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PRESSURE*
N. A. AKKH.L\NGEL'SKII Moscow
(Receiued 22 June 1970)
AN algorithm is given for the numerical solution An implicit mesh method in Lagrange variables. employed.
by the
Two types of scheme are used in computations of ideal gas flows involving schemes with artificial dissipative terms simulating the properties of the jumps: actual physical medium, where the jumps are manifested automatically, and schemes in which the isolation of singularities has to be provided for in advance. Both types non-linear of scheme statement have been used to solve the spherical D-31. relationships differs from the above problems [4]; it has been blast problem in its
The method of integral used for solving The present cylindrical computational
problem
An implicit
scheme
Formulation straight
The explosion
of an infinite
perfect ideal gas at rest with constant pressure P, and constant density R,, and is accompanied by the release of a large amount of energy and a rise in the pressure and temperature. The resulting strong cylindrical shock wave travels through the gas at a speed C, .w . , separating the medium into a disturbed and an undisturbed part. The gas movement is cylindrically symmetric, i.e. onedimensional. The problem will be stated theoretically -1971.
simplifying -.
*Z/z. u?chisl.
11, 1, 222-236,
289
290
N. A. Arkhngelskii
assumptions; in particular, the release of finite energy E, per unit length is assumed to occur instantaneously, while changes in the gas properties at high temperatures are ignored. The equations of motion and continuity in Lagrange variables are
-e-m-
PR
ap
(4.1)
9i!R$= 9l!OS,
where s is the Lagrange coordinate of the particle, R (s, t) is the Euler coordinate, P (s, t) is the pressure, and % (s, t) is the density. The Lagrange coordinate is chosen in such a way that R (ss w., t) = s, w on the shock wave. Since heat exchange is ignored, the gas flow is adiabatic with the equation of state
atz
5x! dR
P = S(S)W~,
where 6 6) is the entropy function and y Poissons process is reversible, adiabatic index. Since the
(1.2)
$0(S)). = +w$
= 0,
where the subscript s ipdicates that the entropy S is constant for all particles with the given Lagrange coordinate s. When the shock wave passes through a particle, its entropy increases; this is bound up with the representation of the ideal gas flow as the limiting Let flow of a viscous heat-conducting gas.
u=
aR/at.
Equations (l.l), (1.2) may then be replaced by
ap
seas as 7
yZRg=%$s,
;=
U,
g(Pe) = 0.
To avoid being concerned with specific values of the problem parameters E,, P,, R,, we transform to dimensionless variables in (1.3). according to the expressions
R,
where
(l.c;j
Eo = a(y) E,
of proportionality problem a 0,) is determined dimensionless from the solution variables, Eqs. of the (1.3) can
171. In these
z+R$+n=O,
A%& h
where u = variables
4 =
r/v:
impedance), Before
and
T(1.p /p)
is the velocity
in dimensionless
integrating
1. Boundary
At the centre
(I.81
b.
u(0, T) = 0,
r(0, z) = 0.
(I.91
r(r s.w.4=
rl
S.W.
relations
velocity
functior:
at T T
To.
These
are
292
N. A. Arkhmgelskii
(1.11)
u = 4% TO),
F = P (rl* Go3 9
r = rhz),
(3 =
P(17. TO),
while r will be defined below. They are found where O<q<q(~')=q,.G, by using the similarity solution [71. For a cylindrical motion, the similarity variable is the following combination of parameters E, and j?, and variables s and t (P, = 0 for the similarity motion):
~zL._=
R S.W.
(_ 1
E
9,
4 s
th
ff(%
J=$&h),
.+= S2 ww7
0
R = sZ(Qy
93 = 4eog(h),
where o = hg+. As a result, the following set of orindary differential equations in f(x), h (X) and 2(h) is obtained:
dh -= dh
4h Z(Z-2f)+y(f 7 [4yhZ-(Z-2f)]Z
2hI)
dZ dh-
--1
2f h
g=[Z(Z-2f)]-. The boundary conditions for integration of the set (1.13) in the interval 0 < X 6 1 follow from the conditions on the shock wave for the similarity motion: (1.14) 1 2(y-c 1)
h(i)
f(l)=&.
