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30. Classify the negative feedback configuration and draw the corresponding block
diagram.
A closed loop amplifier can be represented by two blocks one for an OPAMP and other for a
feedback circuits. There are four following ways to connect these blocks. These connections are
classified according to whether the voltage or current is feedback to the input in series or in
parallel:
Voltage series feedback
Voltage shunt feedback
Current series feedback
Current shunt feedback
These connections are shown in figure below:
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
16 MARK QUESTIONS
1. (i) Explain the functions of all the basic building blocks of Op-amp
(ii) Explain the application of op-amp as (i) Integrator (ii) Differentiator
2. Discuss about the methods of frequency compensation in opamp
3. Explain the operation of a basic differential amplifier
4. Obtain the frequency response of an open-loop op-amp
5. (i) With neat diagrams explain the types of feedback configurations available
(ii) Briefly explain summing amplifier and draw an adder circuit for the given expression:
V0= V1+V2-V3-(V4+2)
6. (i) Explain the DC characteristics of op-amp with the help of neat diagrams
(ii)With neat circuit diagram and equations, discuss the operation of summer and differentiator
using opamp
7. (i) Explain the AC characteristics of an operational amplifier.
(ii) Sketch the basic circuit using op-amp to perform the mathematical operation of
differentiation and explain. What are the limitations of an ordinary OP-AMP differentiator?
Draw and explain the circuit of a practical differentiators that will eliminate these limitations
8. (i) Explain in detail the characteristic of an ideal opamp. (8)
(ii) Draw the block diagram and equivalent circuit of op-amp.Explain them. (10)
9. (i) Explain the application of op amp as (1)summer (2)integrator. (8)
(ii) Define and explain (1) slew rate (2) SVRR. (4)
(iii) Explain the frequency response of op-amp. (4)
10. What are the different open-loop configurations of op-amp? Explain the differential amplifier
configuration.
11. With the help of circuit diagram, explain the operation of non-inverting and inverting
configuration of op-amp and derive expressions for voltage gain for each configuration.
12. (i) Draw and explain the closed loop frequency response of op-amp
(ii) Elaborate on pole-zero compensation technique.
13. Find the output voltage of the above circuit.
14.(i) Define and explain slew rate. What is full power bandwidth. Describe methods to improve
slewrate.
(ii) Define output offset voltage. Explain methods to nullify offset voltage.
15. (i) With neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of the following circuits:
(a) Voltage follower (b)Integrator.
(ii) For the non inverting opamp shown in fig, find the output voltage:
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
UNIT III APPLICATIONS OF OPAMP
SYLLABUS: Instrumentation amplifier, first and second order active filters, V/I & I/V converters,
comparators,multivibrators, waveform generators, clippers, clampers, peak detector, S/H circuit,
D/A converter (R-2R ladder and weighted resistor types), A/D converter - Dual slope,
successive approximation and flash types.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1.What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier?
In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of physical quantities is
usually done with the help of transducers. The output of transducer has to be amplified So that it
can drive the indicator or display system. This function is performed by an instrumentation
amplifier.
2.List the features of instrumentation amplifier:
o high gain accuracy
o high CMRR
o high gain stability with low temperature co-efficient
o low dc offset
o low output impedance
3. What is a comparator?
A comparator is a circuit which compares a signal voltage applied at one input of an opamp with
a known reference voltage at the other input. It is an open loop op - amp with output + Vsat or -
Vsat
4. What are the applications of comparator?
. Zero crossing detectors
. Window detector
. Time marker generator
. Phase detector
5. What is a Schmitt trigger?
Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square wave
output. The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages, which
are the reference voltages of the input waveform.
6. What is a multivibrator?
Multivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used extensively in timing
applications. It is a wave shaping circuit which gives symmetric or asymmetric square output. It
has two states either stable or quasi- stable depending on the type of multivibrator.
7. What do you mean by monostable multivibrator?
Monostable multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of specified duration in
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
response to each external trigger signal. It has only one stable state. Application of a trigger
causes a change to the quasi-stable state.An external trigger signal generated due to charging and
discharging of the capacitor produces the transition to the original stable state.
