In

R
R
A
P
p
mechanical engineering technology
dis
been spread in our daily life as new media for information
transmission. Nevertheless,
and paintings on papers are still preferable under certain
circumstances.
printing, paper with ink
transmission of information until now. However, we cannot
change t
Therefore, we use both digital devices and papers i
daily life.
digital
novel system to control the
in
In contras
represent and change colors of objects on papers without
using any
high
high update rate while a paper
nternational Journal of
Manuscript
Received:
30, June, 2011
Revised:
13, July, 2011
Accepted:
27, July, 2011
Published:
10, August, 2011
Keywords
display
technology,
subtractive
color model,
CMYK color
mode,
temperature
control,
infrared light,
simulation,
media art,
phothothermal
conversion

In the course of the rapid progress of information and
echanical engineering technology
splays such as monitors, mobile phones or projectors have
een spread in our daily life as new media for information
ansmission. Nevertheless,
nd paintings on papers are still preferable under certain
rcumstances.
inting, paper with ink
ansmission of information until now. However, we cannot
hange the information printed on a paper
herefore, we use both digital devices and papers i
aily life.
As an attempt to create a
gital images
ovel system to control the
normal ink and
contrast to previous works, this system allows users to
present and change colors of objects on papers without
ing any l
gh-resolution, l
gh update rate while a paper
Display by
nal of Advanced
Abstract
novel image displ
painted colors on paper. RGB
(Red-Green
of light's three primary colors
render digital images and images with
CMYK (Cyan
subtractive color model is specialized to
printing or painting to papers. However,
here we propose the system that uses CMYK
color model and digitally controls colors of
images by a
irritation-s
property of the ink,
digitally change painted colors of everyday
physical objects dynamically
achieve the color control system with
high-resolution, low
high update rate, peltier device and infrared
LED (Light Emitting
control thermochromic inks.
development of two prototypes, we
introduce our vision of CMYK display.
1. Introduction
rse of the rapid progress of information and
gineering technology
s monitors, mobile phones or projectors have
our daily life as new media for information
Nevertheless, h
on papers are still preferable under certain
Since Gutenberg has developed letter
with ink has been a popular medium for
f information until now. However, we cannot
formation printed on a paper
use both digital devices and papers i
empt to create a
and analog images
o control the C
and external irritation
previous works, this system allows users to
change colors of objects on papers without
light emitting
, low power consumption
ate while a paper
D
splay by
Hiroki Yamada
Computer Science
In this paper, we describe our
ge display technology
colors on paper. RGB
n-Blue), an additive color
three primary colors
gital images and images with
Cyan-Magenta
e color model is specialized to
r painting to papers. However,
opose the system that uses CMYK
el and digitally controls colors of
a chromogenic method of
ensitive inks.
of the ink, this technology c
hange painted colors of everyday
bjects dynamically
he color control system with
ution, low-power, multi
e rate, peltier device and infrared
ht Emitting D
ermochromic inks.
nt of two prototypes, we
our vision of CMYK display.
roduction
pid progress of information and
hnology, wide variety of digital
mobile phones or projectors have
e as new media for information
handwritings, printings,
e still preferable under certain
berg has developed letter
as been a popular medium for
until now. However, we cannot
inted on a paper
gital devices and papers i
ate a bridge between
images, we have developed a
CMYK color of images painted
irritation-sensitive ink
ks, this system allows users to
s of objects on papers without
ing devices
consumption
paper keeps i
Development of
by Chromogenic E
Yamada, Kunihiro Nishimura
ce, Vol. 1, No. 1,
r, we describe our
chnology to control
paper. RGB
ditive color mixture
y colors is used to
and images with
a-Yellow-Black), a
l is specialized to
papers. However,
em that uses CMYK
y controls colors of
c method of external
Due to the special
his technology c
colors of everyday
ically. In order to
ntrol system with
wer, multi-color, and
device and infrared
iode) were used t
inks. Through the
prototypes, we
CMYK display.
of information and
e variety of digital
or projectors have
dia for information
printings, pictures
able under certain
veloped letter
pular medium for
owever, we cannot
paper as we like.
and papers in
between pixelated
have developed a
of images painted
itive ink on paper
m allows users to
on papers without
and achieved
n, multi-color, and
its affordance and
pment of
omogenic E
Color on Paper
unihiro Nishimura
Pp. 41-51, Jul. 20
e our
ontrol
RGB
ixture
ed to
with
k), a
ed to
wever,
MYK
ors of
ternal
pecial
y can
ryday
der to
with
r, and
frared
sed to
h the
we
y.
n and
digital
have
mation
ctures
ertain
rpress
m for
annot
like.
n our
elated
ped a
ainted
paper.
ers to
ithout
hieved
, and
e and
naturalness.
T
technology that renders CMYK colors and performs well
without any light emission
color of physical objects, we
projectors, monitors or other
additive color
them.
and blue lights are added together in various
reproduce a broad array of colors. Zero intensity for each
component gives the darkest color (no light, considered the
black), and full in
is hard to see RGB lights in the bright sunlight
images ha
inability to visualize RGB lights in bright light
Fig. 1.
H
technol
physical object and high
high light condition
C
irritation
emission.
T
(including
substantiality of information. While
by R
color
interact with the information
of CMYK Color
nic Effect
or on Paper
shimura, Tomohiro Tanikawa
011.
alness.
2. Background and Vision
The purpose of our study is to develop
nology that renders CMYK colors and performs well
out any light emission
of physical objects, we
ctors, monitors or other
ive color mixture of
. RGB is an additive color model in which red, green,
blue lights are added together in various
duce a broad array of colors. Zero intensity for each
ponent gives the darkest color (no light, considered the
k), and full int
rd to see RGB lights in the bright sunlight
es have to be projected in a dark room due to the
lity to visualize RGB lights in bright light
g. 1. An example of artwork with a projector in a dark room.
2.2. V
Herein, we propose the
nology, which enables
ical object and high
light condition
CMYK display uses a chromogenic reaction of
tion-sensitive ink
sion.
The principal difference between RGB display
uding multi-color e
antiality of information. While
RGB lights doe
physically exists in real world
act with the information
MYK Color
fect to Control Painted
Paper
mohiro Tanikawa
ackground and Vision
2.1. Background
of our study is to develop
enders CMYK colors and performs well
emission. Generally,
objects, we e
ors or other
ture of light's three primary colors,
additive color model in which red, green,
are added together in various
d array of colors. Zero intensity for each
the darkest color (no light, considered the
tensity of each gives a white.
GB lights in the bright sunlight
be projected in a dark room due to the
ze RGB lights in bright light
le of artwork with a projector in a dark room.
Vision of CMYK Display
propose the
h enables C
d high performance of display even
n. We define it as CMYK display.
ay uses a chromogenic reaction of
ink to render
al difference between RGB display
olor e-ink display) and CMYK display is
nformation. While
oes not have physical substance, CMYK
xists in real world
information.
olor Display
Control Painted
nikawa, & M
d and Vision
kground
y is to develop
K colors and performs well
nerally, when we change the
expose visible lights
electronic de
three primary colors,
r model in which red, green,
ogether in various
lors. Zero intensity for each
olor (no light, considered the
h gives a white.
the bright sunlight
in a dark room due to the
s in bright light
with a projector in a dark room.
MYK Display
e vision of
CMYK color
mance of display even
it as CMYK display.
omogenic reaction of
r colors instead of
e between RGB display
splay) and CMYK display is
While information expressed
physical substance, CMYK
world and we can touch and
CMYK display controls the
isplay:
ol Painted
Michitaka H
sion
lop the display
d performs well
n we change the
e lights through
evices using
y colors, RGB
hich red, green,
arious ways to
tensity for each
considered the
ite. Therefore
unlight and t
om due to the
ht (Fig. 1).

