Canon Technology Highlights 2013 e

CANON TECHNOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS 2013
CONTENTS
Message from Top Management 1

Canons R&D
Relentless Pursuit of Innovation 2
R&D Topics

Prime-Focus Corrector for Subaru Telescope

Medical Imaging
Next-Generation Image-Processing Technology
MR System
Research in Pre-Competitive Areas
6
8
10
12
14
Imaging Pioneering History

A Look Back at Technology Pioneered by Canon 16
Technology Supporting Canon Today
Product Technologies

Input Devices

Digital SLR Cameras

Interchangeable Lenses

Digital Compact Cameras

Digital Camcorders

Digital Cinema Cameras

Broadcasting Equipment

Network Cameras

Medical Equipment

Scanners

Output Devices

Inkjet Printers

Large-Format Inkjet Printers

Commercial Photo Printers

Laser Printers/Laser Multifunction Printers

Office Multifunction Devices

Digital Production Printing Systems

Multimedia Projectors

Lithography Equipment

Semiconductor Lithography Equipment

FPD Lithography Equipment

Common Platform Technologies

Environmental Technologies
Quality Management Technologies
Production Engineering Technologies
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
40
41
42
Index 44
Message from Top Management
Confronting a variety of innovative

changes from a global perspective by
responding to the changing times
Canon is now carrying out a range of management innovations in
accordance with Phase IV of the Excellent Global Corporation Plan,
the companys medium- to long-term management plan launched in 2011.
In this age of rapid change, as competition grows ever more intense
on a global scale, we are promoting transformation across all of
our corporate activities by establishing a new growth strategy and
endeavoring to achieve our goals.
First, we aim to achieve the overwhelming No. 1 position in all core
businesses as we also work to expand related and peripheral businesses.
In addition to ensuring the timely launch of innovative products, we are
launching new businesses based on our core imaging technologies and
expanding our operations toward advanced solutions and services.
Meanwhile, we are also boosting business in areas that will form
new business pillars for the company, such as medical and industrial
equipment. We have set our sights on providing society with new value
by becoming actively involved in academic and industrial alliances while
accumulating required technological capabilities as well as developing
proprietary technologies in-house.
We also focus on our corporate activities that fulfill our social
responsibilities, such as our efforts targeting the global environment,
quality improvement, comprehensive corporate compliance and social
contribution. Through these activities, Canon seeks to grow and
prosper over the next 100, or even 200, years with the goal of
becoming a truly excellent global company that is admired and
respected the world over.
Fujio Mitarai
Chairman & CEO
Canon Inc.
Canons R&D
Relentless Pursuit of Innovation

Canon is a company that has fostered a priority on technology as its
corporate DNA. Ever since its founding, the company has continued to
grow and develop, consistently creating competitive products through
distinctive technologies. In fact, the history of Canon's development has
progressed in step with the development of our technologies.
As part of our efforts to innovate management through the Excellent
Global Corporation Plan, we continue to promote innovation throughout
all of our corporate activities, beginning with manufacturing.
Even in the field of technological development, it would not be an
overstatement to say that the source behind our ability to create distinctive
technologies lies in the fact that we are never satisfied with our current
level of accomplishment, which is why we continue striving to realize new
innovation.
By expanding and increasing the depth of the technologies required for
future business, we will strengthen our technological capabilities, carrying
out the world's top level of research, even in pre-competitive areas, with an
eye to long-term business. Furthermore, we will swiftly incorporate these
efforts into products to deliver the world's No. 1 products.
Looking ahead to the future, Canon is now pursuing "globalized
diversification."
Toward this goal, the company aims to launch a Three Regional
Headquarters management system, beginning with research and
development, establishing innovation centers for the cultivation of
technology into substantial business, not only in Japan, but with an
expanded scope that includes Europe and the United States. In accordance
with the regional characteristics of Japan, Europe and the United States,
we will gather together talented minds to carry out R&D, from basic
research to applied research, with these efforts in each region to be
developed into global businesses in the future.
At Canon, our research and development will continue to evolve and
advance, making available to society unprecedented value through
innovative new technologies and contributing to enriching peoples lives
across the world.
Toshiaki Ikoma
Executive Vice President & CTO
Canon Inc.
Canon Technology Highlights 2013
Canons R&D
A Culture and Organization for Creating

Distinctive Technologies
The source of Canons growth is its distinctive technologies. The company is engaged in the research and development of
various technologies centered on its current core products, including exposure, imaging, electrophotography, display and inkjet
technologies.
Products Supported by Technological Synergies
In addition to such major technology pillars as optical and precisioncontrol technologies, Canon possesses numerous distinctive
technologies, including LSI design, image-processing and imaging
technologies, as well as material, simulation, analysis and software
technologies to support these. Furthermore, synergies between these
technologies lead to the creation of competitive products. An example
would be interchangeable lenses for digital SLR cameras, which
incorporate countless technologies. Beginning with the optical design,
technologies include the precision-control and optical-measurement
technologies used in the focus motor, various material technologies
for producing the best lens performance, production technologies for
correcting aberrations and enabling lenses to realize a more compact
design, and digital technologies allowing information to pass from the
attached lens to the camera.
These diverse technologies are not necessarily researched and
developed by the same division. Canon has a deep-rooted corporate
culture and organizational structure enabling goals to be shared
across divisions, which work together to create No. 1 products, and the
combined strength of the entire company is one of Canons greatest
strengths.
Integration Technologies Born from Years of Experience

As the modularization of technology progresses, integration
technologies produce a high level of performance by making minor
adjustments to parts and materials in products, contributing to
increased competitiveness.
Electrophotographic technology has succeeded in providing stable
quality by skillfully managing static electricity, which is considered
extremely difficult to control, while inkjet technology combines
complex microfabricated parts with droplet- and temperature-control
technologies, centered on integration technologies, which could not
be possible without the knowledge and ingenuity cultivated by the
company.
Such technologies are strengths that have been created throughout
Canons history, and could not have been possible without the
companys years of accumulated experience and know-how, rather
than relying solely on theory.
Strengthening Technological Capabilities with

Breadth and Depth
To further strengthen the companys technologies, Canon is proceeding to expand the breadth and increase the depth in the
technological fields that form the companys current core capabilities.
Expanding the Breadth of Technology
Expanding the breadth of a technology means to expand its range.
For example, in the field of optical technology, by expanding the
wavelength bands from visible light to also include infrared and
ultraviolet light, Canon has further strengthened the technologies
surrounding those in which it has historically excelled. This can lead
to such new possibilities as widening the scope of application and the
resolution of technological issues through different approaches.
Research and Development of Material Technology
Increasing the Depth of Technology

Increasing the depth of a technology means to ensure that the variety
of that technology is as rich as possible within a single area.
Even when considering a single type of optical coating material,
this can be achieved through a variety of methods, such as chemical
solution deposition and the use of a porous thin film. Multiple
technologies are available to select from based on the optimal means
for realizing the characteristics of the coating material and the desired
specifications.
In an age marked by intense technological competition and dizzyingly
rapid changes in market conditions, it is necessary to have flexible
research and development capable of anticipating and adapting
to change. It is essential to have as many technologies as possible
to draw upon, and to be positioned to immediately respond to any
requirement.
In this way, Canon will utilize its increasingly broad and deep
fundamental technologies to develop technologies that form the core
of efficient new businesses, and to promote the implementation of
technological platforms that can immediately respond to market needs.
Canons R&D
Maintaining the Top Position in the World

Technological innovation is progressing every day. Canon is never satisfied with its current achievements and is promoting
research and development in collaboration with other research organizations and utilizing knowledge from across the world.
The company is also engaged in long-term basic research with an eye to future businesses.
Open Innovation
At present, Canon utilizes its proprietary technologies while also
providing distinctive technologies to companies in various industries,
research institutes and universities in order to create new systems and
actively adopt an approach of open innovation.
The Innovative Techno-hub for Integrated Medical Bio-imaging, or
CK Project, was launched as part of the Ministry of Education, Culture,
Sports, Science and Technologys Creation of Innovation Centers for
Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Areas program. The project, which
combines Kyoto Universitys comprehensive basic scientific research
foundation with Canons product-development capabilities, targets the
practical application of innovative medical imaging equipment.
The company will actively promote further collaboration between
industry and academia to develop numerous promising technologies.
The CK Project Lab at Kyoto University Hospital
Globalization
Canon aims to expand its source of innovation Groupwide, from the
current location in Japan to also include Europe and the United States,
by establishing a Three Regional Headquarters management system of
research and development. This effort is aimed at connecting research
and development centers throughout the world and combining the
output to produce significant results.
In the United States, which leads the world in medical technology
and represents a large health-care market, Canon has established
a research institute carrying out research and development (R&D)
on technologies applicable to medical science. Through collaborative
studies with university hospitals and research institutes, Canon seeks
to shorten the turnaround time from R&D to commercialization.
Other Canon overseas R&D centers, such as Canon Research Centre
France and Canon Information Systems Research Australia, take
advantage of the characteristics of their respective regions to carry out
research and development in the technology fields in which they excel.
Facing Challenges in Pre-Competitive Areas

Canon is focusing on not only research and development for the
companys current products and their elemental and common platform
technologies, but also research in pre-competitive areas, which often
require 10 years or more to produce results.
By engaging in basic research in unexplored fields, the company
aims to spark innovation and create completely new markets that have
never existed before.
Canon Research Centre France S.A.S.
An R&D Environment that Values People

Canons greatest research and development strength is its development environment, which values people. Each employee
inherits the companys corporate culture focused on a strong sense of responsibility and high motivation in an open-minded
environment.
Active Communication between Engineers
In order to respond to the ongoing evolution of technologies, Canon
actively conducts various technological training initiatives in addition
to technology community activities involving engineers working in the
same field across different divisions. The company aims to increase the
abilities of its engineers by having each employee contribute his or her
knowledge and wisdom, and take part in discussions.
Canon holds its Innovative Technology Forum once a year. This
endeavor, similar to an internal academic conference, includes poster
sessions and workshops focused on research and development themes
that are making significant progress. Many engineers with different
levels of responsibility and working in various fields meet to discuss
and exchange views on technology in an effort to strengthen the
companys technological abilities as a whole.
Cultivating Engineers through a Study Abroad System

Canon is strengthening its Engineer Study Abroad System for the
purpose of cultivating engineers capable of competing and cooperating
on an international stage. With an eye to the future, the company
is accelerating the acquisition of future technologies in its current
business fields and advanced technology in research fields necessary
for the future.
Engineers who have acquired advanced technological abilities also
learn about the cultures and languages of the countries and regions in
which they study, and expand their field of activity after returning to
Japan.
Corporate DNA Focused on Technology

We want to make the worlds best camera.
The history of Canons research and development started with this
enterprising spirit. Since then, the company has consistently improved
its technologies and passed on this technology focused spirit, centered
on originality.
In order to continue producing excellent research and development
results, Canon continually makes significant investments in research
and development, and strategically and appropriately allocates
resources in accordance with management guidance.
lCanon Group R&D Expenditure and R&D Expense to Net Sales Ratio
Yen
500billion
10.0
8.0
300billion
6.0
200billion
4.0
100billion
2.0
R&D expenditure left axis
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
Efforts Supporting Inventors

After ascertaining the overall direction of Canon and technology
trends, research and development results are actively converted into
intellectual property and efforts are made to increase competitiveness
in any subsequent business.
A particularly unique initiative is the Patent Grade-up Activity (PGA).
Inventors, as well as other engineers, work together with intellectual
property division personnel to thoroughly discuss a single invention.
This not only improves the quality of patents, but also can lead to the
creation of more new inventions.
Thanks to collaboration between the technology division and
the intellectual property division, Canon consistently ranks among
the top U.S. patent recipients. Furthermore, on two occasions, the
company received the Imperial Invention Prize from the Japan Institute
of Invention and Innovation, which is granted to those who have
achieved noteworthy inventions with particularly outstanding results.
Canons invention of the Bubble Jet printer device and the large-area
sensor for real-time digital X-ray imaging each received an award, and
support the companys business even now.
lTop 10 Corporations Receiving U.S. Patents in 2012
R&D expense to net sales ratio

right axis
400billion
Innovative Technology Forum
10
11
12 Year
Rank
Company
No. of
Patents
IBM
6,453
SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS
5,080
CANON
3,179
SONY
3,033
PANASONIC
2,781
MICROSOFT
2,618
TOSHIBA
2,448
HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY
2,016
GENERAL ELECTRONICS
1,650
10
LG ELECTRONICS
1,631
* Based on weekly patent counts issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce.
Probing the Mysteries of the Distant Universe
with Canon Proprietary Technologies

Prime-Focus Corrector for the Suprime-Cam Prime-Focus Camera

1999
Capturing a Galaxy Approximately 13 Billion Light-Years Away from Earth
The galaxy known as SXDF-NB1006-2 is 12.91 billion light-years away from
Earth.*1 Light from this galaxy travels inconceivable distances of time and
space to reach our planet. The galaxy began emitting light about 750 million
years after the Big Bang brought about the birth of the universe (approx.
13.7 billion years ago), long before our own planet came into being (about
4.6 billion years ago). The Subaru Telescope is capable of capturing faint light
signals from the distant reaches of the universe, such as from this galaxy, and
transforming them into sharp images observable to humans. Operated by the
National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ), the Subaru Telescope is
at the forefront of space research.
The most notable feature of the Subaru Telescope is that it is unique among
8-meter-class telescopes for incorporating an observational instrument at
prime focus. The observation systems Suprime-Cam (SC) is equipped with
a prime-focus corrector, a complex lens unit developed and manufactured
by Canon. The prime-focus corrector not only corrects for light aberrations
from the primary mirror, but also includes a function that corrects for the
atmospheric dispersion of stellar light, delivering high imaging performance
and a wide field of view measuring 0.5 degrees, about the equivalent in size
to the diameter of the full moon. Since its first light in 1999, these features
have helped the Subaru Telescope realize numerous impressive accomplishments.
Light reflected from the primary mirror
Prime focus
Prime-focus corrector lens system

Optical Cassegrain
secondary mirror
Optical Nasmyth
secondary mirror
Infrared
secondary mirror
Nasmyth focus
(optical)
Prime-focus corrector
lens system replacement
Nasmyth focus
(infrared light)
Primary
mirror
Tertiary mirrors
(visible and infrared light)
Cassegrain focus
*1 SXDF-NB1006-2
The Subaru Telescope and Keck Telescope discovered SXDF-NB1006-2, a galaxy located 12.91 billion
light-years from Earth. Announced on June 4, 2012, by the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
(NAOJ).
Design of the Subaru Telescope
Prime-Focus Corrector for the New Hyper Suprime-Cam Prime-Focus Camera2012

Seeking Insights into Dark Matter and Dark Energy to Unlock the Secrets of the Universe
Since 1999, research into space and astrophysics has been progressing rapidly.
We have come to discover that only a small percentage of the universe is
composed of the atoms and other forms of matter that we know of,
whereas dark matter and dark energy, which accounts for most of the universe,
are still a mystery to humankind. By studying and clarifying the true nature of
these phenomena, we expect to find promising clues about the origins and
the future of the universe. Astrophysicists hope to accelerate their research
efforts by using observation systems offering fields of view that are wider
than the Subarus SC (Suprime-Cam).
The National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (NAOJ) has worked to
develop an ultra-wide-field prime-focus camera called the Hyper Suprime-
NAOJ
Cam (HSC). The new HSC offers an expanded field of view to enable the
observation of more galaxies, including distant ones that emit little light,
across a broader region of the universe in a shorter amount of time.
Observations by the HSC will help scientists calculate the dimensions of
galaxies with higher accuracy and create 3-D spatial distribution maps of
dark matter based on distortions of stellar images caused by the effect of
gravitational lensing.*2 These advances are expected to shed light on the
true nature of dark matter and dark energy.
Canon was in charge of developing and manufacturing the corrector for
the HSC ultra-wide-field prime-focus camera. In order to install the HSC
into the existing configuration of the Subaru Telescope, the company had
to design the prime-focus corrector under severe weight and dimensional
constraints. Tougher still, Canon also had to achieve a targeted field of view
of 1.5 degrees without exceeding these constraints. The HSCs field of view
is triple that of the SC, wide enough to capture the equivalent of three full
moons at once.
*2 Gravitational lensing
A phenomenon in which light rays from fixed stars, galaxies and other celestial bodies appear to
bend and distort relative to the observer or split into duplicate images due to the gravitational pull of
celestial bodies situated in the path of the light rays.
R&D Top ics