8. Write a brief note on astable multivibrator?
Astable multivibrator is a free running oscillator having two quasi-stable states. Thus, there are
oscillations between these two states and no external signal is required to produce the change in
state.
9. What is a bistable multivibrator?
Bistable multivibrator is one that maintains a given output voltage level unless an external
trigger is applied . Application of an external trigger signal causes a change of state, and this
output level is maintained indefinitely until an second trigger is applied . Thus, it requires two
external triggers before it returns to its initial state
10. What are the requirements for producing sustained oscillations in feedback circuits?
For sustained oscillations,
. The total phase shift around the loop must be zero at the desired frequency of oscillation, fo.
ie,L AB=0
0
or 360
0
. At fo, the magnitu
11.Draw the circuit diagram of positive clipper.
12. What is hysteresis with reference to Schmitt trigger circuit?
In the non-inverting configuration, when the input is higher than a certain chosen threshold, the
output is high. When the input is below a different (lower) chosen threshold, the output is low,
and when the input is between the two levels, the output retains its value. This dual threshold
action is called hysteresis and implies that the Schmitt trigger possesses memory and can act as a
bistable circuit (latch).
13. Differentiate between Schmitt trigger and comparator.
S.No Comparator Schmitt trigger
1 Feedback is not used that is Op-amp is used
in open loop mode
Feedback is used that is Op-ampis used in
closed loop mode
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2 False triggering due to noise voltages is
possible
False triggering due to noise voltages is
not possible.
3 A single reference voltage exists. Two different threshold voltages exists as
V
UT
and V
LT
4 No hysteresis exists Hysteresis exists with a width H=V
UT
-
V
LT
14. What is a filter?
Filter is a frequency selective circuit that passes signal of specified band of frequencies
andattenuates the signals of frequencies outside the band
15. What are the demerits of passive filters?
Passive filters works well for high frequencies. But at audio frequencies, the inductorsbecome
problematic, as they become large, heavy and expensive. For low frequencyapplications, more
number of turns of wire must be used which in turn adds to the seriesresistance degrading
inductors performance ie, low Q, resulting in high power dissipation.
16. What are the advantages of active filters?
Active filters used op- amp as the active element and resistors and capacitors as
passiveelements.
By enclosing a capacitor in the feed back loop , inductor less active filters can be obtained
Op-amp used in non inverting configuration offers high input impedance and low output
impedance, thus improving the load drive capacity.
17.What are the different types of filters?
Based on the components used: Active filters and passive filters
Based on frequency responses: Low pass filter,High pass filter,Band pass filter,Band reject filter
Based on order of transfer function : first, second, third higher order filters.
Based on configuration: Bessel, Chebyshev, Butterworth filters.
18.What is frequency scaling?
Once the filter is designed, sometimes it is necessary to change the value of cut-off frequency.
The method used to change the original cut-off frequency to new cut-off frequency is called
frequency scaling.
19.Briefly describe a voltage follower?
A circuit in which the output voltage follows the input voltage is called voltage followercircuit.
In Op-amp if the inverting input and the output terminals are shorted and if any signal isapplied
at the non-inverting terminal, it appears at the output without any change.
It is also called as source follower, unity gain amplifier, buffer amplifier or isolationamplifier.
20. Describe about a bandpass filter.
A bandpass filter is basically a frequency selector. It allows one particular band of frequencies to
pass. Thus, the pass band is between the two cut-off frequencies fH and fL where fH > fL. Any
frequency outside this band gets attenuated.
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
21.Sketch the circuit diagram of first order active low pass filter.
22. What is a notch filter and what is its application.
A narrow band reject filter is called a notch filter and is used for rejection of a single frequency
such as 50Hz power line frequency.
23. Classify the ADCs broadly.
1. Direct type ADC.
2. Integrating type ADC.
24. Differentiate between direct ADC and integrating type ADC.
a) The integrating type of ADCs do not need a sample/Hold circuit at the input.
b) It is possible to transmit frequency even in noisy environment or in an isolated form.
25. List out some integrating type converters.
1. Charge balancing ADC
2. Dual slope ADC
26. What is integrating type converter?
An ADC converter that perform conversion in an indirect manner by first changing the
analog I/P signal to a linear function of time or frequency and then to a digital code is known as
integrating type A/D converter.
