Pretensioned Beam Example

CE437/537,Spring2011
PretensionedBeamExample
1/15
Pretensionedbeamsaretypicallymanufacturedbyavendorinaprestressingyard.Structuralengineers selectappropriatebeams(forexamplehollowcoreslabsectionsanddoubleTbeams)forbuildingsfrom loadtablesprovidedbythevendor.Pretensionedbridgegirders(e.g.AASHTOandbulbTgirders)can bedesignedbythevendorusingspecialcomputersoftware. Studentscangainanunderstandingofthebehaviorofpretensionedbeamsbyanalyzingtheresponseof atypicalpretensionedbeamateachstageofitslife. Example:SelectapretensionedDoubleTbeamfromthePCImanualandcheckitagainstcriteriainACI 31808.Span=52ft,SDL=0,LL=60psf. 1. Selectashapeandprestressinglayout.FromthePCIloadtableshowninFigure1,selecta10DT26 with10diameter270ksilowrelaxationstrandswithoneharppoint(atmidspan).
Figure1.SpanloadtablefromPCIManual(5thEdition)for10DT26.
2/15
Usethefollowingsectionandmaterialproperties.Assumethatthetendonsarejackedto70%oftheir tensilestrength.Alsoassumethatattransfer,10%ofthestressislostduetoseatingoftendon anchorages.Calculatethetendoneccentricitiesatthecriticalsections(transferpoint=strand developmentlengthfromendofbeam,0.4span,andmidspan).

s pa n l ength
L Concrete:
52
ft
SDL LL
0 60
psf psf
SectionProperties Shape 10DT26 A bf tf I yt yb

s ecti on modul us
Mat'l Properties f'c 5,000 psi in in in

4 2
strength@ 28 days
689 120 4
1
UW
0.80 150 718 80% 4,000 psi 4287 3834 ksi ksi pcf plf
unitweight selfweight
SW f'ci/f'c f'ci
3 3
30,716 in 5.71 in 20.29 5,379 1,514 in in in
s trength l evel a ttra ns fer
strengthattransfer mod.ofelasticity
St Sb
=I/yt =I/yb
Ec Eci
=0.033 *UW ^1.5 *SQRT(f'ci)
SteelStrands: SectionProperties Nstrands 10 ps Astrand Aps ys_end ys_mid 0.5 0.153 1.53 10 3 in in in in in
2 2
numberofs tra nds s tra nd di a meter a rea ofs tra nd a rea ofa l l s tra nds from bea m bottom
Mat'l Properties f pu 270 Eps pu 0.045
ksi
tensilestrength modulus max.rec'dstrain
28,500 ksi
ja cki ngs tres s l evel s ea ti ngl os s
Jacking&Release fjacking/fpu 75% f trans/fjacking fpo Po Ldevel 90% 182 279 30.38 ksi k in =f pu*fjacking/fpu*f trans/fjacking =fpo*Aps =fpo* ps/3
tres s force a ttra ns fer devel opmentl ength
TendonProfile
Bea m end Tra ns ferPt 0.4Spa n eccentri ci ty Mi d Spa n
10.29
10.97
15.89
17.29
in
=ybys_mid
Moments
Tra ns ferPt 0.4 Span MidSpan
x /L MCoef
momentdue to s el f wt mentdue to l i ve l oa d
0.0487 0.0232 44.9 37.6
0.400 0.120 233 194.7
0.500 0.125 243 203 kft kft
=0.5*(x /Lx /L^2) =SW/1000*L^2*MCoef =LL/1000*bf/12*L^2*MCoef
SW L
3/15
2. Calculatethelossofprestressduetoelasticshortening,creepandshrinkageoftheconcreteand relaxationoftheprestressingstrands.SeePrestressLossesontheclasswebsiteforan explanationoftheconcretestressesduetoprestressing.

