(From Car Terminology in the Spanish-Speaking World.

Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the American Translators Association, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A., November 8-12, 1995. Peter W. Krawutschke, comp. American Translators Association, 1995. 331-340.)

CAR TERMINOLOGY IN THE SPANISH-SPEAKING WORLD

Abstract This paper presents regional Spanish terms for eighteen car-related items corresponding to the following US English terms: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) 11) 12) 13) 14) 15) 16) 17) 18) car bumper clutch gasoline hood horn hubcap inner tube jack license plate or auto tag rim roof rack steering wheel tire trunk speed bump stop sign dump truck

Because Spanish is spoken in twenty countries, the study of its regional and national variation is important to translators, terminologists and lexicographers as it bears directly on questions such as, What term should a translator use when the name of a particular item varies by region?, and How should a lexicographer define a term that is used differently in different regions? The primary goal of this paper, however, is not to indicate the terms that should be used when translating into Spanish. That choice will often depend on the translations intended audience. The objective is to present dialectological data concerning which terms are actually used in the regions under study.

INTRODUCTION

This paper presents a summary of the results of a motor vehicle terminology usage survey carried out on approximately 200 Hispanic informants. Each section is divided into two subsections: 1) 2) 0.1 Data by Country Observations Data by Country

The data by country subsections consist of tables in which the terms used by the informants in each of the twenty Spanish-speaking countries are presented. The countries are given in a geographical rather than alphabetical order:
SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMINICAN REPUBLIC PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

The countries are presented in this order to highlight what may be called lexico-geographic blocs, or groups of countries that are in geographic proximity and also share the same lexical usage for a given item. Following each Spanish word, a numerical proportion is given indicating the number of informants out of the total who gave that particular response. The question was posed as follows:

Cmo se llama el objeto de la foto?, at which time a picture of the object was shown to the informant. Thus, in the first table,
SPAIN

coche (7/7), auto (2/7).

is to be interpreted as, "Of the seven Spaniards who were shown a picture of a car, all seven gave the term coche and two also gave the term auto. In a number of cases (such as this one) informants gave several terms as their response, and not all informants answered all questions. The terms in italics refer to spelling, not pronunciation. Where spelling is not standardized, pronunciation is given in broad Spanish transcription (the International Phonetic Alphabet is not used). When informants offered two similar variants, words or letters appear in parentheses. Thus, where (camin de) volteo appears, both volteo and camin de volteo were given by the informants. Also "o/a" at the end of a word means both masculine and feminine were given. Thus maletero/a means that both maletero and maletera were given as responses by the informants. 0.2 Observations

In these subsections the data collected are summarized and various observations are made regarding how the Spanish-speaking world appears to be divided on the use of automobile terms.

1. 1.1

CAR Data by Country coche (7/7), auto (2/7). auto (8/8). auto (12/13), coche (10/13). auto (5/5), coche (3/5). auto (4/5), coche (4/5). auto (6/7), carro (5/7). carro (13/15), auto (11/15). carro (12/13), auto (8/13). carro (11/11). carro (5/5). carro (6/9), mquina (6/9). carro (6/6). carro (6/6). carro (5/5). carro (4/4). 3

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA

NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

carro (4/4). carro (5/5). carro (4/4). carro (6/6). coche (14/17), carro (11/17).

1.2

Observations

Carro is used in parts of Mexico, all of Central America, the Hispanic Antilles (Cuba, the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico) and in about half of South America. Auto and/or coche are the most commonly used terms in Spain, the Southern Cone (Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay) and much of Mexico. Auto is used everywhere in technical language and in advertising. There is evidence that in Mexico carro is more common in the north, while coche is preferred in the central region, including the Distrito Federal. In Cuba mquina appears to be used more in popular and familiar speech; carro is more formal. As you move south in South America, auto becomes increasingly more common at the expense of carro and in Peru and Bolivia, the two terms appear to be in open competition.

2. 2.1

BUMPER Data by Country parachoque(s) (5/5). parachoque(s) (7/7). paragolpe(s) (12/12). paragolpe(s) (6/6). paragolpe(s) (5/6), parachoque(s) (2/6). parachoque(s) (8/8). parachoque(s) (10/10). guardachoque(s) (11/12), parachoque(s) (3/12). bmper (11/17), defensa (10/17), guardachoque(s) (6/17), parachoque(s) (4/17). parachoque(s) (9/9). defensa (8/8). bmper (5/7), parachoque(s) (4/7). bmper (6/6). bmper (7/7), defensa (5/7). bmper (5/5). bmper (7/7). 4

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA

HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

bmper (7/7), guardachoque(s) (2/7). bmper (5/5). bmper (7/7). defensa (14/14).