How the universe began and how it will end: Dark matter and dark energy may help us
unlock secrets of the universe that long predate the birth of humankind. Astrophysicists are
unraveling the true nature of dark matter and dark energy with the Subaru Telescope, located
atop Mt. Mauna Kea on the island of Hawaii. Canon proprietary opticals, measurement and
high-precision processing technologies have greatly improved the performance of the Subaru
Telescope and helped to accelerate the progress of this project.
Exceptional Opticals, Measurement and Processing Technologies

The Key to Overcoming Various Challenges
The Lens Barrel Design Used in

Prime-Focus Corrector for
the Hyper Suprime-Cam
If the SCs corrector was expanded in diameter

by three times then, theoretically, the field
of view should also increase three fold. In
practice, however, this approach would not
satisfy the two rigid constraints imposed on
the HSC for installation in the existing Subaru
Telescope: a prime-focus corrector that weighs
no more than 900 kg and has an external
diameter measuring no larger than 1,000 mm.
Various Canon proprietary technologies
helped to overcome the challenges faced
during the development of the HSC. For the
lens system, Canon employed aspherical
lens elements, which are more difficult to
manufacture as aperture increases, helping
to reduce the number of lenses used and
minimize the total weight without compromising resolving power. Compared

with the SC, the lenss aperture was increased by about 1.6 times (effective
diameter of 820 mm) while realizing a three-fold increase in field of view.
An ideal optical design bears fruit when the device is realized as planned.
Canon improved its proprietary contact-type free-form measurement machine
(A-Ruler) in order to measure the aspherical surface of a lens with more
precision. In addition, the company developed a stitching method to measure
the lens profile on a segment-by-segment basis and precisely join together the
measurement data of each segment. This method enables the overall shape of
a large lens measuring over one meter in diameter to be precisely measured
on a scale of nanometers without changing the conventional segment area for
measurement. Canon technological know-how, accumulated over many
years of developing opticals systems for semiconductor lithography equipment,
made possible the high-precision processing of large aspherical lenses.
By bringing together advanced technologies, Canon has overcome
the technological challenges faced when manufacturing large-size
aspherical lenses.
Key Canon Technologies
Installed Approximately 4,200 Meters above Sea Level

Prime-focus corrector for the HSC makes use of several unique technologies
and technological know-how. Atmospheric dispersion correction (ADC) enables
the high-precision correction of the dispersion of light as it passes through
the earths atmosphere,*3 while wide spectral range anti-reflective coating
(W-ARC) increases light transmittance and minimizes ghosting to help
the HSC consistently attain high resolution over the whole observation area.
To reduce the total weight of the corrector, Canon had to substantially
reduce the weight of the lens barrel supporting the highly accurate lens
elements. Material selection has been an essential consideration since the
start of the project. For the HSCs corrector, Canon selected a highly rigid,
lightweight ceramic material with a coefficient of thermal expansion nearly
the same as that of the quartz used in some of the lenses. Even in
subtropical Hawaii, temperatures on a mountain summit located high above
sea level can sometimes drop below zero degrees Celsius. When two different
raw materials are used in combination, both materials are usually subjected
to stress when changes in temperature cause them to expand and contract.
The similarity between the thermal expansion coefficients of the quartz and
ceramic in the HSC system almost

nullifies this stress. For the lenses in
the system, which were made using
optical glass materials, Canon newly
developed a lens-centering
mechanism called S-Lec (Subaru LEns
Centering mechanism) to keep the
lenses consistently positioned
at the center of the optical axis. This
is another technology contributing to
the superior imaging performance of
the HSCs corrector.
*3 Atmospheric dispersion
A blurring of stellar images caused by
differences in refractive indexes between
wavelengths of stellar light due to the
dispersion of stellar light passing through
the atmosphere.
Prime-Focus Corrector Incorporated

in the HSC
Canon Continues to Take on Challenges
Toward the Realization of the Next-Generation Ultra-Large Aperture Telescope

Test observations using the HSC ultra-wide-field prime-focus camera installed
in the Subaru Telescope began in August 2012. And we may not have long
to wait before the Subaru Telescope identifies the true nature of dark matter
and dark energy, shedding light on the vexing mystery of what the universe is.
The next challenge for Canon is now in the works. This time, Canon is taking
part in the construction of the TMT (Thirty Meter Telescope),an ultra-large
telescope offering a 30 m aperture. The TMT is a joint project by scientists
in Japan, the U.S.A. and Canada, slated for completion by 2021. The primary
mirror of the TMT is to be constructed with an array of 492 segment
mirrors, each with a 1.44 m diameter. Canon has just completed the first
prototype of the segment mirror.
Canon is pressing ahead with technological innovations to satisfy the growing
expectations of astronomical observers. New optical technologies and
systems for high-precision measurement and processing are on the way.
Making Possible
New Advanced Diagnostic Approaches

Medical Imaging
Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser

Ophthalmoscope
Examining the Retina at the Cellular Level
340 m
820 m
820 m
Canon's medical imaging technologies in the field of ophthalmology are

also being applied in new testing apparatus. The adaptive optics scanning
laser ophthalmoscope (AO-SLO) being developed in collaboration with Kyoto
University is expected to enhance the value of the retinal examination,
a procedure essential for the diagnosis of eye diseases.
Retinopathy and other disorders of the eye can develop as a result of not
only hereditary transmission and aging, but also diseases such as diabetes
or other causes. Because eye disorder can cause reduced visual acuity or
loss of sight, early disease detection is essential for healthy eyes, just as
it is for other parts of the body. Among the many organs of the body, the
fundus of the eye is the only organ with a vasculature clearly viewable by
direct observation. Retinal examinations reveal not only vascular conditions
associated with eye disorders, but possibly also how hypertension, arterial
sclerosis, and other diseases affect the eye.
The early detection of abnormalities in the retina requires an
ophthalmoscope that can identify photoreceptors. Canon imaging
technologies, as represented by the optical and image-processing
Image captured using fundus camera
340 m
Visualizing individual Photoreceptors and the Movement of

White Blood Cells
Image captured with AO-SLO
technologies in which the company excels, now enable the viewing of

minutely detailed dynamic images with a resolution of around 5 m
(microns). This has made possible the detailed observation of individual
photoreceptors as well as the white blood cells flowing in the blood vessels
of the retina. Next generation of ophthalmological devices that medical
professionals are eagerly awaiting will arrive soon.
Adaptive optics light source
Imaging Technologies to Facilitate Early Detection of Eye

Disorders and Other Diseases
AO-SLO technology can be divided into three basic parts: an ophthalmoscope
system configured with a laser, mirror and lenses; an AO control system with
a wavefront sensor and wavefront correction device; and an image analysis
system for analyzing captured images of the retina.
Several large hurdles must be cleared before high-definition images
of the photoreceptors can be reliably captured. One of these is ocular
aberrations. Aberration refers to the blurring or distortion of an image
while the image is being formed through a lens system. Because the eye,
as a lens, has aberrations, when observing the eye from the outside using
an ophthalmoscope, distortions invariably occur in the resulting images.
Aberrations of the human eye vary from person to person and also according
to the condition of the eye during examination. Adaptive optics (AO) is
an advanced technology that enables precise correction for aberrations.
Canon has developed an AO control system that measures aberrations
using a sensor and controls a wavefront correction device to make possible
Scanning mirror
Wavefront
correction
device
Optical fiber
Imaging
light source
Optical
sensor
Image
construction
system
Wavefront
measurement
device
Adaptive
optics control
system
Schematic Overview of AO-SLO
high-speed correction, and integrated the system into the scanning laser
ophthalmoscope (SLO).
R&D Top ics

Noninvasive diagnostic imaging systems capable of producing tomograms or 3-D images of a patients organs
are playing an essential role on the health-care front.
Canon is creating new value in advanced medicine with proprietary imaging technologies accumulated
over the years. Important fields of R&D include an adaptive optics (AO) scanning laser ophthalmoscope
(SLO) for precisely examining the progression of eye disease and reliably verifying the medical treatments
administered. An additional area of importance is a photoacoustic mammography system for promptly and
accurately detecting breast cancer without exposing subjects to radiation or pain. Canons technologies will
contribute to a crucial mission by providing assistance with outstanding medical imaging devices for improved
communications and healthier daily living for everyone in the medical sector.
Canon is also developing a system for analyzing the images captured by
the AO-SLO. This system detects and corrects for any blurring or distortion of
dynamic images of photoreceptors and capillary vessels caused by movement
of the patients eye during recording, supporting the analyzing and counting
of photoreceptors and the analyzing of blood flow to determine the velocity
through the capillary vessels.
The current system is at the prototype stage as a collaborative project
between Canon and a number of universities and medical research institutes
in Japan and abroad.

A growing number of scientific presentations in international conferences
have demonstrated the usefulness of AO-SLO for imaging diagnosis by
identifying correlations between the analytical results of AO-SLO-captured
images and disease states. Through a growing body of clinical evaluations,
Canon is making progress toward the adoption of AO-SLO in clinical settings
and aims to contribute to the early detection of eye disorders and other
diseases.
Photoacoustic Mammography
Near-infrared laser
Identifying the State of Cancer Cells by Exposing Blood

Vessels to Light
Visualizing the State of Angiogenesis
Associated with Cancer
Using Ultrasound and Light
Canon makes full use of the technologies the company has cultivated to
enable the earlier detection of breast cancer and contribute to improved
qualitative cancer diagnosis, applying its expertise to leading-edge diagnostic
imaging of mammary glands.
If breast cancer is detected early, the chances are high that it can be
treated successfully. Many types of cancer cells form new blood vessels
around tumorous tissue that supply nutrition. A technology to visualize the
new blood vessels feeding a cancer would facilitate the early detection of
cancer and enhance the accuracy of diagnosis of the cancer state.
In its studies focused on cancer properties, Canon is working with
Kyoto University to develop a photoacoustic mammography technique for
visualizing new blood vessels using laser radiation and ultrasonic waves.
When tissue under observation is exposed to near-infrared light (pulse
laser), the hemoglobin within the blood absorbs the light energy and
expands due to heat. As this happens, the tissue emits weak ultrasonic
waves. Canons new mammography process visualizes the condition of
angiogenesis in a cancer by detecting ultrasonic waves with sensors and
Monitor
Light absorber
(i.e., angiogenesis)
Ultrasound
waves
Ultrasound sensor array

Signal processor
Conceptual Overview of the Photoacoustic Imaging System
reconstructing 3-D images from the detected data.

A rapidly growing cancer tissue will generally have lower oxygen
concentration than the surrounding normal tissues. Thus, the blood
flowing through a cancer tissue is also expected to show a lower oxygen
concentration. If this is so, it may be possible to estimate whether a tumor
involving metabolism is benign or malignant by measuring the oxygen
saturation of hemoglobin in the blood around the tumor with laser beams of
multiple wavelengths.
Canon Imaging Technologies

for Cutting-Edge Medical Treatments
Canon has just built a prototype and supplied it to physicians at the Graduate
School of Medicine of Kyoto University as a tool for clinical evaluations to
explore the usefulness of photoacoustic mammography.
If realized, photoacoustic mammography would make up for two
shortcomings of the conventional X-ray mammography modality widely
used for routine breast cancer examinations: ionizing radiation exposure
and difficulty in visualizing microcalcified lesions of the dense breast. The
technology is also expected to prove beneficial in evaluating the early effects

of chemotherapy by providing data on specific properties of breast cancer,
including the hemoglobin oxygen saturation of the blood.
Canon strives to support health care practitioners working in the vanguard of
cancer treatment, as well as patients and their families through its strengths in
optical technologies,and image-processing technologies, and development of
breakthrough innovative medical systems to contribute to advanced medicine.
Pursuing the Ultimate in
Imaging Reality
Next-Generation Image-Processing Technology
Targeting New Frontiers for Image Processing

Making the Impossible Possible
Image-processing technologies are typically used to correct captured image

data through the adjustment of such image parameters as resolution,
contrast, color tone and gradation. Canon is now conducting research
into new image-processing technologies that go beyond such adjustments
by breaking down captured images into basic components and then
reconstructing them.
Photography is made possible by capturing the light rays that travel
through a camera lens. If, ideally, all of the light rays that existed within a
given area (light field) could be captured, then image processing deemed
unachievable using todays technologies would become possible. Changing
the perspective or angle of view after an image has been captured, for example,
or the location or angle of the light shining on the subject would enable
the relighting of a subject, making possible changes in the distribution of
light and shadow, as well as the shapes and densities of shadows
along with other lighting conditions.
Such image processing requires technology that captures and recreates
light rays and texture-acquisition technology that provides information about
a subjects appearance, along with photorealistic CG technology capable of
reconstructing highly detailed images based on texture information.
Canon is intensively researching these technologies with a view to creating
a new realm of image processing.
Relighting
Texture-Acquisition Technology
Acquiring Detailed Photo-Subject Information
When creating a CG image of an object, rendering is based on data for

three aspects related to the object: its three-dimensional (3-D) geometry, its
surface reflectance, and the light source. If these three data components can
be obtained in sufficient detail, users can reconstruct or relight (e.g., move
or adjust the light source) images based on principles similar to those of CG
rendering.
To support research into complex textures, Canon has prepared a research
environment supporting high-precision measurements to enable the direct
acquisition of textural information. Texture depends on the reflectance
properties of light on the surface of an object, properties that change with
the incidence angle of light, the material and shape of the object, and the
viewing direction. Accordingly, measurements are made by altering the
angles of optical receivers and light sources to acquire data known as BRDF
(Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function).
Looking ahead to the day when texture acquisition will be possible
10
Optical receiver
Light source
Gloss
component
Sample
Measurement of Gloss
Samples with Different

Levels of Glossiness
through image processing, Canon has begun looking into inverse-rendering

technology. When realized, such technology would provide digital cameras
and other consumer devices with texture-acquisition capabilities.
R&D Top ics

Canon has devoted many years to the development of imaging technologies, including image-capture, object-recognition
and data-processing technologies, for applying to a variety of fields. Among these, Canons advanced image-processing
technologies are recognized worldwide as among the industrys top level. Within this field, one area in which Canon
is now focusing its R&D energies is on new image-processing technology enabling the reconstruction of still images
and video, as well as the realistic automatic synthesis of such still images and video with computer graphics (CG) in
accordance with user needs. In this way, Canon is pursuing a world of imaging reality that surpasses conventional
imaging technologies.
Photorealistic CG Technology
Reconstructing Realistic Images from Analytical Data

When reconstructing images, such as relighting or other user-specific
adjustments based on the three extracted data components, the most
important factor is image quality. Canon is now working on photorealistic
CG technology with high-precision rendering capabilities to reconstruct
photo images comparable in image quality to actual photographs, with none
of the artificial appearances commonly associated with manipulated images.
One of the keys to developing photorealistic CG technology is the use of
spectral color information. While conventional CG renders the visible light
range in RGB (red, green and blue), the three primary colors of light, Canons
new technology enhances the precision of color reproduction by dispersing
light rays in the visible region to render dozens of fundamental colors. This
enables the faithful reproduction of the textures of real-world objects, the
seamless synthesizing of actual photo images with CG, and the reproduction
of an object as viewed within desired light-source settings.
Another key is the pursuit of high resolution. CG images are composed
of triangular shapes called polygons. The more polygons there are in an
image, the higher its resolution. Canon is developing a dispersion processing
technology capable
of handling one
billion polygons,
more than 100
High-Definition Composite Image Created with
times the number
Photorealistic CG Technology
of polygons contained
in an average motion picture.
The third key is high-speed processing. Speed is vital for processing the
vast amounts of data required to achieve necessary color performance and
high definition. Canon is conducting research into high-speed processing
that is at least 100 times faster than conventional image-processing.
Canons photorealistic CG technology is also effective in synthesizing
photographic and CG images, enabling the smooth synthesis of photographic
and CG images automatically, doing away with the troublesome process of
manually manipulating each frame in order to achieve realistic results. The
technology has the potential to easily create revolutionary composite images
for major motion pictures, advertisements and other projects.
Merging Real and Cyber Technologies

Combining the real (device-based) technologies in which Canon excels, such as texture-acquisition technology and photorealistic CG
technology, with cyber (IT) technologies makes possible the creation of cutting-edge practical technologies, representing a new R&D concept
for Canon: Advanced IRT. In the long term, Advanced IRT is expected to achieve expandability in various business domains. One application in
which the technology shows particular promise is intelligent robotics employing Canons sophisticated 3-D recognition technologies.
Launching R&D into Industrial Intelligent Robots