PS force a ttra ns fer
LossofPrestress(@0.4L) Po 279 k e 15.89 in fci_CGS 1.251 9.30 16.64 2.05 75 5.12 1.0 3.76 34.8 168 257 ksi ksi ksi % ksi ksi ksi ksi k =fpu*fs_jacking/fpuTotal_Loss =fpe*Aps =Po/A+Po*e^2/IM *12*e /I =fci_CGS/Eci*Eps =2*ES*Eci/Ec
SW
ela s ti cs horteni ng creep l to s urfa ce a rea ra ti o rela ti ve humidi ty s hri nka ge
ES CR V/S RH SH
C
=0.0000082*Eps*(10.06*V/S) *(100RH) =f'c/10000.04*(ES+CR+SH) *C
rel a xa ti on
RE Total_Loss fpe
fecti ve pres tres s force
Pe
3. Calculatethestressesintheconcreteattransferandatservice.TheallowablestressesfromACI 31808areshownonFigureA2.
StressesatTransfer(all stressesinpsi)
Tra ns ferPt 0.4 Span MidSpan concrete s tres s es a t: top ofbea m bottom ofbea m
ft fb ft fb
64 2069 101 1486 where: ft fb 50 1666
Allowable compression tension 2800 379 =0.7*f'ci 2400 =0.6*f'ci =6*SQRT(f'ci) 190 =3*SQRT(f'ci)
=( Po/A+Po*e/StM *12/St) *1000 =( Po/APo*e/Sb+M *12/Sb) *1000

SW
SW
4/15
StressesatService (all stressesinpsi)

Tra ns ferPt 0.4 Span MidSpan crete s tres s es due to: s us ta i ned l oa ds
Allowable compression tension 2250 =0.45*f'c 849 =12*SQRT(f'c) 849 =12*SQRT(f'c) 849 =12*SQRT(f'c)
ft
sustained
51
134
89
a l l s ervi ce l oa ds
ft
all
33
568
541
3000 =0.6*f'c
a l l s ervi ce l oa ds
fb
all
1578 where: ft
324
228
3000 =0.6*f'c
sustained
=( Pe/A+Pe*e/StM *12/St) *1000 =( Pe/A+Pe*e/StM *12/StM *12/St) *1000 =( Pe/APe*e/Sb+M *12/Sb+M *12/Sb) *1000
SW L SW L
SW
ft
all
fb
all
4. Checktheflexurestrengthunderoverload(atultimateconditions). Thestressstraingraphforprestressingstrands(seeFigureA3)isnotbilinear,asassumedfor rebar.Thestressinthestrandscanbecalculatedasafunctionofthetotalstrainintheprestressing usingtheequationsatthebottomofthefigure. Thetotalstraininthetendonsisthesumofthestrainduetotheeffectiveprestressforce(Pe)plus thestrainintheconcreteattheCGSduetothefailureloads(seeFigureA4).ThestrainattheCGS duetothefailureloadsismosteasilycalculatedbyfirstcalculatingthestrainrequiredto decompresstheconcrete,thencalculatingthetensilestrainintheconcreteatultimate(similarto anormallyreinforcedconcretebeam). Theinternalforcesmustbecalculatediteratively,sincetheforceintheprestressingisafunctionof thestrainintheprestressing,andthestraindistributionisafunctionoftheinternalforces.When checkingtheflexurestrengthusinghandcalculations,itsconvenienttostartwithanassumedvalue ofthestressintheprestressingthatisclosetotheultimatetendonstrength,saywithin5ksi. Theavailableflexurestrength,Mn,mustbegreaterthanthemomentduetofactoredloads,Mu, andmustbegreaterthan1.2xthecrackingmoment,Mcr.Thislaststipulationistoensureaductile failure:iftheflexurestrength(Mnwhichisbasedontheassumptionthattheconcreteinthe tensilezonehascracked)islessthantheuncrackedstrengthofthebeam,thenwhenthe overloadedbeamdoescrackitwillfailsuddenly.
5/15
FlexureStrength
0.4 Span MidSpan
e
due to pres tres s i ng decompres s ion i n concrete a tCGS
15.89 0.00588
17.29 0.0058836
in =Pe/(Aps*Eps)
Pe
CGS Pe dp c
0.00058 21.60 1.01
0.00067 23.00 1.01 in in
=Pe/(A*Ec) Pe*e^2/(I*Ec) =yt+e mustbe <tflange
effecti ve depth to PS
depth to neutra l a xi s
s tra in i n conc. a tCGS atul ti mate
CGS
0.06116 0.06762 269.3 412 412 0.000 728 0.90 655 544 591
0.06530 0.07186 269.4 412 412 0.000 776 0.90 698 580 616 ksi k k k kft kft kft
=0.003/c*dp0.003 = s + CGS + CGS

