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Pramila: Please remember that the party is at Kumar: Why should I do it? Let the company
7. Let's start here at 6. Let there be do it.
no delay. (û¶ûµÙ-ë]ªÚÛª à¶óŸ«L? ÚÛÙšíF à¶óŸ«L.)
(ð§Kd Ôè[ª-ÞœÙ-å-õ¸Ú. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁ. ÎJÙæ¨Ú¨ a) Kumar asks why he should do it and says
ñóŸªõªë¶-ô¢ë¯Ù. Îõú£uÙ àµóµ³uë]ªl.) that the company has to do it/ must do it (It is
Lakshmi: Let us remind Sneha of it too. Let's for the company to do it.).
call her and tell her that she need b) Kumar asked why he should do it and said
not worry about conveyance. We'll that the company had to do it.
pick her up on our way to the party. Kumar said it wasn't his business and that it
(›úoÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ ÷ªìÙ Ð Nù£óŸªÙ Þœªô¢ªh was for the company to do it.
à¶ë¯lÙ. êŸìÚÛª ðƼûË à¶ú‡ ÍÚÛ\-è…Ú¨ Óö° 4) ÖÚÁ\-þ§J let ìª command (Îác)ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯
îµü‹xö° ÍE ÎÙëÁ-üŒì í£è•-ë]lE àµñªë¯Ù. î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ should/ must/ have
÷ªìÙ ð§KdÚ¨ îµü™xå-í£±pè[ª ë¯Jö˺ êŸììª to/ has to/ had to ÷ú£ªhÙC.
ÚÛ«è¯ Bú£ª·Ú-üŒë¯Ù.) Rajesh: Let them finish the work by 10. with him. Íû¶ Íô¢n ÑÙC.
conveyance = ÚÛû¶y-óŸªûËÂq = ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ (í£C ÚÛö°x î¦üŒ‰x í£E í£²Jh à¶óŸ«L.) Syam said he would n't as he must not Need I do it now itself? = Must I do it now
car, bike, scooter, cycle ö°Ùæ¨N. a) Rajesh orders that they should finish the leave office then/ as he was not to leave itself? = û¶ìC Ïí£±pè¶ àµóŸ«uö°?
The company provides conveyance to the work by 10. office then. Need ìª report ö˺ past formö˺ must ö°Þ¥û¶
manager. b) Rajesh ordered that they should/ must/ had 2) Ramesh: May I know why you stopped had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ.
(û¶-á-ôÂÚÛª ÚÛÙšíF ví£óŸ«é þ¿ÚÛô¢uÙ ÚÛLp-ú£ªhÙC– me? Naresh: Need I do it now? DEÚ¨ report:
ÍÙç¶ ÚÛÙšíF Ú¥ô¢ª Ïú£ªhÙC.) Naresh asked if he had to do it then.
Pramila: OK. We must, not waste any more ★ Need not (need ìª not êÁ– à¶óŸ«Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
time now. We must buy some pre-
sent for the bride and the groom. We
must have our faces done up too.
(ÏÙ¸ÚÙ ú£÷ªóŸªÙ ÷'ëǯ à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª.
÷ªìÙ ÚÛ«è¯ šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÁ-î¦L.)
Have our faces done up = ٠ìªìoÞ¥
Óí£±pèµí£±pè[ª LET? ö¶ë]ª Íû¶ Íô¢nÙêÁ î¦è…-ì-í£±pè[ª), report ö˺ past
tense reporting verb Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© need not Íû¶
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ would-
n't have to (would not
have to) ÍE ÷«ô¢a-÷àŸªa.
ö¶ë¯ did not have to ÚÛ«è¯
Ú¥ÙA-÷Ù-êŸÙÞ¥ ÚÛEí‡Ù-à¶-ö°Þ¥ ඛú facial. to finish the work by 10. (ììªo ÓÙë]ªÚÛª Îð§ôÁ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÁ-÷à¦a?) î¦è[-÷àŸªa.
facial - šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ – šíÆ ûË•Ú¨\ í£õª-ÚÛªê¦Ù. 5) Let ìª ÖÚÛ ÍòÅ¡u-ô¢nì (request) ÚÛª ÚÛ«è¯ î¦è[ê¦Ù. Policeman: You must not cross the road a) Ganesh: How long
Lakshmi: I need not have the facial. I had it Prasad: Vinod let me have some money against the red light. have I to wait?
just yesterday. please. (·ôèÂ-öµjæËÀ îµõª-Þœª-꟪-ìo-í£±pè[ª ôÁè ë¯å- (ÓÙêŸ ›úí£± ÑÙè¯L?)
(û¦Ú¨-í£±pè[ª šíÆóÀª-ù£öËÀ ÍÚÛ\-¸ôxë]ª. Eìoû¶ (NûËÁë û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ú£h è[ñªs Ï÷±y.) ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – Eù‡ë]lÄÙ.) M. SURESAN Mahesh: You need
à¶ô³Ù-àŸª-ÚÛªû¦o.) Prasad requested Vinod to let him have Report (Past reporting verb): not wait.
Pramila: We have go to the bank or the ATM some money/ requested Vinod for some Report: Ganesh wanted to know how long he
too. We have to draw some money. money. had to wait.
(÷ªìÙ ò°uÙÚÂ-ÚÛª-Þ¥F, Ôæ©-Ó-îªڨޥF îµü‹xL. 6) Let êÁ Eô¢x¤ÛuÙ êµLóŸª-â¶þ§hÙ. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ Mahesh told him he need not wait/ Would
è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÁ-î¦L.) not care, not mind ÷ú£ªhÙC. not have to wait/ did not have to wait.
ATM ÍÙç¶ êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛë¯ – Automated Teller ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 201 b) Sridhar: Need I pay any money now?
Machine - Bank card Ñí£-óµ«-TÙ# è[ñªs Bú£ª- (Ïí£±pè[ª è[ñªs àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯?)
ÚÛª-û¶Ù-ë]ªÚÛª Ñìo machine. Ramesh wanted to know why the policeman Sri Ram: You need not pay a single paisa
draw money = Banks ö°Ùæ¨ î¦æ¨ ìªÙ# è[ñªs had stopped him. now.
Bú£ªÚÁ-÷è[Ù = withdraw. The policeman said that he must not cross/ (ìª÷±y ÖÚÛ šíjú£ ÚÛ«è¯ àµLxÙ-à¦-Lqì Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ª.)
Lakshmi: We need not. I've enough cash. was not to cross the road against the red Report:
(ÍÚÛ\¸ôxë]ª. û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªÙC è[ñªs.) light. Sridhar wanted to know if he had to pay any
Pramila: Then we had better hurry up. 3) Principal: Students must not be late to money then. Sri Ram told him that need not
Lakshmi: Need I get money now or do you classes. pay a single paisa then/ did not have/ did not
have it? Report: (Past reporting verb)- The Principal need to pay a single paisa then.
(û¶E-í£±pè[ª è[ñªs Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-î¦-Lqì Í÷- said/ ruled that the students must not be/ were ÏO must not, need, need not ìª reporting
ú£ô¢Ù ÑÙë¯? ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ F ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs not to be late to classes. verb past tense êÁ report ඛúåí£±pè[ª Þœªô¢ªhÙ-
ú£J-ð¼-꟪Ù-ë]Ù-æ°î¦?) ÍÙç¶ ÖÚÛ E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-⶛ú Íô¢nÙêÁ must not àŸªÚÁî¦Lqì Nù£-óŸ«õª.
Pramila: I think the money I've should be î¦è…ê¶, ÍC report ö˺ ÚÛ«è¯ must not Þ¥û¶ Now let us try to report a part of the con-
enough. You needn't bring any. versation at the beginning of the lesson (see
Let us remind Sneha of it too...
ÑÙà¶þ§hÙ. ÷«ô¢aÙ.
(û¦ ë]Þœ_-ô¢ªìo è[ñªs ú£J-ð¼-î¦L. F÷± ÏÚÛ need Nù£óŸªÙ àŸ«ë¯lÙ. Need ÚÛª ë¯ë¯í£± must table)...
Bú£ªÚÛª-ô¦-ì-÷-ú£ô¢Ù ö¶ë]ªö¶!) Satish: He may report to the police.
Report (Spoken form)
Lakshmi: We must not spend much time Rajesh: Let him. Direct Speech
there. We have to get back to make When Satish said he might report to the Reporting Verb (Present) Reporting Verb (Past)
other arrangements. police, Rajesh said he didn't mind/ he didn't Pramila: Let's remember that the Pramila reminds Lakshmi Pramila reminded Lakshmi
(÷ªìÙ ÍÚÛ\è[ ÓÚÛª\-÷-›úí£± ÑÙè[-ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª. ÏêŸô¢ care. party is at 7. Let's start by that the party is at 7 and that the party was at 7 and
í£ìªõª àŸ«ú£ª-ÚÁ-è¯-EÚ¨ êŸyô¢Þ¥ AJT ô¦î¦L.) Let ìª ÷ªìÙ conversation ö˺ î¦è¶ ú£Ùë]-ô¦sÄõª 6. Let there be no delay. suggests that they (should) suggested that they
I. ÷ªìÙ Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛ« let ÚÛª Ñìo NNëÅ] Íô¦nõª, Ñí£- ÏN. start by 6. She wants no (should) start by 6. She
óµ«Þ¥õêÁ Ñìo sentences ìª Óö° report II. ÷ªìÙ ÏÙêŸÚÛª ÷³Ùë]ª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ÙC: Must, delay. wanted no delay.
à¶óŸ«ö˺ àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. î¦æ¨E ÷ªôÁ-þ§J ÚÛªxí£hÙÞ¥ Þœªô¢ªh should, have to, has to Ñìo direct speech (suggest/ sugested êŸô¦yêŸ Óí£±pè[« should + 1st RDW
à¶ú£ªÚÛªÙë¯Ù. report à¶ú‡ì-í£±pè[ª past tense reporting verb Þ¥E/ ÖÚÛ\ 1st RDW Þ¥F ÷ú£ªhÙC.)
1) Let ÍÙç¶ ÷³ÜuÙÞ¥ Ôëµjû¦ ú£«#Ù-àŸ-è¯-EÚ¨/ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. ÏC NCÅÞ¥, Í÷-ú£ô¢Ù
ú£«àŸì à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨/ ví£A-ð§-ë]-ìÚÛª î¦è[ê¦Ù– Íí£±pè[ª ÷õxûËÁ Íô³ê¶ had to Þ¥ ÷«ô¢ªþ§hÙ. Lakshmi: Let's remind Sneha of it Lakshmi suggests they Lakshmi suggested that
report ö˺ suggest î¦è[ê¦Ù. Kesav: I must go now - Direct speech. too. Let's call her and tell (should) remind Sneha of it they (should) remind
Hema: Let's go home. Kesav said he had to go then - Report her that she need not too. She suggests that they Sneha of it too. She sug-
Report: Hema suggests/ suggested that we (Reporting verb- past). worry about conveyance. (should) call her and tell gested that they (should)
(should) go home. Íô³ê¶ must not ÍE direct speech ö˺ ÖÚÛ í£E We'll pick her up on our her that she need not call her and tell her that
2) Let ìª Ôëµjû¦ àŸô¢uÚÛª í‡õªí£± Ï÷yè¯-EÚ¨ î¦è[ê¦Ù. à¶óŸª-ÚÛ«è[ë]E ø‹øŒyêŸ E›ùëÅ]Ù Ñìo-í£±pè[ª report ö˺, way to the party. worry about conveyance. she need not/ did not have
Íí£±pè[ª call/ urge êÁ report - à¶þ§hÙ. reported verb past tense Íô³-ì-í£p-æ¨Ú© must not They will pick her up on to worry about con-
Leader: Let's all be united. ìª must not Þ¥û¶ ÑÙàŸªê¦Ù. ö¶ÚÛð¼ê¶ wasn't/ their way to the party. veyance. They would pick
(÷ªìÙ ÍÙê¦ ÔÚÛÙÞ¥ ÑÙæ°Ù.) weren't to + 1st RDW î¦è[ê¦Ù. Reporting verb her up on their way to the
The leader called/ urged the followers to present tense Íô³ê¶ ú£÷ª›úu ö¶ë]ª. Verb formìª party.
be united. ÷«ô¢aÙ. Pramila: OK. We must not waste any Pramila agrees and says Pramila agreed and said
Reporting verb calls/ urges ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ present 1) Pran: Why don't you come with me? more time now. We must they must not waste any that they must not waste/
tense ÑÙè•àŸªa. Syam: No. I must not leave office now. buy some present for the more time then. They must were not to waste any
3) ÷ªìÙ Ïà¶a ÖÚÛ Îác. ë¯E Í÷ªõª ÷ªì à¶êŸªö˺x (û¶E-í£±pè[ª Îíƈú£ª ÷CL ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª – ÏÚÛ\è[ bride and the groom. We buy some present for the more time then. They had
ö¶ÚÛ-ð¼-÷àŸªa. Íí£±pè[ª report ö˺ must ÷ú£ªhÙC. ô¦ÚÛ«-è[ë]ª Íû¶C E›ù-ëůEo êµLóŸª-â¶-þ¼hÙC.) must have our faces done bride and the groom. They to buy some present for
Report: Reporting verb - up too. must have their faces done the bride and the groom.
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…... past tense. up too. They had to have their
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm Pran wanted syam to go faces done up too.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 20 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë II
R R B
6 12 leave at 9.35a.m. At what
C) Snow D) Height time did the enquiry A) P B) U C) L D) W
8. Five boys took part in race. Rakesh fin- 16 ? clerk give the informa- 39. Which amongst the following will be 5th
ished before Manoj but behind Gajanan. tion to the passenger ? from the 12th from the left if every sec-
Ashok finished before Sanjeev but A) 9.10 a.m B) 8.55 a.m ond position is removed beginning
behind Manoj. Who won the race ? C) 9.08 a.m D) 9.15 a. m from 2 ?
A) Rakesh B) Gajanan 20 30. One morning after sunrise, Gangadar A) M B) V C) S
C) Manoj D) Ashok was standing facing a pole. The shadow D) 3 E) None of these
o
A) 60 B) 50
9. Gopal is facing east. He turns 100 in the of the pole fell exactly to his right, which 40. One day immediately after sunrise,
o C) 25 D) None of these
clock wise direction and then 145 in the direction was he facing? Gandadhar was standing in front of a
18. I was born August 11. Mohan is younger
anti clock wise direction. Which direction A) East B) South pole. The shadow of the pole was falling
then me by 11 days. This year, indepen-
is he facing now ? C) West D) Data inadequate exactly to his right. Which direction was
dence day falls on Monday. On what day
A) East B) North 31. In an examination Raj got more marks he facing ?
will Mohan's birthday fall this year ?
C) North to East D) South to West than Moti but not as many as meena. A) East B) South
A) Monday B) Wednesday
10. Rahul goes to 30 meters North, then Meena got more marks than Ganesh C) West D) Date inadequate
C) Sunday D) Can't say
turns right and walks 40 meters then and Rupali, Ganesh got less marks than E) None of these
19. If Ram is richer then Shyam but not so
again turns right and walks 20 meters, Moti but his marks are not the lowest in
rich as mohan then Sham is ?
than again turns right and walks 40 the group. Who is second in ascending
A) Poorer than Ram order of marks ? 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) D
meters. How many meters is he from his
original position ? B) Richer than Mohan A) Meena B) Ganesh
K 8) B 9) C 10) B 11) B 12) C 13) A
A) 0 B) 10 C) 20 D) 40
11. A direction pole was situated on the
C) Poorer than Mohan
D) Richer than Ram
C) Raj D) Cannot be determined E 14) D
20) C
15) D 16) C 17) C 18) A 19) C
21) D 22) A 23) A 24) B 25) D
crossing. Due to an accident the pole 20. 5 bags A, B, C, D and E are Lying in pile
(Directions 32-36) Read the following
information carefully and answer the ques-
Y 26)C
32) D
27) D 28) B 29) D 30) B 31) B
33) D 34) D 35) A 36) C 37) C
turns in such a manner that the pointer one above the other if A is above B, C is
tions given below: 38) C 39) E 40) A .
which was showing east, started show- above D but below E and D is above A,
ing south. One traveller went to the which bag is in middle ? 1. There is a group of six persons A, B, C,
wrong direction thinking it to be the D, E and F from a family. They are
A) A B) B C) D D) E (ô¢àŸô³êŸ šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ëÂö˺E Ú¥úˆîªq ú£dè†ú£J\öËÀ èµj·ôÚÛdôÂ)
-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 22 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Vikas: (Do you) fancy eating something? trip to Tirupathi and other places in
(àüÁjØ√ AØ√-©-†’çü∆?) South India? (Do you) Know any thing
fancy = É≠ædç/É≠æd-°æ-úøôç. about what he is doing about it?
Conversational English ™ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË ¢√∞¡x†’ (ÅC ÆæÍ®. ´’†ç A®Ω’-°æ-AéÀ Éûª®Ω îÓôxèπ◊ èπÿú≈
v°æ¨¡o-©-úÕ-Íí-ô°æ¤p-úø’ Do you/ would you- (question ¢Á∞«x-©-†’-èπ◊Ø√oç éπü∆. -Ç -N≠æߪ’ç í∫’-Jç-* -E-"-
v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µºç™ ¢√úË ´÷ô©’) ´C-™‰-ߪ’-´îª’a. °j† ™¸ à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’? ü∆E í∫’-Jç-* àç îËÆæ’h-
brackets ™ (Do you) îª÷°œ† Nüµ¿çí¬. Ø√oúø’?)
eg: Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he
a) Mind waiting for sometime = says. He is in touch, he has told me,
Do/Would you mind waiting for sometime? with the travel agency which his uncle ûÁ©’≤ƒ?) Å™«Íí Nikhil í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æߪ’ç Vikas ᙫ
Mind = Ŷµºuç-ûª®Ωç runs. Sumanth: He does (ûÁ©’Ææ’.) report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’?
b) Like some coffee = (ÅüËç Ææ´’Ææu é¬ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o-úø-ûª†’. ¢√∞¡x -Åçèπ◊-™¸- Sundar: What does he say about it? It is not going to be a problem at all, he says.
Do/would you like some coffee? †úÕÊ° -vö«-¢Á-™ ¸ -à-ï-FqûÓ Ææçv°æ-C-Ææ’h- †o-ô’x (-ü∆-Eí∫’-Jç-* -Ç-ߪ’-† à´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) Says- present tense ™ report îËÆæ’h-Ø√oúø’.
(´÷´‚©’í¬ ´’†èπ◊ ¶«í¬ °æJ-îªßª’ç Ö†o ¢√∞¡xûÓí¬F, îÁ§ƒpúø’.) ÅçûË-é¬ü¿’ ´’†ç report îËÊÆ--ô°æ¤púø’ He says ûÓ
Åçûª serious conversation é¬-†-°æ¤púø’ é¬F, É™« Do Be in touch - Ææç•çüµ¿ç °ô’d-éÓ-´ôç/ ´÷ö«x- v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ééπ\úø he says, reported part *´®Ω
you/ would you ´C-™‰Æ œ ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ Öçúø- úø’ûª÷ Öçúøôç/ Contact ™ Öçúøôç. ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ô¢Ë’ é¬èπ◊ç-ú≈ ´’†ç ´÷ö«xúË¢√∞¡xûÓ -´’-† ≤ƒEo-£œ«-û√uEo
èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC.)
Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
things?
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 202 Å™«Íí, He is in touch, he has told me, with the
travel agency which his uncle runs. ÅØË sen-
Suhas: Yea. I do feel like it. You do too, don't (ÅEo N≠æ-ߪ÷-© í∫’-Jç-* éπ*aûªçí¬ -á°æ¤p-úø’ - tence ™ èπÿ-ú≈ ´÷´‚©’í¬ Å®·ûË he has told me
you? And how about some real good -îÁ-•’-û√-†-Ø√o-úø’.) Sumanth: He has given us permission but -¢√éπuç ´·ç-ü¿’ ®√¢√L. é¬F Ééπ\úø ´’üµ¿u™ ´*açC
coffee to go with it? Confirm - éπØ˛°∂æ¢˛’ – °∂æ-¢˛’ – bird ™ ™«í¬.- wants us to be careful during the éπü∆. ÉC èπÿú≈ -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù-™ ÆæÈ®j-†-üË.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ AØ√-©ØË -ÖçC. Fèπÿ\ú≈ éπü∆? Vikas: He expects to have everything planned journeys. a) The exams won't be postponed, the princi-
ü∆çûÓ-§ƒô’ ´’ç* 鬰∂‘ èπÿú≈ BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?) by this weekend, he says. That'll give us ( Çߪ’† ´÷èπ◊ -Å-†’-´’-A Éî√aúø’. é¬-F pal says.
´’†ç É°æp-öÀ-´-®Ωèπÿ do, does and did †’ í∫’-Jç-* enough time for preparation.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o -N-≠æ-ߪ÷-©-†’ -´’®Ó≤ƒ-J -ØÁ-´’®Ω’-¢ËÆæ’èπ◊ç-ü∆ç.