Centered on 3-D Measurement and
Recognition Technologies
In 2012, Canon introduced a new R&D concept under the banner
Advanced IRT. IRT is a hybrid term combining IT (Information Technology),
from the world of cyber technology, and RT, or real-world technology.
RT encompasses Canons areas of technological expertise in interfacing
with the real world, including the companys texture-acquisition and
photorealistic CG technologies. IT refers to domains that are currently
undergoing acceleration, such big data analysis through cloud computing
and the practical application of machine intelligence techniques through
networking. By merging IT and RT, Canon will develop applied technologies
enabling the future expansion of the companys business domains.
The four domains expected to offer growth are: imaging and information,
safety and security, health and healthcare, and industrial machinery
and intelligent robots. Among these, intelligent robots for industrial use
represents an area in which the company is currently focusing its energies.
An intelligent robot comprises three basic elements: vision (sense of sight
= real technology) to recognize its real world surroundings; intelligence
(cyber technology) to think and act on its own accord; and movement (real
technology) to carry out actions. Significant technological improvements

must be realized in all three of these elements in order to create intelligent
robots suitable for practical use.
Canon has already made use of various recognition technologies, such
as character recognition, face recognition and image retrieval. Since
2005, Canon researchers have been working on the development of
robotic eyes and Super Machine Vision, conducting research into machine
vision technology through the application of optical, image-capture
and recognition technologies. By adding the intelligent capabilities of
IT to these advanced visual capabilities, Canon is moving ahead in the
development of sophisticated intelligent robots. Intelligent robots capable
of detecting and making decisions based on changes in their surroundings
and situations, and learning and modifying their behavior based on
experience, will likely play important roles in a variety of fields in the future.
As for the three growth domains aside from robotics (imaging and
information, safety and security, and health and healthcare), Canon will
synergistically combine the RT in which it excels with pioneering IT in
pursuit of all-new applied technologies. Canons Advanced IRT marks
a new concept in R&D that will contribute widely to society in the near
future.
11
Integrating the Real and Virtual Worlds:
The Unlimited Potential of the Imaging World

MR System
Integrating the Real and

Virtual Worlds
(3)MR world
Cutting-Edge Imaging Technologies
Virtual images emerge in a real-world environment before a

users eyes, creating the sense that the CG images actually
exist. Mixed reality (MR) is an imaging technology that
seamlessly merges the real and virtual worlds in real time.
Canons MR System allows users to interact with full-scale,
realistic CG images from any point of view, an effect difficult
to achieve using existing video systems. The MR System creates
a realistic imaging world that allows users to enjoy an entirely
new visual experience.
How does the MR System create this imaging experience?
Positioning and
Directional sensor
(measuring unit)
Head-mounted display
(HMD)
Display
Video cameras
Controller
(2)Merging of
real-world and
CG images
(1)Real world
(1) Two video cameras inside the head-mounted display (HMD),

one each located in front of the left and right eyes, capture
video from the real world, which is then sent to a computer.
(2) After gauging the users positioning and orientation based
on registration markers captured by the video cameras and
data from the built-in sensors, the system accurately aligns
the real-world and virtual images and displays them on the
small monitors located inside of the HMD.
(3) The systems free-form prism, comprising cutting-edge optical

technologies, enlarges the video displayed on the small monitors to
enable users to experience high-impact three-dimensional images with
low distortion.
The MR System is configured using Canon proprietary imaging technologies.
The Capabilities of the Free-Form Prism

Integration of Canon Proprietary Optical Technologies
One of the challenges faced during the development of the MR System was
minimizing the size of the head-mounted display (HMD). This was overcome
through the development of the free-form prism.
The free-form prism, which is designed using a free-form surface shaped
neither like a flat plane nor a sphere, enlarges the merged images displayed
inside the HMD. The images shown on the display are refracted and reflected
within the prism, helping to not only enlarge the images, but also deliver
a clear image across the entire field of view without distortion or blur
caused by optical aberrations. The free-form prism is also compact enough
to substantially reduce both the size and weight of the HMD. Canons
proprietary optical technologies have made the development of the free-form
prism possible.
12
Free-form prism
Micro Display
Real-world
images
Output to the controller
Video camera
R&D Top ics

Canons MR (Mixed Reality) System opens up a new realm in imaging possibilities. This technology displays
computer-generated (CG) images within real-world environments, creating the sense that virtual objects actually exist.
This all-new imaging technology developed by Canon is expected to be applied in a wide range of fields,
from design and manufacturing to medical care, education, exhibition and entertainment.
Registration Process Technology

Creating a Realistic Mixed-Reality Environment
Another challenge faced during the development of the MR System

was the realization of accurate alignment technology that enables the
depiction of CG images in real-time at a specific location in the realworld environment based on the users position and orientation. For
example, when a CG object is rendered on top of a table, it may sink into
the table or float above it if the real-world and virtual images are not
aligned properly. The mixed reality world will appear unnatural if the MR
System does not correct for changes in alignment.
Drawing from the companys image-processing technologies cultivated
over many years, Canon overcame this issue by developing a highprecision, high-speed marker detection method. The video cameras
employed in the HMD capture and read registration markers to calculate
the exact position and orientation of the HMD. In addition, internal
gyro sensors and optical sensors

deliver further alignment accuracy.
When creating a mixed reality
environment, the MR Systems
dedicated calibration tool realizes
greatly enhanced setting and
calibration operational efficiency
compared with previous methods,
which were cumbersome and
complicated.
This technological breakthrough
has enabled substantial progress to
be made in MR technology.
Reduced Product Development Times

Using the MR System for Design and Prototyping
Canon began research and development for the MR System in 1997. The
company has since been accumulating hardware and software engineering
capabilities to achieve the practical application of mixed reality in society.
As product lifecycles grow progressively shorter, it has become necessary
for the manufacturing industry to introduce products to the market in a
timely manner. When used during the product design phase, the MR System
allows users to view full-scale CG images that are instantly responsive to
their position and orientation, enabling the evaluation of product design
and usability. The system can also help to reduce the number of prototypes
required and, in addition to shortening the amount of time spent on
development, can contribute to minimizing costs and environmental impact.
The MR System can be used not only in the design and manufacturing
sectors, but also in a wide range of industries and fields. Satisfied with the
functionality and quality offered by the MR System, Canon launched the
system in July 2012.
Moving toward a More Advanced World of Imaging

Creating New Possibilities and Values
Canon keeps trying to further improve the MR System to make it more

convenient for users and to expand the ways it enriches peoples lives.
The company is working on reducing the size and weight of the HMD,
widening its angle of view and enhancing the image quality of merged
visuals. Regarding alignment, technological advancements have enabled a
reduction in the number of registration markers required, and progress is
being made in creating a marker-less system.
As the MR System realizes further advancements, its scope of
application will expand into a wide range of fields. For example, the
system can support the medical industry by visualizing the state of
diseases and treatments for patients, and can act as a presentation

tool for new home and car showrooms. In the future, there will be more
opportunities for the general public to experience the MR System.
With the potential to open up a new world of imaging possibilities,
Canons MR System takes advantage of the rich visual information of
the real world and the flexibility offered by CG images, creating new
possibilities and value across every industry and sector.
Canon is working toward the day when the MR System,
as one of the companys core technologies, promotes innovation
in society.
13
Creating New Markets in the Future
Searching for Seeds of Technology

Research in Pre-Competitive Areas
In order to realize consistent growth, a company must conduct pre-competitive

research focusing on areas where even the needs and problems remain
unclear.
Canon not only engages in research and development for its cameras and
other current products, including related elemental technologies, as well as
common platform technologies, but also actively pursues long-term research
that requires a decade or more to produce results. The results garnered from
such research activities are used to acquire patents and publish academic
papers and, after evaluating competitiveness, the technology is further
developed for Canons future business.
Canon is now focusing on three research topics: Terahertz (THz) Imaging,

which enables imaging on the inside of an object; Digital Mass Microscopy,
which enables the visualization of the distribution of living substances to
support pathological diagnosis; and a Skin Gas Sensing technology, which
helps diagnosis at a very early stage based on component analysis of gas
released from the skin. In addition, Canon is highly regarded for its research
across a wide range of other fields, with scientific societies around the world
often requesting the company to make presentations. The company is taking
on the challenge of creating seeds of technology to build new markets
through true technological innovation.
Terahertz Imaging
Unexplored Light that Makes Invisible Matter Visible
To date, research into electromagnetic waves with frequencies of 100 GHz

or lower has focused on communications applications, while research into
those with frequencies of 10 THz or higher has concentrated on optical
technologies. In recent years, however, an unexplored frequency region called
Terahertz (THz), which lies between radio waves and visible light, has come
to the fore.
THz radiation is noteworthy for its ability to pass through materials and
discern between different material types. THz radiation passes through paper,
cloth and even thin concrete layers in the same way as radio waves. When
passing through a material, THz radiation leave a spectral fingerprint made
up of an array of material-specific absorption bands and reflection bands,
which help to identify the material.
Many sectors have high expectations for THz radiation as a useful imaging
technology for its ability to make the invisible visible. THz radiation offers a
wide range of applications, including the detection of organic substances in
food packages, non-intrusive quality checking of products and such medicalrelated uses as blood testing, pathological diagnosis of cancer cells, and
quality checking of pill-form medicinal drugs.
Compared with other frequency ranges, the practical use of THz radiation,
which offers a variety of valuable applications, has lagged for a number of
reasons. One such reason has been the lack of light-emitting devices capable
of producing a light source for THz radiation.
Recognizing the imaging possibilities of THz radiation, Canon has been
pursuing the development of a light-emitting device from an early stage.
Through many years of R&D based on process technologies accumulated
through the design and development of semiconductor laser devices, the
company has succeeded in generating THz radiation on semiconductor chips.
Canon created a surface-emitting chip capable of emitting THz radiation
from a chip surface using a patch antenna. The surface-emitting design
allows higher output compared with conventional antenna configurations.
The design also offers superior characteristics not offered by competitors,
14
Radio waves
Light
THz
radiation
Microwave
Millimeter wave
10MHz 100MHz 1GHz
FM radio
TV
10GHz 100GHz
Cellular
phone
1THz
Satellite
broadcasting
Infrared
light
10THz 100THz
Visible
light
1PHz
Optical
communication
UV
light
X-ray
10PHz
100PHz
Frequency
Medical
equipment
Frequency Range of THz Radiation
Terahertz (THz) radiation

Patch antenna
Dielectric
material
Active region
Electrode
Battery
Structure of the THz Light-Emitting Device
including the ability to emit waves continuously and operate at ordinary

temperatures. With this success, Canon has won awards from the academic
community both in Japan and overseas. Canons THz light-emitting device is
expected to accelerate the practical use of a wide region of THz radiation.
R&D Top ics

Canon actively conducts research in pre-competitive areas that offer tremendous long-term potential.
The company focuses on unexplored research horizons that could become seeds of technology for
creating new markets and expanding business in the future. Aiming to create new value, Canon respects
the unique ideas and perspectives of researchers regardless of specific needs and costs. Canon is working
toward future commercialization through research activities targeting even higher levels of innovation.
Digital Mass Microscopy
Visualizing the Distribution of Biological Substances and

Supporting Advanced Pathological Diagnosis
While medical imaging systems can detect what may appear to be cancer,
a definitive diagnosis by pathologist is required. A pathological diagnosis
determines the extent to which the cancer has spread, whether surgery
resulted in the complete removal of the lesion, whether the cancer is likely to
metastasize, and which types of medicine may be effective.
A typical pathological diagnosis consists of placing specimens such
as tissue and cells on a glass slide for a pathologist to observe the cell
morphology and alignment. In diagnosing a breast cancer or stomach cancer,
a pathologist investigates the abnormal expression of proteins in the cancer
cells. The results on the abnormal expression provide a guide for selecting
the patients postoperative care. As pathology also encompasses the precise
study of possible causes of a disease, it contributes to fundamental medical
research.
Recently, a lot of progress has been made in of the research field of mass
microscopy (imaging mass spectrometry). Unlike conventional microscopes,
which detect rays of light or electrons, a mass microscope detects a mass of
molecules and reconstructs its spectrum to form an image, allowing users to
identify the two-dimensional distribution of substances in tissues. The most
significant feature of mass microscopy is its ability to comprehensively detect
numerous substances in tissues at one time.
Currently, testing for the presence of specific proteins in cancer cells
involves the staining of antibodies, but this technique can only detect three
Central Veins
or four kinds of protein

at most in a given
sample. In addition,
small (low molecular
50m
weight) molecules are
known to contribute
Four Components Visualized
to carcinogenesis, but
in a Section of Mouse Liver
there are currently
no methods for
visualizing these molecules.
Since examining the shape and function of individual cells is important
in pathological diagnosis, Canon is focusing on TOF-SIMS (Time of Flight
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry) technology which gives a high spatial
resolution. TOF-SIMS analyzes the mass of secondary ions by measuring their
time of flight, after irradiating a sample with primary ions.
To date, Canon has successfully developed methods for enhancing the
TOF-SIMS detection sensitivity and reducing the noise in mass image. The
above findings were presented at the meeting of the Japanese Society of
Pathology in April 2012 and the International Mass Spectrometry Conference
in September 2012. Canons mass microscope is aiming to provide a novel
mass visualization method oriented to not only pathological diagnosis, but
also development of molecularly targeted drugs and so on.
Skin Gas Sensing
A New Domain in Medical Imaging

possible to monitor patients in the comfort of their homes at any time of
day, enabling Canons skin gas sensing technology to become an essential
everyday tool for healthy living.
5
4
Signal intensity
Canon has been working to develop a technology called Skin Gas Sensing,
which makes possible the diagnosis of diseases by detecting and analyzing
specific trace components released from the skin. For example, in the case of
diabetes, the gas released from the skin contains a higher level of acetone
than with a disease-free individual, and research has also shown that
patients with a certain type of cancer emit a substance known as dimethyl
trisulfide.
Through joint research with medical research institutes, Canon has
successfully identified around 100 types of skin gas components and is
working to identify correlations between these components and diseases
in the near future. To develop this technology as a diagnostic tool, Canon is
establishing criteria for determining diseases and is also reviewing skin gas
sensing methods.
In the future, when diseases can be diagnosed based on skin gas sensing,
it may be possible to discover illnesses without taking blood samples or
conducting other painful examinations. In addition, when the sensing and
analysis systems are substantially reduced in size and weight, it may be
Acetone
3
2
1
0
13
18
23
28
Retention time/min.
Measurement m/z: 30 to 420, Heating temp.: 40C to 240C
GC-MS Analysis of Gas Released from Skin
15

A Look Back at Technology Pioneered by Canon
Canons history is a history of embracing technological challenge. Over the course of many
years, in pursuit of the potential of imaging, the company has conducted research and
development into new technologies in various fields, and grown these technologies to realize
new businesses. The following pages provide an introduction to some of Canons pioneering
technology-development achievements.
Born of the Dream of Making the Worlds Best Cameras

In an age in which high-quality cameras from Leica, Contax, and other German manufacturers had become
popular, several young Japanese engineers were inspired by the dream of creating their own high-quality camera.
In 1933, they took the first steps on their quest to make this dream a reality by setting up a small laboratory in
a room of a rented apartment in Tokyos Roppongi district. A year later, through a combination of hard work and
trial and error, they completed a prototype of the Kwanon camera. It is here that the history of Canon begins.
Optical Technologies
that Consistently Produce New Value
The Neverending Challenge of Finding the Ideal Lens

Advanced optical technologies and precision engineering contributed
greatly in the quest of Canons founders to realize their dream of
producing the best camera in the world. Of these, optical technologies
such as those used in lenses are a combination on a variety of
technologies such as lens design, material selection, and processing
technologies such as lens grinding and polishing.
The aim of a lens is to form an image of a subject as clearly and
accurately as possible, but there is also problem that light does not
focus on a single point because the refractive index of the glass
varies depending on the wavelength of light. This is called chromatic
aberration. Other aberrations include spherical aberration and coma
aberration, and it is thus necessary to create lenses by combining
concave and convex lenses made of varieties of glass having different
wavelength dispersion in order to eliminate aberrations. Lenses are
designed using between several and several dozen varied concave and
convex lenses combined with over 100 glass materials, but selecting
the optimal solution from countless combinations requires not only
design know-how, but also an artistic sense similar to that needed
16
to draw a picture. Canons engineers constantly push the envelope,

working hard to accumulate know-how and refine their senses through
the design of a variety of lenses.
In order to design superior lenses, engineers must experience
designing many lenses themselves, but referencing high quality lenses
designed by other engineers is also important. When Canon designs
a new lens, it holds an unveiling called a review providing an
opportunity for information to be shared not only by the engineers
responsible for design information, but also many other engineers. The
strength of Canons optical technologies is in the shared experience
and accumulation of design information on numerous lenses by
engineers.
Canon also developed its own computer software for lens design in
the early 1960s, and has been developing a variety of software since.
Canons excellent design tools mark another strength of the companys
optical technologies.
The company will continue to proactively undertake challenges in the
pursuit of lenses that correct aberrations to the ideal degree.
High-Performance Lens Achieved by Embracing the Impossible