Pe Pe
U U
tra in i n PS atul ti mate tres s i n PS atul ti mate
PSU fps
U
U
U
=IF( PS <0.0086, PS *Eps,270 0.04/ ( PS 0.007) )
omp.force i n concrete
Cc Tps FH Mn Mn
=0.85*f'c*1*c*bf/1000 =fps *Aps =Cc+Tps

U U
AdjustNA
=Aps*fps *(dp1*c/2) /12

=MIN(0.9,MAX( 0.65,0.65+( CGS 0.002) *250/3) )
U
= *Mn =1.2*(fr/1000+Pe/A+Pe*e/Sb) *Sb/12

SW L
1.2xCra cki ng Moment ACI 18.8.2
1.2Mcr Mu
=1.2*M +1.6*M
5. CheckDeflections Theengineermustcalculatethecamberofthebeamwhenitiserectedandthelongtermcamber ofthebeamsothatthefinishedstructureperformsasintended.Deflectionsduetoliveloadsare alsocheckedagainsttheACIallowabledeflectionslistedatthebottomofFigureA2.
6/15
DeflectionduetoPrestressing.Equationstocalculatethedeflectionduetoprestressingcanbe derivedfromthemomentdistributionscausedbytheprestressingforces.
M PS dx EI
Forabeamwithasingledepressionpoint,themomentdiagramduetoprestressingisasshown below: L/2 L/2 eend emid e TendonProfile Poeend Poe MomentsduetoPS Doubleintegrationoftheequationabove: x
( E ci I ) = Po eend dx + Po e'
midspan =
x dx L/2
Po eend L2 Po e' L2 + Eci I 8 Eci I 12
7/15
CrackedMomentofInertia.Ifthebeamwillcrackunderserviceloads,thenthecrackedmomentof intertia(Icr)mustbecalculated.Thetransformedsectionshownbelowisconstructedinwhichthe areaoftheprestressingismultipliedbythemodularratioofsteeltoconcrete,n=Eps/Ec.the concretebelowtheneutralaxis(NA)isneglectedbecauseitisintensionandcracked.Inthefigure below,K=curvature=strain/(distancefromNA). bf flange dp K nAps strains concrete stress x NA
Thefirsttaskistocalculatethelocationoftheneutralaxis,xinchesbelowthetopoftheflange, forwhichthecompressionforcesarebalancedbythetensionforces.
C =T 1 f c _ top b f x = A ps f ps , 2 f c _ top = c _ top Ec = K x Ec f ps = ps E ps = K (d p x) n Ec 1 K x Ec b f x = A ps K (d p x) n Ec 2 1 b f x 2 = n A ps (d p x) 2 bf x2 + n A ps x n A ps d p = 0 2
Usingthequadraticequationtosolveforxgives(andlettingnAps=A,bf=b,anddp=d)
A' A'2 +2 b A' d x1 , x2 = b
Thecrackedmomentofinertiaisthen
I cr
b x3 = + A' (d x) 2 3
8/15
EffectiveMomentofInteria.Thebeammaycracknearmidspan(at0.4Lforbeamswithasingle depressionpoint)butitwillnotcrackunderserviceloadsoverthewholelength.Equation98inACI 31808canbeusedtocalculateaweightedaverageofthecrackedmomentofinertiaandthe uncracked(grossmomentofinertia,Ig)dependingontherelativemagnitudeofthecracking momentMcrandthemomentduetoappliedloads,Ma.Theeffectivemomentofinertiaforthe entirespan,Ieis
M cr Ie = M a
3 M cr I + g 1 M a
I cr
Thesituationiscomplicatedbythepresenceofprestressingforces.Forpretensionedbeams, Ma=theliveloadmoment Mcr=theportionoftheliveloadmomentnecessarytocausecracking
Cracking isimminentwhenatthebottomofthe beam,thestressesdueto deadloadplusapercent oftheliveloadequalthedecompressionstressplusthetensilestrengthoftheconcrete
f bD + f b% L to cause cracking = f bdecompression + f r