27.List the main advantages of integrating type ADCs?
i. The integrating type of ADCs doing not need a sample/Hold circuit at the input.
ii. It is possible to transmit frequency even in noisy environment or in an isolated form.
28. What are the types of ADC and DAC.
Types of ADC: 1. Flash (comparator) type converter
2. Counter type converter
3. Tracking or servo converter
4. Successive approximation type converter
Types of DAC: 1. Weighted resistor DAC
2. R-2R Ladder
3. Inverted R-2R Ladder
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
29. Explain in brief the principle of operation of successive Approximation ADC.
The circuit of successive approximation ADC consists of a successive approximation
register (SAR), to find the required value of each bit by trial & error. With the arrival of START
command, SAR sets the MSB bit to 1. The O/P is converted into an analog signal & it is
compared with I/P signal. This O/P is low or High. This process continues until all bits are
checked.
30. Provide the advantages and disadvantages of flash type ADC?
Flash type ADC is the fastest as well as the most expensive.
The disadvantage is the number of comparators needed almost doubles for each added bit (For a
n-bit convertor 2(n-1) comparators, 2n resistors are required).
31.Define conversion time.
It is defined as the total time required converting an analog signal into its digital output. It
depends on the conversion technique used & the propagation delay of circuit components.
The conversion time of a successive approximation type ADC is given by T(n+1) Where T---
clock period Tc---conversion time n- no. of bits
32. Define resolution of a data converter.
The resolution of a converter is the smallest change in voltage which may be produced at the
output or input of the converter. Resolution (in volts)= VFS/2n-1=1 LSB increment. The
resolution of an ADC is defined as the smallest change in analog input for a one-bit change at the
output.
33. Explain in brief stability of a converter:
The performance of converter changes with temperature age & power supply variation. So all the
relevant parameters such as offset, gain, linearity error & monotonicity must be specified over
the full temperature & power supply ranges to have better stability performances.
34. What is meant by linearity?
The linearity of an ADC/DAC is an important measure of its accuracy & tells us how close the
converter output is to its ideal transfer characteristics. The linearity error is usually expressed as
a fraction of LSB increment or percentage of full-scale voltage. A good converter exhibits a
linearity error of less than LSB.
35. What is a sample and hold circuit? Where it is used?
A sample and hold circuit is one which samples an input signal and holds on to its last sampled
value until the input is sampled again. This circuit is mainly used in digital interfacing, analog to
digital systems, and pulse code modulation systems.
36. Explain the operation of basic sample and hold circuit.
A typical sample and hold circuit stores electric charge in a capacitor and contains at least one
fast FET switch and at least one operational amplifier. To sample the input signal the switch
connects the capacitor to the output of a buffer amplifier. The buffer amplifier charges or
discharges the capacitor so that the voltage across the capacitor is practically equal, or
proportional to, input voltage. In hold mode the switch disconnects the capacitor from the buffer.
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
The capacitor is invariably discharged by its own leakage currents and useful load currents,
which makes the circuit inherently volatile, but the loss of voltage (voltage droop) within a
specified hold time remains within an acceptable error margin.
37. Define start of conversion and end of conversion.
Start of Conversion in ADC (SOC): This is the control signal for start of conversion which
initiates A/D conversion process.
End of Conversion in ADC (EOC): This is the control signal which is activated when the
conversion is completed.
38. Define sample period and hold period.
The time during which the voltage across the capacitor in sample and hold circuit is equal to
the input voltage is called sample period. The time period during which the voltage across the
capacitor is held constant is called hold period.
39. Define the following performance parameters of D/A converters:
(a) Resolution (b)Accuracy (c) Monotonicity d) Conversion time
a) Resolution
The resolution of a converter is the smallest change in voltage which may be produced at the
output or input of the converter.
Resolution (in volts)= VFS/2
n
-1=1 LSB increment.
Example: 8 bit DAC has 28-1 =255 equal intervals. Hence the smallest change in output voltage
is (1/255) of full scale output range.
The resolution of an ADC is defined as the smallest change in analog input for a one bit change
at the output.