To date, Canon has produced literally hundreds of masterpiece lenses.
One such example is the fluorite lens, which had long been
considered impossible to implement practically. Fluorite is characterized
by extremely low levels of chromatic aberration, making it ideal
for capturing vivid, detailed images that cannot be achieved using
conventional optical glass. Fueled therefore by a burning desire to
use this material in their lenses, the companys engineers ultimately
succeeded in synthesizing fluorite crystals. Canon also developed
special processing technologies for such delicate materials, which could
not be polished in the same way as normal optical glass, quadrupling
the amount of time used during the polishing process. In 1969, Canon
launched the worlds first lens incorporating fluorite.
However, fluorite is extremely expensive, so Canon developed glass
with characteristics such as a refractive index and dispersive properties
similar to fluorite in order to correct chromatic aberrations in more
lenses. In the late 1970s, Canon succeeded in the practical application
of a UD lens using this glass.
The company also began development of aspherical lenses. In

theory, with conventional spherical lenses, the focal point for the
central portion of the lens does not coincide with the focal point for
the peripheral area. This discrepancy, however, can be eliminated with
an aspherical lens. Aiming to achieve a level of precision within 0.1
m (1 m = one millionth of a meter), Canon engineers repeatedly
measured and shaped the lenses, and established the necessary
design, processing, and precision measurement technologies. In 1971,
Canon became the worlds first company to commercially produce
an SLR camera lens
incorporating aspherical
lens elements. Today, the
company manufactures
aspherical lenses with
a degree of processing
accuracy of 0.02 m.
Raw Fluorite, Artificial Crystal, and Lenses
Development of Japans First Semiconductor Lithography Tool

In 1965, Canon began to apply its core optical technologies in the
development of the U-series of lenses for use in the production of
semiconductors. Three years later, these efforts culminated in the
U170mmF1.8 a lens that earned many plaudits for its technical
superiority.
As work continued on new U-series lenses, Canon made the decision
to expand into the development of semiconductor lithography devices
in recognition of the prosperity of the global semiconductor industry.
This marked a bold step into an industry of which the company had no
previous experience.
Semiconductor integrated circuits are created by taking a circuit
pattern drawn on a photomask and optically transferring it onto a
wafer. In 1970, the company

introduced a semiconductor
production lens in the PPC-1
a 1:1 projection mask
aligner for 2-inch wafers that
marked the first semiconductor
lithography tool to be produced
in Japan. However, as the system
employed a manual alignment
process and 3-inch wafers were
to be introduced, this approach
advanced no further.
PPC-1: Japans First Semiconductor

Lithography Tool
Onward to Become an Industry Recognized Producer of Lithography Equipment

In 1974, Canon introduced the PLA-300F, a proximity mask aligner
in which the mask and wafer were separated by 10 to 20 m and
exposure was performed using collimated light. This method, capable
of processing line widths of approximately 4 m, facilitated high levels
of productivity through its automatic wafer feed capability for wafer
sizes up to 3 inches. The company subsequently launched the worlds
first mask aligner with a laser-based automatic alignment system,
the PLA-500FA, in 1977. The machine became a best seller, enabling
Canon to make a name for itself, both inside and outside the company,
as a producer of semiconductor lithography equipment a mere decade
after entering the field.
Subsequently, Canon introduced the MPA-500FA, which used the
mirror projection method to achieve high-resolution, 2-m line-width
circuits on wafers of up to 5 inches in diameter, followed by the MPA600FA, which added support for 6-inch wafers. This model contributed
greatly to the mass production of 64 to 256 KB DRAM during the
1980s.
Since 1984, light-source wavelengths have been continually
reduced in order to satisfy the need for narrower circuit line widths of
semiconductor devices. These wavelengths transitioned from the 436
nm (1 nm = one billionth of a meter) of the mercury lamp g-line, to
the 365 nm of the lamps i-line, the 248 nm of the krypton fluoride
laser (KrF laser), and the 193 nm of the argon fluoride laser (ArF laser).
Advances were also made in optical systems with the development
of new glass materials for light sources giving rise to higher levels of
resolution. With these advancements demand grew for improvements
in alignment precision, and masks (reticles) and stage control of wafers
were also made extremely precise.
In 1984, Canon introduced its first stepper (reduction projection
lithography tool) with the FPA-1500FA, which used the g-line as its
light source. The FPA-2000i1, which utilized the i-line, was launched
in 1990, followed in
1997 by the FPA3000EX4 a stepper
that employed a Krf
excimer laser as its
light source. Canon
has since gone on to
further enhance its
lineup of lithography
equipment.
Canons First Stepper, the FPA-1500FA
17
Creation of Revolutionary
Printing Technologies through
Imagination & Perspiration
Electrophotographic Technologies that Defy Conventional Thinking

The basic technology behind electrophotography was invented by
American physicist Chester F. Carlson in 1938. This was subsequently
put to practical use by the U.S.-based Haloid Company (now Xerox
Corporation) in the development of the worlds first plain-paper copier,
introduced in 1959. Since then, electrophotography has gone on to
become an important industrial technology employed in a variety of
fields.
Canon began its full-fledged efforts in the field in 1962, and three
years later, as conflicting technologies competed on a global stage,
the company invented its NP approach.
Canons NP method differed from that of Xerox in that it did not use
selenium as the photosensitive material. Instead, it opted for cadmium
sulfide (CdS), a camera developer material already in plentiful supply
at the company. A hard insulating coating was applied on top of the
CdS to create a unique three-layer drum, achieving much higher levels
of durability compared with the extremely delicate selenium-coated
drums, which required regular maintenance.
In 1979, Canon broke with convention and did away with the
concentration adjustment mechanism, essential for the two-component
method that had been employed up to that time and made use of
a conductive toner and iron powder. In its place, Canon announced
the NP-200J, which employed a dry mono-component jumpingdevelopment approach. This new method vastly improved the
sharpness of copied images by accurately applying an insulating toner
with a small particle size of several micrometers, or several millionths

of a meter, onto the photosensitive drum. A range of advances
and improvements enabled a simplified structure, including the
implementation of a new optical system incorporating a Selfoc lens,
made possible through the development of a new toner containing
an extremely small amount of external additive, and the application of
alternating current carrier voltage to the carrier during development,
an approach that defied conventional thinking. As a result, it was
possible to achieve an extremely compact, low-cost design that
enjoyed extraordinary popularity across the world.
Behind this success was Canons development culture, which
wholeheartedly encouraged the tackling of any idea with potential,
no matter how challenging it may be.
Drum
Drum
Toner
Carrier
Blade
Magnet
Magnet
Two-Component Method
Mono-Component Method
Comparison of the Dry Mono-Component Jumping Method and

the Two-Component Method
The Electrophotographic Printing Process

Laser printers/laser multifunction printers (MFPs), office multifunction devices (MFDs), and digital production printing
systems all employ the same printing principle.
1. Charging
2. Exposure
3. Developing
4. Transfer
5. Fixing
The photosensitive drum surface

is negatively charged with a
static charge.
Laser beams scan the

photosensitive drum to form
an image. Areas exposed to the
laser beams lose their electrical
charge.
Toner is brought in close

proximity to the drum and
affixes to non-charged areas.
The photosensitive drum is

brought into contact with the
paper* and a positive charge is
applied from behind, transferring
the toner onto the paper.
Heat and pressure are applied

to fix the toner to the paper.
the paper.
* Most color models use a transfer system in which the toner first transfers from the photosensitive drum to an intermediate transfer belt, then from the belt to the paper.
All-in-One Toner Cartridge Breakthrough

1982 gave way to a revolutionary breakthrough in the way developers
viewed copying machines. Previously, unavoidable regular maintenance
made photocopiers seem unsuitable for non-business applications.
However, the emergence of the all-in-one toner cartridge concept,
enabling the replacement of the toner, drum, and all other major
18
copier components in a single operation, and the development of

related technology opened the market for home-use copiers. Canons
PC-10/20 and more advanced Family Copier models have had a major
impact on electrophotographic technology, as well as the companys
business, from manufacturing to marketing.
Passage of the Inkjet Approach from Concept to Conviction

In the mid-1970s, Canon was among the first to recognize the true
potential of inkjet technology, and proceed with the development
of this technology. At the time, competition between Canon and a
number of printer manufacturers to develop inkjet printing using
piezoelectric elements led to Canon introducing a monochrome
desktop calculator printer using piezoelectric elements in 1981.
However, Canon continued to pursue a more advanced inkjet
technology based on a new principle that could surpass printing using
piezoelectric elements.
It was around this time that a fortuitous incident occurred. When an
engineer was conducting an experiment, the tip of a soldering iron
came into contact with a nearby syringe needle containing ink, causing
ink droplets to spurt out from the tip of the needle. This was the
moment that the idea of using heat became a firm belief. This led to a
variety of experiments and tests, which in turn resulted in the creation
of a proprietary inkjet
technology that uses
the heat from a heater
to eject ink droplets.
On October 3, 1977,
Canon submitted
a basic patent
application for the
worlds first thermal
inkjet (Bubble Jet)
The Soldering Iron and Syringe that Sparked
technology.
the Invention
Overcoming the Numerous Challenges of Inkjet Printing

There were still, however, many hurdles that remained before this
technology could be successfully commercialized, one of which was
heater durability. Heaters located inside the microscopic nozzles that
eject the ink are formed using semiconductor production technology.
Even though moisture and electrolytes are the bane of semiconductor
elements, Canon challenged conventional wisdom by bringing
ink, which contains both of these elements, into contact with the
semiconductor heaters in order to vaporize it. Persistent trial and
error eventually led to the development of a thin, high-performance
insulation layer that electrically insulated the heater and ink in a highly
reliable manner and was also capable of withstanding the powerful
shock resulting from the generation and expulsion of bubbles.
Thermal decomposition of ink components presented another major
problem. Heating the surface of the heater to several hundred degrees
in one-millionth of a second caused the ink to break down and
denature, resulting in thermal decomposition and eventually making
the efficient transfer of heat impossible. This phenomenon led to the
coining of the term kogationformed by attaching an English suffix to
the Japanese word koge, meaning scorch or burnan expression
that went on to gain international acceptance. While the problem
was thought by some to be insurmountable, the company, through
the development of new analytic methods and the carrying out of
massive amounts of repetitive testing, successfully found a solution
to the problem of kogation. In 1985, eight years after submitting the
original patent application, Canon launched its first Bubble Jet printer,
the BJ-80.
More than 20 years have passed since the introduction of the BJ-80.
During that time, inkjet technology has evolved from monochrome to
color, from text-centric output to graphics, and finally to photo-quality
printout. Achieving photo-quality printing demanded smaller ink
droplets, a goal that posed multiple challenges. Of primary importance
is the technology that makes possible the high-precision creation of
several thousand nozzles. There are, however, limits to the degree of
accuracy with which several thousand nozzles can be assembled.
Canon wasted no time in precisely identifying these limitations,
and in 1992, initiated ambitious efforts to devise a revolutionary
new production technology. Making full use of its original materials
technologies and also of photolithographic technologies employed in
the production of semiconductors, the company successfully developed
the worlds first production method
for highly accurate nozzles that did
Heater
not rely on the bonding of separate
components. Using light to create
the nozzles, this groundbreaking
technology was christened FINE
(P.29). Over the next seven years,
it was carefully perfected before
being market launched in 1999
Nozzle
as part of the BJC-8500. Offering
Ink ejection
outstanding image quality, it marked
opening
a new chapter in the development
of inkjet printers.
The FINE Nozzle
Patents as a Strategy for Protection & Promotion of Technologies

An oft-heard mantra in Canons research and development divisions
is that instead of reading a paper, one should read a patent; instead
of writing a report, write a patent.
Careful study of preceding patents of other companies by
engineers and patent specialists not only helps to prevent patent
infringements on the part of Canon, but also has a beneficial effect
in terms of the companys own engineering prowess. Meanwhile, the
acquisition of as many patents as possible ensures that the company
can continue to benefit from technical endeavor while also providing
intellectual property for cross-licensing purposes, thus making it
possible to enhance the degree of freedom with which design and
development can be undertaken.
Canon first setup a specific team to deal with patent-related issues

in 1958 with the establishment of the Patent Section within the
development-oriented engineering department. Patent strategies
were then intensified in the latter half of the 1960s as the company
made its first forays into the copying machine market. These
strategies played an ever more important role as Canon has striven
to diversify, and by ensuring their full deployment in the cornerstone
technologies of precision engineering and optics, and also in
electronic engineering, recording technologies, system engineering,
and communication, the company successfully broadened its
horizons.
19
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Input Devices
Digital SLR Cameras

Since Canon was founded, the company has sought to produce the ultimate SLR camera. The company leads the world with
its innovative products that realize high-quality images using groundbreaking technologies such as proprietary lenses,
CMOS sensors and image processors.
Focusing Screen
Metering Sensor
Pentaprism
Shutter Button
Low-Pass Filter
Image Sensor
Memory Card
d Large-size CMOS
Sensor
d
Main Mirror
Hybrid CMOS AF
Shutter
Secondary Mirror
Area AF Sensor
Image Processor
Secondary ImageForming Lens
Subject Sensing Technology

Technologies surrounded by a
are introduced on the site below.
Self Cleaning Sensor Unit
Canon Technology: www.canon.com/technology
How a Digital SLR Camera Works

Light that passes through the lens is reflected by the mirror, and the image displayed on the focusing screen, positioned at the same distance from
the mirror as the focal plane, is refracted by the pentaprism to be viewed in the viewfinder. When the shutter button is pressed, the mirror flips up
and the light directly reaches the image sensor without being refracted. It is possible to take a diverse range of photos by interchanging the lens.
Large Size CMOS Sensor

High-Resolution, High-Sensitivity, Low-Noise Image Sensor
The CMOS sensor is one of the key components of a digital SLR camera. Canon
conducts development and production of CMOS sensors using proprietary technologies.
Canons CMOS sensors feature large size and high resolution up to approximately 22.3
million pixels with a 35 mm full-frame CMOS sensor, in addition to excellent sensitivity
and a wide dynamic range. They are also capable of high-speed continuous shooting of
approximately 14 frames per second and full HD movies, facilitating new levels of still
photo and movie expression that far surpass those of film cameras.
35 mm Full-Frame CMOS Sensor
Hybrid CMOS AF
New AF System for High-Speed, High-Precision Focus
Canon has developed Hybrid CMOS AF, an advanced autofocus technology to
enhance the focusing speed for Live View shooting and movie shooting. Hybrid
CMOS AF is a combination of contrast AF and phase-difference AF.
The picture element embedded in the CMOS sensor (focal plane) designed for
phase-difference AF quickly measures the subject distance, then contrast AF
focuses with extreme accuracy. This realizes much faster, much more precise
focusing than AF systems of former models.
20
AF start point
In-focus
Contrast AF
Hybrid CMOS AF
Phase-difference
Low-speed operation
High-speed operation (Hybrid CMOS AF)
High-speed operation (Phase-difference AF)
Interchangeable Lenses
Canons interchangeable lenses for interchangeable-lens digital cameras, such as digital SLR (single-lens reflex) and digital
cinema cameras, are realized through advanced proprietary technologies and know-how. This page introduces some of the
technologies incorporated in the EF lens lineup.
Image Stabilizer Unit
Manual Focusing Ring
Focus Mode Switch
Zoom Ring
Image Stabilizer Switch
Ring-Type USM
(Ultrasonic Motor)
Lens
Electromagnetic Diaphragm Unit

d
SWC/DO Lens
Hybrid IS
How an Interchangeable Lens Works

Interchangeable lenses comprise individual lens elements, a motor, a diaphragm and various other components designed to deliver light to the cameras
image sensor. The configuration of the lens elements and selection of optimal materials in accordance with the lenss focal length and intended use
determine the best possible images by effectively correcting for chromatic aberration, spherical aberration and distortion. Canon is working to make possible
even higher levels of imaging performance by adopting new technologies, such as aspherical lenses and UD lenses.
SWC (Subwavelength Structure Coating)/