f b% L to cause cracking = f b e + f r f bD ,wherethedecompressionstrain=+vestrainduetoPe
Writingtheequationsaboveintermsofmoments
D M cr ( f b e + f r f b ) S b = Ma f bL S b P
P
Definethetotalstressatthebottomofthebeamas
f bT = f b e + f bD + f bL
then
f bL f bT = f bPe f bD
and
M cr f L f bT + f r = b , Ma f bL

M cr fT f = 1 b L r Ma fb
9/15
Toillustratethecalculationprocedureforabeamthatcracksunderliveload,increasetheliveload to80psfforthisexample.
Deflection Immediate Deflectionsdue PSandSW: e end 10.29 in e mid e'
defl ecti on a ttrans fer
17.29 7.00 1.72
in in in =Po*e end*(L*12)^2/(8*Eci*I) +Po*e'*(L*12)^2/(12*Eci*I) =e mide end
transf
fl ecti on due to s el f wt

LL
SW
1.00
in
=5*SW/1000*L^4*1728/(384*Eci*I)
Icr: n A nA d b sqrt x1
from top fi berto NA
6.65 1.53 10.17 21.60 in in in

2 2
=Eps/Ec =Aps =n*A =dp =bf

2
120.00 in 229.9 1.83 2.00 1.83 4,221 in in in in in

4
=SQRT(nA^2+2*b*nA*d) =( nA+sqrt)/b =( nAsqrt) /b
x2 x Icr Ieff:
ti a forcracked s ecti on
=b*x^3/3+nA*(dx)^2
s due a l l l oa ds a t0.4L
fb
838 2058 0.850
psi psi
4
L fb
=M *12000/Sb =1(f b f r) /fb

T L
Mcr/Ma Ieff
defl ecti on due to LL owa bl e defl ectdue LL
20,508 in 1.50 1.73 in in
=(Mcr/Ma)^3*I+(1(Mcr/Ma)^3)*Icr =5*LL/1000*bf/12*L^4*1728/(384*Ec*Ieff) =L*12/360
LL
LL max
10/15
LongTermDeflections.Longtermdeflectionsduetocreepcanbecalculatedusingconvenientsimple spanmultipliersprovidedinthePCIManual(seeTableA5.)
due to creep
LongtermDeflections(in): Stage Release Due to: Po SW

PCI Elastic Creep Mult. Total
1.72 1.00
1.72 1.00 0.72 1.80 1.85 3.10 1.85 0 0 1.25 4.22 2.71 0.00 0.00 1.52
LL
in
Erection
Po SW topping SDL
1.72 1.00
Erection Po selfwt topping SDL