in a dark room.
play
novel display
or-alteration of
play even under
display.
ction of external
ad of RGB light
RGB display
MYK display is
ation expressed
bstance, CMYK
e can touch and
ay controls the
nted
Hirose
ay
ell
the
gh
an
to
en,
to
ach
the
e it
the
the
.
ay
of
der
nal
ght
ay
is
ed
YK
nd
the
4
color of everyday physical objects
cannot
but is suitable to be viewed under low light condition. In
contrast,
daylight (Fig. 3
Fig. 3.
the appearance of the existing architectural space. To balance
between interior decorating and light condition in
architecture
Installation of RGB light emitting device may potentially
disturb the design of architecture.
changes colors of
installation of any light
harmonizes better with architect
a
display that
thermochromic ink.
42
olor of everyday physical objects
Fig. 2. The difference of principle between RGB display and
As discuss
annot deliver high performance
ut is suitable to be viewed under low light condition. In
ontrast, CMYK color
aylight (Fig. 3
ig. 3. CMYK in the dayl
Another advantage of CMYK display is that it preserves
e appearance of the existing architectural space. To balance
etween interior decorating and light condition in
chitecture is
stallation of RGB light emitting device may potentially
sturb the design of architecture.
hanges colors of
stallation of any light
armonizes better with architect
There are some related works, using ink as a material of
display. AmbiKraf
splay that is capable to change colors rapidly
ermochromic ink.
ay physical objects
ifference of principle between RGB display and
CMYK display.
sed previously
high performance
to be viewed under low light condition. In
YK color is more suitable
3).
n the daylight and RGB in the evening.
vantage of CMYK display is that it preserves
of the existing architectural space. To balance
ior decorating and light condition in
important for
RGB light emitting device may potentially
sign of architecture.
of physical o
f any light
ter with architect
2.3. Related Works
ome related works, using ink as a material of
biKraf [1] is a non
s capable to change colors rapidly
ink. Mosaic Textile
bjects themselves (Fig.
nciple between RGB display and
K display.
y, display with RGB lights
ance under high light condition
under low light condition. In
ore suitable for use in the
and RGB in the evening.
MYK display is that it preserves
g architectural space. To balance
ng and light condition in
for beautiful
mitting device may potentially
itecture. Since
objects, it does not require the
t-emitting devices and thus
tectural space.
ated Works
works, using ink as a material of
a non-emissive analog fabric
change colors rapidly
Textile [5] is a wearable am
International
lves (Fig. 2).
RGB display and
h RGB lights
gh light condition
ht condition. In
r use in the
evening.
is that it preserves
l space. To balance
ght condition in
ul spatial design.
ce may potentially
ce CMYK display
oes not require the
evices and thus
.
s
nk as a material of
sive analog fabric
ors rapidly
a wearable am
ernational Journal of
and
ition
In
serves
alance
n in
esign.
ntially
isplay
re the
thus
rial of
fabric
using
mbient
display using non
thermochromic ink is embedded.
textile material
[6] a
color-
and multi
systems can control the physical appearance of images by
heating or cooling t
Display
lasers and monostable light
programmable space
printing technique which combines regular CMYK ink with
luminous RGB ink and can be printed in one pass without
requir
photochromic ink which reacts to
Previous works that use CMYK color
display
low-r
representational ability. We discuss the
section, 2.5
physical objects, there are three requirements.
High
Pr
high
large size of the device to control the ink, such as
nichrome wire to present highly
size of pixel should be
of
Low
Related works using temperature control systems [1, 5, 6,
7] consume much energy. We took an effort to minimize
the energy consumption. This will be important when it
is used in architectura
high
capability.
power consumption is 200[W],
general
Good R
W
depends on the number of colors of a display and the
update rate. Previous works [1,
render many colors. For good representation, an ability to
represent various colors and high update rate are
necessary.
(within
these basic and important requirements.
irritat
appearance of
al of Advanced C
International
ay using non-e
mochromic ink is embedded.
e material with thermochromic ink.
also deploys a simple technology for non
-change textiles.
multi-color fabric module using
ms can control the physical appearance of images by
ng or cooling t
lay [10] is refreshable and high
s and monostable light
rammable space
ing technique which combines regular CMYK ink with
nous RGB ink and can be printed in one pass without
ring offset printing.
ochromic ink which reacts to
vious works that use CMYK color
ay have some problems to solve. These include
resolution, electr
sentational ability. We discuss the
on, 2.5 Requirements.
To develop CMYK color
sical objects, there are three requirements.
h-resolution
revious works [1, 5, 6, 7] have not accomplished
gh-resolution in systems. It is because of relatively
rge size of the device to control the ink, such as
chrome wire to present highly
ze of pixel should be
f pixel should be
w-power Consumption
elated works using temperature control systems [1, 5, 6,
consume much energy. We took an effort to minimize
e energy consumption. This will be important when it
used in architectura
gh-heat-generating problem and power supplying
apability. We aim to achieve a
ower consumption is 200[W],
eneral projector.
d Representational A
We consider that th
epends on the number of colors of a display and the
pdate rate. Previous works [1,
nder many colors. For good representation, an ability to
present various colors and high update rate are
ecessary. And we also aim to achieve high update rate
within a few seconds
We have established a satisfactory mechanism to meet
e basic and important requirements.
3. S
The CMYK display system consists
ation-sensitive ink and the system to control the
earance of ink.
omputer Science
ternational Journal
emissive color
nk is embedded.
th thermochromic ink.
a simple technology for non
les. Fabcell [7
bric module using
ol the physical appearance of images by
g the embedded thermochromic ink.
freshable and high
table light-reactive materials to provide
ace-time resolution.
which combines regular CMYK ink with
k and can be printed in one pass without
inting. There is also a unique display with
which reacts to
2.4. Problems
hat use CMYK color
me problems to solve. These include
electricity consumption, and poor
bility. We discuss the
irements.
2.5. Requirements
CMYK color-
there are three requirements.
s [1, 5, 6, 7] have not accomplished
in systems. It is because of relatively
the device to control the ink, such as
to present highly
ould be a few millimeter
be large.
sumption
using temperature control systems [1, 5, 6,
ch energy. We took an effort to minimize
umption. This will be important when it
tectural space or outdoors because of a
rating problem and power supplying
aim to achieve a
ption is 200[W],
or.
ational Ability
hat the quality of representation highly
e number of colors of a display and the
evious works [1,
olors. For good representation, an ability to
ous colors and high update rate are
we also aim to achieve high update rate
econds).
ablished a satisfactory mechanism to meet
mportant requirements.
System Architecture
K display system consists
e ink and the system to control the
.
, Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp.
rnal Publishers
r-changing textiles where the
ded. Reach [
omic ink. Shimmering Flower
chnology for non
7] is a flexible, non
using liquid crystal
cal appearance of images by
ed thermochromic ink.
high-resolution display using
eactive materials to provide
lution. Trick Print
ines regular CMYK ink with
printed in one pass without
is also a unique display with
to external lights [1
oblems
YK color ink as a material of
s to solve. These include
consumption, and poor
cuss these problems in a next
irements
-changeable system for small
e requirements.
7] have not accomplished
It is because of relatively
o control the ink, such as
hly-detailed information.
w millimeters
ature control systems [1, 5, 6,
e took an effort to minimize
his will be important when it
or outdoors because of a
m and power supplying
e a low-power display
W], less than half
y
ity of representation highly
colors of a display and the
[1, 2, 5, 6, 7,
d representation, an ability to
and high update rate are
m to achieve high update rate
tisfactory mechanism to meet
rements.
rchitecture
ystem consists
the system to control the
p. 41-51, Jul. 201
Group (IJPG)
xtiles where the
[2] is dynamic
mmering Flower
r non-emissive,
e, non-emissive,
ystal ink. These
e of images by
romic ink. Slow
on display using
ials to provide
Print [17] is
CMYK ink with
ne pass without
que display with
hts [12].
as a material of
These include
, and poor
oblems in a next
ystem for small
s.
t accomplished
se of relatively
e ink, such as
nformation. T
and the number
ystems [1, 5, 6,
ort to minimize
portant when it
because of a
upplying
r display whose
alf of an
entation highly
display and the
, 10, 12] cannot
on, an ability to
pdate rate are
high update rate
chanism to meet
re
ts the external
to control the
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Yamada et al.: Development of CMYK Color Display: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)