DO (Diffractive Optics) Lens
Cutting-Edge Lenses Created by Nanotechnology
Canon has constantly produced revolutionary new lens technologies. Subwavelength
Structure Coating (SWC) uses an array of nanostructures on the lens surface to
continuously change the refractive indexes in order to successfully reduce reflective
light at all angles, which resolves the problems of flare and ghosting. In addition,
the Diffractive Optics (DO) lens is formed by precise diffraction gratings placed on
the lens surface, and controls chromatic aberrations by combining the chromatic
aberrations that occur in opposite directions in diffraction and refraction. This
enables the creation of compact, lightweight telephoto lenses.
Incident light
The incident light is guided as if drawn

from the top to the base of the wedges.
Air
Glass
SWC Structure
Hybrid IS
Hybrid IS (Image Stabilizer) to Simultaneously Correct for
Angle Camera Shake and Shift Camera Shake
Canon has developed a Hybrid IS (Image Stabilizer) to simultaneously correct for
both angle camera shake, caused by lens movement around the camera, and shift
camera shake, caused by the parallel camera movement that often occurs when
taking close-ups (such as during macro photography). The Hybrid IS lens incorporates
an acceleration sensor to detect motion in the parallel direction in addition to the
existing vibration gyro (angular velocity sensor) to detect angular movement. Canons
new anti-shake algorithm calculates the optimal image stabilization based on camera
shake detected three-dimensionally by the two sensors.
Angle Camera Shake
Shift Camera Shake
21
Digital Compact Cameras

Canons digital compact cameras are highly regarded for their high image quality, high performance, convenience and
ease of use. The body incorporates the latest technology such as optical technology that the company has developed as a
camera manufacturer.
Zoom Lever/Shutter Button
Image Processor
d
DIGIC 5
Face Detection Technology

iSAPS
Image Sensor
Memory Card
Lens Unit
d
An Ultra-Small Lens Unit with a Lens-Shift Image Stabilizer

How a Digital Compact Camera Works

A digital compact camera is made up of optics such as the lens and aperture, and electronics such as the image processor, the image sensor and the
LCD display. Light that passes through the lens is converted into a digital signal by the image sensor (CCD sensor or CMOS sensor) that is equivalent
to film in a silver halide camera, and this undergoes a variety of image processing in the image processor to produce a beautiful image. This is then
recorded on the memory card.
An Ultra-Small Lens Unit with a Lens-Shift Image

Stabilizer
Contributing to a Smaller Camera Body and Higher Image Quality
Canon's digital compact cameras employ a lens-shift type image stabilizer that
analyzes the amount of movement using information from a gyro sensor inside the
camera and moves the corrective optical lens element within the lens unit in the
direction that cancels the movement. An ultra-small lens unit utilizes an ultrahigh
refractive index aspheric lens employing a low-friction ceramic ball, which features
low susceptibility to magnetism or thermal deformation, to drive the corrective
optical lens element. This makes it possible to provide excellent expression while
ensuring compact size.
Ceramic material offers better support than metal

because it is less subject to thermal deformation and creates less friction.
Ceramic Ball Support System for Shifting Lens
DIGIC 5
The Brain of Canons Ever-Evolving Digital Cameras
The DIGIC image processor used in Canon digital cameras is a high-performance
system LSI employing a proprietary architecture. It is able to reduce false colors,
moir patterns and noise at high speed. DIGIC 5 offers higher speed and image
quality, in addition to augmenting functionality such as Scene Detection technology
while significantly improving noise reduction for only reducing the noise component
and correction of dark areas to prevent unnatural transitions from bright to dark.
22
DIGIC 5 Image Processor
Digital Camcorders
Digital video images require advanced digital imaging technology that differs from that used for photography. Canon
produces advanced full-HD camcorders that realize high-speed data processing, compact size and low power consumption.
Image Sensor
Optical Image Stabilizer (Lens-Shift Type)
d
Full High-Definition (HD)

CMOS Sensor
d
Image Stabilizer
HD Video Lens
d
HD Video Lens
Codec Engine
External AF
(autofocus) Sensor
d
Autofocus Function
Image Processor
DIGIC DV III
Image Processing for
Digital Camcorders
Lens
Image formation
Camcorders incorporate a camera function, which converts signals of images of the subject into
video, and a recorder function, which records and plays back the images from the recording
media. Every stage of image processing is supported by proprietary Canon technologies.
Image Sensor
Conversion into signals
Image Processor
Image generation
HD Codec Engine
Recording Media
Compression/Decompression
Recording/Playback
How a Digital Camcorder Works

Light that enters through the lens is converted into digital data by the image sensor (CCD sensor or CMOS sensor). This is made into high-definition
video by the image processor, compressed by the codec engine, and stored in the memory. Audio is converted into an electric signal by the
microphone, and similarly stored in the memory. In addition, because consumer digital camcorders are often used while held in the hand, they are
equipped with high-performance image stabilizers.
HD Video Lenses with Image Stabilization and

AF (autofocus) Function
[With camera shake]
[With optical stabilization

following lens shift]
Supporting High-Resolution HD Images

Camcorders supporting full high-definition video require not only a high level of
resolving power, but also reduction of camera shake and out-of-focus images that
have a significant impact on image quality. In addition to utilizing a lens structure
boasting high resolving power, Canon employs an optical image stabilizer able
to correct a wide range of blurring by moving the lens in parallel. Furthermore,
Instant AF, which utilizes information from the CMOS sensor and the external
AF sensor, makes it possible to quickly and accurately focus images.
Blur
Shift
Correction lens
CMOS sensor
Lens-Shift Image Stabilization
Full High-Definition (HD) CMOS Sensors

Providing High Sensitivity, Wide Dynamic Range and Low Noise
Advancing the CMOS sensor technology accumulated through the development
of its digital SLR cameras, Canon succeeded in developing, and is currently
producing, HD CMOS PRO for full HD camcorders. The optimal pixel configuration
for full HD video increases the curvature of microlenses on pixels to improve
their light-gathering capability. Furthermore, increasing the electrons stored
in photodiodes provides high sensitivity, a wide dynamic range and low noise,
enabling shooting images approaching the high quality of professional images.
HD Camcorder CMOS Sensor
23
Digital Cinema Cameras

Canons digital cinema cameras offer not only high image quality, but also superior mobility and expandability to meet
the strict needs of professionals working in the motion-picture and commercial production industries. Canons advanced
technologies are opening up new possibilities for motion-picture production in the future.
Image Sensor
d
Super 35-mm-Equivalent CMOS Sensor
Main Circuit Board
Image Processor
Battery Compartment
Interchangeable Lens Mount
Canon Log
How a Digital Cinema Camera Works

Digital cinema cameras are equipped with a large-size CMOS sensor that converts light entering through the lens into digital data. Using dedicated image processors designed
for video capture, these cameras produce high-resolution images with rich gradation and vivid color reproduction. When used in combination with the more than 60
interchangeable lenses that make up Canons EF-series and EF Cinema-series lineups, the cinema cameras make possible high image quality across a wide range of expressive possibilities.

New CMOS Sensor Realizes High Sensitivity and Superior Image Quality
Canon newly developed a Super 35-mm-equivalent CMOS sensor for use with the
companys digital cinema cameras for the motion-picture production industry. Each
of the sensors pixels is larger in size than those of conventional professional-use
video cameras, making possible enhanced light-receiving capabilities. In addition
to offering a high pixel count, the sensor delivers high-sensitivity, high-resolution
images with a wide dynamic range. Increasing signal read-out speeds, the new
sensor reduces skew of fast-moving subjects caused by rolling shutter.
Canon Log Delivers Rich Image Gradation

Many motion-picture productions adopt the digital-recording format called Log. The
greatest benefit of Log is that users can digitally manage visual information offering
a dynamic range that is wider than that produced by Video Standard Gammas.
Delivering natural-looking visuals, the newly designed Canon Log Gamma draws out
the full potential of the CMOS sensor to produce an approximately 800% dynamic
range and rich gradations.
OUTPUT
Canon Log
Video Standard Gamma

Canon Log
INPUT
Gamma Curve
24
Broadcasting Equipment
In addition to HDTV (High-Definition Television) broadcast lenses and network cameras etc., Canon has developed a nextgeneration Super Hi-Vision (SHV) television broadcast lens which effectively meets the demands of professional users.
Integrated Extender Lens
High-Resolution Encoder
Large-Aperture Aspherical
High-Precision Lens Unit
Lens Control IC
Auto Focus HDTV 100x Zoom Lens
SHV Zoom Lens
How Broadcasting Equipment Works

Canon has been answering the rigorous demands for optical performance from professional video production studios by providing hi-vision images free from
any geometric distortions or blurred colors through the adoption of aspherical surface lenses, fluorite, and other optical elements and advanced optical design
technologies allowing the optimum configuration of dozens of lens elements. Canons broadcast lenses also assure superior operability with high-precision
position detection elements (encoders) and control ICs.
Auto Focus HDTV 100x Zoom Lens

World's Highest Class TV Broadcast Zoom Lenses
with Auto Focus Technology
Canons flagship model of television broadcast camera lenses is the worlds first
HDTV-compatible 100x zoom lens. Sophisticated optical design technologies realize
100x zoom while maintaining a practicable and manageable lens size Canons
latest broadcast zoom lens, the DIGISUPER 100AF, also incorporates a proprietary
auto focus system. This lens deliver high focusing accuracy, high tracking capability
to keep high-speed moving objects in focus, and the ability to achieve focus rapidly
that fulfill the demands of professional HDTV camera operators.
SHV Zoom Lens

A Super High Performance Lens with Four Times the Performance
Capacity of a Full High-Definition Television Lens
SHV contains 16 times the data volume of the full high-definition TV format.
It places challenging conditions on lenses, such as extreme aberration correction
capabilities. Canon has worked in cooperation with Japan Broadcasting Corporation
and succeeded in developing a zoom lens that boasts the SHV systems first tenfold
zoom ratio. This zoom lens has virtually zero chromatic aberration or field curvature
at any zoom position. It is capable of natural, high-quality rendering, but is compact
and light. The lens is powered by a newly developed motor unit to guarantee a high
level of operability.
DIGISUPER 100AF
2K
HDTV
1,9201,080
4K
4K Digital Cinema
4,0962,160
8K
SHV
7,6804,320
SHV has 16 times the resolution of current HDTV
SHV Resolution Comparison
25
Network Cameras
Canons network cameras integrate optical technologies with the image processing and network distribution technologies
developed by Canon for high image quality, high functionality, and high performance.
Image Sensor
Lens
Tilt-Drive Gear
Network Video Processor

Image Processor
d
DIGIC NET II
DIGIC DV III
Pan-Drive Motor
Tilt-Drive Motor
Pan-Drive Gear
Network Video-Recording Software

High Image Quality, Advanced-Function Network Cameras
How a Network Camera Works

The image sensor in a network camera converts light rays passing through the lens system into digital signals. Next, the image processor converts
the digital signals into high-definition images, which are then sent to PCs connected to a network using the image-compression and communication
engine. Users can remotely control the cameras direction and zoom while internal intelligent functions detect various changes in a scene.
DIGIC DV III and DIGIC NET II

Canons network cameras employ the same DIGIC DV III image processor incorporated
in the companys digital cinema cameras to deliver exceptional image quality and lownoise performance as well as superior color reproduction and smooth color gradation.
The DIGIC NET II network video processor enables the smooth transmission of Full HD
images at a maximum frame rate of 30 frames per second. In addition, the network
cameras include intelligent functions that detect various changes in a scene, such as
when a subject passes in front of the camera, an intruder or suspicious object enters
the field of view, the camera is tampered with, or an object is removed.
Sensor
signal
Image
data
DIGIC DV III
image processor
Camera
Network Video-Recording Software
Data transmission
via network
High Image Quality, High-Speed Image Transmission, Advanced Features
DIGIC NET II
network video processor
E-mail notification delivery
Monitoring and Recording of Remote Video over a Network

Network video-recording software can be used to remotely control network cameras
installed in multiple locations, and to record video images from them to a server,
while simultaneously allowing them to be displayed on monitors.
It can start recording video and control external devices such as security lamps
when triggered by the cameras event detection function. It supports the H.264
high-compression technology, recording high-quality video with small data sizes,
making it possible to reduce system costs such as HDD costs.
26
Network
Viewer
Moving object detected

Automatic recording
by recording server
Upload to FTP server
Example of Network Camera Control
Medical Equipment
Canon uses its original optical and digital imaging technologies to supply devices that support digitization and networking
in the field of medicine, such as digital X-ray systems and ophthalmic equipment.
Wireless Digital Radiography System
Cover CFRP
Shock-Absorbing Sheet
Aluminum Sheet
Scintillator
Fully Automatic Noncontact Tonometer

Array Substrate
d
Mydriatic/Non-Mydriatic Hybrid Digital Retinal Camera
How Medical Equipment (Digital Radiography System) Works

X-rays passing through the human body are converted into visible light by the scintillator, and then directly read by a large plane sensor. Using cesium iodide
(Csl), which has high light-conversion efficiency, the scintillator makes possible both high-resolution imaging and low X-ray dosage. Scanned X-ray images are
displayed on screen in a mere 3 seconds, contributing to highly efficient imaging and speedy diagnosis.
Wireless Digital Radiography System

Lending Strong Support to X-Ray Diagnosis
Canon has launched wireless digital radiography systems that do not require cables.
They can be used not only in general radiography rooms, but also in patients rooms and
operating rooms. The company has developed new flat-panel X-ray detectors which offer
both miniaturized pixels and increased sensitivity. They make high-resolution imaging
possible even under low X-ray dose conditions. Transmission load is reduced using
methods such as highly efficient image splitting, making it possible to display preview
images of large areas, such as of limbs, the head, the chest, or the abdomen, in just
three seconds, and to display high-resolution images in approximately five seconds.
CXDI-70C Wireless/80C Wireless

(Battery and Charger at Left)
Mydriatic/Non-Mydriatic Hybrid Digital Retinal Camera

Single Device Supports Both Mydriatic & Non-Mydriatic Retinal Examination
Canon has introduced a compact, lightweight digital retinal camera that supports
both mydriatic and non-mydriatic examination in a single device, integrating optical
technologies acquired over many years of experience in the development of SLR
cameras and retinal cameras.* Diagnostic accuracy is improved not only through high
sensitivity and low noise, but also through higher resolution and better image quality
than ever before thanks to Canons proprietary image processing technologies.
*Eye examination using a retinal camera can be carried out either mydriatically, where pupil is dilated using eye
drops, or non-mydriatically, where pupil is not dilated. In general, mydriatic exams can provide more detailed
information, yet patients may experience intolerance to bright light. A physician decides which exam type to use.
CX-1
27
Scanners
Canon, which has worked to develop high-precision scanning technology, has combined many of its unique advanced
optical, electronics, and software technologies to create scanners that enable the conversion of camera film, photo prints,
and text documents into high-grade digital data.
Reflective Mirrors
Light Source
Light Source for

Film Scanning
Lens Unit
White LED Light Guiding

Carriage
FARE Glass
CCD Sensor
Carriage Drive Motor
CCD scanner
CIS scanner
Controller
Light source
Light guide
Scanning direction
Glass
LED
Mirror
Lens
CCD
RGB filter
Scanning direction
Glass
SELFOC
Lens
Photoreceptor
d Image Correction
Technology
How a Scanner Works

A scanner converts documents (including camera film, photo prints, and text documents) into digital data by exposing them to light to form an image
that is "read" by an image sensor. CCD models incorporate high-precision optics and high-density CCD line sensors that illuminate the document with
a light source such as white LED to deliver sharp, high-resolution images. CIS scanners are slim-bodied, energy-efficient models that utilize a threecolor RGB LED as the light source and read documents with a CIS (Contact Image Sensor) of the same width as document originals.
White LED Light Guiding

Enhancing Work Efficiency and Conserving Energy
Conventional CCD scanners that employ fluorescent lamps as their light source
take time to warm up when first started, or when recovering from sleep mode.
By applying the LED light guide technology Canon developed for its CIS scanners
and researching LED installation and light guide formats, the company was able
to develop a high-brightness white LED light source for scanners. This technology
reduces warm-up time to zero, as well as saving energy.
Image Correction Technology
Light intensity of
white LED Lamp
Not in Use
Scan button pressed
Warm-up time
(about 30 sec. at room temp.)
Lamp turns off
Scanning starts
Light intensity of
CanoScan 9000F
lamp
Lamp turns off
Scan button pressed Scanning starts
Reduction of Warm-up Time Through Use of White LED Lamp
A Full Array of Image Correction Features for a Variety of Documents