Z(1) =
1.
Integrating the set (1.13) under conditions (1.14) by any suitable numerical method gives
In the dimensionless
Algorithm
solution
293
rm
h&.z(L),
Pm = conditions P (%,
mm)%
(1.11): To) = PVI, r(VW rO) = r7Jz,
P (rim, To) = pm. Let us define the parameter 7. The Rankin-Hugoniot relations represent three
connections between four quantities. If the value of any one of them is specified, in such a way that the similarity set gives a reasonably accurate description of the actual physical picture of the blast, the other three can be found, then r and VS.W. o=rg.W.o can be found from
which hold for the similarity chosen + l)/(y choices value, wave differ by a reasonably
motion.
As a criterion for the suitability of the that the density p (q7,_WI),r) on the shock value g (1) = (y Such a choice was made in [31. Other
To sum up, to find the required Q={O0lCW), boundary value 9 < c < problem, i.e. integrate
functions
and initial conditions (1.111, obtained approximately by virtue of (1.15). Knowing the solution as a function of n and T for a given y, all the quantities can be found for any other values of the parameters E,, P, and so. new computation of the entire problem. ,4 change in y demand a
Expressions will be needed later for the asymptotic behaviour of the solution of (1.7) in the neighbourhood of the centre, at which it has a singularity. If the usual assumption is made, that a change in the boundary conditions on the shock wave does not change the type of the density expansion when account is taken of back pressure, i.e. the asymptotic behaviour of the density is assumed to hold for the non-linear problem, it can be shown that the similarity asymptotic expression expressions must also hold for the remaining functions [7, 81. Asymptotic were used for computing a spherical blast in 11, 31.
294
N. A. Arkhangelskii
Starting
expansion
in powers
of the Lagrange
variable
A, with constants
x, n and 6, = ai tY), i In
1, 2,. . . ) expansions of h (A), 1 (A) and f(h) can be obtained from the similarity set (1.131, after which the asymptotic behaviour is obtained for the set (1.7). its final form, the asymptotic solution of (1.7) is described by the expansions U(%Z) (1.16) r(q,-c)= &WL-/~(~ + &h2 + &A +. . .), = Pi ~(l+s~A+Ir,hl+...).
P(9,)=$(1+vlhl+y~~L+...), p(q, ?) = 6iP(13_ where h = v/~T, and the coefficients 62A.2 + 633L+ . . .)) have the values
2y--vi=sygs
112= &(2Y---), Es=
VI
2=--r
~*=-~Y
2 2y-1 2yv&, , P3=--%(4Y-1). data (1.11) at and in the neighbourhood rhey were employed in the computations. solution of the mixed Cauchy in a modified
va = 2
b2 -- E2
the existence
of a generalized
problem abovcl stated (it,s uuiqucness is ensured by the condition that the entropy increase [9])% it may bc found by the mesh method; for this purpose, the differential problem is wduced to a ditfcrtwce problem. 3 Xeduction of the differential _. problem to a finite-difference problem boundary boundary value value
Suppose thilt the shock wave has travelled at T Y TO(Fig. 1 ). \\o illtroduw thr) space step
Algorithm
solution
295
(2.1)
*q = *; Let qtlm = mA,q, m = 0, 1,. .., M LO, T]~.~_]. Since dn,.,,_./dr = cS ,w., be the points of
(2.2)
Neglecting
AT =$+O[(Aq)']
S.W.
.
terms, this relationship will in fact be taken as the
the second-order
algorithm for finding the time step 3~. The straight lines r = rn, n = 0, 1,. . . , N, will be call4 layers. The set of base-points (n,, rn) forms a mesh, on which the mesh functions Fl(q17, z) = W, will be considered. The interval of length qr = interval. IAq, I? < M, next to be centre, will be termed the central
PIG.