Example: The input range of 8 bit A/D converter is divided into 255 intervals. So the resolution
for 10V input range = 10V/255 = 39.22mV
b) Accuracy
Absolute accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation between the actual converter output & the ideal converter output.
Relative accuracy:
It is the maximum deviation after gain & offset errors have been removed.
The accuracy of a converter is also specified in form of LSB increments or % of full scale
voltage.
c) Monotonicity
A monotonic DAC is one whose analog output increases for an increase in digital input. A
monotonic characteristic is essential in control applications, otherwise oscillations result.
d) Conversion time
It is defined as the total time required to convert an analog signal into its digital output. It
depends on the conversion technique used & the propagation delay of circuit components.The
conversion time of a successive approximation type ADC is given by T*(n+1)
where T---clock period
Tc---conversion time n----no. of bits
What is settling time?
It represents the time it takes for the output to settle within a specified band LSB of itsfinal
value following a code change at the input (usually a full scale change). It depends uponthe
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switching time of the logic circuitry due to internal parasitic capacitance & inductances.Settling
time ranges from 100ns to 10s depending on word length & type circuit used.
40. List the drawbacks of binary weighted resistor technique of D/A conversion.
a) Wide range of resistor values needed
b) Difficulty in achieving and maintaining accurate ratios over a wide range of variations
41. The basic step of a 9 bit DAC is 10.3 mV. If 000000000 represents 0Volts, what is the
output for an input of 101101111?
The output voltage for input of 101101111 is
= 10.3 mV (1*28+0*27+1*26+1*25+0*24+1*23+1*22+1*21+1*20)
= 10.3 * 10-3 * 367 = 3.78 V
42. What are the advantages and disadvantages of R-2R ladder DAC.
Advantages:
a) Easier to build accurately as only two precision metal films are required.
b) Number of bits can be expanded by adding more sections of same R/2R values.
Disadvantage:
In this type of DAC, when there is a change in the input, changes the current flow in the resistor
which causes more power dissipation which creates non-linearity in DAC.
43. Which is the fastest A/D converter and why?
Flash type A/D converter is the fastest ADC, because the fast conversion speed isaccomplished
by providing 2
n
-1 comparators and simultaneously comparing the input signal with unique
reference levels spaced 1 LSB apart.
44. What are the applications of V-I converter?
Low voltage dc and ac voltmeter
L E D
Zener diode tester
45. What do you mean by a precision diode?
The major limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages below the cut involtage
of the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the feedback loop of an op ampis called
the precision diode and it is capable of rectifying input signals of the order of millivolt.
46. Write down the applications of precision diode.
Half - wave rectifier
Full - Wave rectifier
Peak value detector
Clipper
Clamper
47. Draw the circuit diagram of sample and hold circuit.
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
16 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Design and explain triangular wave generator using Schmitt trigger and integrator circuit
2. (i) Explain the operation of dual slope ADC
(ii)Explain the following characteristics of ADC:
(i)Resolution (ii) Accuracy (iii)Settling time (iv) Linearity
3. (i) Describe the first order lowpass butterworth filter. Derive its frequency response and plot
the same.
(ii) Design a low pass filter with a cutoff frequency if 1kHz and with a passband gain of 2.
4. What is an instrumentation amplifier? List its features. Explain the operation of three op-amp
instrumentation amplifier and give its application
5. Explain the following applications of opamp (i)voltage to current converter (ii)Clamper
6. Explain the working of (i) Weighted resistor type DAC (ii) Dual slope type ADC
7. Discuss the operation of ladder network DAC with relevant circuit diagram and waveforms.
8. Draw and explain the circuit of a voltage to current converter if the load is
(1) Floating
(2) Grounded.
9. (i) Explain the working of OP-AMP based Schmitt trigger circuit. (8)
(ii) Design an OP-AMP based second order active low pass filter with cut offfrequency 2 kHz.
10. (i)draw an instrumentation amplifier using op amp and explain. (6)
(ii) Explain the following op amp circuits.