The driver that processes data from the scanner and reproduces images is also
an important factor. Canon's ScanGear scanner driver is designed not only
to enable exceptional ease of use but also to deliver a wide range of imageprocessing features. This image-processing technology is based on platform
technology used in other Canon digital imaging devices, but has been specially
customized for use in scanners. Numerous modifications have been made as part
of Canon scanners continuous evolution.
28
Before and After Dust and Scratch Removal
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Output Devices
Inkjet Printers
Inkjet printers, which enable almost anyone to easily create high-quality photo prints, are an integration of precision
technologies, including those for ink and print heads. Canons ability to combine component technologies has elevated the
quality of inkjet printers to new heights.
Paper Feed
Mechanism
Scanner
Carriage
d FINE (Full Photolithography
Inkjet Nozzle
Engineering)
Auto Photo Fix II
ChromaLife 100+
Ink Tanks
PgR (Pigment Reaction) Technology
How an Inkjet Printer Works

In Canons unique Bubble Jet technology, a heater is used to create bubbles in the ink, which cause the ejection of microscopic ink droplets, creating
an image on paper. The ejection of ink onto the paper is controlled by a print head mounted inside the carriage. The head moves perpendicularly
across the paper as it prints. High-resolution printing necessitates nanoprecision control and accurate paper transport, requiring advanced precision
technologies.
Approx. 9 m in diameter
FINE (Full-Photolithography Inkjet Nozzle Engineering)

Key Inkjet Technologies, Controlling Microscopic Ink Droplets
5-pl nozzle
FINE is the key technology behind the high image quality and speed of Canon
inkjet printers. FINEs ink ejection mechanism produces microscopic ink droplets
and precise ejection, while ensuring that all the ink under the heater is pushed
out in a single ejection, producing high-quality images. Canons print head
manufacturing technologies utilize the companys semiconductor production and
original material technologies, to produce higher nozzle precision.
1-pl nozzle
2-pl nozzle
Print Head with Enlarged View of Nozzle Configuration
Auto Photo Fix II

Providing Higher Quality Photo Correction by Multi-Zone Exposure
Correction
Canon Auto Photo Fix technology is a technology that automatically analyzes and
classifies photographs and makes appropriate corrections. Auto Photo Fix identifies
faces in the image, and infers the type of scene. Corrections are then performed
based on these results. Using face identification technology and image analysis
technology, Auto Photo Fix optimally adjusts skin tones and brightness for portraits,
and makes scenery photos colorful and striking. Furthermore, by identifying
underexposed areas in photos, brightness can be optimized as needed by area.
Input images
(examples)
Scene optimization
Backlighting
Optimized results
(examples)
Identifies face areas

in the image.
Analyzes the image
and infers the type
of scene.
Underexposure
Optimizes the correction

effect using the results
of categorizing scenes.
Auto Photo Fix II Process
29
Large-Format Inkjet Printers

The wide print heads used in large-format inkjet printers were developed based on FINE print head technology.
High-definition, high-speed printing on large-scale media is used in a wide range of applications, including artwork to
adorn walls and architectural CAD.
High-Capacity Ink Tanks
d
L-COA
High-Capacity HDD
LUCIA/LUCIA EX
Reactive Ink Technology
Print Head
Sub Ink Tanks
Multiple Sensors
Dynamic Layout Engine

Carriage
How a Large-Format Inkjet Printer Works

Using the same principle as a conventional inkjet printer, a heater causes bubbles to form in the ink, ejecting microscopic ink droplets to print on
large-format media. Large-volume data, such as A0-sized documents, is temporarily stored in the printers high-capacity HDD and analyzed by the
image processor. The amount of ink ejected by the print head, and its ejection position, is controlled to the micron level, resulting in fast, highresolution printing.
L-COA
High-Speed Performance, from Image Processing to Printer Control
The L-COA, the heart of Canon's large-format inkjet printers, is an image
processor developed using Canons System LSI Integrated Design Environment
technology. It processes large-volume image data and compiles printing data
to provide optimal control of the printer. L-COA integrates onto a single chip
functions that had previously been handled by multiple chips, including protocol
processing, image processing, and printer control. System processing is also
integrated for high-speed, high-resolution printing.
L-COA Image Processor
LUCIA/LUCIA EX
G ink
GY
mixture
High-Quality 12-Color Pigment Inks to Satisfy Demanding

Professionals
Canon has developed 12 LUCIA pigment inks, which combine the glossiness
of dye ink with vivid colors and weather resistance. LUCIA pigment inks offer
greater overall color balance and the ability to produce vivid colors on a variety
of media. Furthermore, LUCIA EX further expands color reproduction range by
using vivid pigments and pigments with a variety of particle diameters. We have
also successfully produced a dark black using an advanced ink design, meeting
the demand for high image quality from professionals.
30
Y ink
R ink
YR
mixture
GY
mixture
RM
mixture
BC
mixture
C ink
MB
mixture
B ink
M ink
Comprehensive Color Expression with CMYRGB Inks
Commercial Photo Printers

Canons DreamLabo commercial photo printer, newly developed for the retail photo industry, employs a variety of printer
technologies made possible by Canon's extensive product development ranging from consumer-use inkjet printers to
commercial digital multifunction printers.
Buffer Ink Tank
Print Head
Large Sorter
Compact Sorter
Technologies Delivering Superior Image Quality

d
Main Ink Tank
High Productivity Technologies

How a Commercial Photo Printer Works

The DreamLabo contains specialized print head technology capable of printing materials 12 inches (approx. 30 cm) wide, different from consumer-use
inkjet printers. With a single pass of the printing paper while the print head remains in a fixed position, the DreamLabo makes possible high-speed
printing. In order to achieve the high productivity required of professional printing equipment, DreamLabo uses a Double Paper Magazine System,
which eliminates downtime to refill paper rolls, and a system preventing ink from running out.
Technologies Delivering Superior Image Quality
Four Ink Colors
Creating High-Quality Prints that Comprehensively Surpass Silver

Halide Photography
The DreamLabo employs a seven-color ink system, which includes gray ink. This system
is capable of reproducing bright blues and yellows with a sense of translucence,
colors which have traditionally been difficult to reproduce in conventional silver halide
photographs,* and achieving excellent gradation in monochrome images. The printer
also excels at creating a feeling of weight and depth in dark areas. DreamLabo can
adjust color and skin tone by automatically analyzing images, and makes possible
* According to Canon research
sharp, beautiful results for even small point text.
Seven Ink Colors
C
K
M
Y
PC
PM
Gray
Monochrome photo printing at

100-times magnification
Stable, Rich Image Reproduction Using Seven-Color Dye-Based Inks
High Productivity Technologies

Canons Cutting Edge Technologies Deliver High-Speed Printing and
Minimal Downtime for High-Productivity Performance
The retail photo and commercial printing industries require high-productivity
performance. DreamLabos high-density print head, incorporating FINE technology,
is capable of printing at a width of over 300 mm. In addition to achieving highspeed performance, the Double Paper Magazine and Double Ink Tank Systems
ensure continuous printing over extended periods of time by enabling roll paper and
ink tanks to be replaced without interrupting operation.
Double Paper Magazine System
31
Laser Printers/Laser Multifunction Printers

To meet the demands of the times, Canon continues to develop laser printer/laser multifunction printer (MFP) products
while striving not only to improve such basic performance aspects as image quality, speed, and ease of use, but also
providing network compatibility, extensibility, and eco-friendly performance.
Laser Diode
Polygon Mirror
Lens System
Fixing Belt
All-in-One Cartridges
Intermediate Transfer Belt
Configuretion-Free Architecture
Transfer Pad
Automatic Media Sensing Technology
Ultra-Compact Design Technology
Pad Transfer High-Image-Quality Technology
How a Laser Printer/Laser Multifunction Printer Works

Lasers draw printing images on static charged photosensitive drums inside their cartridges. Toner is then brought in proximity to the photosensitive
drum, and it adheres to the parts of the drum which have had their static charge removed by the laser. After the toner has been transferred to the
paper, it is heated, and the fixing roller is used to fix the toner to the paper. In color printing, four colors are placed on the intermediate transfer belt
and transferred, overlapping, to the paper.
Configuration-Free Architecture
Devices
A system for Freely Combining Functions for Sundry Devices,

from Single-Function to Multi-Function
Automatically Determining Media Type for Optimal Print Settings

Canon laser printers/MFPs work with a wide variety of media surface
types, including normal paper, glossy paper, and OHT, and a wide range of
thicknesses. Canons automatic media sensing technology makes it possible to
perform high-quality printing automatically, without the need for bothersome
configuration. Media is illuminated by an LED, and its surface is photographed
by a CMOS sensor.The results are compared to data stored inside the printers
library made by analyzing several thousand media surfaces. The media type is
determined automatically, and printing is performed with optimal settings.
32
Functions
PRINT
Scanner
Monochrome UI
COPY
SCAN
PULL
Canon has developed a lightweight, compact architecture for product development. With
this architecture, product developers can freely combine devices, operation panels, and
capabilities into a full range of products, from single-function to multifunction printers, at low
cost and in short development cycles. The configuration-free architecture groups individual
devices and functions into block structures that can be flexibly combined together into larger,
more elaborate structures for the creation of various models. This development environment
also supports enhancements for authentication and other more advanced features. Canons
configuration-free architecture is equipped with a completely isolated language-dependent
block capable of supporting product development in more than 30 languages.
Automatic Media Sensing Technology
Operation Panels
PUSH
Media
Printer
Color UI
SEND
EMail
SMB
SEND
FTP
FAX
FAX
Panel-less
Authentication
Wi-Fi
Workow
USB LAN
Mobile
Media
Cloud
UFRII LT
PDF
PS
PCL
Secure Print
Administration
Conceptual Diagram of Configuration-Free Architecture
CMOS Sensor and Control IC
LED
Media
LED
Overview of Automatic Media Sensing Technology
Office Multifunction Devices

Multifunction Devices (MFDs) perform multiple office imaging tasks, such as input, output, storage, and transmission of
documents. They feature Canons cutting-edge technologies, such as its advanced network, document processing, and
software technologies.
iR Controller
Scanner Unit
d
Single Pass Two-Sided

Scanning Technology
Controller Architecture
Laser Unit
PQ (Pure Quality Color) Toner
Drum Unit
Compact Long-Life Drum

Cartridge System
Printing System
Document Processing Technology
Document Solutions
Security Screen Pattern Technology
Fixing Unit
d
MEAP/MEAP Connector/MEAP Web
How an Office Multifunction Device Works

Canons dedicated Advanced iR Controller processor performs image and information processing, and is capable of simultaneous multitask processing
of multiple printing and image scanning jobs. When printing, the laser unit uses laser light to paint the image to be printed on the photosensitive
drum, based on commands from the Advanced iR Controller. Toner is then applied, and the toner is transferred to paper. The fix unit then fixes the
toner to the paper.
Controller Architecture
Memory
card
Efficiently Implementing Random Processing on Office MFDs
Adobe PDF
processing
Security
processing
Server
functions
Information Processor
Network
Office MFDs that carry out concurrent processing of multiple functions handle
enormous volumes of data. The Advanced iR Controller, developed by Canon, is
an imaging processor incorporating advanced image processing technologies that
provide printing and scanning speed improvements. The information processor
boasts excellent compatibility with the network environment and provides efficient
data processing.
USB
User
interface
High-speed Bus
(PCI Express)
Large-capacity
HDD
Image
processing
Imaging Processor
Renderer
Printer
Fax
Scanner
Overview of the Advanced iR Controller
MEAP/MEAP Connector/MEAP Web

Supporting the Building of Business Models
MEAP, incorporated into Canons digital MFDs, is an application platform in
which applications can be customized to suit users needs. MEAP Connector, a
technology based on MEAP, makes it possible for digital MFDs to directly output
forms, etc., to business systems. MEAP Web, which is used to call up digital MFD
functions from web applications, dramatically improves the links between digital
MFDs and Web-based business systems.
Business system (Web application server)

Personal authentication
server
Presentation logic
Authentication
OK
Business logic
User ID
Digital MFD
User ID/
password
User
Web browser built

Login application into operating panel
User authentication OK
User authentication information
Built-in service
provider for control
User ID
As the digital MFD performs authentication when connecting to the business system,
it is possible to use simple authentication only requiring a user ID when using the system
Overview of the Structure of MEAP Web
33
Digital Production Printing Systems

The imagePRESS digital production printing system is Canon's first color on-demand printer for professional use.
The imagePRESS achieves outstanding high-definition printout that approaches offset quality, and delivers high
productivity and excellent durability and reliability for short run length print jobs.
Laser Unit
First Fixing Unit/

Second Fixing Unit
d
iPR Controller
Dual-Fixing
V-Toner
Auto-Registration
Air Feeding

Photosensitive Drum
How a Digital Production Printing System Works

The imagePRESS digital production printing system provides the functions needed by professional color on-demand printers. Laser light is used to
paint the image to be printed on the photosensitive drum, based on commands from the iPR Controller. Toner that adheres to the image is then
transferred to the intermediate transfer belt. High-precision positioning control is used to transfer the toner to the paper, and the fixing unit fixes it
to the paper. The intermediate transfer belt is elastic, making high-resolution output possible even to media with an uneven surface.
Dual-Fixing
Dual Path Achieves Uniform Print Speed for All Media
Canon's imagePRESS handles thick and coated paper printing using a dual path
system employing two fixing units. The first fixing unit utilizes a fixing roller and a
pressure belt, and the second fixing unit uses fixing and pressure rollers. The paper
path is automatically adjusted according to the type of paper. For example, paper that
does not require dual fixing, such as thin or recycled paper, passes through the first
fixing unit only. This makes it possible for the imagePRESS to maintain a consistent
print speed regardless of paper thickness, and produces uniform, high surface luster.
Second fixing
unit
Dual-path route
For coated paper, embossed
paper, and plain paper
over 150 g/m2
First fixing
unit
Bypass route
For plain paper of 150 g/m2 or less
Dual-Fixing System
Auto-Registration
Corrects paper orientation
Accurate Image Positioning During Duplex Printing

To ensure proper post-press processes, such as paper cutting and book binding, the
imagePRESS must realize high-precision image positioning on the paper. Canon uses
three Auto-Registration functions for increased image-positioning accuracy. Canons Active
Registration uses skew-feed rollers to push fed paper against the side reference plate to
ensure proper alignment with the image printing direction. Registration Patch prints a
patch on the paper and controls transport timing. 2nd Image Size Reduction takes paper
shrinkage due to heat into account, creating a slightly smaller image on the back surface
so that the printed image size is identical on both the front and back surfaces of the paper.
34
Paper-feeding
direction
Paper
Skew-feed roller
Side reference
plate
Active Registration
Multimedia Projectors
Multimedia projectors are continually evolving to produce clearer, brighter images, used in theaters and bright places.
Canon has developed the LCOS reflective liquid crystal panel and the AISYS optical system, focused on further improving
image quality.
Color Separation/
Combination System
Illumination Optical System

d
AISYS
LCOS Reflective Liquid

Crystal Panel
Light Source
Projection Lens
How a Multimedia Projector Works

Light from the illumination lamp is separated into the three primary colors (red, green, and blue), guided to the LCOS panels for the respective colors,
reflected by the panels in controlled amounts of light necessary for image output, and then combined and enlarged through the projection lens onto
a screen.
AISYS (Aspectual Illumination System)
Side view (vertical direction) / Role of the optical system: Increase brightness,
reduce size
[Vertical Cross-Section]
A Multimedia Projector Optical System Offering Compact Size and

High Image Quality
Canon developed the AISYS optical system by utilizing the capabilities of the LCOS
(Liquid Crystal On Silicon) reflective liquid crystal panels used in image display devices.
With AISYS, light is converged at a small angle in the vertical direction, preventing light
leakage and improving contrast. Light is converged at a large angle in the horizontal
direction, increasing brightness. The AISYS continues to make many technical advances,
such as its fly-eye lens, with lenses arranged horizontally and vertically, which makes the
system far more compact.
Projection Lenses
Explosion-proof
concave lens
Fly-eye lens
Condenser lens
PBS
LCOS panel
[Horizontal Cross-Section]
Top view (horizontal direction) / Role of the optical system: Increase contrast
Overview of the Fourth-Generation AISYS Illumination Optical System