1.
When the time step is given by (2.2). the shock wave will always pass, with an acceptable error, through the computational base-points of the mesh. This type of algorithm was originated by M. V. Keldysh and realized earlier in [3]. The mesh region the solution is sought, < -C}, Q(*) = (0 < qrn < nnrl,., T? < tn thus splits into two regions: the central region in which Q,nn,
consisting of the central intervals, and the interior region s!i,T) = fi2(9 - $11). In Q,!tn the values of functions at points other than base-points will extrapolation of their values at the be found by interpolation, while in QL*n base-points r, r + 1, r t 2 by means of asymptotic expressions is used. Let us now reduce the differential boundary value problem to a finite-difference problem equations for the mesh functions (u, p, r, p),, in Q*n; for this, the differential and boundary conditions are approximated by finite-difference analogues. The difference scheme will be written with respect to four points, while the actual derivative is taken at the centre of the rectangle:
296
N. A. Arkhngelskii
(2.3)
(2.4)
This scheme is well known to be stable whatever the ratio Ar/Aq,and is a scheme of the second order of accuracy. On replacing the partial derivatives
in
FIG. 2.
the first two equations of (1.7) by finite-differences rules, we obtain the difference set
p$
(PZ
- P:+i
) + (P?z+12Atl
Pm")
()
Algorithm
solution
297
(u*+* Bm+m
n+h
n+l
Urn) = _
$y
m+ *
Using
on the mesh
(2.7)
The third equation of (1.7) may be written on the (n + l)_th layer as
(2.8)
(CI) 2
=2gi,
by a quadrature formula. in accordance since the stability a ratio of (1.7) by a difference equation scheme becoming unstable, demands for computational
with the rule (2.3) leads to the entire resulting explicit difference equation
Arjhrl, which violates condition (2.2). It follows from Tsemplens theorem that, if condition (2.2) holds, then the Courant stability criterion is certainly violated on the wave, i.e. a stable scheme cannot he explicit [91. Let us turn to the approximation cell on the wave (Fig. 2) and replace the rules on the shock wave. Take the parallelogram the partial derivatives in accordance with
which have the same order of accuracy as (2.3) and (2.4). equations (1.7) on the wave then be written as
n+1
(2.*1)
II
UM
/1,
uhf +&+%
a+1
i2.12)
pM A; pM +
= _n,*
298
N. A. Arklrmg~~lskii
With these
equations
we associate
in an obvious
way on the mesh, and also the set (2.5)which will be obtained below,
relationship,
nine equations are obtained for the nine quantities (u, p, r, p)$i M and c:;. . . nt l , their values at all other base-points of the layer conKnowing (u, p, r, plM sidered can be found. A boundary value problem is thus obtained for the quasilinear difference set (2.5H2.8) with linear boundary conditions at m = 0 and non-linear conditions at m = 111. It has to be determined whether this problem well posed, and what method can be used for solving it. First consider the method of solution. We find u,$: and u: from (2.5)-(2.6): is
(2.13)
(2.14)
where
u+I m
from (2.14),
the difference
+ F;+-;)p,:+i+
y::ti;,p:,_:
S:,+_!h,
+(r:,E
+ r:%:
+ &JL
2[U,,:;-1 Equation
I+ +~:?,z)An]. + (Y,+S
(2 15) is in fact a set of III - 1 linear algebraic equations in the M n-!l .i 11 FL 1. To complete the set, we satisfy the first boundary unkI10w11s po %I. I... , pA\I-condition (1.8) by setting m 0 in (2.14), as a result of which we obtain the condition
Algorithm
solution
299
Equations :2.15), (2.16) have a triangular matrix and may be solved by the pivotal condensation method in the form described in [lOI. We introduce into (2.16) n+li n+% 6% = pin - poay2 -
is obtained from (2.17). On eliminating p,_r ntl from this and (2.15) and solving the resulting equation for pk+ l, recurrence relations are obtained for computing the pivotal condensation coefficients (direct pivotal condensation):
(2.18)
where CI{ and p, nt s are defined above, and the reverse pivotal condensation expression (2.19)
pi+, =
a~$-bZ
+ S2$,
m =
M -
1, M - 2,. . . , I + 2.