(1) Peak detector (2) Clamper. (10)
11.(i)draw a neat R-2R ladder DAC and explain its principle.(6)
(ii) draw a flash type ADC and explain its working.(10)
12.(i) Explain how to measure phase difference between two signals
(ii) Explain the operation of square wave generator by drawing the capacitor and output voltage
waveforms.
13. (i) Draw a sample and hold circuit. Explain its operation and indicate its uses.
(ii) Describe a circuit which will clip the input signal below a reference voltage.
14. (i) Describe the operation of current to voltage converter with appropriate diagrams
(ii) Draw and explain the operation of the following
(i) Triangle wave generator (ii) monostable multivibrator
15. Elaborate on the operation of comparator and describe its applications
16.Explain the working principle of RC phase shift sine wave generator using op-amp and derive
expression for f.
17. (i) Explain the important specifications of DAC.
(ii) With diagrams and example, explain the working principle of successive approximation type
ADC.
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
UNIT IV SPECIAL ICs
SYLLABUS: 555 Timer circuit Functional block, characteristics & applications; 566-voltage
controlled oscillator circuit; 565-phase lock loop circuit functioning and applications, Analog
multiplier ICs.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Mention some applications of 555 timer:
Oscillator
pulse generator
ramp and square wave generator
burglar alarm
traffic light control
Missing pulse detector
Linear ramp generator
Frequency divider
Pulse width modulation
FSK generator
Pulse position modulator
Schmitt trigger
2. List the applications of 555 timer in monostable mode of operation:
Missing pulse detector
Linear ramp generator
Frequency divider
Pulse width modulation.
3. List the applications of 555 timer in Astable mode of operation:
*FSK generator
*Pulse-position modulator
4. Enumerate the basic blocks of IC 555 timer.
5. Highlight the features of 555 Timer.
available in three packages. 8 pin metal can , 8 pin dip, 14 pin dip.
6. What is the use of reset pin of 555 timer
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This is an interrupt for the timing device when pin 4 is grounded, it stops the working of device
and turns it off.
7. What is the purpose of control voltage pin (5) of 555 timer?
This pin is the inverting input terminal of comparator. This is reference level for comparator with
which threshold is compared. If reference level is other than 2/3 VCC, then external input is to
be given to pin 5. Pulse width modulation is possible due to pin 5.
8.Write the expression for pulse width of 555 timer in monostable mode?
Pulse width W = 1.1 RC seconds
R resistor in ohms, C capacitor in farads
9.Write the expression for total time period of 555 timer in astable mode?
T = 0.693 (RA + 2 RB) C seconds
10. Define duty cycle.
The ratio of high output and low output period is given by a mathematical parameter called duty
cycle. It is defined as the ratio of ON Time to total time.
11. What is a voltage controlled oscillator?
Vol t age cont r ol l ed os ci l l at or i s a f r ee r unni ng mul t i vi br at or oper at i ng at a
s et frequency called the free running frequency. This frequency can be shifted to
either side by applying a dc control voltage and the frequency deviation is
proportional to the dc control voltage.
12. On what parameters does the free running frequency of VCO depend on?
External timing resistor, R
T
External timing capacitor, C
T
The dc control voltage Vc.
13. Give the expression for the VCO free running frequency.
f o= 0.25 / R
T
C
T
14. Define Voltage to Frequency conversion factor.
Voltage to Frequency conversion factor is defined as,
Kv = fo / Vc = Vcc
Where, Vc is the modulation voltage required to produce the frequency shift fo
15. List the features of 566 VCO.
-24V)
temperature stability
16. State the function of a PLL
A PLL is a basically a closed loop system designed to lock output frequency and phase to the
frequency and phase of an input signal.
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17. Define lock range, capture range and pull in time
Lock range
When PLL is in lock, it can trap freq changes in the incoming signal. The range of frequencies
over which the PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is called as lock range. Lock in
range fL = +/- 7.8 fo / V. fo is free running frequency
Capture range.
The range of frequencies over which the PLL can acquire lock with the input signal is called as
capture range. Capture range = +/- = [fL / (2**R*C)] 1/2
Define pull-in time.
The total time taken by the PLL to establish lock is called pull-in time.
18. List out the blocks of PLL.
a. Frequency multiplication/division
b. Frequency translation c. AM detection
d. FM demodulation
e. FSK demodulation.