2.2

Observations

Parachoques or parachoque is used in Spain and some Spanish American countries, mostly South American. Bmper is used in Central America and in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Defensa is used in Colombia, Panama, Cuba and Mexico. In most of Central America people say (BOM-per) whereas in Costa Rica many people pronounce the word (BUM-per). This may be due to the fact that a large percentage of Costa Ricans read English.

3. 3.1

CLUTCH (PEDAL) Data by Country embrague (6/6). embrague (8/8). embrague (11/11). embrague (4/4). embrague (4/4). embrague (7/7). embrague (11/11). embrague (11/11). cloch(e) (10/12), embrague (3/12). cloch(e) (7/7), croche (7/7). cloch(e) (8/8), embrague (3/8). cloch(e) (6/6). cloch(e) (5/5). cloch(e) (7/7). cloch(e) (5/5). cloch(e) (4/4). cloch(e) (4/4). cloch(e) (5/5). cloch(e) (7/7). cloch(e) (9/9). 5

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

3.2

Observations

Embrague is used in Spain and in South America from Ecuador to the south. In Colombia, the three informants who gave embrague were all from southern Colombia (Valle, Cauca and Nario Departments). Cloch(e) is used in Mexico, Central America, the Hispanic Antilles, Colombia and Venezuela. It is pronounced (CLO-che), (CLOCH), (CLOSH) and (CLUCH), and the choice generally depends more on social class and familiarity with English than on region. In Venezuela, however, the pronunciation (CRO-che) is common, especially in popular speech.

4. 4.1

GASOLINE Data by Country gasolina (5/5). bencina (7/7). nafta (5/5). nafta (5/5). nafta (4/4). gasolina (4/4). gasolina (7/7). gasolina (10/10). gasolina (4/4). gasolina (6/6). gasolina (6/6). gasolina (5/5). gasolina (5/5). gasolina (3/3). gasolina (3/3). gasolina (3/3). gasolina (4/4). gasolina (3/3). gasolina (3/3). gasolina (5/5). Observations

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

4.2

Gasolina is the most frequently used term everywhere except the Southern Cone.

5. 5.1

HOOD Data by Country cap (6/6). cap (8/8). cap (14/14). cap (5/5). cap (5/5). cap (7/9), capote (2/9). cap (9/10), capote (4/10). cap (10/10). cap (13/15), capote (2/15). cap (8/9), capota (4/9). cap (9/9). bonete (6/6). bonete (9/9). tapa (7/7). tapa (6/6). tapa (6/6). ton (5/5). caperuza (6/6). cap (6/6). cofre (11/11).

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

5.2

Observations

Cap is the most commonly used term throughout South America and also in Spain. In South America, it is often spelled capot, and in a number of countries the variants capote and capota are also used. Bonete is used in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Tapa is used in Panama, Costa Rica and Nicaragua. Ton, used in Honduras, probably comes from English tune-up.

6. 6.1
SPAIN CHILE

HORN Data by Country bocina (10/10), claxon (9/10), pito (7/10). bocina (8/8). 7

ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

bocina (12/12). bocina (6/6). bocina (5/5). bocina (9/9). claxon (15/16), bocina (11/16). pito (11/11). pito (13/13). corneta (9/9). claxon (6/9), pito (5/9), bocina (3/9), clauso (3/9), fotuto (2/9). bocina (6/6). bocina (9/9). pito (8/8), bocina (3/8). pito (6/6). pito (5/5). pito (7/7). pito (6/6). bocina (7/7). claxon (17/18), pito (10/18), bocina (3/18).

6.2

Observations

Bocina is used in South America from Bolivia to the south and in the Hispanic Antilles. Pito is used in Colombia and Ecuador and in Central America with the exception of Guatemala. In Spain there is evidence that claxon is the prestige term and bocina the more popular term in many regions. Pito appears to be more often used in southern Spain than in northern and central Spain. Cuba is the only country in which more than three terms compete and Cuba and Venezuela are the only countries that have terms not used elsewhere. The three Mexicans that gave bocina were all from southern Mexico (note that Guatemala is a bocina country). The term claxon is used in Spain and also in three countries that historically have had close ties to Spain, namely, Peru and Mexico, where the seats of the colonial vice-royalties were located, and Cuba, which achieved its independence from Spain much later than most Spanish American countries.