1st Regular Doing Word (come, go, sing, etc)†’
not ûÓí¬F, question ûÓé¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ do ´Ææ’hçü¿F,
II Regular Doing Word (goes, comes, sings,
etc) †’ not ûÓé¬F question -ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ 'Íé-°∂ˇ— é¬-ü¿’ ... 'éπu°∂-ß˝’—
does ´Ææ’hç-ü¿F, Past Doing Word (came, went,
sang) †’ not ûÓ é¬F question ûÓ é¬F ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
did ´Ææ’hç-C -Å-E -ûÁ-©’Ææ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. Å®·ûË do, does, did (Ñ ¢√®√çû√EéÀ -§ƒx-Ø˛ îËߪ’ôç °æ‹®Ωh-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿E v°æߪ÷-ù«™x ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ Öçúø-´’-Ø√oúø’). b) The students answer was wrong, the
†’ not ™‰†-°æ¤púø’, question 鬆-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ ¢√úø’- ÅØ√oúø’. ´’†èπ◊ ûªßª÷-®Ω-´y-ö«-EéÀ Ææ-J-°æ-ú≈ (ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç– éÓ®Ω’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) teacher says.
ûª’çö«ç – ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Æ洒ߪ’ç Öçô’çC.) Ñ conversation ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†ç îª÷ÊÆ-üËçöÀ? ´’†ç Å°æ¤p-úø-°æ¤púø’ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ á´-J-ØÁjØ√ ¢√∞¡x Ê°®Ω’
I do know him well - Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’. ÉC ques- Suhas: What were the places we would be vis- Principal -à´’-Ø√o®Ω’– í∫ûªç– Å®·Ø√ English ™ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ îÁ°æp-´’çö«ç. -D-EéÀ 鬮Ω-ùç ¢√∞¡Ÿx ¢Á·ü¿-ô-îÁ-°œp-
tion é¬ü¿’. Å®·Ø√ do know Åçô’Ø√oç. ÉC ûª°æ¤p iting, did he say? What does he say - Present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. Å™«Íí †-°æ¤púø’ ÆæJí¬ N†-éπ-§Ú-´ôç -™‰-ü∆ NE ´’J-*-§Ú-´ôç ´-
é¬ü¿’– Ø√éπ-ûª†’ ûÁ©’Ææ’ (-ûÁ-L-ߪ’-éπ-§Ú--´ô-¢Ë’çöÀ?) ÅØË (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ï} -v°æ-üË-¨»--© -N-´®√--™‰¢Á’i-Ø√ îÁ§ƒp-ú≈?) He wants us ÅE ´’S} present ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç. É-C ©x. Å°æ¤púË´’çö«ç. O’ Ê°Í®-´’ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’? / O’J-éπ\-úÕ-éÌ-
N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo í∫öÀdí¬ ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. I know him well Vikas: I don't exactly remember. Any way, he ´’†ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç. Spoken *aç-üÁ-°æ¤p-úø-Ø√o®Ω’? É™«çöÀ v°æ¨¡o©’ Ééπ\úø îª÷úøçúÕ.
ņôç éπØ√o I do know him well Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ Ø√èπ◊ will be meeting us this evening. English™ É™« past conversation report îËÊÆ-ô- a) What did you say your name was?
¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’ ÅE ÉçéÌçîÁç í∫öÀdí¬ îÁ°æpôç. (Ø√èπ◊ éπ*aûªçí¬ í∫’®Ω’h ™‰ü¿’. àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ¢√úø’ °æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ present tense ¢√úË≤ƒhç. ÉC ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ Look at the following words of Suhas from
She does sing well (She sings well) ´’†Lo ≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’.) practice îËÊÆh ´’† English Åçü¿çí¬, Ææ£æ«ïçí¬ the conversation at the beginning of the les-
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ She does sing well Åçõ‰ Ç¢Á’ ´’†ç Éçûª´®Ωèπÿ Direct Speech -†’ report Öçô’çC. son.
éπ*aûªçí¬ ¶«í¬ §ƒúø’-ûª’ç-ü¿E ØÌéÀ\ îÁ°æpôç. îËߪ’ôç îª÷-¨»ç.– Reporting verb †’ present C) Kumar: I (have) asked my mother to come, i) Suhas: When did he say he would confirm
Å™«Íí I did see him yesterday Åçõ‰ (I saw him tense, past tense -™ -á-™« -J-§Ú®˝d -îË-ߪ÷-™ -îª÷-¨»ç but she says she will not come. things?
yesterday) ؈’ ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ Åûª-úÕ-E îª÷¨»-†E í∫öÀdí¬ éπ-ü∆.
É°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ îªü¿-´-¶-ßË’-N ñ«ví∫ûªhí¬ í∫´’-Eç-îªç-úÕ
(-ØË-†’ ´÷ Å´’t-†’ ®Ω´’t-Ø√o†’. é¬F (Åûª†’ ´’†-èπ◊ -Å-Eo N≠æ-ߪ÷©÷ éπ*aûªçí¬
(Emphasis ûÓ) îÁ°æpôç. ÉN O’ conversation ™ ®√†-çC (®√†ç-öçC– ûÁ©’-í∫’™ èπÿú≈ á°æ¤púø’ îÁ§ƒh-†-Ø√oúø’?)
practice îËߪ’ôç î√™« ´·êuç. -É-™«-îËÊÆh a) Nagesh: So, you are going to do É™«Íí Åçö«ç éπü∆) ii) Suhas: What were the places we would be
O’ ¶µ«≠æ effectiveí¬ Öçô’çC. MBA. Ñ sentence 'I have asked my mother... not visiting, did he say?
Vikas: Sure. Suggest a good place (Å®·ûË †’´¤y -áç-G-à îËߪ’- come; Kumar ¢√∞¡x´’tûÓ á°æ¤púÓ ´÷ö«xúÕ-† ûª®Ω-¢√ûª (´’†ç ¢Á∞Ïx Ü∞¡Ÿ} à´E îÁ§ƒpúø’?)
where we get real good stuff ¶-ûª’-Ø√o-´-†o-´÷ô). ¢√∞¡x´’t ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ report îËÆæ’hØ√o, she says ņôç Å™«Íí When did you say the meeting would
(éπ*aûªçí¬. ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘ Rajesh: Yes. I am (Å´¤†’.) í∫´’-Eç-î√L. ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo ÉçéÓ Nüµ¿çí¬ É™« îÁ§Òpa be? (Meeting á°æ¤p-úø’ç-ô’ç-ü¿ç-ô’-Ø√o¢˛?) (´’S} îÁ°æ¤p
üÌJÍé àüÁjØ√ ´’ç* îÓô’ îÁ°æ¤p) Nagesh: Have you talked to your dad Kesav: I asked my mother to come. But she ÅE)
(Real good stuff- Eïçí¬ ´’†èπ◊ about it? (Ç N≠æߪ’ç O’ said she would not come. Ñ ´‚úø’ Å稻©÷ í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ.
†îËaô’x ´’ç*í¬ ÖçúË ´Ææ’h´¤.) M. SURESAN Ø√†oí¬JûÓ ´÷ö«x-ú≈¢√?) d) Sampath: Did you see the doctor? 1) ´÷´‚©’ Spoken English form ™ äéÓ\-≤ƒ-J
(Ééπ\úø °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç, 鬰∂‘. ´’S} í∫’®Ω’h Rajesh: Yes. I have (´÷ö«x-ú≈†’.) (ú≈éπd-Jo Ææç-v°æ-Cç-î√-¢√?) í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T-† -Åç-¨»-©-†’ report îËÊÆ-ô-°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈
îËÆæ’hØ√oç. öÀ°∂œØ˛ English ´÷ô é¬ü¿’. °∂æ©-£æ…®Ωç/Ö§ƒ- Nagesh: What does he say? Shanmukh: I did. He says the disease is not Present reporting verbs – He/she says,
£æ…®√-EéÀ ÆæÈ®j† English ´÷ô– Snack/ refreshment. (Çߪ’-ØË-´’ç-ô’-Ø√oúø’?) serious. They feel; they want; he/she wants ™«çöÀ
´÷´‚-©’í¬ Å®·ûË Some thing to eat; Any thing Rajesh: He says he prefers my doing MCA to (éπ-L¨»†’. ÉC Åçûª Bv´-¢Á’iç-üËO’ é¬ü¿ç- ¢√öÀE ¢√úÕûË ¶«í∫’ç-ô’çC.
to eat? Åçö«®Ω’. Any eats? Let's have some doing MBA. ô’-Ø√oúø’ / é¬ü¿-Ø√oúø’.) 2) Conversation ™ ´’†ç report îËߪ’-ú≈-EéÀ ¢√úË
eats ÅE èπÿú≈ informal í¬ Åçö«®Ω’. ( ؈’ MBA éπØ√o MCA îËߪ’ôç better ÉC (Past event †’ Present ™ report îËߪ’ôç) He says, they said, he/she told (some one)
Suhas: Nikhil often says that Cafe 'Shadruchi' ÅE -Ç-ߪ’-†ç-ô’-Ø√o®Ω’.) î√™« ≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. ™«çöÀN sentence ´·ç-ü¿’ é¬èπ◊çú≈ sentence
is the place for good eats and coffee. Ñ Ææ綵«-≠æ-ù™ Rajesh ûª† Course N≠æߪ’ç ´÷ö«x- Now look at the following part of the con- *´®Ω, ´’üµ¿u™ é¬F ®√´îª’a.
Shall we go there? úø-ôç í∫ûªç™ ïJ-T† N≠æߪ’ç. Å®·Ø√ Nagesh Åûª- versation at the beginning of the passage. 3) ´’†ç á´-J-ØÁjØ√ à-üÁjØ√ È®çúÓ-≤ƒJ Åúø-í¬-©-†’-èπ◊-†o-
(Cafe 'Shadruchi' ´’ç* °∂æ©-£æ…-®√-©èπÿ, -úÕ-E -à-´’-úø’-í∫’-ûª’-Ø√oúø’? What does he say? ÅE. Suhas: Well, what does Nikhil say about our °æ¤púø’
coffee éÀ ÆæÈ®j† îÓô’ (The place) ÅE (Ééπ\úø does say ) (=says) present tense ™ trip to Tirupathi and other places in What did he say his name was?
E"™¸ ûª®Ωîª÷ Åçô’ç-ö«úø’. Åéπ\-úÕéÀ Öçúøôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Å™«Íí Rajesh ¢√∞¡x Ø√†o South India? What is he doing about it? ™«çöÀ sentence pattern ¢√-úøû√ç.
¢Á∞«l´÷? Cafe' - pronunciation - í∫ûªç™ îÁ°œp† N≠æ-ߪ÷Eo èπÿú≈ He says ÅE pres- Vikas: It isn't going to be a problem at all, he Exercise: Report (aloud) the whole conversa-
éπu°∂ß˝’ – éπu bank ™ ba ™«í∫ = °∂æ©-£æ…- ent tense ™ îÁ°æpôç -O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. ÉC says. He is in touch, he has told with the tion at the beginning of this lesson, with the
®Ω-¨»©. ´÷´‚©’í¬ Íé°∂ˇ ÅE pronounce English ™ î√™« Ææ®Ωy≤ƒüµ∆-®Ωùç. -É-™« -Å-†-ôç ûª°æ¤p travel agency which his uncle runs. reporting verb in the present as well as in the
îËÆæ’hç-ö«®Ω’ – ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’.) é¬ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ îª÷Ææ’hØ√oç éπü∆. past tense.
Vikas: That suits me fine. Let's go B) Sunder: Does the Principal know about a) Nikhil ™‰†-°æ¤púø’ E"™¸ à´’-†oD, Suhas ᙫ
(Ø√éÀ-≠d¢æ Ë’. ¢Á∞«lç °æü¿.) your excursion programme? Åçô’-Ø√oúø’?
Suhas: Well, What does Nikhil say about our (O’ N£æ…-®Ω-ߪ÷vûª í∫’-Jç-* O’ -v°œ-Eq°æ-™¸èπ◊ What does Nikhil say about...?
-í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 24 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
(¢√Rxçöx Åçü¿®Ω÷ ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√∞Ïx. Adverbs Åçõ‰, verb -îËÊÆ °æ†’©’ ᙫ ïJ- have the facial. I had it facial. She had it done the day before. need to have the facial. She had
í¬®· ÅØË N≠æߪ’ç- ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ – äéπ done just yesterday. had it done the day before.
Åçûª Åü¿%-≠d-´æ ç-ûª’-™„j† ûªLx-ü¿ç-vúø’©’
ü∆ü∆-°æ¤ -Öç-úø®Ω’.) í∫’ùç à¢Ë’-®Ωèπ◊ ÖçC ÅE ûÁ-LÊ° ´÷ô©’ Pramila: We have to Pramila says they have to go to the Pramila said they had to go to
smart= ≤ƒtö¸– ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç– Åçü¿-¢Á’i† M. SURESAN èπÿú≈ adverbs.) go to the bank or the bank or the ATM too as they have to the bank or the ATM as they
Look at the following. had to draw some money.
-ü¿’Ææ’h-™x Çéπ-®Ω{-ùÃ-ߪ’çí¬ Öçúøôç. Ééπ\úÕ ATM too. we have to draw some money.
a) No other actor is so tall as Amitabh
Å®Ωnç– ûÁL-N-í∫©. draw some money.
Sravya: Her elder sister is brighter than all of Bachchan.
Lakshmi said that they need
(à Éûª®Ω †ô’úø÷ ÅN’-û√-•-îªaØ˛ Åçûª
We are comparing all Lakshmi: We need Lakshmi says that they need not, as
them but no so hardworking, §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬ü¿’.) Ééπ\úø not/ did not need to, as she had
other actors with Amitabh - not. I have enough she has enough cash.
enough cash.
§ÚLa á´®Ω÷ èπÿú≈
cash.
(¢√∞¡x Åéπ\ߪ’u -Åç-ü¿-J-éπçõ‰ ûÁL-N-í∫©C.
Amitabh Not
Åçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ é¬-ü¿’ ÅE Åçô’Ø√oç –
Pramila suggested they had
é¬F Åçûª éπ≠d-°æ æúÕ °æE-îË-ÊÆC é¬ü¿’.)
Lasya: They're all sure of good careers. That's so tall as ÅE – Ééπ\úøtall positive degree. Pramila: Then we had Pramila suggests they had better hurry
b) Amitabh is taller than any other actor/all better hurry up. up. better hurry up.
a thing to be happy about.
other actors. (ÅN’-û√¶¸ à Éûª®Ω †ô’-úÕ/-N’-í∫û√ Lakshmi: Need I get Lakshmi wants to know if she has to Lakshmi wanted to know if she
(¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ´’ç* Nü∆u, ÖüÓu-í¬©’ ûªü∑¿uç. -
Åçü¿®Ω’ †ô’-©-éπØ√o §Ò-úø-´¤.) money now or do you get the money now or if she has it. had to get the money then or if
Å-C ÆæçûÓ-≠œç-î√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç.)
Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ we are comparing all other actors have it? she had it.
í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’: °j conversation Åçû√ §ÚLéπ with Amitabh. ¢√∞¡}-éπØ√o Éûª†’ §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç.
Pramila: I think the Pramila says she thinks the money she Pramila said she thought the
(comparison)© v°æ≤ƒh-´ØË éπü∆. -E-ûªu -@-N-ûªç-™ ´’†ç
– Amitabh is taller than - Ééπ\úø taller, compar- money I have should has should be enough and that money she had should be
ative degree.
§Ú©a-èπ◊çú≈ à Ææ綵«-≠æù èπÿú≈ Öçúø-üË¢Á÷ éπü∆. äéπ enough and that Lakshmi need
be enough. You need Lakshmi need not get any.
1) Amitabh is the tallest of all actors -
´Ææ’h´¤ Ø√ùuûª, üµ¿®Ω†’, ÅüË ûª®Ω-í∫AéÀ -îÁç-C-† Éûª®Ω not/ did not need to get any
not get any.
Åçü¿®Ω’
Amitabh we are
´Ææ’h´¤© Ø√ùu-ûª, -üµ¿®ΩûÓ, äéπ ´uéÀhí∫’ù«-©’, Ç鬮Ωç, †ô’--™x Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤. Ééπ\úø money.
comparing all other actors with Amitabh -
íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, Éûª®Ω ´uèπ◊h© Ç鬮Ωç, íÌ°æp-ü¿†ç, í∫’ù«-©ûÓ
Lakshmi said that they must
¢√∞¡xç-
§ÚLa à-C, á´®Ω’ áèπ◊\¢Ó E®√l¥-®Ω-ùèπ◊ ®√´-ô¢Á÷, ™‰èπ◊çõ‰ Lakshmi: We must not Lakshmi says that they must not spend
ü¿J™ Éûª†’ Åûªuçûª §Ò-úø-´¤ Åçô’Ø√oç. Ééπ\úø
spend much time much time there as they have to get not spend much time there as
tallest superlative degree. ÉC í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
í∫öÀdí¬ ¢√Cç--éÓ-´-ô¢Á÷ îËÆæ’hçö«ç éπü∆.
Spoken English ™ Ñ §ÚL-éπ©-†’ -á-™« ´uéπh°æ®Ω’- there. We have to get back to make other arrangements. they had to get back to make
1) *´®Ω +est, +st í¬F´ÊÆh ÅCsuperlative degree. other arrangements.
≤ƒh¢Á÷ îª÷ü∆lç. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ Grammar ™ Å®·ûË a) tallest, highest, shortest, slightest, etc. ÉN
back to make other
DEo Degrees of comparisons Åçö«-®ΩE ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà arrangements.
ÎCî¦ô¢Ù 27 ÎÞœú£ªd 2006 Ðû¦è[ª šïj°ë]ô¦ò°ë -2
Sundar: I feel that the food here is better than Madan: My grand father reads these novels,
that in any other restaurant in this a lot of them.
area. What do you think? (÷« ê¦êŸÞ¥ô¢ª Ð ì÷õõª à¦ö° àŸë]ª-÷±-
(Ð vð§ÙêŸÙö˺ Ñìo ÏêŸô¢ ·ôþ§d-·ôÙåx ÚÛÙç¶ ê¦ô¢ª.)
ÏÚÛ\è[ íÆ£õô¢Ù ò°ÞœªÙ-åªÙ-ë]-ìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦o. Sundar: I remember your telling me that he
ìªî¶y÷ªìª-ÚÛªÙ-åªû¦oîËÂ?) was ill. How is he? Any improve-
Madan: You're right. This is the best eatery ment?
around here. (ÎóŸª-ìÚÛª áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙë]E ìª÷±y àµí‡pìåªx
(ìª÷±y àµí‡pÙC Eá! Ð àŸªåªd-í£-ÚÛ\õ Ïë¶ ÷ªÙ#C.) Þœªô¢ªh. Ïí£±p-èµö° Ñû¦oô¢ª? Ôiû¦
Sundar: The worst of all is the eatery next to ô¢ª·ÞjÙë¯?)
the post office. You get sick once Madan: No, unfortunately. He is worse than
you eat any thing there. before.
worse than that one. (worse - comparative
(Î ð¼þ§d-íƈú£ª í£ÚÛ\ì ÑìoC ÍEoÙæ¨ (ö¶ë]ª, ë]ªô¢-ë]'-ù£d-÷-ø‹êŸªh ÏÙêŸ-ÚÛª-÷³Ùë]ª
SUPERLATIVE: -ier à¶Ja comparative form
of bad).
ÚÛÙç¶ ÍëÅ]-÷ª-iÙC. ÖÚÛ-þ§J ÍÚÛ\è[ Ôëµjû¦ ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ ÑÙC.)
Sundar: I'm sorry to hear that. Hope he will
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – iest , – er à¶Ja comparative form
5) Is it better than the one I gave you last
AÙç¶ î¦Ù꟪ö¶!)
sick = áñªsÞ¥ ÑÙè[è[Ù – ÓÚÛª\÷Þ¥ Ð Íô¢nÙêÁ recover soon.
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª – est , –r à¶Ja comparative form
ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª -st, more ÷³Ùë]ª à¶Ja compara- week? (better - comparative of good).
î¦è[ê¦Ù. Íô³ê¶ sick = î¦ÙA Íó¶ªuåªxÞ¥ (Nì-æ°-EÚ¨ ò°ëÅ]Þ¥ ÑÙC. êŸyô¢ö˺ 6) Unfortunately he is worse than before.
tive form ඛú ÷«å-õÚÛª most à¶Ja superlative
ÑÙè[è[Ù ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íô¢nÙ ÑÙC. ÚÁõªÚÛªÙæ°ô¢E ÎPþ§h!) (worse - comparative of ill).
I am sick of these movies.
(Ð ú‡E-÷«-õÙ-ç¶û¶ û¦ÚÛª î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªuåªx ÑÙC.)
Once you eat there you get sick.
(ÍÚÛ\è[ AÙç¶ î¦ÙêŸ-ó¶ªu-åªxÙ-åªÙC.)
Madan: No, I don't agree there. There are
other restaurants which are worse
than that one.
(Î Nù£-óŸªÙö˺ û¶ìª Öí£±p-ÚÁìª. ÍÚÛ\è[ Ñìo
ÍEoÙæ¨ÚÛû¦o Íë¶ ÍëůyìÙ!
ÏÙÚ•Eo íÆ£õ-ô¢-ø‹-õõª ë¯E-ÚÛû¦o Íëůy-ìÙÞ¥ Madan: So do we. (÷´ Íö°¸Þ ÎP-ú£ªhû¦oÙ.)
degree form ill = áñªsÞ¥ Ñìo.
Sundar: OK. See you. Time that I were at
Ñû¦oô³.) à¶þ§h-÷ªF êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛªû¦oÙ ÚÛë¯.
Sundar: But I can tell you this. As no other home.
