FM/FSK DEMODULATION One form of FM/FSK demodulator is shown below

is a fixed time delay such that the output is delayed or phase shifted by a time
compared to the input, i.e.

LPF is a low pass filter which effecti ely determines the a era!e alue of "x. #n !eneral "#$ %t& will be
VIN %t & =Vc Cos IN t
) f IN & 'here IN is the input fre(uency %rad/sec& % IN =

IN will ary about a nominal fre(uency f c *+ as the carrier is fre(uency modulated.

,ependin! upon the type of modulation, i.e. analo!ue or di!ital, the input si!nal will be FM or FSK respecti ely. -nalysin! ,
V x =V IN ( t ) VIN ( t + ) V x =Vc Cos IN t .Vc Cos IN %t + & Since CosA CosB = Vx = . [Cos( A + B ) +Cos( A B ) ] )

Vc) [Cos (IN ( t + ) +IN t ) +Cos (IN ( t + ) IN t ) ] )

i.e .

Vc) [Cos (IN t +IN + IN t ) + Cos (IN t + IN IN t ) ] ) V) V x = c [Cos ( ) IN + IN t ) + Cos (IN ) ] ) Vx =

/hus there are two components

Vc) Cos ) IN t + %.& ) ) Vc) and Cos IN t % )& )

0omponent %.& is at fre(uency ) fIN *+ and component %)& is effecti ely a 1,02 olta!e if

[ (

) )]

IN is constant.
/he cut3off fre(uency for the LPF is desi!ned so that component %.& is remo ed and component %)& is passed to the output. i.e. VOUT = The Delay #n order to determine the effect of the delay , the fre(uency modulator %"/F& is first considered.
Vc) CosIN t )

m%t& represents an analo!ue messa!e si!nal

e.g . m%t & = Vm Cos mt

d%t& represents a di!ital data si!nal i.e. d%t& 4 ". in for .2s , d%t& 4 "5 in for 52s . /he "/F characteristics and inputs are shown below Analogue FM )

 fc = Vm y =m x +c f out = V IN + f 5 V IN = V DC +m%t & V IN = V DC + Vm Cos mt i.e. f out = V DC +Vm Cos mt + f 5 fc= V DC , Tc = . fc

Modulation #ndex =

fc Vm = fm fm

is the fre(uency con ersion factor, K*+/ olt , %i.e. !radient of the characteristics&
/he spectrum of the analo!ue FM si!nal depends on and is !i en by
FM = V s %t & = Vc

J
n= .

% & Cos ( c +n m )t

'a eforms 6

Digital FSK

y =m x +c f out =V IN + f 5 V IN = V DC +m%t & V IN = V DC +V. V IN = V DC V5 for .8 s for 58 s for .8 s for 58 s

f . =V DC +V. + f 5 f 5 =V DC V5 + f 5 f c =V DC , Tc = . fc

$ormali+ed fre(uency ,e iation ratio

!= f. f 5
"

i.e. Modulus f . f 5

/he spectrum of FSK depends on ! 'a eforms

0onsider a!ain the output from the demodulator

Vc) CosIN )

VOUT =

) f IN and f IN = f out from the demodulator IN =

i.e.
VOUT = Vc) Cos ) f IN )

T /he delay is set to c 7

where Tc =

. and f c is the nominal carrier fre(uency, i.e. fc

delay is : of the period of the nominal carrier fre(uency f c *ence

VOUT = Vc) T Cos ) f IN c ) 7
) f IN Vc) Cos 7f ) c

Or

VOUT =

VOUT =

f IN Vc) Cos ) f ) c

'here f IN is a fre(uency which aries around f C . $ote < if f IN is held constant, VOUT is a constant ,0 olta!e. #f f IN aries, VOUT aries.

Plottin! VOUT as function of f IN

f IN

VOUT

fc

fc

6 fc )

Vc) Vc) Cos 5 = ) ) ) ) Vc V) . Vc Cos Cos = 5.=5= c = ) ) ) ) ) 7 ) ) Vc V Cos = c ( 5 ) = 5 ) ) ) ) Vc V) 6 Cos = 5.5=5= c ) ) 7 Vc) V) Cos = c ) )

) fc

/he cur e shows the demodulator F/" characteristics which in this case is non linear.

/he slope of the characteristics, K, the olta!e con ersion factor % olts/*+& is not constant> it depends on the fre(uency input. - practical reali+ation of this process, usin! di!ital lo!ic !ates !i es linear characteristics. Practical Realization

/his is form of 1delay and multiply2 circuit where the delay is set by 0 and ? with

4 0?
/he comparator is L#M#/@? < which is a +ero crossin! detector to !i e a 1di!ital2 input to the first !ate. 0onsiderin! the wa eforms. A

/he low pass filters determines the a era!e alue of wa eform @, with a era!e !i en by
VOUT = # A Tc

%PeaB x duty ratio&

C-ssumin! 1!ain2 includin! LPF 4 -D

0onsider now f IN E f c

VOUT =

# A TIN

i.e.

VOUT =A # f IN

where =

Tc . = 7 7 fc

*ence we may also write

A# f IN 7 fc

VOUT =

#n this case, f out is proportional to f IN with the constant of proportionality 4 -@ 4

A# 7 fc

Plottin! "out ersus f IN %-ssumin! -4.& .5

{ Note if
SYSTEM

t!e '(F is an in$erting o& am& , t!e slo&e %ill "e negati$e}

..