7. 7.1

HUBCAP Data by Country tapacubos (6/6). tapa (de rueda) (8/8). taza (9/9). taza (4/4). taza (3/3). plato (6/9), taza (4/9), tapa de rueda (4/9), tapa (de) aro (2/9). vaso (11/13), plato (7/13). tapacubos (9/9). copa (9/11), plato (2/11). taza (8/11), copa (5/11), tapa (2/11). bocina (4/6), tambora (3/6). tapabocina (5/5). tapabocina (6/6). copa (7/7). copa (4/4). copa (5/6), corona (2/6), plato (2/6). copa (4/4). copa (5/6), tapa (2/6). plato (5/5). tapn (7/11), copa (5/11), polvera (4/11), cubrepolvos (2/11).

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

7.2

Observations

Taza is used in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay. Tapabocina is used in the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Copa is used in most of Central America and in Colombia.

8. 8.1

INNER TUBE Data by Country cmara (4/4). cmara (4/4). cmara (5/5). cmara (4/4). cmara (4/4). neumtico (5/5). 9

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA

PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

cmara (7/7). tubo (5/5). neumtico (7/7). tripa (9/9). cmara (6/6). tubo (6/6). tubo (7/7). tubo (4/4). neumtico (4/4). neumtico (4/4). neumtico (7/7). tubo (5/6), neumtico (3/6). tubo (6/6). cmara (8/8).

8.2

Observations

Cmara is used in Spain and the Southern Cone. Tubo is used in Ecuador, the Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico, Panama, El Salvador and Guatemala. Neumtico is used in Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras. Tripa is used only in Venezuela.

9. 9.1

JACK Data by Country gato (6/6). gata (4/4). gato (10/10), cricket (6/10). gato (4/4). gato (5/5). gata (5/6), gato (4/6). gata (7/7). gata (5/5). gato (7/7). gato (10/10). gato (3/3). gato (5/5). gato (8/8). 10

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO

PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

gato (5/5). gata (5/5). gata (6/6). gata (4/6), jack (3/6). mica (6/6), gato (4/6). gato (4/5), tricket (4/5). gato (9/9).

9.2

Observations

Usage generally centers around a choice between gato and gata, with the masculine term winning out in thirteen of the twenty countries. There are two gata blocs, namely, the South American countries that have Pacific coasts and no Atlantic or Caribbean coast__Chile, Peru and Ecuador__and the Central American countries of Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Honduras. Only in Argentina, Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala have terms other than gato/a been registered. For some Argentines cricket (CRI-que) refers to a smaller, manual jack, while gato is thought of as a more heavy-duty jack, whether manual or hydraulic. In Honduras jack is pronounced (YA[C]) and in Guatemala, tricket is pronounced (TRI-que). In Bolivia gato and gata compete. (Note that Bolivia is neither an Atlantic nor a Pacific South American Country, but rather lies between the two regions.)

10. 10.1

LICENSE PLATE or AUTO TAG Data by Country matrcula (10/11), placa (3/11). patente. (7/7). patente (12/14), chapa (9/14). chapa (6/6). chapa (6/6). placa (6/6). placa (11/11). placa (11/11). placa (11/11). placa (7/7). chapa (9/9). 11

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA

DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

placa (7/7). tablilla (10/10). placa (6/6). placa (4/4). placa (5/5). placa (6/6). placa (6/6). placa (5/5). placa (9/9).

10.2

Observations

Placa is used in Mexico, Central America, and also in South America as far south as Bolivia. Chapa is used in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, and also in Cuba. Matrcula, the term that is predominant in Spain, appears to be a shortened version of placa matrcula. In several Spanish American countries matrcula, in the context of cars, refers to the (motor vehicle) registration, rather than to the license plate. Tablilla is used only in Puerto Rico.