Íô³ê¶ Ð êµÞœ-õÚÛª àµÙë]E adjectives ÷ªJ-Ú•Eo worse - áñªs/ î¦uCÅ ÓÚÛª\îµjì, ÷³C-Jì)
place are idlis so (as) bad as at that (ÚÛõªë¯lÙ! Ïí£p-æ¨¸Ú ÏÙæ˺x ÑÙè¯-Lqì Ñû¦oô³. î¦æ¨Ú¨ comparatives, superlatives 7) His condition was the worst the day before
form à¶óŸª-è¯-EÚ¨ Ô EñÙëÅ]ìõ« í£E-Ú¨-ô¦÷±. î¦æ¨ yesterday.
place. î¦è…E.)(Îõ-ú£u-iÙC)
comparatives, superlatives irregular Þ¥ form
(Ú¥F ÖÚÛæ¨ ÷«vêŸÙ àµí£p-Þœ-õìª. ÏÚÛ\-è[ª- OK. See you = ÚÛõªë¯lÙ. (ÎóŸªì í£J-ú‡nA îµ³ìo ò°Þ¥ ¤©é¨Ù-#ÙC.)
ìoÙêŸ àµêŸhÞ¥ Ïè†xõª ÏÙ·Ú-ÚÛ\è¯ ÑÙè[÷±.) Madan: Bye
Í÷±-ê¦ô³. ÍN– worst - superlative of ill.
Madan: That is true, perhaps. OK. How good Ïí£±pè[ª Ð Ú¨ÙC sentences àŸ«è[Ùè….
is the novel which you finished yes- a) India is the largest democracy in the world.
terday? Ð î¦ÚÛuÙö˺ largest - superlative degree Íô¢nÙ:
(ÍC Eá! ú£¸ô! Eìo ìª÷±y í£²Jh à¶ú‡ì ví£í£ÙàŸÙ îµ³êŸhÙö˺ òÅ°ô¢ê ÍA-šíë]l ví£â°-þ§y÷ªuÙ.
ì÷õ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?) ÎÙÞœxòÅ°ù£é 204 Ïë¶ òÅ°÷Ù ÏÙÚÁ NëÅ]ÙÞ¥:
Sundar: It's easily the best I have read in a) India is the largest of all democracies in the
years. ÏÙêŸ-÷-ô¢ÚÛª ÷ªìÙ world/ India is the largest democracy of all in
(Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC-Nì ì÷- adjectives adverbs
ÚÛª, the world ÍE ÚÛ«è¯ Íì-÷àŸªa. Íô³ê¶ ÍEoæ¨ ÚÛû¦o
õö˺x Ïë¶ Þ•í£pC.) ÚÛª comparative, simplest form, India is the largest democracy
Madan: Is it better than the one I gave you superlative Óö° form in the world Íû¶C.
last week? à¶þ§h àŸ«ø‹Ù ÚÛë¯. ÏÙêŸ- Superlative degree ö˺ Ñìo-í£±pè[ª sentence
(û¶ìª FÚÛª ÞœêŸ-î¦ô¢Ù Ï#aì ì÷õ ÚÛû¦o ÷-ô¢ÚÛª êµõª-ú£ª-ÚÛª-ìoC– structure.
India is the largest democracy in the world.
M. SURESAN COMPARATIVE: Ú•Eo
ÚÛ«è¯ ò°ÞœªÙë¯?)
Sundar: I told you, no other novel I have read í£ë¯õ #÷ô¢ – ier à¶Ja, a) India (subject) + is (verb) + the + largest
in years is so good as this one. ÷ªJ-Ú•-Eo-æ¨Ú¨ – er à¶Ja, y êÁ ÍÙêŸ-÷ªó¶ªu ÷«å-õÚÛª, (superlative) + democracy.
(àµð§pìªÞ¥! Ú•Eo ú£Ù÷-êŸq-ô¦-õªÞ¥ û¶ìª àŸC- y ñë]ªõª – ier à¶Ja, ÏÙÚ•Eo ÷«åõ ÷³Ùë]ª more b) The Elephant is the strongest animal in the
Nì Ô ì÷õ ÚÛ«è¯ ÏÙêŸ Þ•í£pÞ¥ ö¶ë]E.) à¶Ja comparative degree form à¶þ§hÙ. world.
(subject + is (verb) + the + strongest
Etymological Dictionary 2) Cambridge (superlative) + animal).
ví£øŒo: 1. An unused old temple was given to Publications öËºì« ë•ô¢ª-ÚÛª-꟪ÙC. Superlative ö˺ sentence structure à¦ö° sim-
Mother Theresa ÍE IX Class English text ple. Þœªô¢ªhÙ-àŸªÚÁî¦LqÙ-ë]ö°x superlative ÷³Ùë]ª the
book (page no. 45) ö˺ àŸC-î¦ìª. ÏÚÛ\è[ unused
ví£øŒo: Ð ÷´è[ª î¦Ú¥u-õÚÛª êµõªÞœª Íô¢nÙ àµí£pÙè….
1. For that to happen.
ô¦î¦õE..
ÚÛª ñë]ªõª disused ÍE ÑÙè¯L ÚÛë¯ N÷-JÙ-àŸÙè…. Comparative degree ö˺ Íë¶ meaning êÁ–
2. Idioms with backgrounds book Ôëµjû¦ ÑÙç¶ 2. Planning Commission deputy chair- The worst of all is the eatery next to a) India is larger than any other democracy in
man Monteksingh Ahluwalia on satur-
ú£«#ÙàŸÙè…. the post office. the world.
day regretted that poverty reduction
– ÷ªëÅ]ª-ÚÛôÂ, êµû¦L comparative ö˺ structure
1. à¦ö° ÷ªÙ# ví£øŒo. Íô³ê¶ disused was not achieved to the desired extent
áî¦ñª: a) India (subject) + is (verb) + larger (compar-
during the years of planned develop- Positive Comparative Superlative
Íû¶ë¶ ÏÚÛ\è[ correct. ative) + than any other + democracy in the
ment. Good, Well better best
Unused ÍÙç¶ ví£ú£ªhêŸÙ/ world.
3. Pointing out that the growth process Bad, ill worse worst
Ïí£pæ¨ ÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Íú£õª î¦è[E evil worse worst b) The Elephant is stronger than any other
ÍE Íô¢nÙ. An unused should have been more inclusive.
much, many more most animal in the world.
old temple ÍÙç¶ Ïí£pæ¨ – ÖÚÛ ð§ôÈ¢-ÚÛªè[ª Nø‹-Ü-í£åoÙ
,
ÏC ÚÛ«è¯ šíj structure ö˺û¶ ÑÙè¯L.
1. for that to happen = ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶. You can see these irregular comparatives and
Positive:
÷ô¢ÚÛª/ Ïí£±pè[« î¦è[E áî¦ñª:
e.g. I want to buy a car. For that to happen I superlatives in the conversation at the begin-
í£±ô¦-êŸì ë¶î¦-õóŸªÙ ÍE No other animal in the world is so (as) strong
need money. ning of this lesson: Oå-Eoæ¨ Ñë¯--ô¢-éõª Ð les-
Íô¢nÙ. Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè… ÍÙå« as the Elephant.
son vð§ô¢Ù-òÅ¡Ùö˺ àŸ«è[-÷àŸªa.
ÑÙè[ë]ª ÚÛë¯. Íö° Ú¥ÚÛªÙè¯ (û¦ÚÛª Ú¥ô¢ª Ú•û¦õE ÑÙC. ÍC áô¢-Þ¥-õÙç¶ Structure - ÏÚÛ\è[ No other êÁ begin Í÷è[Ù Þœ÷ª-
è[ñªs-Ú¥-î¦L.) 1) I feel that the food here is better that in any
Ú•ÙêŸ-Ú¥õÙ î¦è[-ÚÛÙö˺ ÑÙè…, EÙ-àŸÙè… –
2. ...that poverty reduction was not achieved other restaurant (better - comparative of
Î êŸô¦yêŸ Ô Ú¥ô¢éÙêÁ No other (sub) + verb + so + (positive degree)
to the desired extent during the years good)
Íô³û¦ ð§è[ªñè[f Þœªè… ÍE + as the Elephant.
planned development. 2) This is the best eatery around here. (best -
Oªô¢ª ô¦ú‡ì sentence ö˺ b) No other democracy in the world is as (so)
superlative of good).
òÅ°÷Ù. Íö°Ùæ¨ òÅ°÷Ù Ïà¶aC disused. Ú¥ñæ¨d (ví£é°RÚ¥ñë]lÄ ÍÙç¶ ÷ªì í£ÙàŸ-÷ô¢{ ví£é°-RÚÛ ví£Ú¥ô¢Ù large as India.
3) The worst of all is the eaterie next to the
unused Íû¶C ÏÚÛ\è[ ú£J-Ú¥ë]ª. Disused ÍÙç¶ ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ú£Ù÷-êŸqô¦ö˺x ›íë]JÚÛÙ êŸÞœª_-ë]õ ÷ªìÙ ÎPÙ- No other + subject + is (verb) + as (so) + (pos-
post office. (worst - superlative of bad).
Ïí£±pè[ª î¦è[ª-ÚÛ-ö˺-ö¶E, ÖÚÛ-í£±pè[ª (ÞœêŸÙö˺) Ñìo ÍE. #-ìÙêŸ áô¢-Þœ-ö¶ë]ª.) itive degree) + as India.
3. Pointing out that the growth rate should 4) There are other restaurants which are
Íö°Ùæ¨ Þœªè…û¶ Mother Theresa Ú¨à¦aô¢ª ÍE
Íô¢nÙ. have been more inclusive.
Spoken English ð§êŸ î¦uþ§õ ÚÁú£Ù Ú¨xÚ à¶óŸªÙè…...
2. Idioms with background book - 1) Oxford (ÍGÅ-÷'ClÄ ví£vÚ¨óŸª ÏÙÚ¥ú£h Nú£h'-êŸÙÞ¥ ÑÙè¯-LqÙC.)
URL: http://www.eenadu.net/spoken/spoken.htm
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-´’çí∫-∞¡¢√®Ωç 29 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Nagesh: Hi Mangesh, what are you doing in adjective (larger)+than any other (singular) /
this Travel kit shop? (Are you) buying than all other (plural)+...
a bag? c) Positive: No other land animal is so (as) large
( Ñ -vö«-¢Á-™¸ éÀ-ö¸ -≥ƒ°ˇ™ àç îËÆæ’h-Ø√o´¤? as the elephant
¶«uí˚ à´’Ø√o éÌçô’-Ø√o¢√?) (à Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷îª®Ω ïçûª’´‹ à†’-í∫çûª °ü¿lC é¬ü¿’)
Mangesh: That's right Word order: No other+Subject (animal) +verb
(Å´¤†’) +so/as + positive adjective+as+the (subject)
Nagesh: You've bags and suitcases of all ÉO ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC. Å®·ûË ´’†ç îËÊÆ §ÚLéπ -
sizes, shapes and colours here. (Is) ©’ -á°æ¤p-úø’ èπÿú≈ Éçûª simple (Ææ®Ω-∞¡ç)í¬, direct í¬
none to your liking? Öçúø-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Éçé¬ ÆæçéÀx-≠dæ (complex ) -¢Á’i-† §Ú-L- 2) Kashmir - cold - state in India (Positive)
Pacific
(Ééπ\úø ÅEo ÂÆj-V©÷, Çé¬-®√©’, ®Ωçí∫’©÷ éπ©’ èπÿú≈ îËÆæ’hçö«ç. Öü∆-£æ«-®Ω-ùèπ◊ Ñ lesson (Éûª®Ω ´’£æ…Ææ´·-vü∆© éπç-õ‰ ™-ûÁj-†C)
3) This - good song - the movie (superlative)
c) He is older than any other members / all
Ö†o -¶«uí∫’-©’, Ææ÷-ö¸ÍéÆæ’-©’ ÖØ√o®· éπ∫ü∆. ¢Á·ü¿öx Nagesh, Mangesh conversation îª÷ü∆lç. 4) Rentachintala - hot place- A.P. (comparative)
other members of the family.
FÍéO †îªa-™‰ü∆?) a) Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. 5) December - cold month. (Positive)
(To your liking = Fèπ◊ †*açC)
(èπ◊ô’ç-•- Ææ-¶µº’u-©ç-ü¿-J-™-†÷ -Å-ûª-úø’ -´-ߪ’Ææ’-™
(ÉC- Ø√-é¬\-´-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰ °ü¿lC) 6) Andhra Pradesh- big state South India
Look at this one = ÉC îª÷úø’ Åçõ‰ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-EçîË Öçö«®Ω’. Ééπ\úø Mangesh (comparative)
Mangesh: This is bigger than the one I want. I §Ú©’Ææ’h†oC È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h´¤©†’ ´÷vûª¢Ë’ -Å-N ûª†-é¬\-´- Answers:
want a smaller bag than this. ©-Æœ† bag, ûª†’ îª÷Ææ’h†o bag. 1) This diamond necklace is the costliest jewel
( Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† -¶«uí˚ éπØ√o ÉC °ü¿lC. b) Mangesh: That's
want.
smaller than the one I
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 205 in the shop.
Ø√èπ◊ Éçûªéπçõ‰ *†oC 鬢√L ) (Ñ ≥ƒ°ˇ™ Ñ ´vñ«© necklace Åûªuçûª
Nagesh: That One may be the size you want. (Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπç-õ‰ ÅC *†oC) êK-üÁj-†C) (Superlative degree)
(ÅC Fé¬\-¢√-Lq† -ÂÆj-ñ ¸ Å-¢Ìy-a) Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ ÅçûË éπü∆? È®çöÀ ´’üµ¿u ´÷vûª¢Ë’ §ÚLéπ. 2) No other state in India is as (so) cold as
Mangesh: No that's smaller than the one I
°-ü¿l)
ûª†-é¬\-´-LqçC. ûª†èπ◊ -Å-éπ\úø üÌ®Ω’-èπ◊-ûª’-†oC. Kashmir.
Positive: Positive degree No
want. c) Mangesh: Oh, my! That's more than its
™ ´÷-ö«xúË-ô°æ¤púø’
other Positive adjec-
(¶µ«®Ω-û˝™ à Éûª®Ω ®√≠æçZ - é¬Qt®˝ Åçûª îªL-í¬ Öç-úø-
worth.
ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµ≤ƒhç. Ç ûª®Ω-¢√ûª
(™‰ü¿’. ÅC Ø√é¬\-¢√-Lq† ü∆E-éπçõ‰
tive ´·çü¿’ so/as positive adjective
é¬F, ûª®Ω-¢√ûª ü¿’) (positive degree)
*†oC)
Nagesh: See if this suits you?
( -ÉC Ææ-J-§Ú-ûª’ç-üË-¢Á÷ -îª÷-úø’)
Mangesh: Yes. That's exactly what I want.
(Å´¤†’. Ø√èπ◊ éπ*a-ûªçí¬ é¬¢√-Lqç-ü¿üË.)
Nagesh: This looks fine, but look at the price
tag here. It says it is Rs. 500/-
that's more than its worth
(î√© ¶«í∫’ç-CC é¬-F üµ¿®Ω îª÷-úø’ 500 ®Ω÷§ƒ-
ߪ’©’) 3) This is the best song in the movie.
as
Mangesh: Oh, my! that's more than its worth. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ bag üµ¿®Ωèπ◊, ü∆E N©’-´èπ◊ ´≤ƒh®·.
superlative
a) No other tree here is so (as) tall as the
(Ç *vûªç™ ÉC Åûªuçûª íÌ°æp §ƒô–
(Ŷs! -Éü¿çûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) Åçõ‰ È®çöÀ ´’üµËu §ÚLéπ. degree.)
coconut tree there.
(More than its worth = ü∆E N©’´ d) Mangesh: It is not worth more than that. 4) Rentachintala is hotter than any other place /
bag
(Ééπ\-úø’†o à îÁô’d èπÿú≈ Ç éÌ•s-J-îÁôdç-ûª §Òúø’-í∫’-
Åçûª îËߪ’ü¿’.) ÉC èπÿú≈ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ, N©’-´èπ◊ ´’üµ¿u all other places in A.P.
Nagesh: Let's look for something less expen- Ö†o §ÚLéπ - ûÁ-LÊ° ¢√éπuç. é¬ü¿’)
b) No other metal is so (as) bright as gold.
(Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ È®çô-*ç-ûª© Éûª®Ω à v°æüË-¨»-E-éπç-õ‰/
sive. e) Nagesh: Let's look for something less Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o ¢ËúÕ v°æü˨¡ç)
expensive.
(à Éûª®Ω ™£æ«´‚ •çí¬-®Ω-´’çûª v°æé¬-¨¡-´çûªç
(Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ω’†oüË´’Ø√o ÖçüË¢Á÷ 5) No other month is so (as) cold as December.
bag
é¬ü¿’)
îª÷ü∆lç.) Ééπ\-úø èπÿ-ú≈ Ñ èπÿ Åçûª-éπçõ‰ ( December
c) No other student in the class is as (so) good
à (Éûª®Ω) ØÁ™« Åçûª îªL-é¬ü¿’)
Mangesh: This is the least expensive of all the ûªèπ◊\´ üµ¿®Ωèπÿ §ÚLéπ. 6) Andhra Pradesh is bigger than any other
at the subject as Janaki
bags this size here. Let's bargain. É™« ´’†ç È®çúø’ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†÷, Éü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §Ú- state/ all other states in South India.
(class subject
See if we can get it for Rs 400. It is ©’Ææ’hçö«ç. Åô’-´ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ degree of comparison ™ Éûª®Ω Nü∆u-®Ω’n-™„-´®Ω÷ Ç ™ ñ«†-
(ü¿éÀ~ù ¶µ«®Ω-ûªç™ Éûª®Ω à ®√≠æZç/Éûª®Ω ®√≥ƒZ-©-éπç-õ‰
not worth more than that. †’ •öÀd word order (´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ) èπÿú≈ éπçûª ¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ-†-¢√∞¡Ÿx é¬-ü¿’.)
(Ééπ\-úø’†o Ç ÂÆj-ñ ¸ -¶«uí˚-™x ÉüË Åûªuçûª ´÷®Ω’ûª’çô’çC. ÅçûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, È®çöÀ éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ñ patterns (¢√é¬u© †´‚-Ø√©’) Ñ ´‚úø’ -Çç-vüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸ °ü¿lC)
degrees ™ °j† îª÷°œ†õ‰x Öçú≈L. É™« È®çúÕ-öÀ-éπç-
ûªèπ◊\´. 400 ®Ω÷§ƒ-ߪ’-©èπ◊ -´Ææ’hç-üË-¢Á÷ - §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ ÖçúË sentence word order èπÿ, È®çöÀE 1. How to pronounce the words? Is there
îª÷-ü∆lç. Åçûª-éπçõ‰ -áèπ◊\-´ îËߪ’-ü¿’) ´÷vûª¢Ë’ compare îËÆœ-†-°æ¤púø’ Öç-úË sentence word õ‰ áèπ◊\´ ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’ §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’ O’®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-î√-
any rule please.
Nagesh: You are right. Let's ask if for order èπÿ î√-™« ûËú≈ Öçô’çC.
Lq† ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç– superlative, comparative. Ñ
È®çúø’ degrees ™ sentences ™ not ®√ü¿’. pos- b) Occasion, situation - what is the differ-
Rs 400.
ence between these words? ( give some
1) È®çöÀéπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’
itive degree ™ sentence – no other ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-¶µº-
400
(†’-´y-†o-C -¶«í∫’ç-C. ®Ω÷§ƒ- superlative degree ™E adjective
examples). öÀ. ¢Áçéπ-õ‰-¨¡y-®Ω-®√´¤, Í®°æ™„x
ߪ’-©-éÀ≤ƒhúË¢Á÷ Åúø’-í∫’ü∆ç) ´·çü¿’ the éπ*a-ûªçí¬ ®√¢√L. ´’-´¤-ûª’çC.
i) Any good English - English dictionary will
Mangesh: Let's try eg: a) The elephant is the biggest of
(Å®·ûË, ÅEo-öÀ-éπØ√o... é¬ü¿’, ÅØË superlative
give you the symbols of pronunciation -
all land animals / the biggest
Öçô’çC. ü∆E Ææçí∫A ûªy®Ω-™ØË îª÷≤ƒhç.)
refer to it.
(-v°æ-ߪ’-ûªoç -îË-ü∆lç.)
-í∫-ûª lesson ™ adjectives of compari- land animal.
É°æ¤púø’ in the conversation at the beginning of
M. SURESAN the lesson -™« È®çöÀ-F §Ú™«aç ņ’-éÓçúÕ. Å°æ¤púø’ ii) Situation = °æJ-Æ œnA.
son í∫’-J-ç-* éÌEo N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç b) Hyderabad is the largest city in
éπü∆? ´Ææ’h-´¤-©†’, ´uèπ◊h-©†÷ §ÚLa ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’ A.P.
î√© ´·êu-¢Á’i† Å稡ç. È®çöÀ-ØË/-É-ü¿l®Ω’ ´uèπ◊h-©ØË §ÚLa- äéπ v°æüË-¨¡ç™ äéπ Ææ´’-
ûª®Ω’-í∫’©’ E®Ωg-®·ç-îªôç ü∆ü∆°æ¤ v°æA-éπ~ùç @Nûªç™ (A.P. ™ £j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛ ÅA-°ü¿l †í∫®Ωç)
†-°æ¤úø’ superlative degree Öçúøü¿’. Positive, ߪ’ç™ Ö-†o /-ï-®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’-
Comparative ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Öçö«®·.
îËÆæ÷hØË Öçö«ç. -ü∆-EéÀ ´’† conversation (Spoken C) He is the most popular actor on the
†o Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†© éπ©-
1) This is bigger than the one I want.