43
3.1. External Irritation-sensitive Ink
To achieve the development of CMYK color control
system, ink with external irritation-sensitive properties are
essential. The followings are external irritation-sensitive
inks currently developed and we have experimented:
Ultraviolet Ink
Ultraviolet ink [9] becomes visible under the ultraviolet
light. However, it cannot control the images par local areas,
resulting in relatively poor resolution.
Monochromic Thermochromic Ink
Monochromic thermochromic ink is temperature sensitive
compound that temporarily change transparency with
exposure to heat [8]. The biggest advantage of this ink is
that it enables us to control the appearance of images locally
by changing temperature at the particular area, which has
not been accomplished with related inks, e.g. ultraviolet ink.
Some of the characteristics of the monochromic
thermochromic ink are as follows:
They are indistinguishable from the general inks.
The transparency changes below/above the threshold
temperature.
There are various kinds of the threshold temperature
and colors; 27 degrees Celsius, 35 degrees Celsius,
55 degrees Celsius and etc, and cyan, magenta,
yellow and black and etc.
Liquid Crystal Ink
Liquid crystal ink also changes its color with temperature,
but it can represent more colors than monochromic
thermochromic ink [11]. It represents red at 30 degrees
Celsius, purple at 45 degrees Celsius and stops color
alteration at 60 degrees Celsius. Between 30 and 45 degrees
Celsius, it shows red, green, blue, and purple.
Photochromic Ink
Photochromic ink initiates chromogenic reaction responding
to light of a specific wavelength. Previous work [12] uses
photochromic ink. However, the color variation of
photochromic ink is not so rich.
Electrochromic Ink
Electrochromic material is an electrically-controllable
chromogenic substance.

We have applied monochromic thermochromic ink and
liquid crystal ink for our system to develop multilayer
color-changeable display because monochromic
thermochromic ink and liquid crystal ink change their
appearance only with temperature. Therefore as long as
their threshold color-changing temperature is different, the
system can control multilayered colors by only one common
parameter, temperature (Fig. 4).
Among monochromic thermochromic inks, we have
selected black color, 27 and 35 degrees Celsius threshold
temperature, which is close to the room temperature. Then,
we have dilute monochromic thermochromic ink by adding
petrol.

Fig. 4. Graph showing the variation with temperature of
thermochromic ink and liquid crystal ink.
3.2. Device to Control Temperature
To control monochromic thermochromic ink and liquid
crystal ink, the system needs to control temperature of these
inks. We have tried following devices:
Peltier Device
Previous works [1] use pelier devices for temperature
control. Peltier device is appropriate to control the
temperature of the ink, because it heats or cools according
to its electrical polarity at very fast rate and realize high
update rate. However, peltier device is large to depict
images in detail. Additionally, peltier device consumes
much energy. One peltier device needs several amperes to
heat up or cool down the ink, and we need special electronic
power supply to use it. Therefore it consumes much energy.
Nichrome Wire
When a voltage is applied to the nichrome wire, it
produces heat [5, 7]. However, nichrome wire needs several
watts and consumes much energy.
Projector
We can use projector as a device to heat up the inks,
especially infrared projector can heat up the inks efficiently
because infrared light has very long wavelength and thus
high energy. And we can design the pattern of projection as
we like. However, projector consumes much power
(hundreds of watts).
LED
LED needs very little electricity and is very small, so it
can realize high-resolution and low-power consumption
system. LED itself does not produce heat, however if we
can convert LED light into heat, it can be effective means to
control the temperature of ink. Additionally, we can gradate
temperature of ink by PWM (pulse-width modulation) of
microcontrollers.

We have selected Pelitier device (for prototype 1) and
LED (for prototype 2), which match the requirements as
devices to control the inks.

International Journal of Advanced Computer Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 41-51, Jul. 2011.
International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)

44
4. Implementation
4.1. Prototype 1
This prototype uses two monochromic thermochromic
inks whose threshold temperatures are different (27 and 35
degrees Celsius) to realize multi-layer display.
Peltier Device Grid
To control the temperature of the thermochromic inks,
the system uses a number of peltier devices. Being charged
electricity, the peltier device heats or cools according to its
electrical polarity. We applied small peltier deivice (30
square millimetre-sized and 5 amperes at a maximum) to
make the prototype. All peltier devices are connected to the
microcontroller (PIC) and assigned to the grid (7 row, 5
column) under a paper where the characters or images are
pre-painted. This means the resolution of the prototype
display is 7x5 (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. The grid of peltier devices under a paper.

When the signal to disappear the ink is send to the
grid point, the microcontroller supply positive voltage to the
peltier device set on the grid point and the peltier device
changes its function to disappear (heating) and increase
the temperature of the side in contact with a paper and the
ink disappears. On the contrary, when the signal to appear
the ink is send to the grid point, the peltier device of the
grid point changes its function to appear (cooling) and
decrease the temperature of the side in contact with a paper
and the ink appears. This means the system can control the
appearance of the ink by only 1-bit signal from the
microcontroller.
Touch Sensor
To enables users to interact with the system, we
implemented the input devices, capacitance sensors. Fig. 6
shows the capacitance sensor. Two pairs of copper foil
sheets are put on a peltier device and a woody sheet and
connected to the microcontroller (PSoC). This means that
the resolution of the capacitance sensors grid is same as the
peltier devices grid (7x5). The temperature sensor is set in
the grid point to measure the temperature of the surface of
the paper and it sends signals to the microcontroller to stop
overheating. The paper with the thermochromic inky image
is put on the grid.

Fig. 6. The capacitance sensor.

However, if the user touches the paper directly, there is
a possibility that the temperature of the ink changes due to
the bodily temperature of the user. So we set the paper in a
frame with glass (Fig. 7). The capacitance sensors can
detect the users touch through the glass when high
resistance units are embedded in the system.