Computation by this method is stable because all the C&Z are uniformly bounded on the layer, in fact, Ju~+~ mi q)]1/,1< 1, since <1. For,whenm=O,(ay,(=([(x--)/(x-k Let Ial_.s( < 1, then x>Oandq>OinQ(*n).
300
N. A. Arkhangelskii
since 1[y / salt-55 1 < 1. Assuming that CL,+,/ depends only on m and not on the required functions, (2.18) can be varied. Up to first order terms in the variation &z,,,_~, we obtain
Hence the error m computrng a,,,+ % does not increase with stable.
Now consider the computation on the wave. Eliminating us; from (2.11) and (2.12), the result can be written as
(2.20)
K, = (2x - /zq) ,+, Putting m = m - 1 in (2.13) and (2.19), and recalling (2.11), a set of equations is obtained from which z$ l and pi_: can be eliminated. The result is (2.21) - q:+p::i
+ La&+
= T,,
From the conditions (1.10) on the shock wave, (2.22) II+1 U+i = pBf+t - 1 -0 (Y + l)J572 +(y I)/21
7l+i
Algorithm
solution
301
where the radical is taken with the + sign, since we are concerned with a compression shock wave (ps w > 1). Equations (2.2OH2.22) form a non-linear . . set of equations in u;yi, p,,+:, pMfl. It can be reduced to a single equation in
p+i S.W. by
(2.23) where
Ga~c;.,)
LMC~;W_
(Y+1)&+(y---)Gx 2
c 8 .wT YLM = 0,
GM
H, = Q&M - &Tar.
It will be shown that this equation has a single, physically meaningful, positive root. Considering the coefficients I,,, G, and H, in Q*n), we have fly >
L, = Xlr_%(i +
aBe-yJ+QM--h(i - a-a)+
Descartes
whence it follows that cS .w . is in fact such a root. Equation (2.231 will be solved by the method of tangents. and using the tangents formula we have 2(GJL&r? + xiz + Y Writing cz:d. = x,
(2.24)
zi+i = i=O,,l,...,
3(G,/L,)~i+2zi-[(y+~)H~+(v--)~~]/~~~
where x, = ci .w . . The fact that it is well posed in the neighbourhood of the required root follows from the following inequality for the denominator: 39,: + 2Xi-(y + l)H, +(Y 2LM + 2% i;;;j$j8.W.
~)GM =
:[3x, M
It
(c,^:jz]
>
27%.
will be assumed in this case that <\: . . = xi. Having found <Ti. , we can find (u, p, p)M:l and $:I = rl%?~ =
302
N. A. Arkhangelskii
= qM -I- Aq from (1 .lO). For u$ * and pit l we have the linear set (2.1 I ), (2.21). which is always solvable in view of the above bound for L,,. rhis gives US
;+I=
(2.25)
TN+
t+p;:: .
N
nt'k
(2.26)
u;+~=
una - -Q:::
after which pbI ntl can be found from (2.7). Using (2.19), (2.14) and (2.71, can now be obtained. ,..., r+2. (n, P* P) $5 n =M-&M--2 Let us now compute rz+l. We write (2.8) in the recurrence form
1mt1
fdq,
f=$
With m = M, the following quadrature formula is used: (2.27) (riti) = (r;:i)Aq[f.sr +fw
- $(fi+i
- 2fx + fs-l)].