English) ™ v§ƒüµ∆†uç î√™« áèπ◊\´. Åçü¿’-éπE ´’†ç Telugu screen.
®·éπ.
A difficult situation = éÀx-≠dæ
îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊†o ¶µ«¢√Eo correct í¬ îÁ°æp-ö«-EéÀ, 3 (ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω O’ü¿ Åûª-úø’ Åûªuçûª v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷†ç (Ø√é¬\-´-Lq-† -ü∆-E-éπçõ‰ ÉC °ü¿lC)
degrees of comparison ™ ¢√éπuE®√tùç ᙫ - Ö-†o †ô’úø’) – Comparative (bigger) °æJ-ÆœnA; financial situation
Öçô’çüÓ í∫-ûª lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç. ü∆Eo ´’®Ó ≤ƒJ 鬕öÀd superlative adjective ´·çü¿’ á°æ¤púø÷ the DEéÀ positive degree: The one I want is not as = ÇJnéπ °æJ-Æ œnA political sit-
(so) big as this. uation = ®√ï-éÃߪ’ °æJ-Æ œnA.
èπ◊x°æhçí¬ îª÷ü∆lç: ûª°æp-E-ÆæJ.
superlative Occasion = Ææçü¿®Ωs ¥ç –
a) Superlative: 2) Å™«Íí È®çöÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤úø’ com- DEéÀ Öçúøü¿’. -Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ´îËa
lesson
The Elephant is the largest land animal. parative adjective -ûª®Ω-¢√ûª than any other / than
™ îª÷ü∆lç. Ééπ\úø Ææç°∂æ’-ô-†-©’, °æJ-Æœn-ûª’© éπç-õ‰ Ææ´’-ߪ÷-EéÀ
Exercise: Practise the following aloud. Make v§ƒ´·êuç áèπ◊\´. °j† situation ¢√úÕ† îÓô™«x
¶µº÷îª-®Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ ÅA-°-ü¿lC. all other ûª°æpèπ◊ç-ú≈ ®√-¢√L. than any other Å®·ûË
sentences using the following words, using the occasion ¢√úøôç èπ◊ü¿-®Ωü¿’ éπü∆.
ÉC superlative. Éçü¿’™ word order (´÷ô© Å´’- Ç ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, singular number; Than all
degree given in brackets. I have met him on two or three occasions =
Jéπ) î√-™« simple. other Å®·ûË -Ç -ûª®Ω-¢√-ûª subject, plural number
eg: Mt Everest - high peak in the world.
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+the+superlative Å´¤-û√®·. ÅûªEo ؈’ È®çúø’ ´‚úø’ Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’.
(comparative) (Mt-Mount- a) On the last occasion that I met him, he
adjective+... a) The Prime Minister is more powerful than
°æ®Ωy-û√© Ê°®Ωx-´·çü¿’
(Peak- was in a difficult situation =
b) The elephant is larger than any other land any other minister / all other ministers.
¢√úøû√ç) Pê®Ωç) ÅûªEo ؈’ -Éç-
Ans: Mt Everest is higher than any other peak
animal / all other land animals. (-É-ûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©ç-ü¿-J éπç-õ‰ èπÿú≈ -v°æ-üµ∆-†-´’ç-vAéÀ ûªèπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†o-°æ¤púø’ Åûª†’ î√-™« éÀx-≠dæ
in the world. °æJ-Æœn-A™ ÖØ√o-úø’.
(¶µº÷îª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤™x à†’í∫’ N’í∫û√ à ïçûª’´¤-© ÇCµ-鬮Ωç -áèπ◊\-´)
1) This diamond necklace - costly jewel in the b) She was able to manage the situation
éπç-õ‰ /- ÅEo Éûª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ °ü¿lC). b) The Pacific is deeper than any other ocean /
shop - (superlative)
The elephant (sub)+is(verb)+comparative all other oceans in the world. = Ç °æJ-Æœn-AE Ç¢Á’ ¶«í¬ -îªéπ\-C-ü¿lí∫-©’í∫’-ûª’ç-C.
í∫’®Ω’¢√®Ωç 31 -Çí∫Ææ’d 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
b) Comparative:
†’ BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ O∞¡Ÿx íÌ°æpí¬ ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – Éçûª ´’çCE îÁÊ°p-ô-°æ¤púø’, ÉC È®çúø’ Eïç é¬ü¿’.
™‰®Ω’) Vasudha: Éçûª- E-ñ«-®·--Bí¬ ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷ ™‰†’.
Chandra is not taller than Tara = N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u §ÚLéπ ᙫ Å´¤-ûª’-çü¿-E.
Vasanth: What about the pitch?
û√®Ω éπçõ‰ îªçvü¿ §Ò-úø-´¤-é¬ü¿’. Å®·ûË ´’†ç Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’éÓ-¢√-LqçC– Ééπ\úø à äéπ\- Answer:
(
°œ-î˝ á™« ÖçC?) Pramada: How beautiful your dress is!
Positive: JØÓ, N’í∫û√ ¢√∞¡xç-ü¿-JûÓ §Ú©aôç ™‰ü¿’. ´’Ê£«-≠ˇ,
(Pitch= È®çúø’ -¢Áj°æ¤-™« NÈé-ôx ´’üµ¿u -°æ*aéπ Åçûªí¬ Ææ-B-≠ˇ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω’ 1st set. -éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝ – ORx-ü¿l®Ω÷ Vasudha: (It is) not more beautiful than yours.
Tara is (at least) as tall as Chandra.
™‰E ¶µ«í∫ç) 2nd set. Ééπ\úø comparison Ñ È®çúø’ sets of Pramada: Certainly my dress is not as/so
At least î√-™« ≤ƒ®Ω’x ´C-™‰-Ææ’hçö«ç– ûª°æ¤p-é¬ü¿’.
Hemanth: The pitch this time was not faster players èπ◊. 鬕öÀd, DEo È®çúø’ N≠æ-ߪ÷© ´’üµ¿u attractive as yours. My selection is
than the pitch last time. That's why
´·êu-¢Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç: Positive degree adjective
not so as proper as yours, but my
we took a spinner in place of a pace
´·çü¿’ so/as, positive degree ûª®√yûª as ®√´ôç §ÚL-éπ-í¬ØË BÆæ’éÓ¢√L.
Positive: Kiran and Charan were (atleast) as dress is more expensive than yours.
bowler.
ûÁ©’-Ææ’-í∫ü∆?
great as they. That makes me sad.
(°œ-î˝ Ñ≤ƒJ fast bowling èπ◊ Åçûª ņ’-
Å®·ûË, positive degree ™ not Ö†o-°æ¤púË, ü∆-E
Vasudha: Such things happen. Don't worry.
í∫’ùçí¬ -™‰-ü¿’. Åçü¿’Íé ¢Ë’ç, ã fast ´·çü¿’ so é¬E,/as é¬E- ¢√úøû√ç. positive degree (éÀ®Ω-ù˝, -Ω-ù˝-©’ éπ-FÆæç -¢√-∞¡xç-ûª íÌ°æp-¢√-∞Ïx)
5) The pitch this time was not faster than the But I still feel that yours is the best
bowler •ü¿’©’. ã spin bowler †’
™ not ™‰éπ-§ÚûË ü∆-E ´·çü¿’, as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ¢√úøû√ç.
pitch last time (not faster - not + compara- of the dresses of all those/ the peo-
So ¢√úøç.
BÆæ’èπ◊-Ø√oç) tive) ple here.
a) He is not so/as tall as his brother-
(pace bowler = fast bowler. Positive: The pitch last time was (at least) as Pramada: Good to hear that, but it is not true.
ÉC positive degree. Éçü¿’™ not ÖçC. 鬕öÀd
In place of = •ü¿’-©’í¬/≤ƒn†ç™. fast as the pitch this time Vasudha: I have never been so (as) truthful /
tall so
´·çü¿’, asé¬F é¬F ¢√úøû√ç.
In place of Suresh we have Harish = Ææ’Í®-≠ˇ honest as I am now.
b) He is as clever as his brother-
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ≤ƒ-J °œ-î˝ èπÿú≈ Ñ≤ƒJ °œ-î˝ Åçûª
≤ƒn†ç™ £æ«K≠ˇ ÖØ√oúø’) ÉD positive degree. Å®·ûË Éçü¿’™ not é¬F, no ¢Ëí∫-¢Á’içüË)
Vasanth: What about the next match? The Warangal team is no more a problem
(
é¬F ™‰ü¿’. Åçü¿’-´©x clever ´·çü¿’ as ´÷vûª¢Ë’ 6) v°æ¨¡o. 'Æœçõ„é˙q— Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’-í∫’™ Å©ç-é¬-®√-™‰Ø√?
ûª®√y-ûª -Ç-ô Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?-) for us than yesterday's team.
Hemanth: We may play the team from
¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç, so ¢√úø-ôç- ™‰ü¿’. ÉC î√-™« ´·êu-¢Á’i† ¢√öÀ í∫’Jç* ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’ç-úÕ.
(no more a problem - no + comparative) à¢Á’iØ√ v°æûËuéπ °æ¤Ææh-é¬-©’-Ø√oߪ÷?
Warangal, but we take it easy. The
N≠æߪ’ç.
Much (positive) - more (comparative) - most
Now let us study the following sentences
èπ~◊ùoçí¬, Ææ’-©-¶µºçí¬ ÖçúË °æ¤Ææh-鬩’
Warangal team is no more a prob- (superlative)
from the conversation between Vasanth and
(´÷èπ◊ ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç E†oöÀ -öÃç éπçõ‰ ûÁL-ߪ’-ñ‰-ߪ’çúÕ.
lem for us than yesterday's team.
Hemanth at the beginning of this lesson.
áèπ◊\´ Ææ´’Ææu- é¬ü¿’) – áÆˇ. ®√ñ¸- π◊-´÷®˝,
(´îËa-≤ƒJ ¢Ë’ç- ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç ûÓ ÇúÌa. Positive: Yesterday's team was (at least) as
1) Hemanth: Our game yesterday was no bet-
£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü.˛
Å®·ûË ¢Ë’ç ü∆Eo ûËL-í¬_ØË BÆæ’èπ◊ç-ô’- much a problem for us as the waran- Syntax Åçõ‰ Å©ç-é¬-®√©’ é¬ü¿’.
ter than last sunday's
Ø√oç. E†oöÀ öÃç éπç-õ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ öÃç gal team Syntax Åçõ‰ English ™E ¢√é¬u-
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô éπçõ‰ E†o
°ü¿l Ææ´’ÊÆuç é¬ü¿’.) ´÷ Çõ‰ç ¢Á’®Ω’-í¬_-™‰ü¿’.) (E†oöÀ -öÃç, ´®Ωçí∫-™¸ -öÃç Åçûª Ææ´’ÊÆu ™xE ´÷ô© Å´’-Jéπ (order of words - à ´÷ô
Vasanth: I appreciate your confidence.
(no better - no + comparative)
´÷èπ◊ = ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’) – Åçõ‰ ´®Ωç-í∫™¸ ´·çü¿÷, à ´÷ô ûª®√yûª ®√¢√L)†’ í∫’-Jç-*-†
(F N¨»y-≤ƒEo -Å-Gµ-†ç-CÆæ’h-Ø√o.) Positive: Last Sunday's game was (at least) as
áèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’ ÅE. E•ç-üµ¿-†©’. É°æpöÀ ´®Ωèπÿ ÉEo lessons ™†÷ -ûÁ-L-
Hemanth: Our Captain is more confident than I Our captain is more confident than I (am) - °œç-C ÉüËéπü∆? OöÀE í∫’Jç-* English story books,
good as our game yesterday =
7)
(am)= Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷captain áèπ◊\´ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ -ÖØ√oúø’ – Magazines ûÓ v§ƒ®Ωç-Gµç*, Newspapers
( captain
éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ÇC-¢√®Ωç ´÷ Çô èπÿú≈ E†o ´÷
Ø√éπçõ‰ ´÷ Éçé¬ N¨»y-ÆæçûÓ comparative, not Positive
™‰èπ◊çú≈, 鬕öÀd ™ (English), °ü¿l †´-©©’ ™«çöÀN îªü¿-´ôç ´©x
Çôçûª ¶«í¬ ÖçC (éπFÆæç)
ÖØ√oúø’.) not English ¶«í¬ ´Ææ’hçC.
2) Our score this time was not higher than that
´Ææ’hçC.
Vasanth: Best of luck then. Bye.
-≤Ú-´’¢√®Ωç 4 -ÂÆ°dç-•®Ω’ 2006 Ñ-Ø√-úø’ £j«-ü¿®√-¶«-ü˛ 2
Dhananjai: So, which school did you put your Dhananjai: Tomorrow? I should very much
son in, finally? like to, but tomorrow is a friday.
(*´-®Ωèπ◊ O’ ¢√-úÕ-E -à school ™ - On fridays, I am busier than most
îË-Jpç-î√-´¤?) other days. I'll try to come, but
Lokeswar: In the Ambit Public School. don't look for me. Anyway, many
Dhananjai: Congrats. How could you ever happy returns of the day.
get him admission in that school? (Ø√èπ◊ ®√¢√-©ØË ÖçC, é¬F Í®°æ¤ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√®Ωç. -N’-T-L-†
It is one of the best schools in the ®Ó-V-©-ûÓ -§Ú-LÊÆ-h ؈’ ¨¡Ÿvéπ-¢√-®√©’ î√™«- G-@. Å®·-
state.
(Ç Ææ÷\--™x -Å-úÕt-≠æ-Ø˛ ᙫ Ææ秃-Cç--î√-
´¤? ®√≠æçZ -™ -Ö-†o -Ö-ûªh-´’ -§ƒ®∏Ω-¨»-©-™x -
Tarun: Hi Saran, you are not the earliest to a) Madanapalle is not the coolest place in A.P
class, are you? = Adjective - the coolest - degree superla-
(Åçü¿-J-éπçõ‰ class èπ◊ ´·çü¿’ ´*açC tive - Å®·ûË Ñ sentence superlative
™
†’´¤y é¬ü¿’-í∫ü∆?) ´·çü¿’ not sentence
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. Ñ Å®Ωnç:
Saran: Sarika and some others were earlier Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™ ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x Åûªuçûª xE v°æü˨¡ç
than me. I was not later than they é¬ü¿’ ÅE éπü∆.
(were)/them by more than ten min- Åçõ‰, ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x éÌEo Éûª®Ω v°æüË-¨»-©-éπØ√o x-E-C-
utes. é¬ü¿’ ÅE– ÉC comparative.
(≤ƒJéπ, ÉçéÌç-ü¿®Ω’ Ø√éπçõ‰ ´·çü¿’ Madanapalle is not cooler than some other
´î√a®Ω’. ¢√∞¡x-éπçõ‰ ؈’ °æC EN’-≥ƒ© places in A.P.
éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ Ç©Ææuç é¬ü¿’.) DEéÀ positive: positive comparative superlative
Tarun: Sarika isn't always the earliest to Some other places in A.P. are as cool as 1. Some others are as early You are not earlier than some You are not the earliest to
come ? Madanpalle = -á.°œ.™ éÌEoîÓô’x ´’ü¿-†-°æ™„x to class as you. others to class. class. sentence)
(É*a†
(á°æ¤púø÷ ´·çü¿®Ω ´îËa ¢√∞¡x™ ≤ƒJéπ Åçûª x-EN. 2. I was not early as Sarika Sarika and some others were I was not the earliest.
Öçô’ç-C-éπü∆?) b) That is not the tallest tree in the garden. and some others. earlier than me. sentence)
(É*a†
Saran: No, she isn't. In fact, she is not (Ç ûÓô™-E ÅEo îÁôx™ ÅC áèπ◊\´ §Òúø-¢ÁjçC 3. It was not as cheap before It is cheaper than before (É*a† No superlative.
among those who are the earliest. é¬ü¿’) as it is now. sentence)
(é¬ü¿’. ûªy®Ωí¬ ´îËa-¢√-∞¡x™ x ÅÆæ-™«¢Á’ – not the tallest (not + superlative) 4. Some others are always Sarika is not always earlier than Sarika is not always the ear-
Öçúøü¿’.) The tree is not taller than some other trees as early as Sarika. some others. liest.(É*a† sentence)
Tarun: You were thinking of buying a bike. in the garden. 5. It is not as cheap as it was It is not cheaper now than before. It is not the cheapest now.
You had better buy now. It is on sale (Ç ûÓô™ N’í∫û√ éÌEo îÁôx-éπØ√o ÉC §Òúø-¢ÁjçC earlier. (É*a† sentence)
at a discount é¬ü¿’) 6. Some other brands are This is not going to be cheaper This is not going to be the
and is cheaper not taller than some going to be as cheap as than some other brands. cheapest of brands.
than before. other - comparative. this. sentence)
(É*a†
(†’¢ËyüÓ bike 7. The bike is not as impor- Some other matters are more The bike is not among/ not
éÌØ√-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’- -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 209 Some other trees in
the garden are as tall
tant for me as some other important for me than the bike one of the most important
Ø√o´¤ éπü∆. matters. now. sentence)
(É*a† matters for me.
as the tree.
É°æ¤púË é̆ôç 8. No other matter has as lit- The bike has less priority than The bike has the least prior-
´’ç*C. Discount ™ Å´·t- (ûÓô-™E éÌEo îÁô’x, Ç îÁôdçûª tle priority as the bike. any other matter ity now. (É*a†sentence)
ûª’-Ø√o®Ω’. Éçûª-èπ◊-´·ç-ü¿’-éπçõ‰ §Òúø´¤Ø√o®·.)
[little (positive) - less (comparative) - least (superlative)]
É°æ¤púø’ éπ.) c) Some other novels are as good as
Saran: It is not the cheapest now. 'You only live Twice' 9. Some other matters are as There are other more important This is not the most impor-
It is going to be cheaper (éÌEo Éûª®Ω novels, 'you only live important as this. matters than this. sen-
(É*a† tant matter.
still. I'll wait for another Twice' Åçûª ¶«í∫’ç-ö«®·) tence)
month. M. SURESAN As good as - degree - positive
Rahul: That's true. But once he regains form,
äéπ ´·êu-N-≠æߪ’ç í∫’®Ω’hç--éÓçúÕ: É™« äéπ very few of us can play as well as he.
Komal: Visal, doesn't Ramana speak English Komal: He certainly works harder than any of
the best of all of us in the class? us. At the same time he plays games
(Class™ ´’†ç-ü¿-J™ English ¶«í¬ better than us too. Remember he
Ramana éπü∆)
´÷ö«x-úËC scored higher than any other member
Vishal: Yes; he does. (Å´¤†’) of our team in the last match.
Komal: Why so? (áçü¿’-éπE?) (éπ*a-ûªçí¬ Åûªúø’ ´’†-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´ v¨¡´’-
Why so = áçü¿’-éπ™«?; Why not? = áçü¿’èπ◊ °æ-úø-û√úø’. Å™«Íí games ™ èπÿú≈ ´’†-
é¬ü¿’? Ñ expressions conversation ™ éπçõ‰ Åûªúø’ ¢Á’®Ω’Íí. éÀç-ü¿-öÀ match ™
î√™« common. O’®Ω÷ ûª®Ω-îª’í¬ ¢√úøçúÕ. ´’† team ™ Éûª®Ω players éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬
Vishal: From the beginning he has studied in score î˨»úø’).
English medium, that too, in very Vishal: Here he is. Let's spend some time Adjective Å®·Ø√, adverb Å®·Ø√, äéπ degree †’ç* ÉçéÓ degree éÀ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A äéπõ‰.
good schools. Moreover, he reads with him. positive comparative superlative
more than any one of us. (ÉCíÓ ´Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ Åûª-úÕûÓ 1. Adjective Australia is better than any Australia is the best team
(¢Á·ü¿-öÀ†’ç* Åûªúø’ îªC-NçC English í∫úø’-°æ¤ü∆ç) No other team in the world is (all) other team (teams) in in the world.
medium ™, ÅD ´’ç* English medi-
☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ so/ as good as Australia. the world.
um schools ™, ÅçûË-é¬-èπ◊çú≈ ´’†-éπçõ‰
Adverb Australia plays better than Australia plays best of all
Åûªúø’ áèπ◊\-´í¬ îªü¿’-´¤-û√úø’.) lesson ™ ´’†ç ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-†oC, degrees of any other team/ all other teams in the world.
í∫-ûª No other team in the world
That too = ÅC èπÿú≈. comparison äéπ\ adjectives Íé é¬ü¿’, adverbs plays so/ as well as Australia. teams in the world.
èπ◊ èπÿú≈ Öçü¿E. Adverbs Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈ ûÁ©’-Ææ’- 2. Adjective Australia is one of the best
Australia is better than most
èπ◊Ø√oç. verb, subject îËÊÆ °æEE ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. Ç Very few teams in the world other teams in the world. teams in the world.
verb îËÊÆ °æE ᙫ ïJ-TçC ™«çöÀ N´-®√-©†’
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 210
are as good as Australia.
ûÁLÊ°-´÷ô adverb. Adverb
Australia plays better than No proper superlative.