Fig. 7. The user can interact with the paper with his/her finger over
the glass cover of the frame.
4.2. Prototype 2
This prototype consists of layers of monochromic
thermochromic ink and liquid crystal ink and uses a number
of infrared LEDs to control the temperature of these inks.
To use LED as a device to transfer heat to the ink, thermal
property of black ink is very useful. Black ink efficiently
absorbs heat from infrared light, so we have painted black
ink on the back of the paper and put infrared LEDs under
the paper.
Design of Infrared LED Array
We have designed infrared LED arrays to transfer heat
efficiently (Fig. 8). Maximum allowable current of each
LED is 100[mA]. Next, we have calculated the distance
between LED arrays and paper.
Viewing angle of the infrared LED is 30. Fig. 9 shows
the side view of the infrared LED arrays and Fig. 10 shows
the top view of the irradiation area of each LED. Diameter
of the infrared LED is 5[mm]. The pitch of the board is
2.54[mm] so distance between sources of LED light is about
3.54[mm] (parameter k in Fig. 10).
Yamada
In
between paper and source of LED light, and
the irradiation area of infrared light.
F
T
F
system to control each LED. 64 (8 row, 8 column) LEDs are
Yamada et al.: Development of CMYK Color
nternational Journal
Fig. 8.
Fig. 9. Positional relationship of infrared LEDs, paper, and a
Fig. 10. Positional relationshi
We defined parameters as follows:
etween paper and source of LED light, and
he irradiation area of infrared light.
rom Fig. 9,

To heat up whole area of paper (Fig. 10),

rom (Equ. 1) and (Equ.2) ,

Fig. 11 shows the design of electronic circuit of the
ystem to control each LED. 64 (8 row, 8 column) LEDs are
evelopment of CMYK Color
urnal Publishers
g. 8. Infrared LED arrays on a board.
onal relationship of infrared LEDs, paper, and a
circuit board. (side view).
ional relationshi
circuit board. (top view).
ned parameters as follows:
and source of LED light, and
area of infrared light.
l = dtan
ole area of paper (Fig. 10),
l = 2.54
and (Equ.2) ,
d =
l
tan1
hows the design of electronic circuit of the
rol each LED. 64 (8 row, 8 column) LEDs are
MYK Color Display: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
rs Group (IJPG
ED arrays on a board.
ip of infrared LEDs, paper, and a
ard. (side view).
hip of infrared LEDs, paper, and a
ard. (top view).
rs as follows:
of LED light, and
ed light.
n15
per (Fig. 10), l
[mm]
d is,
l
15
= 0.268[mm]
sign of electronic circuit of the
. 64 (8 row, 8 column) LEDs are
lay: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
G)

board.
EDs, paper, and a
.
LEDs, paper, and a
s: d as a distance
and l as radius of
(Equ.
l should be,
(Equ. 2
m]
(Equ. 3
onic circuit of the
column) LEDs are
Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
d a
nd a
stance
ius of
qu. 1)
qu. 2)
qu. 3)
of the
Ds are
allocated on a board. LED matrix drivers rapidly switch
each LED on and off. The power consumption of this circui
is,

receives the signal from the computer and output signal to
each LED.
Multilayer Color
thermochromic ink and liquid crystal ink have different
threshold temperatures.
absorb
thermochromic ink, and normal ink are painted on the upper
side of paper in various patterns of layers.
ink and li
liquid crystal ink changes its color from black (When liquid
crystal ink is transparent), red to purple in response to
temperature changes.
and normal color ink.
thermochromic ink and normal color ink. In this pattern, the
area painted in monochromic thermochromic ink changes
its color from black to original color of normal ink in
response
ect to Control Painted Color on Paper
cated on a board. LED matrix drivers rapidly switch
h LED on and off. The power consumption of this circui

This value is at a maximum.
ives the signal from the computer and output signal to
h LED.
Fig. 11. Design of the circuit to control the LED array.
tilayer Color
Fig. 12 shows some patterns of multilayer of colors.
F
As we mentioned previously
mochromic ink and liquid crystal ink have different
shold temperatures.
The paper is enough thin (
orb heat efficiently. Liquid crystal ink,
mochromic ink, and normal ink are painted on the upper
of paper in various patterns of layers.
In Fig. 12, P
and liquid crystal ink. In this pattern, the area painted in
id crystal ink changes its color from black (When liquid
tal ink is transparent), red to purple in response to
perature changes.
Pattern 2, m
normal color ink.
Pattern 3, rightmost one is a layer of monochromic
mochromic ink and normal color ink. In this pattern, the
painted in monochromic thermochromic ink changes
color from black to original color of normal ink in
onse to temperature changes.
inted Color on Paper
oard. LED matrix drivers rapidly switch
off. The power consumption of this circui
5[V] 0.1[A
is at a maximum.
al from the computer and output signal to
gn of the circuit to control the LED array.
r System
ws some patterns of multilayer of colors.
Fig. 12. Multilayer of colors.
oned previously
k and liquid crystal ink have different
atures.
enough thin (
ciently. Liquid crystal ink,
k, and normal ink are painted on the upper
arious patterns of layers.
Pattern 1, leftmost one is a layer of black
ystal ink. In this pattern, the area painted in
changes its color from black (When liquid
ansparent), red to purple in response to
ges.
middle one is a layer of liquid crystal ink
ink.
ightmost one is a layer of monochromic
nk and normal color ink. In this pattern, the
monochromic thermochromic ink changes
lack to original color of normal ink in
erature changes.
aper
matrix drivers rapidly switch
er consumption of this circui
A] 64/8 = 4[W
mum. Microcontroller (
omputer and output signal to
t to control the LED array.
ns of multilayer of colors.
ayer of colors.
sly, monochromic
crystal ink have different
(0.060[mm])
d crystal ink,
l ink are painted on the upper
s of layers.
tmost one is a layer of black
his pattern, the area painted in
olor from black (When liquid
ed to purple in response to
a layer of liquid crystal ink
is a layer of monochromic
color ink. In this pattern, the
thermochromic ink changes
nal color of normal ink in
es.
rapidly switch
on of this circui
W] (Equ. 4
controller (PIC
output signal to
LED array.
yer of colors.
omic
ve different
for black ink
k, monochromic
ted on the upper
a layer of black
e area painted in
ck (When liquid
in response to
quid crystal ink
f monochromic
this pattern, the
mic ink changes
normal ink in
45
tch
uit
4)
IC)
to
to
mic
per
ack
in
uid
to
nk
mic
the
ges
in
International Journal of Advanced Computer Science, Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 41-51, Jul. 2011.
International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)