19. What is the purpose of having a low pass filter in PLL?
It removes the high frequency components and noise.
Controls the dynamic characteristics of the PLL such as capture range, lock -in
range, band-width and transient response.
The charge on the filter capacitor gives a short- time memory to the PLL.
20. Discuss the effect of having large capture range.
The PLL cannot acquire a signal outside the capture range, but once captured, it will hold on till
the frequency goes beyond the lock-in range. Thus, to increase the ability of lock range, large
capture range is required. But, a large capture range will make the PLL more
susceptible to noise and undesirable signal.
21. List the applications of 565 PLL.
22. What is a switch type phase detector?
An electronic switch is opened and closed by signal coming from VCO and the input signal is
chopped at a repetition rate determined by the VCO frequency. This type of Phase detector is
called a half wave detector since the phase information for only one half of the input signal is
detected and averaged.
23. What are the problems associated with switch type phase detector?
The output voltage Ve is proportional to the input signal amplitude. This is undesirable because
it makes phase detector gain and loop gain dependent on the input signal amplitude. The output
is proportional to cos making it non linear.
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
24. What is analog multiplier?
An analog multiplier is a circuit in which the output is proportional to the multiplication of two
input voltages. It is used in modulation, frequency converters and to solve non-linear equations
25. Mention any two analog multiplier Ics.
a) IC AD 533
b) IC AD 534
26. What is ICAD 533?
It is a multiplier IC by analog devices. It is a low cost IC comprising a transconductance
multiplying element, stable reference and an output amplifier.
27. List the features of ICAD533.
28. What is ICAD 534?List its features.
It is a multiplier IC by analog devices. It is the first general purpose multiplier capable of
providing gain upto X100.
Features:
Adjustable scale factor
Low noise
Excellent long time stability
29. Mention the applications of analog multipliers.
1. Voltage squarer
2. Frequency doubler
3. Voltage divider
4. Square rooter
5. Phase angle detector
6. Rectifier
30. Explain how a frequency doubler can be realized using analog multiplier.
The multiplication of two sine waves of the same frequency, but of possibly different amplitudes
and phase allows doubling a frequency using an analog multiplier.
16 MARK QUESTIONS
1. Explain the functional block diagram of 555timer.
2. Explain working of PLL using appropriate block diagram and explain any one application of
the same.
3. Draw the block diagram of an Astable multivibrator using 555timer and derive an expression
for its frequency of oscillation.
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4. Draw the block diagram of monostable multivibrator using 555timer and derive an expression
for its frequency of oscillation. Discuss some applications of 555 timer in monostable mode.
5. write short notes on
i) capture range
ii) Lock in range
iii) Pull in time
6. Briefly explain the block diagram of PLL and derive the expression for Lock range and
capture range.
7. With a neat functional diagram, explain the operation of VCO. Also derive an expression for
fo.discuss the applications of PLL:
8. What is 555 timer? What are the features of 555 timer? Explain the monostable mode in detail.
With neat block diagram, explain IC566 VCO operation and discuss any 2 applications.
9. What are the modes of operation of IC555? Derive the expression of time delay of monostable
multivibrator.
10. (i)Explain the VCO with neat block diagram. Give its typical connection diagram and output
waveforms.
(ii)Derive the expression for capture range for PLL where a simple RC network is used as a LPF.
11. (i)Explain the working of VCO
(ii)What is PLL. Explain its operation as frequency multiplier.
12. Explain the astable and bistable operation of IC555 with necessary waveforms.
13. With the help of schematic circuit, explain the operation of 566 VCO. Also derive the
expression for output frequenct.
14. (i) List and define the various performance parameters of a Multiplier IC. (6)
(ii) How the multiplier is used as voltage divider? (5)
(iii) How the multiplier is used as frequency doubler? (5)
15. Explain, with neat block diagrams, how PLL is used as
(i) AM Detector . (5)
(ii) FM Detector . (5)
(iii) Frequency Synthesizer. (6)
16.(i) describe in details the characteristics and applications of 555 timer. (6)
(ii) Draw a neat block diagram of VCO and explain. (10)
17.(i) Draw the 565 PLL and explain its functioning in detail. (8)
(ii) Give an account on Analog multiplier IC. (8)
18. (i)How is an astable multivibrator connected into a pulse position modulator?