He plays well. Ééπ\úø verb - plays. ᙫ Very few teams in the world most other teams in the
Komal: What does he Çúø-û√úø’? ÅØË verb (ûÁLÊ° °æE)éÀ v°æ¨¡o ¢ËÊÆh, play as well as Australia. world.
read? How Ææ´÷-üµ∆†ç well éπü∆? Åçü¿’-éπE well, adverb
much does he Å´¤-ûª’çC. äéπ sentence ™ äéπ ´÷ô îËÊÆ °æEE îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆ ´÷Í®a °æü¿l¥A Adjective Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰, – ÉC Comparative. verb - reads. DEo pos-
read? •öÀd, ÅC noun/ adjective/ adverb etc., OöÀ™x adverb Å®·Ø√ äéπõ‰. itive èπ◊ ´÷JÊÆh, not ®√¢√L. Å°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ω’hç--
(àç îªü¿’-´¤- àC ÅE E®Ωg-®·ç-î√Lq Öçô’çC. 1) Tendulkar bats better than Sehwag. éÓ-¢√-Lq† N≠æߪ’ç – reads + not = does not
û√úø’? áçûª This is a fast train. (ÉC Éü¿lJ ´’üµ¿uØË §ÚLéπ – Ééπ\úø not ™‰ü¿’– ÉC read.
îªü¿’-´¤-û√-úøç- Ééπ\úø ᙫçöÀ train? ÅØË v°æ¨¡oèπ◊, fast train ÅØËC comparative degree) DEéÀ superlative Positive degree: Ravi does not read so/ as
ö«´¤?) M. SURESAN ï¢√•’. 鬕öÀd fast, adjective. Öçúø-ü¿’-éπü∆. Positive ™éÀ ´÷Í®a-ô-°æ¤púø’, fast as Krishna. (Krishna Åçûª ¢Ëí∫çí¬ ®ΩN
Tendulkar, Sehwag Ê°®Ω’x û√®Ω’-´÷-®Ω-´¤-û√®·; îªü¿-´úø’)
not ´Ææ’hçC. 3) Kites fly faster than crows.
Chandan: Of the two who do you find the Santhan: We're going to appoint him. Better
better- Sekhar or Srikar? sooner than later. I'll send the
(Ç Éü¿l-J™, Åçõ‰ ¨Ïê®˝, Xéπ-®˝™ á´®Ω’ appointment order today itself.
¢Á’®Ω’-í∫ç-ö«´¤?/ á´®Ω’ ¢Á’®Ω’-í∫-E- (ÅûªEo appoint îËÆæ’hØ√oç. Ç îËÊÆ-üËüÓ
°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’?) ûªy®Ωí¬ îËÊÆh †ßª’ç. Ñ®Óñ‰ appoint-
Santhan: Difficult to say. Each has his ment order °æç°æ¤û√)
virtues and defects. Srikar is the Chandan: O.K. Go ahead. (ÆæÍ®, é¬F.)
more intelligent but Sekhar is the Go ahead = é¬F/ é¬E´¤y/ Ææ´’t-Aç-îªôç.
more industrious. Ram: I want to tell you something.
(îÁ°æpôç éπ≠dçæ . Éü¿l-J™ éÌEo ´’ç* (Fèπ◊ ØËØÓ-N-≠æߪ’ç îÁ§ƒp-©-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o) 2) Between Bangalore and Hyderabad, 2) Who is the more suitable for this job?
í∫’ù«©÷ ÖØ√o®·, éÌEo üÓ≥ƒ©÷ Sam: Go ahead. (é¬F/ îÁ°æp-®·ûË). Bangalore is the cooler = 3) The sooner, the better =
ÖØ√o®·.) ÉC English ™ common. O’®Ω÷ practice Bangalore is cooler than Hyderabad. áçûª ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË Åçûª ´’ç*C.
Virtue = ´îª÷u– '´— bird ™ '•— ™« ØÌéÀ\- 3) Of (between) his two sons, the elder is the
îËߪ’çúÕ. É°æ¤púø’ sentence 3) ™«çöÀ comparative
°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç– Å®Ωnç – Ææ’í∫’ùç. Gandhi was a ☯ ☯ ☯
stronger = ÅûªE éÌúø’èπ◊Lü¿l®Óx °ü¿l-¢√úø’ •©- sentences îª÷ü∆lç: Ééπ\úø, È®çúø’ compar-
man of virtue = í¬çDµ Ææ’í∫’-ù«©’ éπL-T† ´uéÀh. (The elder is the stronger of his
atives °æéπ\ØË ¢√úø’-ûª’Ø√oç éπü∆. È®çúÕçöÀ
Comparative degree (adjective/ adverb)
´ç-ûª’úø’.
Chandan: And who is the more suitable for two sons
Ææçü¿-®√s¥-EéÀ ûªT-†ô’x ñ«ví∫-ûªhí¬ ¢√úÕûË ´’† con-
ÅE èπÿú≈ ÅØÌa). ´·çü¿÷ the ®√´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ.
this job then? 4) Pranav: How does he compare with his
versation î√™« Åçü¿çí¬, effective (v°æ¶µ«´ç a) The taller a player is, the better can he
father?
(Å®·ûË É°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ 鬢√-Lq† °æEéÀ éπ©’-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆ-C)í¬ Öçô’çC. 鬕öÀd Comparative play =
ÅûªE ûªçvúÕûÓ Åûª-ØÁoç-ûª-´®Ωèπÿ §Ú©a-
á´®Ω’ ûªT-†-¢√®Ω’?) degree ¢√úø-ôç™ ¢Á’∞¡-èπ◊-´©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-éÌE ´’† véÃú≈-é¬-®Ω’úø’ áçûª §Òúø’-ÈíjûË Åçûª ¶«í¬ Çúø-
Santhan: Certainly Sekhar. He doesn't com-
´îª’a? (Åçõ‰ Åûª†’ ûª† ûªçvúøçûª
Spoken English ™ ¢√úøü∆ç: íÌ°æp-¢√ú≈? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ.) í∫-©úø’.
plain about the work. É™«çöÀ sentences, conversation ™
Sourav: The father is certainly the better.
(¨ÏêÍ®. °æE N≠æߪ’ç™ complain practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
(éπ*a-ûªçí¬, ûªçvúÕ éÌúø’-éπ\çõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’.
îËߪ’úø’.) (Ééπ\úø - better - comparative. b) Prasad: How did our team play yester-
Chandan: Has he to be
trained? -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 211
Better ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’† better
´·çü¿’ the.)
day?
(E†o ´’† team ᙫ ÇúÕçC?)
(ÅûªEÍé´’Ø√o
He is as good as ..
Péπ~ù
É¢√y™«?)
Santhan: I don't think
so. He has M. SURESAN
two years' experience in the field.
(Å´-Ææ®Ωç ņ’-éÓ†’. Ñ ®Ωçí∫ç™ a) The Giraffe is taller than any other land Pramod: The less we talk about it, the
compare
animal. Giraffe
Ééπ\úø ¢√úÕ† B®Ω’ í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
Åûª-EéÀ È®çúË∞¡x ņ’-¶µº´ç ÖçC.) Éûª®Ω ¶µº÷îª®Ω ïçûª’-´¤© éπç-õ‰ better.
How does this car compare with imported
Chandan: How good is he at the job? §Òúø’í∫’.
cars? = cars (ü∆E í∫’Jç* áçûª ûªèπ◊\-´í¬
Giraffe =
NüËQ ûÓ DØÁoç-ûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-
(Ñ ÖüÓuí∫ç áçûª ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫-©úø’?) 'ï—®√°∂ˇ – 'ï— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç.
Compare
´îª’a? Åçûª íÌ°æpü∆? ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ. ´÷ö«x-úÕûË Åçûª-´’ç-*C – less -
Santhan: He is as good as or even better comparative of little)
Ééπ\úø §ÚLéπ È®çúÕç-öÀ-éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀ ´’üµ¿u. practice
taller - comparative. taller ûª®√yûª than any
É™« ¢√úøôç îËߪ’çúÕ.
than any employee we have. How does this CM compare with his pred- c) The higher a place, the colder it is
other (singular)/ than all other (plural) é¬E
=
(É°æ¤púø’ ´’† ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o ÖüÓu-í∫’-©ç-ûª-é¬F, ´Ææ’hçC éπü∆. ecessor? = Ñ ´·êu-´’ç-vAE ûª†èπ◊ ´·çü¿’†o äéπ v°æü˨¡ç áçûª á-ûÁj h-†-üÁjûË (Ææ´·-vü¿-´’ôdç
b) The Giraffe is taller than the Elephant =
Åçûª-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-´-é¬F ≤ƒ´’®Ωn uç ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ áçûª-´-®Ωèπ◊ §Ú©a-´îª’a? †’ç*) Åçûª xí¬ Öçô’çC.
Giraffe predecessor (v°‘úø-ÂÆÆæ/ v°úÕ-ÂÆÆæ. 'v°‘—E/ 'v°—E
Ö†o-¢√úø’.) à†’í∫’ éπç-õ‰ §Òúø’í∫’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ d) The longer you walk, the healthier you
Good = ´’ç* – Éü¿-Ææ©’ Å®Ωnç. é¬F ûÁ©’-í∫’™ taller (comparative) than
ûª®√yûª ´Ææ’hçC. ÉC ØÌéÀ\-°æ-©’-èπ◊û√ç) = äéπ °æü¿N/ ≤ƒn†ç™ äéπ-JéÀ become =
'´’ç*—-™«-í¬ØË, 'good' èπÿú≈ î√™« Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x èπÿú≈ comparative. Å®·ûË §ÚLéπ È®çúÕçöÀ ´·çü¿’†o ¢√∞¡x†’ predecessor Åçö«ç.
eg: Chandrababu Naidu was the prede-
†’´¤y áçûª áèπ◊\-´í¬ †úÕÊÆh, Åçûª Ç®Ó-í∫u-
àü¿-®·Ø√ ã N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ íÌ°æp/ Ææ´’-®Ω’n-™„j†/ sentences (a), (b)
´’üµËu. °j i) compar-
©™
cessor of Rajasekhara Reddy =
ative than
ûª®√yûª ii) comparative
´≤ÚhçC. ®√ï-¨Ï-ê-®˝-È®úÕf ´ç-ûª’-úÕ-´-´¤-û√´¤. =
≤ƒ´’®Ωn u-´·-†o ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ ¢√úøû√ç.
the ´·çü¿J ´·êu-´’çvA îªçvü¿-¶«-•’-Ø√-ߪ·úø’. †úÕ-*-†-éÌDl Ç®Óí∫uç áèπ◊\´.
good actor = ´’ç* †ô’úø’– DE Å®Ωnç íÌ°æp
´·çü¿’ ™‰ü¿’.
†ô’-úøE. ÅçûË-í¬F ´’ç* í∫’ùçí∫© †ô’úø’ ÅE Now compare sentences (A) and (B) below: Predecessor X Successor (ûª®√yûª ´*a† Ñ English proverbs (≤ƒ¢Á’-ûª©’) îª÷úøçúÕ:
Sentence A Sentence B
¢√∞¡Ÿx – °æü¿-N™/ ≤ƒn†ç™) a) The nearer the temple, the farther
é¬ü¿’ éπü∆. eg: YSR is the successor of Chandrababu
The Giraffe is taller Of (between) the Giraffe from god.
good at something = àüÁjØ√ ¶«í¬ îËߪ’-í∫©/
than the Elephant = and the Elephant, the Naidu
í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ω-®·† éÌDl, üË´¤-úÕéÀ ü¿÷®Ωç.
5) Janaki: Is Rekha as good at dancing as
¶«í¬ ûÁL-Æœ†.
à†’í∫’ éπØ√o Giraffe Giraffe is the taller =
He is good at maths = Åûª-EéÀ maths
Åçõ‰ í∫’úÕéÀ ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ ÖçúË-¢√∞¡Ÿx, á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√
§Òúø’í∫’. Giraffe, à†’í∫’, Ñ È®çúÕç- Suma?
¢Á∞Ôx-a™‰ ÅE ÅÆæ©’ ¢Á∞¡x-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a, Åçûª
¶«í¬ ´îª’a. öÀ™ Giraffe §Òúø’í∫’. (Rekha, Suma Åçûª ¶«í¬ dance ¶µºéÀh ™‰éπ-§Ú-´îª’a ÅE.
Chandan: Then let's appoint him. The soon- i) È®çúø’ sentences ™†÷, degree, comparative îËÆæ’hçü∆?) farther - comparative of far.
er, the better. We've a lot of pend- ii) È®çúø’ sentences ¶µ«´ç äéπõ‰, îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç ûËú≈, ÅçûË. Devaki: No, Suma certainly dances the
ing work. iii) Sentence A ™ Sentence B ™ com- far =
better.
ü¿÷®Ω-¢Á’i†
(Å®·ûË ÅûªúËo Eߪ’-N’ü∆lç. áçûª comparative ûª®√yûª parative ûª®√yûª than (é¬ü¿’, Æ撢˒, Í®ê éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ îËÆæ’hçC) b) The more you eat, the less you wish
ûªy®Ωí¬ Å®·ûË, Åçûª ´’ç*C. °æE ¶«í¬ than ÖçC. ™‰ü¿’. Ééπ\úø èπÿú≈ better (comparative) ´·çü¿’, to eat; the more you earn, the more
Ê°®Ω’-èπ◊-§Ú-®·çC.) iv) Comparative Comparative ´·çü¿’ the ´Ææ’hçC. you wish to earn =
pending = °æ‹Jh-é¬E/ °æ‹Jh-îË-ߪ÷-Lq†
´·çü¿’ the ™‰ü¿’. 'the' ÖçC. Now look at the following sentences from the áèπ◊\´ A†o-éÌDl ûªèπ◊\´ AØ√-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC,
v) Sentence subject, Sentence, Of conversation at the beginning of the lesson:
Santhan: What about the pay? áèπ◊\´ Ææ秃-Cç-*-†-éÌDl, Éçé¬ áèπ◊\´
Giraffe begin (between) begin
1) Of the two, who do you find the better,
ûÓ ûÓ Ææ秃-Cç-î √-©-E-°œ-Ææ’hçC. (ÅçûË éπü∆!
(´’J @ûªç Ææçí∫A?) Å®·çC. Å®·çC.
Chandan: Let's pay him more than what he Sekhar or Srikar? éπúø’°æ¤ EçúÕ† ûª®√yûª A†™‰ç. ÅüË úø•’s
gets now in his present job? Comparative †’ sentence B ™ ™«í¬ conver- (Whom do you find the better? ÅØ√-©E éÌçü¿- ´Ææ÷h Öçü¿†’-éÓçúÕ, Ç, î√™‰x ņ’-èπ◊ç-
sation ™ î√™« ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ. whom É™«çöÀîÓôx old fash- ö«´÷? Éçé¬ é¬¢√-©-†’-èπ◊çö«ç)
(É°æ¤púø’ ÅûªE job ™ §Òçü¿’-ûª’†o ®Ωç-ö«®Ω’. é¬F
´’J-éÌEo examples îª÷úøçúÕ: ioned - É°æ¤púø’ ¢√úø-õ‰xü¿’) c) The more, the merrier =
ü∆E-éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\-Nü∆lç).
1) Of the two girls, the one in the red dress is better - comparative ûª®√yûª than ™‰ü¿’ –
Santhan: How much more? (áçûÁ-èπ◊\´?) áçûª ´’çü¿-®·ûË, Åçûª Ææ®Ωü∆.
the more beautiful =
Ç Éü¿l-®Ω-´÷t-®·™x, red 鬕öÀd, better ´·çü¿’ the. (°j ´‚úø’ English proverbs; O’
Chandan: Say Rs. 200/- (È®çúø’´çü¿-Lü∆lç.)
dress™ Ö†o Å´÷t®· áèπ◊\´ Åçü¿çí¬ Å™«Íí conversation ™E éÀçC sentences ™ conversation ™ ¢√úøçúÕ.)
Say = îÁ°æpôç – ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç. ÖçC. (Comparative
ûª®√yûª than
™‰ü¿’. 鬕öÀd comparative ´·çü¿’ the îª÷úøçúÕ– compara-
Ééπ\úø Say Åçõ‰ – ņ’-èπ◊çü∆ç. comparative
´·çü¿’, the.) tive ûª®√yûª than ™‰†ç-ü¿’-´©x.
ÉO comparative uses.
Prakash: What's wrong with you, Chum? You Prakash: We start at my place at 5. We can
appear run down nowadays. see him at 6.
(àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç? Ñ ´’üµ¿u †’´¤y (´÷ ÉçöÀ †’ç* Å®·ü¿’ í∫çô-©èπ◊
F®Ω-Ææçí¬ éπ∞¡-ûª°œp éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o´¤.) ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. Ç®Ω’ í∫çô-©èπ◊ Çߪ’-††’
Chum= ØËÆæhç. ´’†èπ◊ î√™« ÆæEo-£œ«-ûª’-úÁj† éπ©’ü∆lç.)
Prasad: That's OK. Then I will be here at 5.
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’úø’. (ÆæÍ®. Å®·ûË Øˆ’ âCç-öÀéÀ Ééπ\úø’çö«)
They are chums= ¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« v°œßª’-N’-vûª’©’.
Chummy= î√™« ÊÆo£æ«çí∫©. Degrees of comparison, grammar exer-
äéπ
He is chummy with the CM= cise sentence
í¬ é¬èπ◊çú≈, Åçõ‰ äÍé †’ ´‚úø’
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ ´·êu-´’ç-vAûÓ î√™« ≤ƒEo-£œ«ûªuç/ degrees practice
™ îËߪ’ôç é¬èπ◊çú≈ Ææçü¿-®√s¥Eo
ÊÆo£æ«ç ÖçC. •öÀd à degree, degrees
N’í∫û√ È®çúø’ ûÓ b) He is among the more popular actors on c) A Chief Minister is more influential than any
be run down= F®Ω-Æ œç-îªôç. conversation
Ææç•çüµ¿ç ™‰èπ◊çú≈ ᙫ ¢√ú≈™, °j the Telugu screen - Union Minister -
He is run down= Åûªúø’ F®Ω-Ææçí¬, EÊÆh-ïçí¬ ™ study Lesson No. 210
îËߪ’çúÕ. ™ èπÿú≈ ÉüË ûÁ©’í∫’ ûÁ®Ω-O’ü¿ áèπ◊\´ v°æñ«-Gµ-´÷-†-´·†o à Íéçvü¿-´’ç-vA-éπçõ‰ èπÿú≈ Chief Minister áèπ◊\´
ÖØ√oúø’. practice express
î˨»ç éπü∆. ´’†ç îËߪ÷-©-†’- †ô’úø’ = °∂æ®√y-™‰ü¿’, ´’ç* †ô’úË ÅE. °æ©’-èπ◊-•úÕ Ö†o-¢√úø’.
idea (Chief Minister, Union Minister
É´Fo conversation ™ ûª®Ωîª÷ ´îËa ´÷ô©’. 3) He has more practice than any MS or MD =
èπ◊†o ´’†èπ◊ Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à äÍé ûÁí∫ é¬ü¿’.
degree
¶«í¬ áèπ◊\-´í¬ O’ Spoken English ™ MS/ MD practice any other
¢√ú≈L ÅØËC ´’†Íé ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Åçü¿’-éπE à éπØ√o Åûª-E-Èé-èπ◊\´ ÖçC. Åçü¿’-éπE ûª®√yûª, ™‰ü¿’.)
´’† ¶µ«´ç Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçõ‰ ´’†ç îÁÊ°p Nüµ¿ç èπÿú≈
¢√úøçúÕ. Ææp≠ædçí¬ Öçô’çC. Å™« Ö†o-°æ¤púø’ à degree ¢√ú≈- More practice - ÉC comparative degree. d) The Home Minister is more powerful than
Prasad: Certainly I am not in the best of ©-ØËC, Ç™-*ç-îª-èπ◊ç-ú≈ØË ´’†èπ◊ ûªúø’-ûª’çC. Ñ les- ≤ƒ´÷†uçí¬ comparative ûª®√yûª than any any other minister = Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’-©éπçõ‰
health. I wish to see a doctor. Who son ™ ¢√úÕ† comparisons îª÷úøçúÕ. other é¬F than all other é¬F ®√¢√L, È®çúÕç-öÀ- Home Minister Home Minister,
¨¡éÀh-´’ç-ûª’úø’.
do you suggest? Is Dr Kushalam any other.
Éûª®Ω ´’çvûª’©÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ – Åçü¿’-éπE
OK?
éπØ√o áèπ◊\´ ¢√öÀE §ÚLa-†-°æ¤púø’. é¬F Ñ Â°j
sentence ™ than any MS or MD Åçô’Ø√oç e) Shoiab Akthar is faster than any Australian
bowler. any other Shoiab Akthar
(Eï¢Ë’. ؈çûª Ç®Ó-í∫uçí¬ ™‰†’. – any ûª®√yûª other ™‰ü¿’. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ: ™‰ü¿’ 鬕öÀd,
Doctor †’ éπ©¢√©†’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. à
Though, he is in the 7th class, he can speak Australian
Doctor †’ éπ©-¢√©çö«´¤? Dr èπ◊¨¡©ç
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 212
é¬úø’.
´’ç* ¢Ájü¿’u-úËØ√?) English better than any 10th class student = f) Bret Lee is faster than any other Australian
bowler=
Éûª®Ω Australians éπçõ‰ Bret Lee, Fast. Any
other ÅØ√oç 鬕öÀd, Bret Lee èπÿú≈ Australian.
g) No Australian plays like Laxman.
à Ææçü¿-®Ωs¥ç™ à -úÕ-vU? h) No other Australian plays like Ponting.