46
When turning off each LED, the temperature of the
inks naturally comes back to room temperature. The speed
of cooling is dependent on room temperature. Refer to next
section, Simulation for the details of cooling speed.
Simulation
We have run a simulation of heat-transfer distribution
of LED light by FEM (Finite Element Method) with an
analysis tool [13].
We set constant numbers for FEM simulation as
follows: Air temperature is 20 degree Celsius. Distance
between paper and source of LED light is 0.268[mm] from
(Equ. 3).
Definition of parameters is as follows: Heat-transfer
coefficient as
h
1
(the side of the LED array) and
h
2
(another side). The coefficient of thermal conductivity of air
as k. The thinness of paper as L ( 0.06[mm] ). The thermal
flow rate of paper as q. The coefficient of thermal
conductivity of paper as
k
a
( 0.06[ W / m
2
K ] ) [14]. The
papers surface temperature of the side of the LED array as
u . The temperature of source of LED light as T.
h
1
= h
2
= Nu
k
L
(Equ. 5)
Coefficient of thermal conductivity of air is [14],

k = 0.0241 (Equ. 6)
Nusselt number (Nu) without convection is,
Nu =1 (Equ. 7)
From equation (Equ. 5) to (Equ. 6),
h
1
and
h
2
are,

h
1
= h
2
= 0.402[W / m
2
K]
(Equ. 8)
Thermal flow rate of paper is,

(Equ. 9)
Thermal flow rate of paper is,

q = h
2
(T u)
(Equ. 10)
From (Equ. 8) to (Equ. 10), the relationship between u
and T is,

u = T 0.416 (Equ. 11)
From (Equ. 1) to (Equ. 11), we have run FEM (Finite
Element Method) simulation.
Fig. 13 shows the result of FEM simulation of
temperature distribution of paper of 1.000[sec], 2.000[sec],
3.000[sec], and 4.000[sec] later after start of heating.
Fig. 14 shows the result temperature distribution of
1.000[sec], 2.000[sec], 3.000[sec], 4.000[sec] (left side of
figure), 5.000[sec], 6.000[sec], 7.000[sec], and 8.000[sec]
(right side of figure) later after start of natural cooling.
The results of heating simulation show that the
temperature of the inks reaches;
1) 27 degrees Celsius, the temperature where
color-alteration of monochromic thermochromic ink starts
within one second.
2) 30 degrees Celsius, the temperature where
color-alteration of liquid crystal ink starts within one
second.
3) 45 degrees Celsius, the temperature where
color-alteration of liquid crystal ink ends within four
seconds.

Fig. 13. Result of FEM simulation (heating).

q =
1
1
h
1
+
1
h
2
+
L
k
a
|
\

|
.
|
|
|
|
T 100 ( )
Yamada
In
Fig. 14.
T
temperature of
1)
color
seconds.
2)
Yamada et al.: Development of CMYK Color
nternational Journal
ig. 14. Result of FEM simulation (natural cooling).
The results of natural cooling simulation show that the
emperature of
) 45 degrees C
olor-alteration of liquid crystal ink ends within two
econds.
) 30 degrees C
evelopment of CMYK Color
urnal Publishers
of FEM simulation (natural cooling).
natural cooling simulation show that the
f the inks reaches:
Celsius, the temperature where
n of liquid crystal ink ends within two
Celsius, the temperature where
MYK Color Display: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
rs Group (IJPG
ion (natural cooling).
g simulation show that the
hes:
mperature where
ystal ink ends within two
mperature where
lay: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
G)

oling).
show that the
here
within two
here
Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
color
seconds.
3) 27 degrees
color
within eight seconds.
Application
Fig. 15, Fig. 16, and Fig. 17
developed for pictur
temperature
the FEM simulation.
various patterns of combination of normal inks,
monochromic thermochromic ink, and liquid crystal ink
we mentioned at section 5, Fig. 12. The size of the picture is
fitted on the board (47.00[mm] height, 72.00[mm] width,
0.06[
Pattern A (Fig. 15)
3 as a fish and pattern 2 as seawater).
Pattern
1 as a leaf and pattern 3 as a rose).
Pattern
Each figure is captured at intervals of five seconds.
ect to Control Painted Color on Paper
r-alteration of liquid crystal ink starts within eight
nds.
7 degrees Celsius, the temperature where
r-alteration of monochromic thermochromic ink starts
in eight seconds.
plication
We have implemented the
15, Fig. 16, and Fig. 17
eloped for pictur
perature was set at
FEM simulation.
ous patterns of combination of normal inks,
ochromic thermochromic ink, and liquid crystal ink
mentioned at section 5, Fig. 12. The size of the picture is
d on the board (47.00[mm] height, 72.00[mm] width,
[mm] thickness)
ern A (Fig. 15)
a fish and pattern 2 as seawater).
ern B (Fig. 16)
a leaf and pattern 3 as a rose).
ern C (Fig. 17
h figure is captured at intervals of five seconds.
inted Color on Paper
f liquid crystal ink starts within eight
sius, the temperature where
f monochromic thermochromic ink starts
nds.
plemented the
nd Fig. 17 show
ture, time varying pictures. The room
set at 20 degree Celsius,
on. These small pictures were painted by
f combination of normal inks,
rmochromic ink, and liquid crystal ink
section 5, Fig. 12. The size of the picture is
d (47.00[mm] height, 72.00[mm] width,
ss).
5) consists of two patterns of
ttern 2 as seawater).
6) consists of two patterns of
ttern 3 as a rose).
7) consists of one layer (pattern 2 as a sky).
ptured at intervals of five seconds.
Fig. 15. Pattern A.
Fig. 16. Pattern B.
aper
l ink starts within eight
erature where
ic thermochromic ink starts
system above
ow the application we have
rying pictures. The room
ee Celsius, the
all pictures were painted by
n of normal inks,
nk, and liquid crystal ink
12. The size of the picture is
height, 72.00[mm] width,
two patterns of
water).
two patterns of
se).
one layer (pattern 2 as a sky).
vals of five seconds.
attern A.
attern B.
thin eight
e
mic ink starts
e and tested it.
ation we have
s. The room
e same value as
ere painted by
ks,
d crystal ink as
of the picture is
[mm] width,
of layer (pattern
of layer (pattern
tern 2 as a sky).
conds.
47
.
as
y
s
is
ern
ern
y).
4
E
w
the experiment. Under the conditions that the peltier device
behind
contact with the copper foil is cooled, the capacitance touch
sensors reacted 91 out of 100 touches while they reacted
only 39 out of 100 touches under the condition that the side
in contact with the
Fig. 18.
capacitance touch sensors under the conditions of nonconductive,
heated and cooled.
E
of the system as a display.
P
in the monochromic thermochromic ink on a wall
48
Experiment 1: Performance of Touch Sensor
To evaluate the performance of the capacitance sensors,
we conducted the experiment. Fig. 18 shows the result of
he experiment. Under the conditions that the peltier device
ehind the copper foil is nonconductive and the side in
ontact with the copper foil is cooled, the capacitance touch
ensors reacted 91 out of 100 touches while they reacted
nly 39 out of 100 touches under the condition that the side
n contact with the
ig. 18. The result of experiment of reacton percentage of he
apacitance touch sensors under the conditions of nonconductive,
eated and cooled.
Experiment 2: Update Rate
We also conducted an experiment to verify
f the system as a display.
Prototype 1
We set a white paper, where some sentences are written
n the monochromic thermochromic ink on a wall
Fig. 17.
5. User Study
t 1: Performance of Touch Sensor
ate the performance of the capacitance sensors,
the experiment. Fig. 18 shows the result of
t. Under the conditions that the peltier device
pper foil is nonconductive and the side in
he copper foil is cooled, the capacitance touch
d 91 out of 100 touches while they reacted
100 touches under the condition that the side
h the copper foil is heated
esult of experiment of reacton percentage of he
ch sensors under the conditions of nonconductive,
ed.
t 2: Update Rate
onducted an experiment to verify
as a display.
white paper, where some sentences are written
romic thermochromic ink on a wall
7. Pattern C.
er Study
mance of Touch Sensor
mance of the capacitance sensors,
ent. Fig. 18 shows the result of
conditions that the peltier device
nonconductive and the side in
is cooled, the capacitance touch
100 touches while they reacted
under the condition that the side
oil is heated (Fig. 18)
ment of reacton percentage of he
er the conditions of nonconductive,
e Rate
experiment to verify
where some sentences are written
chromic ink on a wall
International
ouch Sensor
capacitance sensors,
hows the result of
t the peltier device
ve and the side in
e capacitance touch
while they reacted
ndition that the side
Fig. 18).
on percentage of he
ns of nonconductive,
verify the function
entences are written
n a wall.
ernational Journal of
or
ensors,
ult of
device
de in
touch
eacted
e side
of he
uctive,
ction
written
F
(Fig. 19)
thermochromic ink is 27
temperature inside of the experimental laboratory room to
27 d
recognize disappearing characters.
time after the system changes its function to
(heating)
recognize the texts on the paper, we stopped time
measurement. Secondly, we mea
recognize appearing another characters.
measure the time after the system changes its function to
appear (cooling)
could recognize the texts on the paper, we stopped time
measurem
Result
T
disappe
Table 2: Results of the exper
T
T
Appearing Characters
Age
26
32
32
24
26
23
24
al of Advanced C
International
Fig. 19. Overview of the experiment and the paper used in the
The examinee st
. 19). The threshold temperature of the monochromic
mochromic ink is 27
perature inside of the experimental laboratory room to
egrees Celsius
gnize disappearing characters.
after the system changes its function to
ting). When the examinee said that he/she could not
gnize the texts on the paper, we stopped time
surement. Secondly, we mea
gnize appearing another characters.
sure the time after the system changes its function to
pear (cooling)
d recognize the texts on the paper, we stopped time
surement.
ult
Table 1 and Table 2 show the result of experiment.
Table 1: Results of the experiment: Users time to recognize
ppearing characters and time to recognize appearing characters.
e 2: Results of the exper
dispersion of the recognition time.
Time to Recognize
Disappearing
Characters
Time to Recognize
ppearing Characters
e Visual
Acuity