(ii) Draw the circuit of Schmitt trigger using 555 timer and explain its operation
19.Design and draw the waveforms of a 1KHz square wave generator using 555 timer for duty
cycle (i) D=25% (ii) D=50%
20.(i) Perform the closed loop analysis of PLL
(ii) Explain any two applications of PLL
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
UNIT V APPLICATION ICs
SYLLABUS: IC voltage regulators - LM317, 723 regulators, switching regulator, MA 7840, LM
380 power amplifier, ICL 8038 function generator IC, isolation amplifiers, opto coupler, opto
electronic ICs.
TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. What is a voltage regulator?
A voltage regulator is an electronic circuit that provides a stable dc voltage independent of the
load current, temperature, and ac line voltage variations.
2. Give the classification of voltage regulators:
*Series / Linear regulators
*Switching regulators.
3. Write about a linear voltage regulator.
Series or linear regulator uses a power transistor connected in series between the unregulated dc
input and the load and it conducts in the linear region .The output voltage is controlled by the
continuous voltage drop taking place across the series pass transistor.
4. What is a switching regulator?
Switching regulators are those which operate the power transistor as a high frequency on/off
switch,so that the power transistor does not conduct current continously.This give improved
efficiency over series regulators.
5. List the advantages of IC voltage regulators.
Low cost., high reliability, reduction in size and excellent performance.
6. Give some examples of monolithic IC voltage regulators:
78XX series fixed output, positive voltage regulators
79XX series fixed output, negative voltage regulators
723 general purpose regulator.
7. What is the purpose of having input and output capacitors in three terminal IC
regulators?
A capacitor connected between the input terminal and ground cancels the inductive effects due to
long distribution leads. The output capacitor improves the transient response.
8. Define line regulation.
Line regulation is defined as the percentage change in the output voltage for a change in the
input voltage.It is expressed in millivolts or as a percentage of the output voltage.
9. Define load regulation.
Load regulation is defined as the change in output voltage for a change in load current. It is
expressed in mill volts or as a percentage of the output voltage.
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
10. What is meant by current limiting?
Current limiting refers to the ability of a regulator to prevent the load current from increasing
above a preset value.
11. Give the drawbacks of linear regulators:
The input step down transformer is bulky and expensive because of low line frequency. Because
of low line frequency, large values of filter capacitors are required to decrease the ripple.
Efficiency is reduced due to the continuous power dissipation by the transistor as it operates in
the linear region.
12. What is the advantage of switching regulators?
Greater efficiency is achieved as the power transistor is made to operate as low impedance
switch. Power transmitted across the transistor is in discrete pulses rather than as a steady current
flow.By using suitable switching loss reduction technique, the switching frequency can be
increased so as to reduce the size and weight of the inductors and capacitors.
13. Why do switching regulators have better efficiency than series regulators?
The transistor in linear regulator will operate in linear area at all times. Considerable power is
dissipated in linear operation since the transistor has voltage across it and current flowing
through it.Since the series element in a switching regulator is either fully conducting(V=0 hence
power=0), or switched off(I=0, hence power=0), it dissipates almost no power; this is what gives
the switching design its efficiency.
14. What are the advantages of adjustable voltage regulators over the fixed voltage
regulators?
i) Improved line and load regulation by a factor of 10 or more.
ii) Because of the improved overload protection, greater load current can be drawn.
iii) Improved reliability.
15. List out the parameters related to the fixed voltage regulators?
1) Line regulation
2) Load regulation
3) Ripple rejection
4) Output impedance
5) Maximum power dissipation
6) Rated output current
16. Define dropout voltage of a fixed voltage regulator?
It is the minimum voltage that must exist between input and output terminals. For most of
regulators, it is 2 to 3 volts.
17. What is an opto-coupler IC?
Opto-coupler IC is a combined package of a photo-emitting device and a photo-sensing device.
14. What are the types of opto couplers?
LED and a photo diode,
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
LED and photo transistor,
LED and Darlington.