Laxman, Australian
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ: é¬úø’, 鬕öÀd
no other ņç,no ÅE Åçö«ç. Ponting
Now look at the fol- (sentence h) Australian. Åçü¿’-éπE, no other
Prakash: He is certainly OK. He is among the 7th class Å®·Ø√, 10th class ¢√∞¡xéπç-õ‰
lowing sentences
Åûªúø’
better doctors in the town. I know English Åçö«ç.
from the conversa-
¶«í¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-û√úø’.
him well. Shall I take you to him? Dçöx èπÿú≈ other ™‰ü¿’. Any other/ all other, i) Åûªúø’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i-† †ô’© éπçõ‰ ¶«í¬ †öÀç-îª
tion at the beginning
(Ç -ú≈éπd®˝ ´’ç*-¢√úË. ´’† Ü∞x of the lesson. äÍé ûÁí∫èπ◊ îÁçC† N≠æ-ߪ÷-©†’ §Ú™‰a-ô-°æ¤púË -í∫-©úø’ (Åçõ‰ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ωçí¬ Åûª†’ †ô’úø’ é¬úø’)=
He acts better than any professional actor.
1) I am not in the best
¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† -ú≈éπd®Ωx-™ Åûª-ØÌ-éπ\úø’. Åûªúø’ ¢√úøû√ç.
°j sentence ™ 7th class student †’, 10th (Any other é¬ü¿’, áçü¿’-éπçõ‰ Åûª†’ ´%Ah-°æ-®Ω-¢Á’i†
Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ûÁ©’Ææ’. ؈’ E†’o BÆæ’-èπ◊ of health, certainly.
class student ûÓ= Åçõ‰ ¢ËÍ®y®Ω’ ®Ω鬩 N≠æ-ߪ÷- †ô’úø’ é¬ü¿’). ÉD Any/ no other
ûª®√yûª
(English ™ É™«çöÀ M. SURESAN
-¢Á-∞¡}Ø√?)
Prasad: When shall we see him then? This expressions î√™« ©†’ §Ú©’-Ææ’hØ√oç. Åçü¿’-éπE other ®√ü¿’. Å™«Íí, ¢√úø-éπ-§ÚûË ´îËa Å®Ωnç.
evening? He has more practice than any MS/ MD O’®Ω’ ´÷ö«x-úË-ô-°æ¤púø’ á°æ¤úø÷ äÍé ûÁí∫ ¢√∞¡x†’/
ûª´÷≥ƒ Å®√n-Eo-≤ƒh®·. ¢√öÀE N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ MS/ MD MBBS ¢√öÀE §Ú©a®Ω’ éπü∆? Å™«ç-ô-°æ¤púø’ any/ no
(Å®·ûË á°æ¤púø’ éπ©’ü∆lç Çߪ’-††’?Ñ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç äéπöÀ, usage ™ ¢√öÀ-èπ◊çúË Å®Ωnç ¢Ë®Ω’.) Åçõ‰, Åûªúø’
ÅE Å®Ωnç.
é¬ü¿’ ÅE, Öûªh
ûª®√yûª other, ¢√úø-éπçúÕ.
≤ƒßª’çvûªç éπ©’-ü∆l´÷?) Ñ sentence ØË BÆæ’-éÓçúÕ. ÉC N†-í¬ØË ´’†èπ◊ a) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any 4) Now is as good as any other time=
Prakash: Why not? This evening is as good Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç: Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç Åûª’u-ûªh-´’çí¬ ™‰ü¿’
as any other time. é¬F, °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’ ÅE. Å®·ûË DE ÅÆæ©’ Å®Ωnç, MS/ MD = MS, MD doctors
©’†o éπçõ‰ á°æ¤púÓ îËÊÆ •ü¿’©’ É°æ¤púË îËßÁ·îª’a éπü∆ ÅE.
(áçü¿’èπ◊ é¬ü¿’? á°æ¤p-úÁjØ√ °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’.) usage ™ 'Ø√ Ç®Óí∫uç àç ¶«í¬-™‰ü¿’— ÅE. ã Dr. Kushalam practice
èπ◊ áèπ◊\´ ÖçC. (N’í∫û√ Ææ´’-ߪ÷©’ áçûª ´’ç*¢Ó, É°æ¤púø’ èπÿú≈ Åçûª
N≠æߪ’ç °æôx ´’†-èπ◊†o ´uA-Í®-éπûª†’ É™« ûÁL-ߪ’- (Åçõ‰ Dr. Kushalam MS/ MD é¬úø’ ÅE.) ´’ç*üË ÅE.) ÉüË ¶µ«¢√Eo éÀçC-N-üµ¿çí¬ îÁ§Òpa.
í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
ñ‰≤ƒhç. ÅçûË-é¬èπ◊çú≈ É™«çöÀ sentences ™ é¬Ææh b) Dr. Kushalam has more practice than any Now is the best time/ Now is better than any
This evening is as good as any other time=
´uçí∫uç èπÿú≈ Ææ’p¥J-Ææ’hçC. ´’J-éÌEo sentences other MS/ MD = MS/ MD
Éûª®Ω © éπçõ‰ ÅûªúÕ other time/ no other time is so (as) good as now.
Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç, Éûª®Ω Ææ´’--ߪ÷-™«xÍí ´’ç*üË. Ñ lesson ™ ´’†ç ¢√úÕ† expressions ÅFo daily
Åçõ‰ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª-¢Á’iØ√ ´’ç*üË/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç É™«ç-öÀ¢Ë îª÷ü∆lç. practice Dr. Kushalam
áèπ◊\´. (Åçõ‰ èπÿú≈
a) Suraj: What do you think of our hockey MS/ MD conversation ™ ¢√úø-ü¿-T-†¢Ë. Practice îËߪ’çúÕ.
¢Á∞«lç/ Ñ ≤ƒßª’ç-vûª¢Ë’ ¢Á∞«lç– ÉC O’ conver- ÅE Å®Ωnç.)
sation ™ practice îËߪ’çúÕ. team?
Practise the following aloud in English. Answer
Pratiksha: Pratyusha played very well in the
üËFo ¢√®·-ü∆-¢Ë-ßÁ·ü¿’l ņ-ö«-E-éÀ™« ņçúÕ= (´’† £æ…éà öÃç í∫’Jç* F ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç Pratiksha: E†o match ™ -v°æ-ûª÷u-≠æ î√™« ¶«í¬
Now is as good as any other time= àN’öÀ?) match yesterday. Didn't she?
Neeraj: Well, it is not the greatest team
ÇúÕçC éπü∆?
á°æ¤púÓ •ü¿’©’, É°æ¤púË îËÊÆ-ßÁ·-aí¬! ÅE Niriksha: ûª†’ regular player é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Niriksha: She is not a regular player, but she
Prasad: He appears to have good practice. in the world. played better than any regular
regular players éπçõ‰ î√™« ¶«í¬
(Çߪ’-†èπ◊ î√™« ´’ç* practice (Ñ sentence N†o-°æ¤púø’ ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË ÇúÕçC. player.
Ö†o-ô’dçC) Å®Ωnç– Åûª’u-ûªh´’ ïôx™ äéπöÀ é¬éπ-§Ú-®·Ø√, Pratiksha: Å´-ûªL team captain í∫’Jç* F Pratiksha: What's your opinion of the captain
Prakash: What do you think? He has more °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰ü¿’, ÅE. ÅÆæ-©’ -Å®Ωnç: ´’ç* ïõ‰dç of the opposite team?
ÅGµ-v§ƒßª’ç àN’öÀ?
practice than any M.S. or M.D. He é¬ü¿E, ü∆ü∆°æ¤ °æEéÀ®√E-ü¿E.) Niriksha: I never thought her the best of
Niriksha: ûª†’ ´’ç* player ÅE ØËØÁ-°æ¤púø÷
is better at diagnosist than many b) She is not the most beautiful girl here, is she? players.
MDs. Ç¢Á’ °ü¿l Åçü¿-í∫ûËhç é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? – ÉD ņ’-éÓ-™‰ü¿’. Pratiksha: Don't undermine her so much. She
(not/ neverûÓ superlative ¢√úøçúÕ)
(M.S, M.D. Ö†o doctors éπçõ‰ ÅÆæ-©®Ωnç. é¬F ´’†èπ◊ Ææ’p¥JçîË Å®Ωnç Åçü¿®Óx is certainly among the better play-
Çߪ’-†èπ◊ áèπ◊\´practice ÖçC. î√™«- Pratiksha: -Ç-¢Á’-†’ ´’K ûªèπ◊\-´-îËÆ œ ´÷ö«x-úø-èπ◊. ers.
Åçü¿-í∫ûÁh é¬ü¿’, é¬F Åçü¿-í∫ûËh, ÅE– ÉC
´’çC MDs éπØ√o Çߪ’† ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù-™ ÆæJ-é¬ü¿’. ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† players ™ -Ç-¢Á’ -äéπ®Ω’. Niriksha: Whatever it is, she is certainly not
Niriksha: àüË-¢Á’iØ√ ûª†çûª íÌ°æp captain àç the greatest of captains, is she?
î√™« ¢Á’®Ω’í∫’) 2) He is among the better doctors in the town.
M.S. M.D. Åçõ‰ ûÁ©’Ææ’ éπü∆? MBBS ûª®√yûª doctors
Ñ °æôd-ùç-™E ¢Á’®Ω’-Èíj† ™ Åûª-ØÌ- é¬ü¿’ éπü∆? Pratiksha: Don't say that. The games the
Surgery/ Medicine Degrees. Pratiksha: Å™« ņèπ◊. Ç¢Á’ captaincy ™ ¢√∞¡Ÿx team has won under her captaincy
éπ\úø’. Åçõ‰ Éûªúø’best doctor é¬éπ-§Ú-´îª’a.
Diagnosis= ®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù- ÈíL-*† games ûªèπ◊\¢Ëç é¬ü¿’. are not a few.
é¬E Åçûª BÆœ-§ƒ-Ȯߪ’uü¿í∫_-¢√úËç é¬ü¿’ (Åçõ‰ Ñ
Diagnosists - Niriksha: OK. äéπ-≤ƒJ ´’†ç Ç¢Á’†’ éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷? Niriksha: OK. Shall we meet her once?
®Óí∫ -E®√l¥®Ω-ù- îËÊÆ-¢√∞¡Ÿx °æôd-ùç-™E doctors †’, ´’ç*, °æE-éÀ-®√E ÅE
Pratiksha: É°æ¤púË éπü∆ Ç¢Á’ ´’ç* player é¬ü¿E Pratiksha: You've just said she isn't a great
Prasad: Then let's see him this evening. È®çúø’ ûÁí∫-©’í¬ N¶µº->ÊÆh, Éûªúø’ ´’ç* ûÁí∫-™Íé player.
When is the best time? îË®Ω-û√úø’ ÅE) ÅØ√o´¤.
Niriksha: àüÓ ûª´÷-≥ƒ-éπ-Ø√o-†’™‰. Ç¢Á’ Åçõ‰ Niriksha: I was just joking. I do like her.
Å®·ûË Ñ ≤ƒßª’çvûªç Çߪ’-††’ éπ©’ü∆lç. a) AP is among the bigger states in the
Pratiksha: Why any other time? Let's meet
á°æ¤úø’ ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç? country. Ø√éÀ≠d¢æ Ë’.
Pratiksha: á°æ¤púÓ áçü¿’èπ◊, É°æ¤púË ¢Á∞«lç. her now. Now is as good as any
best time= ÆæÈ®j† Æ洒ߪ’ç= right time. ü˨¡ç™ °ü¿lN ņ-ü¿í∫_ ®√≥ƒZ™x -á.°œ.äéπ-ôE. other time.
Sampath: Why are people so crazy about Sanath: You pay for quality; that's all. But I
imported stuff? They are proud of think wrist watches are among the
possessing them. lesser imported items.
(Imported ´Ææ’h-´¤-©çõ‰ Åçûª ¢Á÷ñ‰çöÀ - (Ø√ùu-ûªèπ◊ ê®Ω’a °úø-û√´¤. ÅçûË éπü∆.
ï-Ø√-EéÀ ÅN Ö†o¢√∞¡Ÿx î√™« í∫®Ωyçí¬ Å®·ûË Øˆ-†’-éÓ-´ôç, ûªèπ◊\-´èπ◊ Cí∫’-´’-
Öçö«®Ω’.) ûªßË’u ´Ææ’h-´¤™x wrist watches äéπôE)
imported Éç§Ú-öÀú˛ – Cí∫’-´’-ûÁj†, Åçõ‰ NüËQ
(foreign). crazy vÈé-ß˝’> – °œ*a-¢Á÷V. ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯
Sanath: (Do) you mean imported TVs, Our study of comparative in spoken English
imported cars, imported watches etc. continues. éÌEo éÌEo comparatives usage Now look at the following sentences from
positive comparative superlative
(†’´y-ØËC NüËQé¬®Ω’x, öÃO©’, ¢√’ ´÷´‚©’ éπçõ‰ Gµ†oçí¬ Öçö«®·. Å™«çöÀ ¢√öÀ™x the conversation:
äéπöÀ elder, older - OöÀ N≠æߪ’ç ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ little less least
1) They are definitely superior to Indian
´Èíj®√ í∫’Jçî√?)
Sampath: Yea. I am sure our country goods lesson ™ îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. É°æ¤púø’ Å™«ç-öÀN ´’J-éÌEo few fewer fewest
goods.
are as good as the so called comparatives ÖØ√o®·. ÅN superior inferior,
2) Our technology is inferior to theirs and nat- Little, uncountables
imported ones. Moreover, I think, senior and junior. Oô-®√n©’ ´’†çü¿®Ωèπÿ ûÁL-Æ œ-†¢Ë ûÓØË ¢√úøû√ç 鬕öÀd, ü∆EéÀ
éπü∆; Å®·ûË ÉN comparatives Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà OöÀ urally the quality is inferior too. comparative Å®·† less, superlative Å®·†
the so called imported goods are
not suitable for Indian conditions. ûª®√yûª than ®√ü¿’. To ´÷vûª¢Ë’ ´Ææ’hçC. 3) I am senior to you in the field. least †’ èπÿú≈ uncountables ûÓØË ¢√ú≈L.
(´’† ÆæyüËP Ææ®Ωèπ◊, NüËQ Ææ®Ω-éπçûª 4) I do admit I am junior to you. a) The milk in this glass is less than the milk in
´’ç*üË ÅE Ø√ †´’téπç. ÅçûËé¬èπ◊çú≈, °j sentences ÅEoçöx, superior, inferior, that glass =
senior, junior - Ñ comparatives ûª®√yûª than Ç glass ™ §ƒ©’ Ñ glass
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 214
Ñ NüËQ Ææ®Ωèπ◊©’ ´’†-ü˨¡ °æJ-Æœn-ûª’©èπ◊ ™ §ƒ©éπçõ‰
ņ’-í∫’-ùçí¬ Öçúø´¤.) é¬èπ◊çú≈ to ®√´ôç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. ûªèπ◊\´.
So called = ÅØË (ņ-•úË)
The so called honest man = Eñ«--ߪ’Béπ©-
Jayanth: Hi Anant, good to see you though Ananth: That'll be too late for me to see him. I
after such a long time. How goes think I'll wait and see him today.
life? (£æ…ß˝’ ņçû˝, î√™«-鬩ç ûª®√y-ûª- Won't you come with me? (Å°æp-öÀéÀ
®·Ø√ E†’o îª÷úøôç ÆæçûÓ-≠æçí¬ ÖçC. ´’K Ç©Ææu¢Á’i-§Ú-ûª’çC. Ñ®ÓV ÇT, ¢√úÕE
àçöÀ N¨Ï-≥ƒ©’? ᙫ ÖØ√o´¤?) îª÷ü∆l-´’-†’-èπ◊ç-ô’Ø√o. †’´¤y- Ø√ûÓ®√¢√)
Ananth: Getting on. How is it with you? Jayanth: I will, of course. (ûª°æp-èπ◊çú≈ ´≤ƒh)
(àüÓ Å™« ïJ-T-§Ú-ûÓçC. F Ææçí∫-ûËçöÀ?) Ananth: OK. Let's in the meantime watch the
Jayanth: As usual. (´÷´‚™‰) TV.(-ÆæÍ®. Ñ´’üµ¿u é¬ÊÆ°æ¤ öÀ.N. îª÷ü∆lç.)
Ananth: How is Vasanth? Long since I met ´’†ç éÀçü¿öÀ≤ƒJ îª÷ÆœçC - little
èπ◊ Éûª®Ω degrees
him. (´Ææçû˝ ᙫ ÖØ√oúø’? îª÷Æœ - little (positive), less (comparative), least
î√™«-é¬-©-¢Á’içC.) (superlative).Å®·ûË little
èπ◊ È®çúÓ, (ÉçéÓ) com- d) He is involved in the crime to a lesser or Prem: I want to go to bank urgently. I am
Jayanth: Not in the best of circumstances, I parative èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ÅC lesser. Less, lesser - greater extent= Ç ØË®Ωç™ éÌüÓl, í̧Úp OúÕ starting. (Bank èπ◊ ¢Á∞«xL. •ßª’-™‰l-®Ω’-
must say. (ÅûªúÕ °æJ-ÆœnA ÅçûËç Ñ È®çúø÷ little
èπ◊ comparatives Å®·Ø√, ¢√öÀ §ƒvûª èπÿú≈ ÖçC. ûª’Ø√o)
use
extent= ´®Ωèπ◊/ ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊= degree. Syam: It is too early -
¶«í¬™‰ü¿ØË îÁ§ƒpL ) Å®Ωnç, ™ î√™« ûËú≈ ÖçC. (´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡Ÿh-Ø√o´¤
Ananth: Why? what is wrong? (àçöÀ N≠æߪ’ç) Less
e) This is the lesser of the two evils Bank
Åçõ‰ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç. ÉçéÓ = È®çúø÷ – ûÁJ* Öçúøü¿’/ †’´¤y áèπ◊\-´-
Jayanth: He has had losses in business. His ü∆EûÓ §ÚLÊÆh ûªèπ◊\-¢Áj† ÅØË Å®Ωnç™ less ¢√úøû√ç.
a) She has less jewellery than her sister (has)
îÁúË, Å®·ûË ÉC È®çúÕç-öÀ™ ûªèπ◊\´ îÁúø’. ÊÆ°æ¤ ¢Ë* Öçú≈Lq ´Ææ’hçC.)
partners have cheated him. But he
f) He is among the lesser known actors of a) Reaching the station at 3.30 for a train
is facing all this very bravely. A less- = Ç¢Á’-èπ◊†o †í∫©’, Ç¢Á’ ≤Úü¿J †í∫© éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´. Bollywood= that arrives at 5.00 is too early =
er man than he would have gone b) He gets less income from his job than from
Åçûªí¬ Ê°®Ω’-§Òç-ü¿E ¶«M-´¤ú˛ 5 í∫çô-
train station
mad. his rents=
(¢√u§ƒ-®Ωç™ †≥ƒd©’ ´î√a®·. Åûª-úÕéÀ ÅüÁl© †ô’™x Åûª-ØÌ-éπúø’. ©èπ◊ ´îËa éÓÆæç, 3.30Íé èπ◊ îË®Ω’-
ÅûªúÕ ¶µ«í∫-≤ƒy-´·-©-ûª-úÕE ´·çî√®Ω’. é¬E ´©x ´îËa Çü∆-ߪ÷-E-éπçõ‰, g) A lesser man than he would have gone éÓ-´ôç ´’K ´·çü¿Í® ¢Á∞¡xôç Å´¤-ûª’çC.
Éçûª ïJ-TØ√ üµÁj®Ωuçí¬ØË ÖØ√oúø’. Åûª-úÕ- ÖüÓuí∫ç ´©x ´îËa mad = etc)
Åûª-úÕéπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ (ÂÆkn®Ωuç, ¢√∞¡x-®·ûË, b) If 3.30 is too early, 5.30 is too late. 3.30
éπçõ‰ ûªèπ◊\´ ÂÆkn®Ωuç Ö†o-¢√-∞¡x-®·ûË, ѧƒ- Çü∆ߪ’ç ûªèπ◊\´. °œ*a ¢√∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√∞Ïx. éÀ ´’K ûªy®Ωí¬ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Å®·ûË, 5.30 éÀ ´îËa
öÀéÀ °œ*a-¢√-∞¡x-®·-§Ú-ßË’-¢√®Ω’.) Lesser Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓ-ü∆-Eéπçõ‰ ÉD lesser Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. O’ conversation ™ •çúÕ-éÓÆæç 5.30 èπ◊ ¢Á∞¡}ôç Åû√u-©Ææuç (•çúÕ
ûªèπ◊\´ ÅE Å®·-†-°æp-öÀéà less practice îËߪ’çúÕ. ûª°œp-§Ú-ûª’çC– v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’™‰ç.)
¢√úË îÓô™«x lesser ¢√úøç. 3) I'm afraid that it is too long = ÅC ´’K
Pramod: Vinod, this book doesn't give all the 2) She wants full details of all the tourist spots
information about the tourist spots in in the state.
A.P. 3) She wants to make full use of this trip to see
(Ñ °æ¤Ææhéπç Ççvüµ¿-v°æ-üË-¨¸™E °æ®Ωu-ôéπ all the places.
Ææn™«© °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç É´yôç ™‰ü¿’.) 4) They can help your sister plan a perfect
(Tourist = °æ®Ωu-ô-èπ◊©’. Spot= îÓ-ô’) holiday.
Vinod: This booklet appears to better. In fewer 5) She said I was free to plan it any way I liked.
pages, it gives complete information 6) The road from here to it is straight.
about the matter. 7) I will go direct from here.