6 14/20
2 14/20
2 24/20 F
4 20/20 F
6 20/20
3 20/20
4 20/20
omputer Science
ternational Journal
ew of the experiment and the paper used in the
experiment.
ee stands 500[mm] away from the paper
hreshold temperature of the monochromic
nk is 27 degrees Celsius
e of the experimental laboratory room to
us. Firstly, we measured examinees
earing characters.
ystem changes its function to
n the examinee said that he/she could not
exts on the paper, we stopped time
condly, we mea
ring another characters.
after the system changes its function to
g). When the examinee said that he/she
the texts on the paper, we stopped time
Table 2 show the result of experiment.
of the experiment: Users time to recognize
cters and time to recognize appearing characters.
the experiment: Average, standard deviation and
persion of the recognition time.
Average
nize
g
324.1429[s]
nize
cters
79.00000[s]
Sex T
R
Dis
Characters
Male 44
Male 509
Female 1117
Female 60
Male 454
Male 49
Male 36
, Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp.
rnal Publishers
riment and the paper used in the
iment.
0[mm] away from the paper
perature of the monochromic
egrees Celsius
erimental laboratory room to
measured examinees
ers. We started to measure the
s its function to
ee said that he/she could not
paper, we stopped time
measured examinees
characters.
stem changes its function to
e examinee said that he/she
the paper, we stopped time
the result of experiment.
ment: Users time to recognize
o recognize appearing characters.
Average, standard deviation and
ecognition time.
rage Standard
Deviation
429[s] 375.4310
000[s] 42.68489
Time to
Recognize
appearing
haracters
[s]
[s]
7 [s]
[s]
[s]
[s]
[s]
p. 41-51, Jul. 201
Group (IJPG)
paper used in the
from the paper
e monochromic
us, so we set
oratory room to
aminees time t
d to measure the
n to disappear
e/she could not
stopped time
minees time to
We started to
its function to
said that he/she
we stopped time
xperiment.
e to recognize
earing characters.
dard deviation and
e.
ard
tion
Dispersion
310 140948.4
489 1822.000
Time to
Recognize
Appearing
Characters
110 [
92 [
42 [
140 [
26 [
29 [
114 [
11.

he
per
mic
set
to
to
the
ear
not
me
to
to
to
he
me
rs.
nd
ion
8.4
00
g
s
s]
s]
s]
s]
s]
s]
s]
Yamada
In
P
prototype 1 (Pattern A., Pattern B., and Pattern C. in
F
R
1
almost the same as
S
(
different from
T
two functions; 1.
display ink and 2.
U
recognize disappearing characters and the time to recognize
appearing characters (Table.1 and Table. 2).
the system, that is, its
provides better performance than
function from a standpoint of appearance
S
im
R
number of pixel is 64 per the area of p
applications (i
seems to be well small and the number of pixel seems to
be well large to control the color of our everyday physical
objects. T
m
P

at a maximum from equation (Equ. 4). This value would be
aroun
general
seems to match the requirement of
consumption
U
the simulatio
update rate of layer pattern 3 was slower than the simulation
Yamada et al.: Development of CMYK Color
nternational Journal
Prototype 1
We calculated the update rate of three applications of
rototype 1 (Pattern A., Pattern B., and Pattern C. in
ig. 16, and Fig
Result
In Pattern 1 and Pattern 2 (Fig.12),
[s] (appear
lmost the same as
Simulation. I
appear) and 10[s] (
ifferent from t
Touch Sensor
This result implies each of grid point i
wo functions; 1.
isplay ink and 2.
Update Rate
There is a major difference between the time to
ecognize disappearing characters and the time to recognize
ppearing characters (Table.1 and Table. 2).
The result of the experiment sho
he system, that is, its
rovides better performance than
unction from a standpoint of appearance
o application of the system is suit disappearing of the inky
mages or texts better than appearing of them.
Resolution
From (Equ. 2), the size of pixel of this system is,

l
2
t
This value is roughly the size of
umber of pixel is 64 per the area of p
pplications (in
eems to be well small and the number of pixel seems to
e well large to control the color of our everyday physical
bjects. Therefore, the resolution of Prototype 2 seems to
match the requirement of High
Power Consumption
Power consumption of the system is,