15. Give two examples of IC optocouplers?
Examples for opto-coupler IC
MCT 2F
16. Mention the advantages of opto-couplers:
Better isolation between the two stages.
Impedance problem between the stages is eliminated.
Wide frequency response.
Easily interfaced with digital circuit.
Compact and light weight.
Problems such as noise, transients, contact bounce are eliminated.
17. Specify the need for isolation amplifier.
Isolation amplifiers provide electrical isolation and an electrical safety barrier. They protect data
acquisition components from common mode voltages, which are potential differences between
instrument ground and signal ground. Instruments that are applied in the presence of a common
mode voltage without an isolation barrier allow ground currents to circulate, leading in the best
case to a noisy representation of the signal under investigation. In the worst case, assuming that
the magnitude of common mode voltage or current is sufficient, instrument destruction is likely.
Isolation amplifiers are used in medical instruments to ensure isolation of a patient from power
supply leakage current.
18.What are the features of MA78s40?
Step up,step down or inverting operation
Operation from 2.5 to 40 V.
80Db line and load regulation.
19.List the important parts of a regulated power supply.
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
(i) Transformer (ii) Rectifier (iii) Filter (iv)Regulator
20. Using LM380 draw the circuit for audio power amplifier
21. What are one,two and four quadrant multipliers?
A four-quadrant multiplier is one where inputs and outputs may swing positive and negative.
Many multipliers only work in 2 quadrants (one input may only have one polarity), or single
quadrant (inputs and outputs have only one polarity, usually all positive).
22. List the parameters of optocoupler:
a. Current transfer ratio
b. Isolation voltage
c. Response time
d. Common mode rejection
23.Why current boosting is done in 723 regulator?
The maximum current capability of 723 regulator is 140mA. In certain applications this value of
current is not sufficient. Hence current boosting is done using series pass transistor.
24. What are the limitations of three terminal regulator?
1. For fixed output regulators, the output voltage is not precise.
2. Only selected values of output voltages are available.
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
3. Current boosting by external series pass transistor is required if load current beyond the
capability of basic regulator is required.
25. Draw the typical connection diagram of IC LM317.
26. What is the function od a series pass transistor in voltage regulator?
The series pass transistor acsts as a control element. The value of VcE gets adjusted in such a
way that the output voltage of the regulator always remains constant. In addition, the series pass
transistor supplies the load current
16 MARK QUESTIONS
1.Draw and explain the functional block diagram of 723 voltage regulator and how this IC can be
used as high voltage regulator.
2.Write an explanatory note on
(i) Power amplifier (ii) Isolation amplifier
3. With neat diagrams explain the working of switched mode power supply
4. Write brief notes on
(i)IC MA 7840
(ii) Optocoupler
5. (i)Explain the working of series voltage regulator
(ii)Write notes on optocoupler
6. What is a switching regulator? With neat block diagram explain the internals of MA7840
7. Draw the functional block diagram of IC 723 and explain
8. Explain with the help of functional block diagram, the working of voltage regulator IC723.
Clearly explain how current limit and foldback type current limiting facility can be provided with
723 circuits.
9. Draw the circuit of series voltage regulator. Design this circuit to operate from a supply of 20v
and to provide an output of 12V with maximum load current of 40mA
10. Draw the functional diagram of ICL 8038 Function generator IC and explain its operation.
Give its frequency of oscillation at the output
11. (i) With neat diagram, explain the working principle of isolation amplifier. (8)
(ii) With neat diagram, explain the principle of operation of optocouplers. (8)
12. With the help of neat circuit diagram, explain the operation of an adjustable regulator using
LM317.
13. State the features and applications of IC LM 380 and explain them.
Prepared by P.Neeraja, Jansons Institute of Technology, Coimbatore
14. Design a waveform generator using IC8038. The frequency of oscillation is 5kHz and duty
cycle is 50%. From data sheet, Vcc=5V, VoH=3.6V, VoL=0.2V, ILL=1.6mA, ILH=409uA
15. (i) Design low voltage regulator using IC 723 for 5V and explain its characteristics
(ii) Describe the features of function generator IC
(iii)Write short notes on optocoupler ICs