11. 11.1

RIM (OF TIRE) Data by Country llanta (6/6). aro (6/8), llanta (3/8). llanta (13/13). llanta (4/5), aro (1/5). llanta (3/5), aro (3/5). aro (7/7). aro (12/12). aro (12/12). rin (11/11). rin (8/8). llanta (5/6), aro (2/6). aro (6/6). aro (9/9). rin (8/8). aro (6/6). rin (7/7). rin (4/4). 12

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS

EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

rin (6/6), aro (2/6). aro (7/7). rin (11/11).

11.2

Observations

Aro is used in much of South America, the Hispanic Antilles, and parts of Central America. Rin is used in Mexico and parts of Central America, as well as in Colombia and Venezuela; it is not commonly used in any country south of Colombia. Llanta is used in Spain, Argentina, Uruguay, Cuba and Paraguay. In most of Latin America llanta means tire (see section fourteen below).

12. 12.1

ROOF RACK Data by Country baca (9/9). parrilla (6/6). portaequipajes (14/14). baca (6/6). portabultos (3/4), parrilla (1/4), baca (1/4). parrilla (8/8). parrilla (11/11). parrilla (12/12). parrilla (10/10). parrilla (8/8). parrilla (6/6). parrilla (6/6), tarima (3/6). rack (6/6). parrilla (7/7). canasta (5/5). parrilla (4/4). parrilla (5/5). parrilla (4/4). parrilla (7/7). parrilla (14/18), canastilla (9/18).

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

12.2

Observations

Parrilla is not used in Spain and the River Plate region, but is used almost everywhere else. 13

13. 13.1

STEERING WHEEL Data by Country volante (6/6). manubrio (5/5), volante (3/5). volante (6/6). volante (4/4), manija (3/4). volante (4/4). volante (7/7), manubrio (3/7). timn (7/7). timn (3/5), volante (3/5). timn (8/8). volante (6/6). timn (2/2). el gua (4/4). el gua (10/10). timn (5/5). manivela (4/5), rueda (3/5), volante (3/5). timn (7/7). timn (6/6). timn (5/5), volante (2/5). timn (4/4). volante (8/8).

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

13.2

Observations

Volante is understood by educated speakers everywhere. However, it has competition from other terms in at least fifteen out of twenty countries. Timn is common in all of Central America except Costa Rica and also in Peru, Ecuador and Colombia. Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic form a block with el gua. Manivela is used only in Costa Rica. In Colombia two informants from the Atlantic coast also gave the term cabrilla in the sense of steering wheel.

14

14. 14.1

TIRE Data by Country

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

neumtico (6/9), cubierta (4/9). neumtico (9/9). cubierta (11/12), goma (6/12), neumtico (5/12). cubierta (5/5), goma (3/5). cubierta (2/3), rueda (2/3). llanta (7/7). llanta (11/11). llanta (11/11). llanta (13/13). caucho (8/8). goma (8/9), rueda (6/9). goma (6/7), rueda (3/7). goma (10/10), llanta (5/10), rueda (2/10). llanta (6/6). llanta (5/5). llanta (5/5). llanta (6/6). llanta (4/4). llanta (7/7). llanta (10/10).

14.2

Observations

Llanta is used in all of Mexico and Central America and in South America from Colombia to Bolivia. For many Argentines, cubierta is a more technical term referring specifically to the tire whereas goma and neumtico refer to the wheel without distinguishing between its main components, the tire, inner tube and rim. In Spain neumtico can refer to the entire wheel and cubierta specifically to the tire, but many Spaniards do not make the distinction. Caucho is used only in Venezuela.

15

15. 15.1

TRUNK Data by Country maletero (10/12), maletera (2/12), bal (2/12). maleta (7/9), maletero (2/9). bal (11/11). bal (6/6), valija (5/6). valijera (6/6), bal (3/6). maletera (9/10), maletero (4/10). maletera (12/12). maletero/a (10/16), cajuela (9/16). bal (14/15), maletero (3/15). maleta (8/9), maletera (4/9). maletero (9/9), bal (3/9). bal (7/7). bal (9/9). bal (6/7), maletero (6/7). joroba (6/6), cajuela (2/6), maletero (2/6). valijera (8/8). bal (7/7). bal (5/5). bal (5/5). cajuela (13/13).

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

15.2

Observations

Bal and maletero/a are the most common terms. Almost all of the terms used are derived from one of four types of luggage containers: bal, caja, maleta and valija. In Ecuador maletero/a appears to be more common in the Costa and cajuela more common in the Sierra; one serrano also gave cajn. In Costa Rica, joroba, according to some, comes from the shape of the Volkswagen Bug, which used to be the most popular car in that country.