47[m
t a maximum from equation (Equ. 4). This value would be
round 150[W] per one A4 paper. This is
eneral projector and
eems to match the requirement of
onsumption.
Update Rate
The update rate of layer pattern 1 and 2 was as fast as
he simulation
pdate rate of layer pattern 3 was slower than the simulation
evelopment of CMYK Color
urnal Publishers
lated the update rate of three applications of
attern A., Pattern B., and Pattern C. in
g. 17).
1 and Pattern 2 (Fig.12),
) and 2[s] (
me as one in FEM simulation in section
In Pattern 3 (F
d 10[s] (disappear
the result in FEM simulation.
6. Consideration
6.1. Prototype 1
lt implies each of grid point i
1. function of
d 2. function to clear ink
a major difference between the time to
ppearing characters and the time to recognize
acters (Table.1 and Table. 2).
t of the experiment sho
hat is, its
er performance than
a standpoint of appearance
of the system is suit disappearing of the inky
s better than appearing of them.
6.2. Prototype 2
u. 2), the size of pixel of this system is,
= 20.27[mm]
ue is roughly the size of
ixel is 64 per the area of p
n section application). The size of pixel
ell small and the number of pixel seems to
to control the color of our everyday physical
fore, the resolution of Prototype 2 seems to
uirement of High
mption
nsumption of the system is,
4[W ]
mm] 72[mm]
=
from equation (Equ. 4). This value would be
] per one A4 paper. This is
tor and the power consumption
match the requirement of
te rate of layer pattern 1 and 2 was as fast as
(completed in a few seconds
layer pattern 3 was slower than the simulation
MYK Color Display: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
rs Group (IJPG
ate rate of three applications of
ern B., and Pattern C. in
n 2 (Fig.12), t
disappear). These values are
in FEM simulation in section
Fig.12), the update rate was 15[s]
appear). These values are
EM simulation.
sideration
rototype 1
ch of grid point i
of touch sensing and func
o clear ink.
fference between the time to
racters and the time to recognize
1 and Table. 2).
iment shows that the property of
disappear (heating)
ce than its
of appearance
m is suit disappearing of the inky
ppearing of them.
rototype 2
of pixel of this system is,
the size of g
er the area of p
plication). The size of pixel
the number of pixel seems to
color of our everyday physical
olution of Prototype 2 seems to
High-resolution
the system is,
= 0.002365[W /
n (Equ. 4). This value would be
paper. This is
wer consumption
requirement of
r pattern 1 and 2 was as fast as
n a few seconds
3 was slower than the simulation
lay: Display by Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
G)

ree applications of
attern C. in Fig. 15,
the update rate was
These values are
mulation in section
pdate rate was 15[s]
se values are
n.
n
int is able to have
ng and function
ween the time to
e time to recognize
2).
that the property of
heating) function
appear (cooling)
ce-changing speed.
pearing of the inky
em.
this system is,
(Equ. 12)
general LED. The
f pictures of three
The size of pixel
of pixel seems to
everyday physical
ototype 2 seems to
n.
/ mm
2
]
(Equ. 13)
his value would be
is less than half of
tion of Prototype 2
of Low-p
d 2 was as fast as
ds). However, the
than the simulation
Chromogenic Effect to Control Painted Color on Paper
ons of
g. 15,
e was
es are
ection
15[s]
a lot
have
ion to
me to
gnize
rty of
nction
ling)
speed.
e inky
s,
u. 12)
. The
three
pixel
ms to
ysical
ms to
13)
uld be
alf of
ype 2
power
t as
the
lation
(completed
due to thickness
ink w
control the
chromogenic method of monochromic thermochromic ink
and liquid crystal ink.
CMYK display which use peltier devices and infrared LED
arrays.
the colors with high resolution and low power
have run the simulation and developed some applications.
Firstly,
resolution of the display can be improved in t
using smaller infrared LEDs and
infrared laser
Fig. 20.
Laser
temperature of the ink at high resolu
the laser goes straight in long distance, we can control the
color from some distance.
we can control the color by exposing black ink to an
infrared laser beam.
Infrared laser projector can design v
drawings of light. Two galvanometers with mirrors control
X-Y
diffuses light at a short distance and over a wide range, so it
is suita
beam is long
small area, so it is suitable for color alteration of small area.
By the combination of these two devices, the system can
renders many c
Secondly, different types of monochromic thermochromic
ink may increase the number of layers. For example, when
we use four types of the monochromic thermochromic inks
which have different threshold temperature, the system can
control the appearance
of images by the four types of the monochromic
thermochromic inks
recognize the paper individually and change the function of
the grid according to th
method of the paper
small and thin (51.5mm height, 1
ect to Control Painted Color on Paper
mpleted in several tens of seconds
to thickness o
which is thick and difficult
7. Conclusion and Future Work
In summary, we developed the novel
rol the CMYK color painted on
mogenic method of monochromic thermochromic ink
liquid crystal ink.
YK display which use peltier devices and infrared LED
ys. Embedded infrared LED arrays allowed us to control
colors with high resolution and low power
e run the simulation and developed some applications.
There are still several things need to be addressed.
tly, although there is a limit on the size of device,
lution of the display can be improved in t
g smaller infrared LEDs and
ared laser as a
20. Infrared laser projector with galvanometer and an example
Laser beam goes straight ahead and has high energy.
er- illuminated spot is very small, so we can control the
perature of the ink at high resolu
laser goes straight in long distance, we can control the
r from some distance.
can control the color by exposing black ink to an
ared laser beam.
ared laser projector can design v
wings of light. Two galvanometers with mirrors control
coordinate of point of light (Fig. 20
These two devices have different characteristics. LE
uses light at a short distance and over a wide range, so it
uitable for color alteration of wide area. In contrast, laser
m is long-reach light and its illumination is limited to a
ll area, so it is suitable for color alteration of small area.
he combination of these two devices, the system can
ers many colors.
ondly, different types of monochromic thermochromic
may increase the number of layers. For example, when
use four types of the monochromic thermochromic inks
ch have different threshold temperature, the system can
rol the appearance
images by the four types of the monochromic
mochromic inks
Thirdly, we have a plan to implement the system to
gnize the paper individually and change the function of
grid according to th
hod of the paper
ll and thin (51.5mm height, 1
inted Color on Paper
eral tens of seconds
of painted monochromic thermochromic
and difficult
lusion and Future Work
, we developed the novel
K color painted on
thod of monochromic thermochromic ink
al ink. We devel
which use peltier devices and infrared LED
d infrared LED arrays allowed us to control
gh resolution and low power
lation and developed some applications.
ll several things need to be addressed.
here is a limit on the size of device,
display can be improved in t
ared LEDs and
new device.
er projector with galvanometer and an example
of implementation.
goes straight ahead and has high energy.
d spot is very small, so we can control the
e ink at high resolu
aight in long distance, we can control the
distance. As in the case of infrared LED,
the color by exposing black ink to an
m.
ojector can design v
. Two galvanometers with mirrors control
f point of light (Fig. 20
evices have different characteristics. LE
short distance and over a wide range, so it
or alteration of wide area. In contrast, laser
h light and its illumination is limited to a
s suitable for color alteration of small area.
on of these two devices, the system can
ors.
nt types of monochromic thermochromic
the number of layers. For example, when
s of the monochromic thermochromic inks
rent threshold temperature, the system can
rance in four stages by printing
the four types of the monochromic
ks (Fig. 21).
have a plan to implement the system to
er individually and change the function of
g to the ID of the paper. Fig. 22 shows the
paper-identification. We embedded very
(51.5mm height, 1
aper
econds). This i
nochromic thermochromic
to be applied in a thin layer.
nd Future Work
ped the novel
ed on physical
ochromic thermochromic ink
eveloped two prototypes of
ier devices and infrared LED
D arrays allowed us to control
and low power
veloped some applications.
gs need to be addressed.
t on the size of device,
improved in t
nd peltier devices, or
th galvanometer and an example
entation.
ahead and has high energy.
small, so we can control the
esolution. Furthermore, since
distance, we can control the
in the case of infrared LED,
y exposing black ink to an
esign various patterns of line
ometers with mirrors control
t (Fig. 20).
ifferent characteristics. LE
e and over a wide range, so it
f wide area. In contrast, laser
s illumination is limited to a
color alteration of small area.
wo devices, the system can
monochromic thermochromic
of layers. For example, when
chromic thermochromic inks
temperature, the system can
stages by printing
ypes of the monochromic
to implement the system to
ly and change the function of
f the paper. Fig. 22 shows the
cation. We embedded very
ght, 1.5mm width, 0.
is thought to be
ermochromic
in a thin layer.
Work
l technology
al objects by t
rmochromic ink
o prototypes of
nd infrared LED
wed us to control
wer. And we also
applications.
addressed.
f device, the
three ways;
ces, or an
er and an example
has high energy.
can control the
rthermore, since
can control the
f infrared LED,
lack ink to an
patterns of line
mirrors control
cteristics. LED
wide range, so it
n contrast, laser
is limited to a
n of small area.
e system can
thermochromic
example, when
mochromic inks
the system can
nting four layers
monochromic
t the system to
e the function of
g. 22 shows the
embedded very
width, 0.25mm
49
be
r.
to
the
nk
of
ED
rol
lso
ple
gy.
the
nce
the
D,
an
ne
rol
D
it
ser
a
a.
mic
hen
nks
an
ers
mic
to
of
the
ery
mm
5
thickness) passive IC (Integrated Circuit) tag (
H
antenna behind the paper, the system can detect the IC tag
and recognize the paper individually and the u
change the contents of the system as they like by just
changing the paper.
display system to realize synergetic effect of RGB and
C
CMYK display are not conflicting
this study is to
relationship between RGB display and CMYK display.
T
T
T
50
hickness) passive IC (Integrated Circuit) tag (
Hitachi, Ltd. [16]).
Fig. 21. The concept of multiple layers inky image display,
consists of four different thermochromic ink.
Fig. 22. T
By setting the RFID (Radio Frequency I
ntenna behind the paper, the system can detect the IC tag
nd recognize the paper individually and the u
hange the contents of the system as they like by just
hanging the paper.
The ultimate goal of this research is to develop the
isplay system to realize synergetic effect of RGB and
CMYK. We w
CMYK display are not conflicting
his study is to
elationship between RGB display and CMYK display.
There is a relational expression between RGB and CMYK.
To convert RGB to CMYK,