(Ñ *†o°æ¤Ææhéπç ü∆E-éπçõ‰ ¢Á’®Ω’í¬_ éπE°œ- Éç-Tx-≠ˇ ™- éÌEo adjectives èπ◊ degrees of com- woman = °æJ-°æ‹-®Ωg-¢Á’i† ( à Nüµ¿-¢Á’i† üÓ≠æç ™‰E) Æ‘Y. ÅçûË. Åçõ‰ Circle (´%ûªhç), Square (îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç),
≤ÚhçC. ûªèπ◊\´ Ê°-@-™x °æ‹Jh Ææ´÷-î√®Ωç parison Öç-úø´¤. °j† Åç-úø®˝-™„j-Ø˛ îËÆœ† -´÷ô-©-Fo (Ééπ\úø she was more perfect than other women Rectangle (D®Ω` îªûª’-®ΩvÆæç), Triangle (vA¶µº’ïç),
É≤ÚhçC) (Booklet= *†o °æ¤Ææhéπç) Å™«ç-öÀ¢Ë. ¢√öÀéÀ comparative, superlatives ņç. she was perfect; some other women were etc.
Pramod: Let me have a look at it. My sister is Öçúø´¤. Åçõ‰ ¢√öÀE comparative, superlative
perfect too, others were not perfect.) í∫’çvúøç (circular/round) í¬ ÖçúËüË circle.
returning from the states. She wants ©™ ¢√úøç. 鬮Ω-ù«©’ îª÷ü∆lç.
5) She said I was free to plan it anyway I í∫’çvúøçí¬ ™‰EC circle é¬ü¿’. 鬕öÀd This Circle is
full details of all the tourist spots in the 1) It gives complete information:
liked: more round than that Circle = Ñ ´%ûªhç, Ç ´%ûªhç
state. She wants to make full use of
Free = Ææyûªçvûªç/ ÊÆyîªa- Ö-†o éπçõ‰ í∫’çvúøçí¬ ÖçC. Circle í∫’çvúøçí¬ Öçúø-éπ-§ÚûË
this trip to see all the spots.
°j† îÁ°œp† N’í∫û√ ´÷ô--™«x free èπ◊, freer, freest ÉçÈ陫 Öçô’çC? Å™«Íí N’í∫û√ geometric fig-
(†ØÓo-≤ƒJ îª÷úøF. ´÷ -ÆœÆd®æ ˝ ÊÆdö¸q †’ç* ÅE degrees of comparison ¢√úøç. á´-J-ÈéjØ√ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ures N≠æ-ߪ’ç™ èπÿú≈. OöÀ-™ ¢ËöÀéà degrees of
AJ-íÌ-≤ÚhçC. Ñ °æ®Ωu-ôéπ Ææn™«© N´®√-©’
¢Á·ûªhç ûª†èπ◊ 鬢√-©ç-öçC. Ñ≤ƒJ ´*a-†-
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 217 Öçõ‰ ¢√∞¡Ÿx free. -™‰èπ◊ç-õ‰ -¢√-∞¡Ÿx free é¬®Ω’. comparison Öçúø´¤.
Åçõ‰ ¢√∞¡xèπ◊ ÊÆyîªa ¥ ™‰ü¿’. Åçõ‰ ÊÆyîªa ¥èπ◊ éÌEo
Kavitha: You've been out too long. Where c) The car is very expensive -
have you been? ¶«í¬ êK-üÁjçC. (Å®·Ø√ ´’†ç é̆-´îª’a)
(F´¤ î√™«-ÊÆ°æ¤ •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤. áéπ\-úø’-Ø√o- d) The car is too expensive -
Nç-ûª-ÊÆ°æ¤?) car ´’K êK-üÁjçC.
Sabitha: I am returning from the Cinema. I (Åçü¿’-´©x é̆ç/ é̆-™‰†çûª üµ¿®Ω)
have been there to book tickets for ÉC too èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n™x, ¢√úø’-éπ™x äéπöÀ.
us.
Look at the following sentences.
(
a) The patient is too weak to walk -
ÆœE-´÷-£æ…-™¸-Èé-∞«x†’. öÀÈé\ô’x •’é˙ îËߪ’-
ú≈-EéÀ) ®ÓT †úø-´-™‰†çûª •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖçC.
Kavitha: Have you got them? For what show
b) The amount with him is too little to buy a The table is too small for the big room/
on what day? Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ´’†ç îª÷Æœ† sentences èπÿ, sen-
car - The room is too big for the small table.
(üÌJ-é¬ßª÷/ ûÁî √a¢√? à show tences (2) and (3) éÀ ûËú≈: - for us ÅØËC extra.
f) Prakash: Are you attending the party
à ÅûªE ü¿í∫_-®Ω’†o úø•’s é¬®Ω’ é̆-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´. i) He is too foolish to understand this.
tomorrow?
®ÓV?)
c) He is walking too slow to catch the train -
Sabitha: Of course I have. With great difficul- ÉC Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª ÅN-¢ËéÀ ¢√úø’.
Train †’´¤y Í®°æ¤ party éÀ ¢Á∞¡Ÿûª’-Ø√o¢√?
ty I was able to get two seats for the
Åçü¿’-éÓ-™‰†çûª Eü∆†çí¬ †úø’-Ææ’h-Ø√oúø’. ii) He is too clever for us to cheat.
d) He is driving too carelessly to be safe. Subhash: I am too busy.
matinee the day after tomorrow. The ´’†ç ¢Á÷Ææç îËߪ’-™‰-†çûª ûÁL-N-í∫-©-¢√-úø-ûªúø’.
queue was too long. Íé~´’ç-鬆çûª E®Ωxéπ~uçí¬ †úÕ-°œÆæ’hØ√oúø’. Sentence (i) ™ infinitive ´·çü¿’ for ... ™‰éπ-§Ú-
؈’ î√™« BJ-éπ-™‰-èπ◊çú≈ ÖØ√o –
´ôç îª÷úøçúÕ. Sentence (ii) ™ infinitive §ƒKdéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª
(ûËéπ-§Ú-´-ô¢Ë’çöÀ? ÅA éπ≠dçæ -O’ü¿ á©’xçúÕ Ééπ\úø Subhash's reply í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ. I am
matinee éÀ È®çúø’ tickets üÌJ-鬮·. ´·çü¿’ for us ÖçC.
too busy ÅE ´÷vûª¢Ë’ Åçô’-Ø√oúø’ – Åçõ‰, I
Queue ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC) iii) Hari is too fat to walk fast.
Kavitha: For the matinee? In these dog -Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 218 ¢Ëí∫çí¬ †úø-´-™‰-†çûª ™«´¤. (Infinitive ´·çü¿’
am too busy to attend ÅE. Ñ too †’ °j
dialogue ™™« ¢√úøû√ç. ÉC èπÿú≈ îª÷úøçúÕ.
days? I think it'll be too hot for us to for ...™‰ü¿’)
go out. The sun could scorch us.
(matinee é¬? Ñ ´’çúø’ ¢ËÆæ-N-™ Ø√?
Åçûª áçúø™ ´’†ç ¢Á∞¡x™‰ç ņ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-
Ø√oØË. áçúø ´’†-Lo ´÷úËa-ßÁ·îª’a)
Scorch (≤ƒ\î˝) = ´÷úËa-ߪ’úøç.
The car is too expensive
In the scorching sun = ´÷úËa áçúø™
Sabitha: I thought so too, but ... sentences too g) Sankar: I'll carry this
iv) Hari is too fat for us to carry.
°j ™ ¢√úøéπç í∫´’-Eç-îªçúÕ.
( box and you carry
... too + adjective (sentences a & b) + infinitive
؈÷ Å™«ØË Å†’-èπ◊Ø√o, é¬F ...)
Kavitha: Why didn't you think of the first adverb (sentences c & d)
´’†ç ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª ™«´-ûª†’. that.
show? We shall have had a pleasant (Infinitive
´·çü¿’ for ... ÖçC)
[a) Adjective Åçõ‰ í∫’®Ω’hçC éπü∆. í∫’ù«Lo ûÁLÊ° ØËF-°õ„d BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
time. v) ´’†ç B®Ωa-™‰-†çûª Ææ´’Ææu ÅC †’´yC BÆæ’éÓ.
´÷ô©’.
(†’´¤y first show í∫’Jç* áçü¿’-é¬-™-*ç- It is too difficult a problem for us to solve/ Vishnu: Oh, that's
b) Adverbs Åçõ‰ adjectives ûÁLÊ° í∫’ù«©’ à
The problem is too difficult for us to solve. too heavy.
îª-™‰ü¿’? î√™« £æ…®·í¬ ÖçúËC éπü∆? ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ ᙫ ÖØ√o®· ÅE; verb ûÁLÊ° °æ†’©’ M. SURESAN
Pleasant = Ç£æ…x-ü¿-éπ-®Ω-¢Á’i† ᙫ, á°æ¤púø’ ïJ-í¬®· ÅE ûÁLÊ° ´÷ô©’. vi) ´’†ç îª÷úø-™‰-†çûª <éπ-öÀí¬ ÖçC ÅC ´’K •®Ω’´¤ – Åçõ‰
Sabitha: It's such a lengthy movie, you know. c) Infinitive Åçõ‰ to & 1st regular doing word. It is too dark for us to see. ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª ÅE.
If it is the first show, it will be too late eg: to go, to see, to sit, etc - Åçõ‰ ¢Á∞Ïxç-ü¿’èπ◊/ vii) ؈’ é̆-™‰-†çûª üµ¿®Ω. Vishnu's response èπ◊ Å®Ωnç– That's too
in the night for us to return home ¢Á∞¡x-ö«-EéÀ/ ¢Á∞¡xôç; îª÷ÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊/ îª÷úø-ö«-EéÀ/ The car is too expensive for me to buy. heavy for me to carry ÅE.
safely. îª÷úøôç; èπÿ®Ω’a-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊/ èπÿ®Óa-´-ú≈-EéÀ/ èπÿ®Óa- viii) Ç¢Á’ éπç®∏Ωç N†-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ≤ƒn®·™ ÖçC h) Prabhakar: Why don't you send Ganesh
(ÅC î√™« °ü¿l ÆœE´÷. First show ´úøç, etc.] Her voice is too low for him to hear. for talks?
Å®·ûË ÉçöÀéÀ AJ-T-®√-´úøç Ç©-Ææu-´’-´¤- °j† É*a† v°æA sentence ™ v°æA-ü∆-EéÃ, ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ix) °œ©x©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† N≠æߪ’ç Ωa-©èπ◊ í∫ù‰-≠ˇ-ØÁç-ü¿’èπ◊ °æç°æ-èπÿ-úøü¿’?
ûª’çC. ÅC ´’†èπ◊ ´’ç*C (Íé~´’-éπ®Ωç) ™‰†çûª, 鬆çûª – ÅE negative ´≤Úhç-C-éπü∆. ÅC This is too difficult for children to understand. Sudhakar: He is too innocent.
too v°æûËu-éπûª.
x) dress
é¬ü¿’)
too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive= Ç adjec-
Ñ Ç¢Á’ ¢ËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-†çûª §ƒûªC Åûªúø’ ´’K Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’ – Ωa©’
Kavitha: We can't bear the heat. How about
tive/ adverb ´©x 鬢√Lq† °æE ï®Ω-í∫-ü¿ØÓ, †≠ædç This dress is too old for her to wear. é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª.
giving away the tickets to others?
xi) ÉC Ç ´%ü¿’l¥úø’ ¢Á÷ߪ’™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤ Éçé¬ Núø-´’-®Ω* îÁ§ƒp-©çõ‰, He is too innocent
tickets
(Ç áçúø ¶µºJç-‰ç. Ç ÉçÈé-´-J- Öçô’ç-ü¿ØÓ Å®Ωnç.
i) He is too poor to continue studies. This is too heavy for the old man to carry. to participate in talks/ to handle talks
éπØ√o ÉîËaÊÆh?)
Sabitha: That'd be foolish. I've taken a lot of ¢√úø’ îªü¿’´¤ é̆-≤ƒ-Tç-îª-™‰-†çûª Ê°ü¿¢√úø’. Ñ N≠æߪ’ç ÉçéÓ ®Ωéπçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-´îª’a. Åûªúø’ ûÁL-Ní¬ ´÷ö«x-úø-™‰-†çûª/ Ææ´÷-Rç--éÓ-™‰-
trouble to get the tickets. Don't ii) She is too proud to listen to advice. ûÁ©’-í∫’™– ÉC ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰-†çûª •®Ω’´¤ Åçõ‰ = †çûª Å´÷-ߪ’-èπ◊úø’.
worry. It's an AC hall. Ç¢Á’ Éûª-®Ω’© Ææ©-£æ…†’ N†-†çûª í∫Jy. ÉC î√™« •®Ω’´¤, ؈’ ¢Á÷ߪ’-™‰†’– ÅE éπü∆. i) Gowtham: How do I look in this shirt?
iii) She cooks too badly to eat. English ™ èπÿú≈ ÅçûË. ØËF shirt ™ ᙫ éπE-°œ-Ææ’h-Ø√o†’?/
(ÅC °œ*a-°æE. Ç tickets ûË´-ú≈-EéÀ î√™« a) It is very heavy; I cannot carry it.
v¨¡´’°æ-ú≈f†’. àç °∂æ®Ω-¢√-™‰-ü¿’™‰. Ç hall, A†-™‰-†çûª ü∆®Ω’-ùçí¬ ´çúø’-ûª’ç-ü∆¢Á’. Ñ shirt ᙫ ÖçC?)
iv) She knows too little to teach others. It is too heavy for me to carry. Viswam: Isn't that too big for you?
AC hall)
b) The movie is very good; We cannot miss it.
Kavitha: OK. It's too good a movie to miss. Éûª-®Ω’-©èπ◊ ¶Cµç-îª-™‰-†çûª ûªèπ◊\´ ûÁ©’-≤ƒ-¢Á’èπ◊. ÅC Fèπ◊ ´’K °ü¿l-Cí¬/ ´ü¿’-©’í¬
Now study the following sentences from The movie is good for us to miss. ™‰ü¿÷?
(Å™«Íí. ´’†ç ´ü¿’-©’-éÓ-™‰†çûª ´’ç*
ÆœE´÷ ÅC) the conversation at the beginning of the c) The chapter is very important; Nobody can É™« 'too' - question form ™ èπÿú≈ ¢√úøû√ç.
lesson. ignore it.
Very, too èπ◊ Ö†o ûËú≈ Éçûª-èπ◊-´·çü¿’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊Ø√oç j) Bhaskar: Is the curry too hot?
éπü∆. very Åçõ‰ áèπ◊\´, î√™«– Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúø’ 1) The Queue was too long. Ñ chapter î√™« ´·êuç. á´®Ω’èπÿú≈ ü∆Eo Ñ èπÿ®Ω ´’K 鬮Ωçí¬ Öçü∆?
éπ©-í∫-éπ-§Ú-´îª’a. Too Åçõ‰ ÅA, Åçü¿’-´©x îÁúË èπÿu ´’K §Òúø’í¬_ ÖçC. (؈’ ûªy®Ωí¬ ®√™‰-†çûª) ÖÊ°-éÀ~ç-îª-™‰®Ω’.
hot - ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç, ¢ËúÕ. Ééπ\úø Å®Ωnç, ÉçéÓöÀ
ï®Ω’-í∫’-ûª’çC. 2) I think it will be too hot (for us) to go out. The chapter is too important for anybody to
ignore it.
– 鬮Ωç – A†™‰ç.
a) Ramana is too good - ®Ω´’ù ÅA ´’ç*. 3) It will be too late in the night (for us) to
Bhavan: So it is, and the sambar is too
return home safely. d) The problem is very serious; We cannot
salty.
(Åçü¿’-´©x Åûª-EéÀ éπL-ÍíC éÃúË)
b) Aruna: Son, how about the girl you saw the 4) It is too good a movie to miss. neglect it.
Å´¤†’ – ≤ƒç¶«®Óx Ö°æ¤p ´’K áèπ◊\´
other day? Is she to your liking? Sentence No (2): ... it will be too hot for us to Ææ´’Ææu î√™« Bv´çí¬ ÖçC; ´’†ç °æöÀdç--
– A†™‰ç
go out. éÓ-èπ◊çú≈ Öçúø™‰ç.
´’†ç ¢Á·†o îª÷Æœ† Å´÷t®· N≠æߪ’ç àçöÀ?
The problem is too serious for us to neglect.
ÉO too Ö°æßÁ÷-í¬©’. É™« 'too' ¢√úø-éπçûÓ ´’†ç
Fèπ◊ †*açü∆? ´’†ç •ßª’öÀéÀ ¢Á∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ Öçô’çC.
e) The room is very big; The table is very
îÁ§ƒp©†’èπ◊†o N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ î√™« short sen-
Pranav: Mom, don't you think she is too tall Sentence No (3): It will be too late in the night
tences ™ simple í¬ îÁ°æp-´îª’a. conversation
for me? for us to return home safely. small.
Åçü¿çí¬ Öçô’çC.
´’K §Òúø’-í∫-E-°œç-îª-™‰ü∆ Fèπ◊? (Åçõ‰– Ø√ áûª’hèπ◊ ´’†ç Íé~´’çí¬ ÉçöÀéÀ AJT ®√™‰-†çûª Ç©Ææuç í∫üË¢Á÷ î√™« °ü¿lC, table ´÷vûªç î√™« *†oC.
ûªT-†çûª/ Ø√ ÅçûªØ√o/ Ø√éπçõ‰ áûªhØ√o 鬴a) 鬴a ®√vA-°æ‹ô. (Åçûª °ü¿l í∫CéÀ ûªí∫-†çûª *†oC)
Prabha: How did you spend the week in your (Éçé¬Ææh G®√u-F ¢ËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«¢√?)
cousin's place in Hyderabad? Pratima: Enough. No more, please. pass quickly -
¶«í¬ •©-£‘«†çí¬ ÖØ√oúø’, †úø-´-™‰úø’.
(î√©’. °‘x-ñ ¸ Éçéπ ´ü¿’l. )
b) He is strong enough to walk fast =
(£j«ü¿-®√-¶«ü˛™ O’ éπ->-Ø˛ Éçöx ᙫ -õ„i-¢˛’ -î√-™« ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’-ôô’x îËߪ’-í∫©çûª
í∫úÕ-§ƒ´¤?) Preethi: Is so little enough for you? ’-û√\J †v´’ûª.
Subha: Happily enough to remember the
ûªy®Ωí¬ †úÕ-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L-†çûª •©çí∫©-¢√úø’.
(Éçûª ûªèπ◊\´ î√™« Fèπ◊?) Namrata is quite/ very jovial; she can
2) a) She is too ill to need a doctor =
days there for a long time. Pratima: That's more than enough. make your time pass quickly.
Ç¢Á’ î√™« Bv´çí¬ ï•’sûÓ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝ Å´-
(áçûÓ-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hç-úËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬) (ÅC î√L†çûª éπçõ‰ áèπ◊\´) 3) I remember her jokes well enough to make
Prabha: What was so enjoyable about it?
Ææ®Ωç ™‰ü¿’. -(ú≈éπd®˝´*aØ√ v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç ™‰ü¿’)
4) Surendra: When shall we go to the next me laugh whenever I remember them =
b) She is ill enough to need a doctor -
(àN’-ôçûª Ææ®Ωü∆ éπ-L-Tç-îË N≠æߪ’ç movie? á°æ¤púø’ í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ †¢Ëyçûª ¶«í¬ Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q Ø√èπ◊
Åéπ\úø?) ï•’s ¶«í¬ Bv´çí¬ ÖçC. -ú≈éπd®˝†’ ¢ÁçôØË
(ûªü¿’-°æJ ÆœE´÷ á°æ¤púø’ îª÷ü∆lç) í∫’®Ω’h/ ؈’ í∫’®Ω’hç--èπ◊ç-ö«†’.
Subha: My cousin. Namrata is jovial enough
°œ©-¢√L. (v°æßÁ÷-ï†ç Öçô’çC)
Narendra: Enough is enough. No more of I remember her jokes very well; they make
to make your time pass very quickly. ÅD too èπÿ, enough èπÿ ûËú≈, È®çúÕçöÀ ûª®√yû√
me laugh whenever I remembered them.
(-õ„i-¢˛’ î√™«ûªy®Ωí¬ í∫úÕ-*-§Ú-ßË’ç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L- infinitive ´*a-†-°æ¤púø’. Å®·ûË ´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p
4) She has enough assignments/ assign- îª÷úøçúÕ enough ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’.
ments enough to keep her home -
†çûª/ ûªT†çûª £æ…Ææuç éπ©C ´÷ éπ->-Ø˛
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
†v´’ûª) a) He is wise enough to understand such
Prabha: Yea. She was here last summer, 220 ûª††’ áéπ\-úÕéà éπü¿-©-èπ◊çú≈ (ÉçöxØË ÖçúË-ô’xí¬) things =
îËÊÆç-ü¿’èπ◊ î√L†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q ÖØ√o®·.
wasn't she? I remember her jokes
well enough to make me laugh
Enough is enough
whenever I remember them.
(éÀç-ü¿-öÀ ¢ËÆæ-N™ Ééπ\-úø’çC éπü∆. á°æ¤púø’
í∫’®Ìh-*aØ√ -†-¢Áy-ô÷d -îË-ߪ’í∫-© Ç¢Á’ -ñ é˙q
Ø√èπ◊ í∫’-®Ω’h-Ø√o®·)
Subha: I asked her over here for the Dasara
holidays, but she has enough She has a good number of assignments.
these movies.
assignments to keep her home. They keep her home.