16

16. 16.1

SPEED BUMP Data by Country

SPAIN NOT COMMON (4/5), tope (1/5). CHILE NOT COMMON (4/6), lomo (2/6). ARGENTINA lomo de burro (13/13). URUGUAY (lomo de) burro (3/4), despertador (3/4), NOT COMMON PARAGUAY mataburros (4/5), lomada (3/5), lomo de burro (1/5). BOLIVIA rompemuelles (6/6). PERU rompemuelles (11/11). ECUADOR polica acostado (11/11). COLOMBIA polica acostado (14/16), polica muerto (5/16). VENEZUELA polica acostado (13/15), burro (9/15). CUBA polica acostado (4/4). DOMIN. REP. polica acostado (8/8). PUERTO RICO muerto (8/8). PANAMA polica muerto (7/7). COSTA RICA muerto (5/6), polica dormido (5/6). NICARAGUA polica acostado (8/8). HONDURAS tmulo (7/7). EL SALVADOR tmulo (7/7). GUATEMALA tmulo (7/7). MEXICO tope (11/11).

(2/4).

16.2

Observations

(Lomo de) burro is used in Argentina and Uruguay. Rompemuelles is used in Bolivia and Peru . Polica acostado is used in Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela Tmulo is used in Honduras, El Salvador and Guatemala. In Spain and Chile the object appears to be less common than in the rest of the Spanish-speaking countries, and two Uruguayans also stated that the object was not that common in their country. In the countries where polica terms are used, other slang words for police officer are also used with the corresponding adjective. For example, in Ecuador chapa can mean police officer and chapa acostado can mean speed bump.

17

One Paraguayan stated that lomada refers to a cement speed bump, whereas mataburros refers to a series of metal bars or wood beams that are placed on roads to serve the same purpose. A Uruguayan gave a similar description of mataburros.

17. 17.1

STOP SIGN Data by Country stop (5/5). pare (6/6). pare (7/7). pare (4/4). pare (4/4). pare (5/5), alto (3/5). pare (8/10), stop (3/10). pare (10/10). pare (6/6). pare (8/8). pare (5/5). pare (6/6). pare (9/9). alto (6/6), stop (4/6). alto (5/5). alto (5/5). alto (7/7), stop (2/7). alto (5/5). alto (5/5). alto (8/8).

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

17.2

Observations

Pare is used in all of South America and the Hispanic Antilles. Alto is used in all of Mexico and Central America. In Panama stop signs generally say alto, but in the Canal Zone they generally say stop or occasionally are bilingual with both stop and alto appearing on the sign. In Puerto Rico, the signs say pare, but on military bases they say stop.

18

18. 18.1

DUMP TRUCK Data by Country volquete (5/6), volqueta (3/6). camin tolva (6/6). (camin) volcador (9/11), volquete (4/11). (camin con) volcadora (4/6), (camin) volcador (3/5). camin tumba (6/6). volqueta (6/6). volquete (13/15), volqueta (2/15). volqueta (12/12). volqueta (17/17), volteo (2/17). (camin de) volteo (10/10). (camin de) volteo (7/8), volqueta (4/8). (camin de) volteo (7/7). camin (de) tumba (3/3). volquete (6/6). vagoneta (6/6). volqueta (5/5). volqueta (8/8), valastrero (5/8). camin de volteo (6/7), volqueta (2/7). camin de volteo (6/7), camin de palangana (5/7). (camin de) volteo (14/14).

SPAIN CHILE ARGENTINA URUGUAY PARAGUAY BOLIVIA PERU ECUADOR COLOMBIA VENEZUELA CUBA DOMIN. REP. PUERTO RICO PANAMA COSTA RICA NICARAGUA HONDURAS EL SALVADOR GUATEMALA MEXICO

18.2

Observations

Volqueta/volquete and camin de volteo are the most frequently used terms. The terms camin de volteo, camin volcador and camin con volcadora are often shortened to volteo, volcador and volcadora, respectively. The two Colombians that gave volteo were both from the Atlantic coast and their usage is consistent with that of much of the Hispanic Caribbean. Chile, Paraguay, Costa Rica and Honduras appear to have terms not found anywhere else.

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