C =
M =
Y =
1
K = m
To convert CMYK to RGB,
sive IC (Integrated Circuit) tag (
16]).
concept of multiple layers inky image display,
sts of four different thermochromic ink.
The very small IC tag embedded in a paper.
g the RFID (Radio Frequency I
d the paper, the system can detect the IC tag
the paper individually and the u
ontents of the system as they like by just
aper.
mate goal of this research is to develop the
m to realize synergetic effect of RGB and
would like to stress that RGB display and
ay are not conflicting
to establish a mutually complem
tween RGB display and CMYK display.
ational expression between RGB and CMYK.
B to CMYK,
1 R K
1 K
1 G K
1 K
1 B K
1K
min(1 R,1G
MYK to RGB,
grated Circuit) tag (
ltiple layers inky image display,
erent thermochromic ink.
IC tag embedded in a paper.
Radio Frequency I
he system can detect the IC tag
ndividually and the u
e system as they like by just
this research is to develop the
synergetic effect of RGB and
stress that RGB display and
conflicting visions. The aim of
h a mutually complem
display and CMYK display.
sion between RGB and CMYK.
,1 B)
B,
International
t) tag (-chip by
ky image display,
romic ink.
ed in a paper.
ncy Identification)
n detect the IC tag
and the users can
they like by just
is to develop the
ffect of RGB and
RGB display and
sions. The aim of
ly compleme
CMYK display.
RGB and CMYK.
(Equ. 14
ernational Journal of
ip by
ay,
ation)
C tag
s can
y just
p the
B and
and
im of
entary
lay.
MYK.
. 14)

B
control system, the
both
relationships.
p
A
al of Advanced C
International
R =1 m
G =1m
B =1 m
By our high-
trol system, the
h RGB display and CMYK display through these
tionships.
[1] R. L. Peiris,
Fernando, W.
Ong, & M. Tharakan
and fast changing wearable display
SIGGRAPH 2009
[2] M. Jacobs
patterns for communication and social expression
CHI 2005 extended abstracts on Human factors in computing
systems, pages 14
Press.
[3] J. D. M
User Interface
presented at the CHI
[4] B. J. Feenstra,
Improve on the Performance of LCDs for Mobile
Applications,
[5] A. Wakita,
Ambient Display with Non
Modules, (2006)
ACM.
[6] J. Berzowska,
Shimmering Flower,
SIGGRAPH 2004
[7] M. Shibutani
(2006) In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH
[8] Thermochromic Ink.
http://www.sanwacoken.co.jp/ink/special_ink/temperature_in
k.html
[9] UV Ink.
http://sanwacoken.co.jp/ink/uv_ink/index.html
[10] D. Saakes
Koizumi, M. Inami
ACM SIGGRAPH 2010
[11] Liquid Crystal Ink.
http://www.tech
[12] T. Hashida,
on Real World Oriented Interface using Photochromic
Materials, (2010)
and Communication Engineers vol. 110, no. 35,
MVE2010-18, pp. 65
[13] XFEM. http://jikosoft.com/s
[14] Otsuka, N., Sokoga Shiritai Butsurigaku, Kyoritsu
Press, 1999. (in Japanese
[15] Pixel Qi.
[16] The World's Smallest
R-Chip(2.45GHz):HITACHI.
http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/mu
[17] Trick Print.
http://www.diginfo.tv/2011/06/21/11
omputer Science
ternational Journal
min(1,C(1 K) +
min(1, M(1K)
min(1,Y(1K) +
-resolution and low
the next step
ay and CMYK display through these
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International Journal Publishers Group (IJPG)

51

Hiroki Yamada was born in Kanagawa,
Japan, in 1984. He received the B.Sc. and
M.Sc. degrees from Osaka University in
2007 and 2009. He is currently the Ph.D.
candidate at Research Center for
Advanced Science and Technology, The
University of Tokyo. He is with Cyber
Interface Lab which studies virtual
reality, human interface, and multimodal
interfaces since 2009. His research interests include product
design, information visualization, tangible user interface, and
media arts. He belongs to Tokyo Interaction Center as a
researcher.
Kunihiro Nishimura was born in
Tokyo, Japan, in 1978. He received the
B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in
Engineering from The University of
Tokyo in 2001, in 2003, in 2006
respectively. He was the assistant
professor at Graduate School of
Information Science and Technology,
The university of Tokyo until 2011. He
is currently the researcher at Research Center for Advanced
Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo. He is with
Cyber Interface Lab which studies virtual reality, human interface,
and multimodal interfaces since 2000. His research interests
include information visualization, virtual reality, data analysis,
bioinformatics, and media arts. He served as a technical producer
at the Digital Public Art exhibition named "AIR-HARBOR" at
Haneda Airport in 2009 which aimes to integrate media art, public
art, and information technology.
Tomohiro Tanikawa received Ph.D.
degrees from The University of Tokyo in
2002. Since 2005 he has been with Cyber
Interface Lab as a lecturer. His research
interests include virtual reality, augmented
reality and its applications.
Michitaka Hirose was born in
Kanagawa, Japan, in 1954. He received
the B.S. degree in engineering from The
University of Tokyo in 1977, and Ph.D.
degrees in 1982, respectively. He
currently is the professor of The
University of Tokyo. His research
interests include virtual reality,
augmented reality and their applications.