Plastic mold aspherical lens
UD lens
High-Performance Lenses with Reduced Distortion and

Chromatic Aberration
Canons UD series is a lineup of aspherical lenses with advanced optical designs
and superior optical performance. As projection lenses for Canons multimedia
projectors, the UD series assures zero distortion and reduced chromatic aberration of
magnification and axial chromatic aberration over the entire zooming range.
The floating design/inner focus design adopted for individual lenses minimizes the
quality change for images which are projected off-center near the margin of the frame.
1A group 1B group
2nd group 3rd group 4th group 5th group 6th group
Standard Zoom Lens Configuration for the WUX4000
35
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Lithography equipment
Semiconductor Lithography Equipment

Semiconductors are constantly evolving. Canon has focused on developing far-sighted technology for semiconductor
lithography equipment that meets the strict cutting-edge demands. These technologies serve as the driving force behind
Canons optical and control technologies.
Reticle/Reticle Stage
Projection Optics
Reticle Changer
Light Source
Wafer Stage
Stage Synchronization
Control Technology
d
Backside Alignment
Exposure Equipment Application Platform
How Semiconductor Lithography Equipment Works

Semiconductor lithography equipment uses a projection lens to reduce and project circuit patterns drawn on the reticle onto silicon wafers. More
than 10 types of reticles are required to produce a single chip, and this equipment is particularly important in the manufacture of semiconductor
chips. Because these tools step from one chip to the next to expose several hundred chip patterns on a single wafer, they are also called
steppers.
Stage Synchronization Control Technology

Achieving High Yield Rates and High Productivity of Semiconductors
Semiconductor lithography equipment which uses the scan and repeat method carries
out reticle pattern exposure while continually synchronizing the movements of the wafer
and reticle stages. By precisely controlling all moving parts, Canon ensures the accurate
positioning of reticle patterns on the wafer during exposure with proper focus and
uniform light intensity. The positioning of both stages and the lens is corrected for each
shot in accordance with even the slightest inconsistencies on the surface of the wafer,
making the exposure of microscopic circuit lines possible.
Wafer/Reticle Stage Synchronization
Backside Alignment
3-D packaging devices place several LSIs in layers to function as a single LSI. This requires
accurate alignment of the vertical electrodes that pass through LSIs at different levels.
Canon has developed TSA-scope technology, which reads alignment marks on the back
of wafers by transmitting infrared light through them from their fronts, instead of using
the conventional approach of detecting alignment from the back of the wafer. As it can be
used in a variety of packaging processes, Canon is developing applications utilizing this as
a key technology for products used in the Back End of Line in semiconductor fabrication.
36
100
Silicon wafer translucency (%)
Core Technology for LSI Integration Expected to be Expanded to the Back

End of Line
Sample
observation
image
80
Front surface
60 observation
40
using
visible light
Silicon translucency
observation using
infrared light
Positioning
mark
20
0
400
Silicon wafer
Semiconductor
element
600
800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
Light wavelength (nm)
Overview of TSA-scope Technology
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Lithography equipment
FPD Lithography Equipment

The LCD panels used in large screen LCD televisions are created with technology that exposes minute pixel circuits on
large-scale glass substrates. Canons Flat Panel Display (FPD) lithography equipment makes possible the single-exposure
production of widescreen TVs up to 57 inches in size. Canon is the leading manufacturer of this equipment.
Mask
Light Source
Mask Stage
Substrate Stage
d
Ultra-Large Stage
Mirror Projection Optical System
Glass Substrate
Large Concave Mirror

How FPD Lithography Equipment Works

FPD lithography equipment transfers fine pixel and circuit patterns drawn on masks onto a glass substrate to create liquid crystal display panels for
displays and televisions. Canons FPD lithography equipment employs the companys original mirror-scanning method for optical mirror projection.
The light emitted from the light source is controlled using an optical mirror projection system made up of components which include a large concave
mirror. Due to their wide exposure range, no chromatic aberration and no deterioration of imaging performance, Canons FPD lithography equipment
achieves high productivity.
Large Concave Mirror

Manufacturing High-Precision Mirrors with
the World's Largest Diameter*
* As of November 2012
Canons FPD lithography equipment employs the mirror-scanning method in its projection
system. The system offers such merits as support for increases in substrate size, a wide
exposure field, and no image performance degradation. Large concave mirrors, with a large
diameter to realize an exposure width capable of exposing large panels seamlessly in a single
pass, enable significant increases in productivity. By making use of extremely high-precision
processing technologies, Canon has succeeded in developing the world's largest diameter
ultrahigh precision concave mirror, with a diameter of 1,514 mm and a surface processing
accuracy of 0.015 m. The mirror makes possible a resolving power of 3 m across the entire
exposure field.
Large-Diameter High-Precision Concave Mirror
Ultra-Large Stage
Exposing Large Scale Substrates at a Speed of
750 mm per Second
* As of November 2012
Canons latest FPD lithography equipment weighs 100 tons. Because increased moveable part
weight tends to result in performance degradation, Canon is developing ultra-large stages that
reduce overall weight while maintaining component strength. The substrate stage is maintained
by air bearings and driven by non-contact linear motors. Drive stability during scanning, the
most important aspect of scanning exposure, is achieved at 750 mm per second, the fastest in
the world.* It offers a high throughput of 323 panels per hour for 55-inch wide panels.
FPD Lithography Equipment for Eighth-Generation

Glass Substrate Sizes
37
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Common Platform Technologies
Common Platform Technologies

The network environment is evolving at a rapid pace. Therefore, Canon is creating platform structures for digital
technologies. By sharing these among various products, Canon achieves faster product development and quality
improvement.
Color Management System (CMS) Technology
Displays (sRGB)
Unified High-Quality Color for All Canon Devices

Canon has accumulated a wealth of expertise in image measurement, simulation,
design, and evaluation platform technologies. This expertise is put to use to
accurately reproduce colors true to the original, to assign quantitative values to
preferred colors, and to establish target colors. Canon Unified High-Quality Color
has been implemented in input and output devices with differing color reproduction
ranges. Canon has further developed this technology to create Kyuanos, a highaccuracy color management system (CMS). This system achieves accurate color
reproduction even with certain print media types and under lighting different.
Image Recognition Technology
Laser printers
Inkjet printers
Differences in Color Reproduction between Input and

Output Devices
Three consecutive shots
Best shot recorded in full size
Creating Intelligent Functions* by Understanding Images

Canon is working to improve the functionality and usability of its products by
developing recognition technologies that understand the content of image data. For
example, by detecting the faces of subjects being captured and recognizing if their eyes
are closed or if theyre smiling, Canon cameras can prevent shooting errors to ensure
the best images possible. The company is enhancing its technologies to recognize
various subjects and scenes in order to extend its application area, for example high
image quality processing and security domain such as surveillance cameras.
* Intelligent functions
Functions capable of judgement as well as or better than humans. For example device controls such as
autofocus, user interface, image retrieval and so on
Automatic
judgement
Camera shake
Degree of smile
Closed eyes
Example of Application of Image recognition Technology
User Interface (UI) Technology

Operability as It was Meant to Be
Canon is working to develop various UI technologies that provide ease of use by
accurately operating in accordance with users intent and objectives. To realize
intuitive operability, the company is developing multimodal* input technologies
that detect and recognize written text, voices and gestures. In addition, Canon is
developing rendering technologies that optimally display text, graphics and other
information needed for subsequent operations based on the size and type of
display being used, and speech-synthesis technologies to convey information in a
non-visual format.
Collaboration System using Gesture Recognition

Office
Cloud
Close proximity
wireless
communications
* Different senses, such as sight, hearing/sound and touch
Mobile
Communication Network Technology

Achieving Connectivity for Canon Products
LAN
Internet
Canon is developing wireless network technologies, high-quality video

communication technologies, and millimeter wave network technologies to
facilitate simple and easy connection between cameras, printers, and other Canon
products, cloud services, and networked mobile devices (smartphones, etc.). In
wireless network technologies, Canon is developing a high-speed, power-saving
wireless platform for embedding standard wireless LAN technologies into products,
along with middleware to realize easy and secure connections with high-quality
image input/output devices.
LAN
Home
Healthcare, Cinema, etc.
Schematic View of Connectivity Based on

Communications Network Technology
Canons cloud services
Realizing Collaboration between Digital Devices and Cloud Services
38
Millimeter wave
wireless network
Wireless LAN
Cloud Service Platform Technologies

Canon is developing a cloud service platform to provide solutions collaborated
with digital devices and cloud services. This service platform is composed of
technologies employed in Canons imaging and documentation services,
areas in which the company excels, such as data conversion, authentication,
big data analysis, distributed processing and security. Through coordination with
cloud services, the platform will enable data output (display, print out) from
smartphones and other digital devices.
LAN
Imaging services
Document
services
Other services
Cloud services of other companies
Salesforce
Cloud service platform technologies
Google
Single Sign-On
Data conversion
Authentication
Big data analysis
Distributed
processing
Single Sign-On
Device
management
Security
Uploading /
output
Single Sign-On
Conceptual Overview of Collaboration between

Digital Devices and Cloud Services
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Common Platform Technologies
Light source
In-Process Visualization Technologies/

Simulation Technologies
Photosensitive drum
Charging roller
Developing roller
Analysis Technologies Contributing to Technological Innovation

Various analysis technologies have contributed to shortened design lead times
and increased product quality at Canon. In-process visualization technologies use
ultrahigh-speed camera photography and image analysis to directly observe product
operation processes such as toner developing, toner fixing, and ink ejection, assisting
with the discovery of the mechanisms by which they operate. Simulation technologies
analyze what happens within products, making capability measurement possible at
the product development stage.
Light
High-sensitivity camera
Overview of In-Process Visualization Technology

for Toner Development
Ultrasonic Motor (USM)
Rotor rotation direction

Elliptical rotation direction
Rotor
Focus and Zoom Drive Mechanisms Using Ultrasonic Vibration

Canon realized the worlds first practical application of an Ultrasonic Motor (USM),
incorporated in the companys interchangeable lenses for SLR cameras. Piezoelectric
elements cause an ultrasonic vibration in the stator to produce elliptical rotation, which
causes the rotor to rotate. This delivers high-torque, high-response, and virtually silent
operation. This technology supports the characteristics Canon lenses are known for,
such as their quiet, fast focus drive.
Ultrasonic
wave direction
Stator
Principle of the USM
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays

Toward More Convenient Mobile Devices
OLED displays are based on the phenomenon of organic electro-luminescence,
which occurs when voltage is applied to excite organic materials between
electrodes. In addition to producing excellent image quality with high color purity
and contrast, these self-emitting displays are light and compact, with low power
consumption. Canon has carried out the entire development process in-house,
from organic materials to devices and processes, including technologies. The
company is working to produce OLED with high levels of efficiency, color purity,
and longevity.
Luminescence
Encapsulation
glass
Cathode
Less than
0.5 m
R emission layer
Electron injection
transport layer
G emission layer
B emission layer
RGB emission
layer
Hole injection
transport layer
Anode
Substrate
Structure of OLED Display
Laser Doppler Velocimeter

Noncontact Precise Detection of Velocity Inconsistencies and
Rotation Inconsistencies
A laser Doppler velocimeter measures the velocity of a moving or rotating object

without coming into contact with the object. It achieves this by illuminating the
object with a laser through an afocal optical system.* The velocity is measured
based on the beat signal (Doppler frequency) of the reflected light obtained from
split illuminated laser light. The system measures the speeds of objects that start
moving from a state of rest. This technology is used in R&D and production lines
for detecting paper transport speeds and velocity irregularities in printers and for
detecting rotation and feed inconsistencies in the drive units of machine tools.
E/O frequency shifter
Diffraction granting
Collimator
lens
Semiconductor laser
Achieving Advanced Laser Processing

Laser-processing machines are devices that rotate mirrors at high speeds to
determine the position of laser light to perform boring, cutting, and other
processes. Canons Galvano Scanner is a laser scanner that detects mirror
angles within the device. Canons own encoding technology provides excellent
positioning precision and repetitive reproduction capability along with high-speed
performance. This technology plays an instrumental role in the processing of highdensity circuit boards for devices such as mobile phones, and the production of
displays and solar panels.
Collection lens
Target object
Afocal opitical system
Overview of Laser Doppler Velocimeter
* Afocal optical system

An optical system without a focal point (infinite focal length), in which the same parallel light that
enters the lens also leaves the lens. The system is used in telescopes and beam expanders (an
optical module for expanding the beam diameter of laser light).
Galvano Scanner
Photodiode
Galvano (X-axis)
Rotary encoder + motor
Mirror (X)
Laser
Galvano (Y-axis)
Rotary encoder + motor
Mirror (Y)
flens
Build-up substrate
Example of Galvano Scanner Application: Laser Via-Hole Drilling
39
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Environmental Technologies
Environmental Technologies
In consideration of the environment, Canon promotes activities to reduce environmental impact in all three stages of the
product lifecycle: Produce, Use, and Recycle. As the basis of those efforts, Canon also focuses on the development of unique
environmental technologies.
High-Performance Bio-Based Plastics [Produce]

Development of Industry's Largest MFD External Parts
Bio-based plastics are effective in reducing environmental impact. However, their
applications have been limited due to the fact that they offer less flame retardancy,
shock resistance, and moldability than conventional petroleum based plastics.
In 2008, Canon, in collaboration with Toray Industries, Inc. succeeded at developing
the world's first bio-based plastic to achieve 5V classification under the UL 94
flammability testing program, and adopted it for use in some external components in
the imageRUNNER ADVANCE series of MFDs. In 2010, Canon and Toray developed
the largest* external components made from bio-based plastic, using them in
production MFDs
* As of August 10, 2011. According to research by Canon and Toray.
Cleaner-Free Developing Technology [Produce]
Bio-Based Plastic with World's Highest Level of Flame Retardance
[Primary transfer]
Toner residue forms
Intermediate
transfer belt
[Upper auxiliary brush]

Drum electric potential
stabilization
Creating Smaller, More Energy Efficient MFDs

In MFDs, after toner is transferred to the intermediate transfer belt from the
photosensitive drum, some toner remains on the photosensitive drum.Canon has
installed auxiliary charged brushes to reapply electric charge to the unevenly
charged residual toner. This stabilizes the amount of residual toner that is reclaimed
by the developing roller, obviating the need for residual toner cleaning mechanisms,
making MFDs both more compact and more energy efficient.
Photosensitive
drum
[Developing unit]
Toner residue reuse
[Lower auxiliary brush]

Toner residue negative charging
Exposure
[Electrical charging roller]
Drum is given the same
uniform electric potential
Cleaner-Free System
Ozone-Free Electrical Charging Technology [Use]

Reducing Ozone Emissions to Approximately 1/1000 or Less
Conventional laser printers and MFDs use corona charging to apply charges to the
photosensitive drum. In order to eliminate the ozone this generates, filters and
an airflow structure have been necessary. Canon developed a roller charging method
that charges the photosensitive drum by applying a voltage generated through
the superposing of an AC voltage over a DC voltage to a conductive roller. This
new method reduces ozone generation to levels no higher than about 1/1000, and
voltage to about one-fifth of previous levels. At the same time, it eliminates the need
for special systems to deal with ozone, enabling product miniaturization.
Toner Fixing Technology [Use]

Dramatically Reduced Power Consumption in Standby Mode
In conventional laser printers and MFDs, heat and pressure is applied to fixing
rollers, which are kept warm, to fix toner to paper. Canons on-demand toner-fixing
(SURF) technology employs a fixing film. This fixing film is brought into contact with
a ceramic heater, which operates only when the fixing-film sleeve rotates,
to fix the toner to paper. This results in significant power consumption reductions.
Roller durability has also been achieved in induction heating fixing, in which
the roller itself is heated using induction heating.
Charging wire
O3
O3
O3
Charging roller
O3
Photosensitive drum
Photosensitive drum
Corona discharge method

(high air ionization)
Roller charging method

(low air ionization)
Overview of Ozone-Free Electrical Charging
[Roller-fixing method]
Fixing roller
Fixin
g
Paper
Imag
e surfa
ce
Heater
[On-demand fixing method]

Fixing film sleeve
Fixing
Ceramic heater
Toner
Pressure roller
Paper
Imag
e sur
face
Toner
Pressure roller
On-Demand Toner Fixing System
Toner Cartridge Recycling Technology [Reusage]

