! 200G% >+0?O! &he modeling language and optimizer! Chicago! $,4! 200G% http2//"""%lindo%com >ozano! M% 4% et al&! &hermoeconomic 4nal sis of ,imple &rigeneration , stems! +nternational Vournal of &hermod namics! 12 .K/! pp% 16G)1IK! 2009a% >ozano! M% 4%! ,erra! >% M%! Carvalho! M% Energ cost anal sis of simple trigeneration s stems under variable operation conditions% (roceedings of the 22nd +nternational Conference on Efficienc ! Cost! Optimization! ,imulation and Environmental +mpact of Energ , stems! 1oz do +guaXu! <razil! 2009b% Moeller! 4%! (ro*! M%! ,chmidt! M% ,imulation and optimization of material and flo" s stems% (roceedings of the 2009 Finter ,imulation Conference! 4ustin! &e*as! December 1K)1B! 2009% 0ordell! <% and ?ervet! <% ?lobal Energ 4ccumulations and 0et Ceat Emission! +nternational Vournal of ?lobal Farming! 1 .1/2/K/! pp%KGJ)K91! 2009% ,+M4(5O ) >ife c cle assessment soft"are! (5@ Consultants! 4mersfoort! &he 0etherlands! 200J% http2//"""%pre%nl/simapro

Environmental Modelling > Software! 21 .11/! pp% 1B0G)1B1G! 200B

Carvalho et al. / Modeling a simple trigeneration system: Environmental costs

5EE S 5ed El@ctrica EspaYola .,panish electric po"er net"or#/! &he electric po"er net"or# in ,pain in 200G .In S-anis!. El sistema el?ctrico es-a@ol en el 200A)! 200G% 5osen! M%! 4llocating carbon dio*ide emissions from cogeneration s stems2 descriptions of selected output)based methods! Vournal of Cleaner (roduction! 1B .2/! pp% 1G1)1GG! 200J% $%Q% DE154 S $nited Qingdom Department for Environment! 1ood and 5ural 4ffairs! ?uidelines to DefraPs ?C? Conversion 1actors! 200J% http2//"""%defra%gov%u#/environment/business/reporting/pdf/ghg)cf)guidelines) anne*es200J%pdf% $mberto! version I%0! ifu Camburg ?mbC and ifeu ?mbC! Camburg! ?erman ! 200B% http2//"""%umberto%de/en/ Fohlgemuth! T%! (age! <%! Qreutzer! F%! Combining discrete event simulation and material flo" anal sis in a component)based approach to industrial environmental protection!