Å™«çöÀ N≠æ-ߪ÷©’ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-í∫-L-T†çûª ûÁL-N-
(ÉçéÌü¿’l ¶«•÷. Ñ ÆœE-´÷©’ Ééπ í∫©¢√úø-ûª†’.
(ü¿Ææ®√ ÂÆ©´¤©èπ◊ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ®Ω´’tØ√o. é¬F 5) A cold is not serious enough to cause worry
É©’x éπü¿-©-F-ߪ’†çûª -ÅÂÆj-Ø˛-¢Á’ç-ö¸q
´ü¿’l)
in hot countries -
´÷ô© èπÿ®Ω’p (Word
5) He has enough and to spare Order) îª÷ü∆lç
ÖØ√o®· ûª†èπ◊) Ö≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ Çü¿’®√l éπL-TçîËçûª Bv´--¢Á’içC
Prabha: We shall be missing here a lot. Åûª-úÕéÀ î√L†çûË é¬èπ◊çú≈, Éûª-®Ω’© éÀ´y-í∫-L-T†çûª Wise (Adj) +
é¬ü¿’.
-Öç-C. enough + infinitive
A cold is not very serious in hot Countries;
(´’†ç ûª††’ î√™« N’Æˇ Å´¤-û√ç- )
Subha: She is a good laugh. She is enter-
îª÷¨»®Ω’ éπü∆. enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷-í∫-ç. too
it does not cause worry.
(ÅüË ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’
taining enough to make us like her Look at the following too: too + adjective/
6) It is nuisance enough to make us feel out of
company. 1) You are clever enough to understand easi- adverb + infinitive
sorts =
Prabha: Well, by the way, I have a bad cold. I ly = *é¬èπ◊ éπL-TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç.
´Ææ’hçC éπü∆?) M. SURESAN
don't know how to get rid of it. ÉD í∫´’-Eç-î √-Lq†
(†’´¤y Ææ’-©’-´¤í¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËç-ûª ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√- = It is a big nuisance; it makes us feel out N≠æߪ’ç.
of sorts.
(ÅC ÆæÍ®-é¬F, Ø√èπ◊ ¶«í¬ ï©’•’ úÕN.)
îËÆœçC. ÅC ᙫ ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-¢√™ ûÁL-ߪ’- = You are clever; you understand easily.
ÅüË adjective •ü¿’©’ noun Å®·ûË, enough +
ôç-™‰ü¿’) ÉN enough Å®Ωnç, Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. éÀçü¿öÀ lessons ™ noun + infinitive ´Ææ’hçC.
= †’´¤y ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN. †’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç too Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç îª÷¨»ç.
get rid of = üˆo-®·Ø√ (îÁúø’†’) ´ü¿’-©’a-éÓ-´ôç a) There is enough water in the tank to last for
îËÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ö«´¤. (†’´¤y Ææ’©¶µºçí¬ Å®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÌ-ØËçûª too + adjective/ adverb + infinitive ´ÊÆh (´’K,
Subha: A cold is not serious enough to the whole day =
ûÁL-¢Áj-†-¢√-úÕN.)
cause worry in hot countries, but it is
ÅA ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ) ´uA-Í®-é¬-®√n-Eo-Ææ’hçC.
2) He is tall enough to touch the ceiling fan=
(Ñ ®ÓVèπ◊ ÆæJ-°æúË F∞¡Ÿx-Ø√o®· -ö«uçé˙™.)
nuisance enough to make us feel out Enough + infinitive ´ÊÆh positive Å®Ωnç ´Ææ’hçC
b) I have enough friends to help me =
of sorts with yourself. Æ‘-Lçí˚ -§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ û√éπ-í∫-L-T-†ç-ûª §Òúø-´-ûª-úø’ = (Å´¤†’ ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ)
(
Compare:
Ø√èπ◊ ≤ƒßª’ç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ î√L-†ç-ûª-´’ç-C
(-Ö-≠ægü˨»™x ï©’•’ -ÅØËC °ü¿l Çü¿’®√l He is tall. He can touch the ceiling fan.
ÊÆo£œ«-ûª’-©’-Ø√o®Ω’.)
éπ©-í∫-ñ‰-ÊÆçûª ï•’sé¬ü¿’. é¬E *é¬èπ◊ éπL- -Å-ûª-úø’ -§Ò-úø-´¤. -Å-ûª-úø’ Æ‘-Lçí˚-§∂ƒu-Ø˛-†’ -Åç-ü¿’éÓí∫- a) He is too weak to walk - He is very weak,
TçîËçûª Ææ´’-≤ƒu-ûªtéπç) ©-úø’. so he cannot walk =
(Feel out of sorts = *é¬èπ◊ §Òçü¿ôç) 3) The class room is large enough to seat 45
Prabha: Why didn't you take some medicine? students - EXERCISE do you have?
Priya: Why? What do you want?
(´’ç-ü¿’-©’ -áç-ü¿’èπ◊ -¢ËÆæ’éÓ-™‰-ü¿’?) 45 -´’ç-C -N-ü∆u®Ω’n-©’ èπÿ®Óa-í∫© ´ÆæA Ö†oçûª Preetham: F ü¿í∫_-È®çûª úø•’sçC?
Subha: I did, of course, but the relief has
Preetham: Have you enough money to
°ü¿l é¬xÆˇ ®Ω÷ç ÅC. Priya:
been temporary.
àç? áçü¿’èπ◊?
4) He is ill enough to need a doctor = give/ spare/ lend me Rs.200?
Preetham: Ø√éÓ È®çúÌç-ü¿-L-îËaçûª Öçü∆?
(BÆæ’-èπ◊-Ø√o†’ é¬F û√û√\-Léπ Ö°æ-¨¡-´’- -ú≈éπd®˝ Ææ£æ…ߪ’ç 鬢√-Lq†çûª ï•’sí¬ ÖØ√o-úø- Priya: Not so much. I have enough
†¢Ë’) Priya: Åçûª-™‰ü¿’. Ø√é¬\-¢√Lq† È®çúø’ °æ¤Ææh-
ûª†’. money to buy the two books I
Prabha: Doctors say you are cured of cold in 鬩’ éÌØËçûª úø•’sçC.
Now look at the following sentences from need.
seven days if you take medicines, Preetham: Ø√èπÿ °æ¤Ææh-鬩’ éÌØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ®Ω÷.200
the conversation at the beginning of the Preetham: I am short of Rs.200/- to buy
and in one week if you don't take ûªèπ◊\-¢ÁjçC. ´÷ Ø√†o °æç°œçîË´®Ωèπ◊
lesson. the books I need. I don't have
medicines. ¢Ë* ÖçúË -õ„i-¢˛’ ™‰ü¿’.
1) (I spent) happily enough to remember the the time enough to wait till my
(´’çü¿’©ûÓ 7 ®ÓV™x, ´’çü¿’-™‰x-èπ◊çú≈ Priya: ≤ƒ-K.
days for a long time - dad sends me money.
¢√®√-Eéà 禍•’ †ßª’-´’-´¤-ûª’ç-ü¿ç-ö«®Ω’ - Answer
ú≈éπd®Ω’x) Priya: I'm sorry.
î√™«-鬩ç í∫’®Ω’hçúËçûª ÆæçûÓ≠æçí¬ í∫úÕ-§ƒ-†-éπ\úø. Preetham: How much money have you?/
☯ ☯ ☯ ☯ 2) Namrata is jovial enough to make your time
Prem: Hi Syam, you are so late that all the Prem: Why didn't you tell us of it over the
people have left. cell?
(¨»uç, †’¢Áyçûª Ç©Ææu-´’çõ‰ FéÓÆæç Ö†o (cell ™ îÁ°æp-™‰üËç Ñ N≠æߪ’ç?)
¢√-∞¡xçû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’) Syam: It was so noisy that you could hear
Syam: I was held up on my way by a terrible nothing.
traffic jam. The traffic was so heavy (àD N-E°œç-îª-†ç-ûª íÌúø´)
that I took an hour to travel one kilo- Prem: Anyway, it's all over. Our friends have
meter by car. gone away. Let's plan a meeting this
(ü∆J™ ®ΩDl ††’o ÇÊ°-ÆœçC. é¬®Ω’™ äéπ weekend.
éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ ®√´-ö«-EéÀ í∫çô °æöÀdçC – Åçûª Now look at the following sentences from
(à¢Á’i-ûËØËç Å®·-§Ú-®·çC. ´’†v°∂çú˛q ÉD so... that Ö°æ-ßÁ÷í∫ç. Ééπ\úø ´’†ç í∫´’-Eç-î√-
®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC) the conversation at the beginning of the
Prem: Didn't you hear us on your mobile?
Åçü¿®Ω’ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ߪ÷®Ω’. Ñ ¢√®√ç-û√-EéÀ Lq† N≠æߪ’ç: so ûª®√yûª adjective/ adverb, ü∆E
lesson.
éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊ØË à®√pô’ îËÆæ’-èπ◊çü∆ç) ûª®√yûª that ®√´ôç.
(F ÂÆ™¸-§∂ÚØ˛™ ´÷ ´÷ô©’ NE-°œç-‰ü∆ Syam: OK. 1) The traffic was so heavy that I took an hour
a) She hates him so much that (so + much
to travel one kilometer.
Fèπ◊?) ´’†ç-ü¿-Jéà ûÁ©’Ææ’: So èπ◊ Ö†o Å®√n©’: (adverb) + that) she doesn't want to talk to
Syam: I knew you were calling, but I couldn't
So = 1) Åçü¿’-´©x/ 鬕öÀd 2) Åçûª (American
vö«°∂œé˙ áçûª ®ΩDlí¬ Öçü¿çõ‰, äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝ him
make out anything. The whole road
usage)
v°æߪ÷ùç îËߪ’-ö«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC. Åûª-úÕûÓ ´÷ö«x-úøôç É≠ædç-™‰-ü∆-¢Á’èπ◊. Åçûªí¬
was so noisy. ´÷´‚-©’í¬ ´÷ö«xúË ûÁ©’-í∫’™– äéπ éÀ™-O’-ô®˝
É°æ¤púø’ ´’†ç, so = Åçûª ÅØË Å®ΩnçûÓ Ö†o ÅûªúÕE üËy≠œ-≤ÚhçC.
b) He is so tall that he can touch the ceiling
(O’®Ω’ §∂ÚØ˛ îËÆæ’h-†oC Ø√èπ◊ ûÁ©’Ææ’, é¬F v°æߪ÷-ù«-EéÀ äéπ í∫çô °æöÀdçC; vö«°∂œé˙ Åçûª
Ö°æßÁ÷í¬©’ ûÁ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊çü∆ç.
fan =
O’Í®ç ´÷ö«x-úø’-ûª’†oD ؈®Ωnç îËÆæ’-éÓ-™‰-éπ- ®ΩDlí¬ ÖçC.
(Ñ Å®ΩnçûÓ, so, such (Å™«çöÀ) ÅØË ´÷ôèπ◊ 2) You are so late that all the people have left=
ceiling fan
§Ú-ߪ÷†’. ®Ó-úøfçû√ -Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC.) †’ û√éπ-í∫-©çûª §Òúø´¤ Åûªúø’.
ü¿í∫_-®Ωí¬ äéÓ\-≤ƒJ ¢√úø’-ûª’çö«ç)
(so + tall (adj) + that)
Éûª-®Ω’-©çû√ ¢ÁRx-§Ú-ßË’çûªí¬ Ç©Ææu-´’-ߪ÷u-´¤ †’´¤y.
a) I can't go out now, It is so hot =
3) I couldn't make out any thing.
鬕öÀd 'so' É™« ¢√úÕ-†-°æ¤púø’ ü∆E ûª®√yûª adjective/
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰†’, Åçûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC = The whole road was so noisy = adverb, Ç ûª®√yûª that ûª°æpéπ ®√¢√L.
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 221
ØËE-°æ¤púø’ •ßª’-öÀ-Èé-∞¡x-™‰-†çûª áçúøí¬ ÖçC.
It is so hot now that I can't go out.
Ø√Íéç Å®Ωnç 鬙‰ü¿’ (NE-°œç-îª-™‰ü¿’).Road Åçû√ - (Å®·ûË present day (É°æpöÀ) American usage
Åç-ûª íÌúø-´í¬ ÖçC. ™, so ûª®√yûª that ´C-™‰-Ææ’h-Ø√o®Ω’.
He is so tall he can touch the fan.
Sankar: Hi Vishnu, you've been away for such Sankar: Thank God. I wasn't with you.
a long time that I felt lonely here. (•A-éÀ-§Úߪ÷. FûÓ Øˆ’ ™‰†ç-ü¿’èπ◊.
(؈’ äçô-J-ûª-†çûÓ ¶«üµ¿-°æ-úËç-ûª-鬩ç (™‰èπ◊çõ‰ ؈÷ îª÷ú≈Lq ´îËaC)
†’´¤y •ßª’-ô’-Ø√o´¤) Vishnu: What next now? Shall we have coffee?
Vishnu: I felt the same too, without your company. (ûª®√y-ûËçöÀ? coffee BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ü∆´÷?)
(F ≤ƒ£æ«-Ωuç ™‰éπ ؈÷ Å™«ØË ¶«üµ¿-°æú≈f) Sankar: OK.
Sankar: Why did it take so long for you? ☯ ☯ ☯ ☯
(Åçûª-鬩ç áçü¿’èπ◊ °æöÀdçC?) éÀçü¿öÀ lesson ™ ´’†ç so ¢√úøéπç îª÷¨»ç éπü∆.
Vishnu: I had been away on a company 'so' Åçõ‰–
assignment. I returned this morning. 1) Åçûª
He is such a man that all like him =
(éπç°F °æE-O’ü¿ ¢Á∞«x†’. Ñ §Òü¿’lØËo ´î√a†’) a) He isn't so tall. (Åûª-†çûª §Òúø’-Ííç-é¬ü¿’) (´÷N’úÕ, apple ™«çöÀ ®Ωéπ-®Ω-鬩 °æçúø’x éÌØ√o).
Assignment = Å°æp-Tç-*† °æE. b) The place is so distant.
É™«ç-öÀ-îÓôx èπÿú≈ such as •ü¿’©’ like ¢√úøôç Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æúË ´uéÀh Åûª†’.
ÅÂÆj-†tçö¸ – 'ÂÆj— ØÌéÀ\ °æ©’-èπ◊û√ç. ´’† ¶µ«≠憒 Ææ®Ω-∞¡çí¬, Ææ£æ«-ïçí¬ NE-°œç-îËô’x ÉD so ... that èπÿ, such ... that èπÿ Ö†o
(Ç îÓô’ Åçûª ü¿÷®Ωç) Ææç•çüµ¿ç, ûËú≈. ÉçéÓ N≠æߪ’ç èπÿú≈ îª÷ü∆lç.
Sankar: What kind of assignment?
îËÆæ’hçC.
´·êuçí¬ so + adjective/ adverb + that (so b) There were a number of things such as a) He is such a good man that we all like him
(ᙫçöÀ °æE?) tall that/ so large that/ so nice that, etc.)
pen, paper, etc., = There were a number of =
Vishnu: Such a tough assignment that I had Åçõ‰ adjective/ adverb ©’ ûÁLÊ° à ¢Ë’®Ωèπ◊ Åûª†’ ¢Ë’´’ç-ü¿®Ωç É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’.
things like ... b) He is so good a man that we all like him.
to visit a number of places. I had to ÅE ûÁL-Ê°ç-ü¿’èπ◊ ¢√úøû√ç. 3) Now look at the following sentences from
see a number of dealers, watch the 2) American usage ™ î√™« ÅE Å®Ωnç. (a) ™ such a good man = (b) ™ so good a
the conversation at the beginning of the
movement of our products, and see a) Thank you so much. man
lesson.
that the sales increased. (British: Thank you very much.) c) She is so clever a woman that she can
a) You have been away for such a long time
(Å¢Á÷t î√™« éπ≠d-¢æ Á’i† °æE. î√™« îÓôxèπ◊ solve any problem easily = She is such a
that I felt lonely.
(Ü∞¡xèπ◊) A®Ω-í¬-Lq-´-*açC. î√™«-´’çC clever woman that she can ...
b) such a tough assignment that I had to visit
dealers †’ îª÷Æœ, ´÷ company ûªßª÷-
a number of places. (à Ææ´’-Ææu-ØÁjØ√ °æJ-≠æ \-Jç-îª-í∫-L-T-†çûª ûÁL-N
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù
K© Å´’t-鬩’ ᙫ ÖØ√oßÁ÷ í∫´’-Eç*,
c) ... they were such lousy movies that I -í∫-™«¢Á’)
Å´’t-鬩’ °çî√-Lq† ¶«üµ¿uûª ÅC.) 222 wished that I hadn't gone to them. so clever a woman = such a clever woman
dealers = äéπ éπç°F ûªßª÷-K©’ (Ææ®Ω-èπ◊©’)
Ţ˒t ¢√∞¡Ÿ}/ shops.
Movement = ´÷´‚©’ Å®Ωnç = éπü¿-L-éπ(©’).
Sourabha: Hi Susmitha, we'd better start Sourabha: That I've already done. The taxi
early so that we don't miss Aruna. will be here the day after tomor-
(Ææ’Æœtû√, ´’†ç ûÌçü¿-®Ωí¬ •ßª’-©’ row. She has to rest today and
-üË-®Ωü∆ç, Å®Ω’-ù†’ miss é¬èπ◊çú≈ tomorrow to get over the jet lag.
ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) (ÅD îËÊÆ-¨»†’. á©’xçúÕ §Òü¿’l† taxi
We'd better = We had better = ´’ç*C. ready. Ñ®ÓW, Í®°æ¤ ûª†’ rest
You'd better see a doctor = you had bet- BÆæ’-èπ◊ç-ô’çC jet lag †’ç* •ßª’-ô
ter ... =
†’´¤y doctor †’ îª÷úøôç ´’ç*C. -°æ-úø-ö«-EéÀ.)
Susmitha: I am almost ready. I got up quite jet lag = N´÷-Ø√™x Ææ’ü¿÷®Ω v°æߪ÷-ù«©’
early so that I might not be late. îËߪ’-ôç™ ®√vA-°æ-í∫∞¡x ´’üµ¿u ü˨¡-üË-¨»-©èπ◊ ÖçúË
ûËú≈© ´©x éπLÍí •úø-Léπ. b) Harsha goes to bed early so that he can
so that
(؈’ ü∆ü∆°æ¤ Æœü¿l¥ç. ûªy®Ωí¬ ™‰î√†’
Susmitha: Let's accompany her to Tirupathi
É™« ¢√úøû√ç. Å®·ûË éÌEo Ææçü¿-®√s¥™x
Ç©Ææuç é¬èπ◊çú≈ ÖçúËç-ü¿’èπ◊.) get up early =
so that we too can have Lord so that •ü¿’©’ to ¢√úË-ߪ’-´îª’a, simple í¬.
Sourabha: That's good. I told the taxi man to
Venkateswara's darsanam.
ûªy®Ωí¬ Evü¿ ™‰îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ £æ«®Ω{ ûªy®Ωí¬ °æúø’-èπ◊ç-ö«úø’. He came here so that he could meet the min-
be here at 7 so that we need not
c) I am noting down the phone numbers so ister.
waste time looking for a taxi. (´’†ç èπÿú≈ Å®Ω’-ùûÓ ¢Á∞¡ü∆ç. ´’†ç
that I can call you when necessary =
(´’ç*C. Taxi ¢√™«†’ àúÕç-öÀÍé èπÿú≈ A®Ω’-´’-™‰-¨¡ŸE ü¿Jzç--éÓ-´îª’a.) ´’çvAE éπ©’-Ææ’-èπ◊-ØËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅûªE¢√∞¡ Ééπ\-úÕéÀ ´î√aúø’
®Ω´’tE îÁ§ƒp, ´’Sx Taxi éÓÆæç time Sourabha: OK. Å´-Ææ-®Ω-¢Á’i-†-°æ¤púø’ °œL-îËç-ü¿’èπ◊ ÅEo phone num- He came here to meet the minister
waste é¬èπ◊çú≈.) ☺ ☺ ☺ ☺ bers ®√Ææ’-èπ◊ç-ô’-Ø√o†’. (Åçõ‰so that †’ ÖüËl¨¡ç ûÁLÊ° Å®ΩnçûÓ, to + 1st
éÀçü¿öÀ lessons so + adjective/ adverb +
™ É™« °j sentences ™™«, so that ÅØË expres- Regular Doing Word = infinitive ¢√úø-´îª’a.)
that, such + (adj) + noun + that sentences
´îËa sion ÖüËl-¨»Eo ûÁ©’-°æ¤-ûª’çC. He bought the bike so that he can move about
îª÷¨»ç éπü∆. Now look at the following sentences from quickly =
-Ççí∫x-¶µ«-≠æ-ù 223
a) He is so good that every one likes him =
Åûªúø’ Åçü¿®Ω÷ É≠æd-°æ-úËçûª ´’ç*-¢√úø’ =
the conversation at the beginning of the
lesson:
ûªy®Ωí¬ AJ-Ííç-ü¿’-èπ◊-í¬†’ Åûª†’ bike é̆’-èπ◊\-Ø√oúø’ =
He bought the bike to (be able to) move about
quickly.
Å®·ûË so that •ü¿’©’ infinitive ¢√úøôç ÅEo-îÓö«x