At the remaining base-points of the layer, the integral on the right is evaluated from the improved trapezoid formula [ll] (2.28) (r,? ) = (rz-?d -
%2(-fm-i
m=M-&...,I?+2
Now consider the computation at the base-point r + 1, inside the central interval at base-points r, . . ., 1, and at the centre. On the n-th layer the asymptotic expressions (1.16) are (2.29) W(q,t.) = $W{U(T) + b(z)$ + c(GnN + - - *I*
Consequently, in the neighbourhood of the centre, Wn-kWcan be written on the layer as a polynomial in T]. Retaining only the first three terms in (1.16), and applying the Lagrange interpolation formula, we obtain for the base-points nv, 7vtl and v,+~:
solution
303
k, = k, = In particular,
(y -
at the centre
is obtained.
FIG. 3.
quantities
on the (n + of the
set has to be found by iterations. At the first iterative step, the are taken from the n-th layer in accordance with the scheme illustrated linear interpolation in accordance at the mid-point, and 6~ denotes has been ~rforrn~ with (2.30) with I,>:: r.
approximation &- is determined from C&2), then the pivotal condensation cients ;im+ % and grn+% are evaluated. The values of q,,, uy2, and I,,,~ are found
from the following, obtained from (1.16) in which one term is retained:
from the equation (2.23) on the wave, and then (Z, p, p) lz:,M. i2.14) and (2.7) are used to find their values at the interior base-
points up to and including r + 2, I- + 1 and r. The quantity r, is computed in the first iterative step from the centre to the shock wave as follows: on integrating (2.8) with m = r, r +- 1, r + 2 by means of (2.30) with k = 1 - 2/y, the
304
N. A. Arkhangelskii
expression
(2.31)
cs
x ( ii )
(-$
r
G (x/n)
(hk+J
+ G(x/xr
+ x/xr+z) + CJ
1)
(Xr+z/Xr -
1) (Xr+zlXr+i -
( &)(sNVr+2},
is obtained, where C, = 1/(3y - I), Cz = - 1/(2y - 1), Cz = l/(y - I), V = X/P = rl//p. From this, taking x = xr, xr+r, ~r+~ we obtain respectively from (2.28), after solving T?, rg+l, r$+* We then find Tcgl ;;I;, . . ., -$?
l
it for r$i.
The second iterative step starts with averaging of the functions, i.+. finding their values at the mid-points of the computational cells in accordance with the scheme of Fig. 3; the + sign denotes the arithmetic mean of the four points, @ the arithmetic mean of two points, and e the values at the mid-points of the cells, obtained from (2.30) with v = r + h. We improve the time step:
and find
z n+j = 7 + AZ.
The rest of the computation follows the same lines as in the first iterative step, except that the coefficients of the difference equations are now found in terms of the averaged values of the required functions. We compute rz+r from the shock wave to the centre, in accordance with (2.27) and (2.28). Knowing the values of the required functions at the base-points r + 4, I + 3, and r + 2, we can use (2.30) with v = r + 2 to find their values in the-central interval*up to and including the centre, and thus terminate the computation of the (n + l)_th layer. Now consider the check computation. Since the initial equations are written in Lagrange variables, the law of conservation of mass is satisfied automatically to the required accuracy in the finite-difference approximation; this follows from the expression d ($12) = qdq for the differential of the mass in Lagrange variables.