Achievement of Recovery with No Landfill Use
Canon led the way for the toner cartridge industry all over the world in the
realization in 2002 of a material recycling plant wherein various stages from tonercartridge crushing to material separation and conversion into plastic pellets are
carried out automatically. The plastic mainly used in the outer casing is separated
with very high accuracy based on aspects such as color and weight. It can then be
used to realize closed-loop recycling that provides for the semi-permanent usage of
plastic materials. This makes recovery possible without the need for landfill disposal.
40
Aluminum after
separation (drums)
Steel after separation
Recycled
plastic pellets
Toner Cartridge Recycling
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Quality Management Technologies
Quality Management Technologies

In order to maintain and improve quality, on which peoples trust in the Canon brand is based, the company employs
evaluation technologies, simulation technologies, and analysis technologies. The companys dedication to quality first
supports its continually evolving products.
Quality Assurance at Canon

Canon's corporate objectives include creating the world's leading products,
offering the highest levels of quality and service, and contributing to the
betterment of culture throughout the world. The message behind Canon product
quality is to provide "safety, smartness, and satisfaction to customers." In order
to deliver products and services to customers that fulfill these three objectives,
Canon carries out quality assurance activities at every stage, from planning and
development to production, marketing, and post-purchase services.
Tamagawa Plant's General Measurement Testing

Laboratory
Quality Assessment Center Contributing to Improved ProductQuality Levels
Canons General Measurement Testing Laboratory is the industry's top class
facility, comprising certified testing facilities such as the semi-anechoic chamber
(EMC), in which levels of electromagnetic radiation emitted by products are
measured, and the hemi-anechoic room (Acoustics) and acoustic test lab, which
are used to measure operation noise levels and other acoustic properties of
products. It also includes the safety evaluation room, which performs flame
resistance testing. By conducting evaluations at these testing facilities, from the
design phase, Canon checks safety, evaluates compliance with public regulations,
and selects safe components and materials.
Measurement of Electromagnetic Radiation Emitted by Products:

Semi-Anechoic Chamber (EMC)
Human-Scale Measurement and Evaluation

Technologies
Evaluating Comfort and Ease-of-Use
Canon is advancing product evaluation technology in which myoelectric potential,
blood circulation, and other physiological reactions are measured to digitize the way
in which people respond to products using their senses of sight, touch, smell, and
hearing, and then this physiological data is combined with subjective observations.
For example, Canon has carried out workload evaluations combining muscle load
simulations and myoelectric potential measurements with subjective values. These
evaluations are used in developing products which reduce the burden placed on users.
Measuring the Physical Effort When Using a Multifunction

Printer Paper-Feeding Cassette
Chemical Safety Evaluation Technology

Preserving the Environment During Product Usage
Canon measures the amount of chemical compounds known as chemical
emissions, such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), dust, ozone, particulates,
and other chemicals emitted when a product is used, and uses this data in
product development. In 2005, the company also became one of the first in the
industry to have its chemical emission laboratory receive both ISO/IEC 17025
accreditation and the qualification for performing measurements according to
German eco-label. This laboratory forms the base on which many Canon products
have been awarded eco-label certifications such as the Blue Angel label.
LSI Failure Analysis Technology

Guaranteeing Reliable Quality in Electronic Components
At Canon, quality assurance is undertaken for LSIs and other electronic
components contained in company products by applying advanced technologies
for evaluation and analysis. LSI failure analysis uses laser scanning to visualize
failure locations. The infrared lasers used for this purpose pass through the LSI
silicon substrate, which make it possible to perform analysis at the rear, where
no wiring layer exists. This technology is effective in detecting microscopic flaws
which are difficult to detect through analysis of the front surface alone.
Particulate Measurement Device

An OBIRCH reaction occurs (red and green locations),
but accurate positional information cannot
be acquired because the laser beams fail
to pass through the top wiring layer.
Front-surface IR-OBIRCH analysis
Wiring layer
Actual position of defect
Silicon substrate
Accurate identification of the exact positions of
defects (red) is possible.
Rear-surface IR-OBIRCH analysis
Comparison of Front- and Rear-Surface Analysis of LSI Defects
41
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Production Engineering Technologies
Production Engineering Technologies

Production engineering technologies are as important as those used in product development. These help realize fully automated
production lines that stay up and running 24 hours a day year round, enabling in-house production of key components and
processing tools that provide new functionality and lower costs, as well as nano-order processing and measuring technologies.
Toner Cartridge Production System

Fulfilling Advanced Cost, Space, and Reliability Needs
Canon has automated over a hundred processes required in the production of toner
cartridges, from parts processing and assembly to inspection and packaging. Canon
production devices, drawing on the companys proprietary technologies, completely
automate processes which had been previously considered difficult to automate.
Employing the latest technologies, including 3-D CAD, analysis simulation, and
virtual reality, Canon is actively pursuing the realization of fully automated
production lines that stay up and running 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.
All-in-One Toner Cartridge
Chemical Component Technologies

Materials that Deliver Well-Balanced Functionality
Components and materials that support the functionality of products, such as
MFDs and laser printer fixing materials and transfer belts, are called functional
components. Canon thoroughly assesses the properties they require, and carries
out in-house development of materials as well as production of processing
machinery. Canon, which dedicates special efforts to chemical-component
technologies, adapts raw materials from organic and polymeric materials, including
plastics and rubbers, by applying chemical reactions, degeneration, and blending,
and then processes these materials for use as components.
Transfer Belts Used in MFDs and Laser Printers
High-Precision Metal Cutting Technologies

Developing High-Precision and Low-Cost Machining Systems
To realize advances in high-resolution image quality for copying machines and laser
beam printers, it is necessary to improve machining precision for such key metal
components as photosensitive drums, development sleeves, and polygon mirrors.
To attain high level of machining precision, achieving a surface roughness of
several tens of nanometers.* Canon has developed and manufactures in-house
high-precision cutting machines that employ air-bearing technology enabling
advanced machining accuracy and opening cost reductions. The company is also
working toward the development of machining processes that ensure stable
machining.
* nanometer (nm): one billionthof a meter.
High-Precision Cutting Machine for Polygon Mirrors
Processing and Measurement System Technologies

Achieving Nanometer-Order Precision in Optical Elements
With advances in design technologies, optical elements like lenses and prisms
continue to evolve from spherical to aspherical shapes, and from axisymmetric to
free-form surfaces. Processing and measuring free-form lens surfaces with large
variations in curvature requires nanometer-order levels of precision. Canon has
developed its own processing machines featuring high-precision control of the
high-speed cutting tool, and measurement machines which use contact probes
for ultrahigh precision measurements of entire surfaces. These make it possible for
Canon to produce extremely accurate optical elements.
IBF (Ion Beam Figuring) Processing Technology
Free-Form Processing Machine (A-Former)
Fabricating Multi-Layer Mirrors with Atomic Precision

Exposure equipment operating in the EUV wavelength range requires the use
of multilayer mirrors that demand extremely advanced levels of ultra-precision
processing, with accuracies at the atomic level. Canons Ion Beam Figuring (IBF)
processing technologies, which use ion beams (IBs), make it possible to correct
shapes over a wide domain, as well as performing high-precision figuring of
mirrors. In tests using Canon's original IBF system, a mirror with 0.36 nm RMS in
surface accuracy was successfully corrected to 0.13 nm RMS, demonstrating its
capabilities of precision processing at the worlds highest level of surface accuracy.
42
Surface accuracy before

processing: 0.36 nm RMS
Surface accuracy after

processing: 0.13 nm RMS
Results of Shape-Correction Testing Using a Mirror Material
Technology Supporting Canon Today: Production Engineering Technologies
Molding Technologies
Enabling the Mass Production of High-Precision Aspherical Lenses
and DO Lenses
Aspherical lenses and diffractive-optical elements* (DO lens, which have micro
structure to diffract light on their surfaces) are the fruits of the Canon technologies
such as the most advanced mold-making technology. Canon carefully meets
the needs of the consumers by effectively applying these technologies to lens
manufacturing, according to the precision, diameter, and the price range required
in the lenses.
Molds for Manufacturing Aspherical Lenses
* A lens that includes both refractive and diffractive optical systems, and combines the two to
achieve improved optical performance.
Flash memory
High-Density Packaging Technologies
2nd layer
SDRAM
Creating Smaller and Lighter Products

As semiconductors become smaller, faster, and more functional, digital products
can be made smaller and lighter. Semiconductors are arranged on printed circuit
boards within products, but as semiconductors become more advanced, they need
to be packaged more densely at a smaller pitch. Canon has developed its own
packaging technology, including SiP (System in Package). By integrating multiple
semiconductors into single packages, SiP has enabled the creation of smaller and
lighter digital cameras and digital video cameras.
1st layer
SiP Concept Employed in Digital Cameras
Virtual Prototyping Technology

Promoting Prototype-Less Design Based on Optimization Analysis
CAE technology, the core virtual prototyping technology used in prototype-less
design, takes full advantage of optimization analysis, multi-objective optimization
analysis, and robust optimization analysis to propose improvements in the design
phase. For example, multi-objective optimization analysis is used in optimization
analysis of the zoom lens barrels in compact cameras. Zoom lens drive time and
current consumption is simultaneously optimized to reduce drive time while also
reducing current consumption.
Multi-Objective Optimization Analysis for a Zoom Lens Barrel
Group Company TechnologyCanon Tokki Corporation

OLED Manufacturing Device Technology
Because the organic material used to manufacture OLED display panels
easily deteriorates when brought into contact with moisture or oxygen,
it is necessary to coat RGB emission layers and metallic electrode
material in a vacuum using vacuum deposition, then seal the organic
material without exposing it to air. Canon Tokki Corporation develops
and manufactures cluster-type and other OLED panel manufacturing
equipment for the complete automation of all panel manufacturing
processes.
The coating process is performed with high-precision mask
deposition technology using a proprietary mask alignment mechanism
that employs a CCD camera. The organic material is deposited through
evaporation, and the film thickness is optimally controlled by an
evaporation-rate control system. Because high temperatures of around
1,000C are necessary for the deposition of metallic electrode material,
a high-temperature cell evaporation source is used.
In the encapsulation process, a low-humidity, low-vacuum pressure
chamber near to atmospheric pressure is filled with nitrogen gas and
adhesive is applied.
This fully automated manufacturing system can maintain constant

operation with a cycle time of 2-3 minutes per substrate for
approximately one week, contributing to the mass production of OLED
displays.
The hole (+) injection transport
layer and Red are deposited on a
preprocessed substrate.
HTL
Green, Blue, the electron (-)

injection transport layer and a
metallic cathode are deposited.
The completed substrates and

encapsulation glass are bonded.
ETL
EIL
HIL
AI
The encapsulation glass undergoes UV cleaning, adhesive is

applied, a drying agent is
injected, and the glass is supplied
to the sealing cluster.
Fully Automated OLED Display Manufacturing System
43
Index
A
L-COA 30
AISYS (Aspectual Illumination System) 35

Auto Focus HDTV 100x Zoom Lens 25
Auto Photo Fix II 29
Automatic Media Sensing Technology 32
Auto-Registration 34
LSI Failure Analysis Technology 41

LUCIA/LUCIA EX 30
M
MEAP/MEAP Connector/MEAP Web 33
Medical Imaging
Molding Technologies 43
Backside Alignment 36
C
Canon Log 24
Chemical Component Technologies 42
Chemical Safety Evaluation Technology 41
Cleaner-Free Developing Technology 40
Cloud Service Platform Technologies 38
Color Management System (CMS) Technology 38
Communication Network Technology 38
Configuration-Free Architecture 32
Controller Architecture 33
MR System 12
Mydriatic/Non-Mydriatic Hybrid Digital Retinal Camera 27
N
Network Video-Recording Software 26
Next-Generation Image-Processing Technology 10
O
OLED Manufacturing Device Technology 43
Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) Displays 39
Ozone-Free Electrical Charging Technology 40
P
D
DIGIC DV III and DIGIC NET II 26
DIGIC 5 22
DO (Diffractive Optics) Lens 21
Dual-Fixing 34
Processing and Measurement System Technologies 42

Projection Lenses 35
R
Research in Pre-Competitive Areas 14
F
FINE (Full-Photolithography Inkjet Nozzle Engineering) 29
SHV Zoom Lens 25
Full High-Definition (HD) CMOS Sensors 23
Simulation Technologies 39
Stage Synchronization Control Technology 36
G
Galvano Scanner 39
Super 35-mm-equivalent CMOS sensor 24

SWC (Subwavelength Structure Coating) 21
HD Video Lenses with Image Stabilization and AF (autofocus) Function 23

High Productivity Technologies 31
High-Density Packaging Technologies 43
High-Performance Bio-Based Plastics 40
High-Precision Metal Cutting Technologies 42
Human-Scale Measurement and Evaluation Technologies 41
Hybrid CMOS AF 20
Hybrid IS 21
Tamagawa Plant's General Measurement Testing Laboratory 41

Technologies Delivering Superior Image Quality 31
Toner Cartridge Production System 42
Toner Cartridge Recycling Technology 40
Toner Fixing Technology 40
U
Ultra-Large Stage 37
Ultra-Small Lens Unit with a Lens-Shift Image Stabilizer 22
I
IBF (Ion Beam Figuring) Processing Technology 42
Image Correction Technology 28
Image Recognition Technology 38
In-Process Visualization Technologies 39
Ultrasonic Motor (USM) 39

User Interface (UI) Technology 38
V
Virtual Prototyping Technology 43
L
Large Concave Mirror 37
White LED Light Guiding 28
Large Size CMOS Sensor 20
Wireless Digital Radiography System 27
Laser Doppler Velocimeter 39

44
Canon Technology Website

www.canon.com/technology
More information regarding Canon technologies introduced in this booklet can be found at the Canon Technology
website. The website includes videos providing technology explanations, interviews with developers discussing their
passion and the stories behind technology development, and such features as What is Light?a special look at
the mysteries of the world of light, an essential part of our everyday lives.
Display of trademarks belonging to other companies

lWindows is either a registered trademark or trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and/or other countries.
lAdobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
lWi-Fi is a mark of the Wi-Fi Alliance.
l Other names and product/service names are quoted only for indication purpose, and may be respective companies registered/pending trademarks.

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CANON TECHNOLOGY HIGHLIGHTS 2013

Message from Top Management 1

Prime-Focus Corrector for Subaru Telescope

Imaging Pioneering History

Common Platform Technologies

Message from Top Management

Confronting a variety of innovative

Relentless Pursuit of Innovation

Canon Technology Highlights 2013

A Culture and Organization for Creating

Integration Technologies Born from Years of Experience

Strengthening Technological Capabilities with

Research and Development of Material Technology

Increasing the Depth of Technology

Canon Technology Highlights 2013

Maintaining the Top Position in the World

The CK Project Lab at Kyoto University Hospital

Facing Challenges in Pre-Competitive Areas

Canon Technology Highlights 2013

Canon Research Centre France S.A.S.

An R&D Environment that Values People

Cultivating Engineers through a Study Abroad System

Corporate DNA Focused on Technology

Efforts Supporting Inventors

lTop 10 Corporations Receiving U.S. Patents in 2012

R&D expense to net sales ratio

Innovative Technology Forum

HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY

* Based on weekly patent counts issued by the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Canon Technology Highlights 2013

Probing the Mysteries of the Distant Universe

with Canon Proprietary Technologies

Prime-Focus Corrector for the Suprime-Cam Prime-Focus Camera

Prime-focus corrector lens system

Design of the Subaru Telescope

Prime-Focus Corrector for the New Hyper Suprime-Cam Prime-Focus Camera2012

Canon Technology Highlights 2013

R&D Top ics

Exceptional Opticals, Measurement and Processing Technologies

The Lens Barrel Design Used in

If the SCs corrector was expanded in diameter

minimize the total weight without compromising resolving power. Compared

Key Canon Technologies

Installed Approximately 4,200 Meters above Sea Level

ceramic in the HSC system almost

Prime-Focus Corrector Incorporated

Canon Continues to Take on Challenges

Toward the Realization of the Next-Generation Ultra-Large Aperture Telescope

Canon Technology Highlights 2013

New Advanced Diagnostic Approaches

Adaptive Optics Scanning Laser

Canon's medical imaging technologies in the field of ophthalmology are

Image captured using fundus camera

Visualizing individual Photoreceptors and the Movement of

Image captured with AO-SLO

technologies in which the company excels, now enable the viewing of

Adaptive optics light source

Imaging Technologies to Facilitate Early Detection of Eye

Canon Technology Highlights 2013

Schematic Overview of AO-SLO

R&D Top ics

in Japan and abroad.

Identifying the State of Cancer Cells by Exposing Blood