ATENEO DE MANILA LAW SCHOOL

LEGAL TECHNIQUE & LOGIC OUTLINE1

DY
SECTION 1E, SECOND SEMESTER, SY 2005-2006 2005

ATTY. ALEXANDER C.
15 NOVEMBER

I.

INTRODUCTION
A. B. C. H !"#$% #& L#' ( C ) * L+, )!. C#--#. L+, T$+/ " #. T01 R#*1 #& L#' ( . L+,

II.

REASONING
A. B+! ( C#.(12"!
1. 2. 3. 4. . #. &. *. What is Logic Propositions and Sentences Arguments, Premises and Conclusions More Complex Arguments !ecogni"ing Arguments $eduction and %nduction 'alidit( and )ruth Arguments and +xplanations

B. C.

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III.

LANGUAGE
A. U!1! #& L+.'4+'1
1. 2. 3. 4. )hree ,asic -unctions o. Language $iscourse Ser/ing Multiple -unctions -orms o. $iscourse +moti/e Words

The Outline presents the manner by which Legal Technique & Logic will be taken up in class. The Outline is taken mainly from Introduction to Logic by Irving M. opi and arl ohen.

2 . #. 0inds o. Agreement and $isagreement +moti/el( 1eutral Language

B.

D1& . " #.
1. 2. 3. 4. . #. $isputes, 'er2al $isputes and $e.initions 0inds o. $e.inition and the !esolution o. $isputes $enotation 3+xtension4 and Connotation 3%ntension4 +xtension, and $enotati/e $e.initions %ntension, and Connotati/e $e.inition !ules .or $e.inition 2( 5enus and $i..erence

IV.

DEDUCTIVE REASONING
A. C+"1'#$ (+* 5$#2#! " #.!
1. 2. 3. 4. . #. Categorical Propositions and Classes 6ualit(, 6uantit( and $istri2ution )he )raditional S7uare o. 8pposition -urther %mmediate %n.erences +xistential %mport S(m2olism and $iagrams .or Categorical Propositions Standard9-orm Categorical S(llogisms )he -ormal 1ature o. S(llogistic Argument 'enn $iagram: )echni7ue .or )esting S(llogisms Six !ules o. Categorical S(llogisms !educing the 1um2er o. )erms in a S(llogistic Argument )ranslating Categorical Propositions into Standard -orm ;ni.orm )ranslation +nth(memes Sorites $is<uncti/e and =(pothetical S(llogisms )he $ilemma

B.

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1. 2. 3. 4.

C.

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1. 2. 3. 4. . #. &.

D.

S%-6#* ( L#' (
1. 2. 3. 4. . #. &. )he 'alue o. Special S(m2ols )he S(m2ols .or Con<unction, 1egation, and $is<unction Conditional Statements and Material %mplication Argument -orms and Arguments Statement -orms, Material +7ui/alence, Logical +7ui/alence )he Paradoxes o. Material %mplication )he )hree >La?s o. )hought@ -ormal Proo. o. 'alidit( )he !ule o. !eplacement Proo. o. %n/alidit( %nconsistenc( Singular Propositions 6uanti.ication )raditional Su2<ect9Predicate Propositions Pro/ing 'alidit( Pro/ing %n/alidit( As(llogistic %n.erence

E.

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1. 2. 3. 4.

7.

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1. 2. 3. 4. . #.

V.

INDUCTIVE REASONING
A. B. I./4(" )1 G1.1$+* 3+" #.! 8I./4(" #. 6% S -2*1 E.4-1$+" #.9 A.+*#'% +./ 5$#6+6*1 I.&1$1.(1
1. 2. 3. C. D. Analog( Appraising Analogical Arguments !e.utation 2( Logical Analog(

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VI.

7ALLACIES
A. B. W0+" ! + 7+**+(%: 7#$-+* 7+**+( 1!
1. -allacies in Categorical S(llogisms a. 2. c. d. e. .. 2. -our )erms ;ndistri2uted Middle )erm %llicit Ma<or )erm %llicit Minor )erm 1egati/e Premises Particular Premises

-allacies in =(pothetical S(llogisms 3Modus Ponens and Modus )ollens4 a. 2. $enial o. Antecedent A..irmation o. Conse7uent Missing $is<uncts 1onexclusi/it(

3.

-allacies in $is<uncti/e S(llogisms a. 2.

C.

I.&#$-+* 8M+"1$ +*9 7+**+( 1!

1. -allacies o. !ele/ance a. 2. c. d. Argumentum ad Ignorantiam 3Argument .rom %gnorance4 Argumentum ad Misericordiam 3Appeal to Pit(4 Argumentum ad Verecundiam 3Appeal to %nappropriate Authorit( or Prestige4 Argumentum ad Hominem 3Argument against the Man4 i. ii. e. .. g. h. i. A2usi/e Circumstantial

Argumentum ad Populum 3Appeal to the Masses4 Argumentum ad Baculum 3Appeal to -orce4 Argumentum ad Antiquitam 3Appeal to the Ages4 Argumentum ad Terrorem 3Appeal to )error4 %rrele/ant Conclusion 3Ignoratio Elenchi4

6 <. B. 2. a. 2. Tu Quoque 3Aou Aoursel. $o %t4 Argumentum ad Nauseam Compound 3Complex4 6uestion -alse Cause i. ii. c. d. e. .. 3. a. 2. c. d. e. .. Non cause pro causa Post hoc ergo propter hoc

-allacies o. Presumption

Non Sequitur 3%t $oes 1ot -ollo?4 ,egging the 6uestion 3Petitio Principii4 Accident 3Dicto Simpliciter4 Con/erse Accident 3=ast( 5enerali"ation4 +7ui/ocation Amphi2olog( Accent Composition $i/ision 'icious A2straction

-allacies o. Am2iguit(

D.

A)# / .' 7+**+( 1!

VII. SYNTHESIS AND A55LICATION