An algorithm
solution
305
a(r)
x
2.. +q :;*
Y
of energy [71
The integral on the left is written as the sum of an integral I, from 0 to n,- and f, from nr to Q~.~.~ and the second integral is evaluated from the trapezoid formula
where
while the first is evaluated as foliows from the asymptotic expressions: the integrand can be written in RLAn) in the form (2.29) with k = 1 - 2/y. Hence
(u / 2 + p I (v -
The ulocaln check was performed according to the relationship 8r(q,, T) / where the time derivative was approximated by fh = =(vr, 4,
( 1
h =
z -
lb-
1 a)h
=
dz *= at1 +
,f--,
(7-Y +
T+l g_
a2 (rln - r:-
)-
riiz>
ah
Since the number of computation base-points increases by unity on moving to the next layer, as soon as the number of them on a layer has doubled the space step is doubled and the length of the central interval is increased. The fact that
306
N. A. Arkhangelskii
rI can be evaluated in two ways (from (2.31) and from (2.30)) enables us both to check the computational accuracy as regards the Euler coordinate, and to
assess the degree to which the increase boundary in the central value problem interval stated solvable is acceptable. at the beginning for (2.5)--(2.6), boundary
The fact that the difference of this section is well posed Conditions (1.8), and (2.25).
of a difference
value problem obtained by approximation of any hyperbolic All these conditions are satisfied for the case in question. Since the number of iterative it is actually which needs the second a question iterative step, of dealing to be investigated steps afresh. is finite
when solving
set, from
the second
so that it
to make more than two iterations. here described was used for numerical
y =
solution
by high-speed
of the cylindrical
problem with
1.4 and
y = 4.
Translated
by D. E. Browr
REFERENCES
1.
GOLDSTINE, H. and NEUMANN, J. APP~. Rfath., 8, 327-345, 1955. BRODE. H. Numerical 766-775, 1955. solutions
Blast
wave calculation,
Communs.
Pure
and
2.
of spherical
blast
waves,
J. Appl.
Ph.ys..
26, 6,
3.
OKHOTSIMSKII, D. E., KONDRASHEVA, I. L., VLASOVA, Z. P. and KAZAKOVA, R. K. Calculation of a point explosion, allowing for back pressure, Tr. MIAN SSSR, 50. 1957.
4.
BELOTSERKOVSKII, 0. M. and CHUSHKIN, P. I. A numerical relations, Zh. u3;chisl. Mat. mat. Fiz., 2, 5, 731-759. 1962. KOROBEINIKOV, V. P. and CHUSHKIN, P. I. Plane, cylindrical blasts in a gas with back-pressure, Tr. AfIAN SSSR, 87, 196ti.
method of integral
5.
and spherical
6.
KOROBEINIKOV. V. P., CHIJSHKIN, P. I. and SHAROV~\TOVA, K. V. Casdynamical functions of a point explosion, VTs AN SSSR, Moscow. 1969. SEDOV, L. I. Dimensional and similarity methods in mechanics, (Metody i razmernosti v mekhanike), 4th ed., Costekhizdat, Moscow, 1957. KOROBEINIKOV, V. P., WELNIKOVA, N. S. and RYAZANOV, the point explosion (Teoriya tochechnogo vzryva), Fizmatgiz, podobiya
7.
8.
An algorithm
307
9.
RC)%llDESTVENSKII, B. L. and YANENKO, N. N. Stats of quasi-linvnr equations and their applications to gas dynarnlcs (Sistcmy kvazillncAin,ykh urnvntnnil i ikh prilozheniya k gnzovoi dinamike), Nauka, Moscow, 1968. GELFANL), I. M. and LOKUTSIEVSKII, 0. V. The pivotal condensation method solving diffcrvncc equations , ,\ppendix II to the book: CODUNOV, S. K. and RYABENKII, V. S. Introduction to Theory of Finite-diff6,rcnce Schemes (Vvedrnir v teoriyu raznostnykh skhem). Fizmatgiz. Moscow, 1962. MILNE, W. E. Numerical numerical integration cnl~ulus; and curw approximations, fitting, Princeton interpolation, Ilniv. Press, finite 1949. differences, for
10.
II.
12.
BABENKO, K. I., VOSKRESENSKII, G. P., LYUBIMOV, A. N- and Space F!ow of an Idcal (;as past Smooth Bodies tP&transtvennoe gladkikh tel idealnym gazom), Nauka, RIoscow, 1964.
RUSANOV, obtekanir
V. V.,