defl ecti on tha tcoul d da ma ge pa rti ti ons
in
1.72 1.00 0 0
2.45 2.70 0.00 3.00 LongTerm
in
aftererection aftererection
1.23 2.60
in in
=LongTerm+ Erection =L *12/240
max
11/15
FigureA1.Stressesinconcreteduetopretensioning.
12/15
PrestressingSteel:ThefollowingcriteriaarespecifiedbyACIfortheprestressingsteel(Section18.5.1, pg287): Maxstressduetojackingforce=min(0.94fpy,0.80fpu) Maxstressattransfer=min(0.82fpy,0.74fpu) Stage 1. Concrete stressesat transferofPT forceto concrete (ACI18.4.1, pg284) 2.Concrete stressesunder serviceloads (ACITable R18.3.3, pg284) maxtension maxcomp. Sustained loads Allloads
wSW+SDL+LL
DesignCriteria maxtension maxcomp.
elsewhere
atends
wSW
6 f c'i
0 .7 f c'i
3 f c'i
0 .6 f c'i
P P
12 f c'i
0.60 f c'i
0.45 f c'i
3.Flexure strength)
Mn Mu M n 1.2 M cr (ACI18.8.2,pg290)
4.Deflections (ACITable 9.5b,pg124)
max LL = max
L 360 L = 240
after erection
FigureA2.RelevantdesigncriteriainACI31808
13/15
FigureA3.Stressvsstrainforprestressingtendon.
14/15
1.Aftertransfer&losses (butnogravityloads)
2.Gravityoverloadsareapplied tobeamuntilfailure
Pe
Pe .003 dp c
+
straindistributionin concreteduePe
=
straindistributionin concreteduetooverloads
e CGS
U CGS
straininsteelduePe:
sPe =
Pe A ps E ps
straininsteelduetodecompressing theconcreteattheCGS:
straininsteelduetotheconcreteat theCGSgoingintotensionatfailure:
CGS =
Pe
Pe Ac Ec
Pe e
I c Ec
CGS =
Pe
Pe Ac Ec
Pe e
I c Ec
FigureA4.Straininprestressingsteelatultimateflexurestrengthofbeam
15/15
FigureA5.Deflectionmultipliersforestimatinglongtermdeflections.

Pretensioned Beam Example

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Pretensioned Beam Example

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CE437/537,Spring2011

SectionProperties Shape 10DT26 A bf tf I yt yb

Mat'l Properties f'c 5,000 psi in in in

30,716 in 5.71 in 20.29 5,379 1,514 in in in

s trength l evel a ttra ns fer

=0.033 *UW ^1.5 *SQRT(f'ci)

Mat'l Properties f pu 270 Eps pu 0.045

tensilestrength modulus max.rec'dstrain

ja cki ngs tres s l evel s ea ti ngl os s

tres s force a ttra ns fer devel opmentl ength

0.0487 0.0232 44.9 37.6

0.400 0.120 233 194.7

0.500 0.125 243 203 kft kft

=0.5*(x /Lx /L^2) =SW/1000*L^2*MCoef =LL/1000*bf/12*L^2*MCoef

2. Calculatethelossofprestressduetoelasticshortening,creepandshrinkageoftheconcreteand relaxationoftheprestressingstrands.SeePrestressLossesontheclasswebsiteforan explanationoftheconcretestressesduetoprestressing.

ela s ti cs horteni ng creep l to s urfa ce a rea ra ti o rela ti ve humidi ty s hri nka ge

=0.0000082*Eps*(10.06*V/S) *(100RH) =f'c/10000.04*(ES+CR+SH) *C

fecti ve pres tres s force

64 2069 101 1486 where: ft fb 50 1666

=( Po/A+Po*e/StM *12/St) *1000 =( Po/APo*e/Sb+M *12/Sb) *1000

StressesatService (all stressesinpsi)

0.00058 21.60 1.01

0.00067 23.00 1.01 in in

=Pe/(A*Ec) Pe*e^2/(I*Ec) =yt+e mustbe <tflange

s tra in i n conc. a tCGS atul ti mate

=0.003/c*dp0.003 = s + CGS + CGS

tra in i n PS atul ti mate tres s i n PS atul ti mate

=IF( PS <0.0086, PS *Eps,270 0.04/ ( PS 0.007) )

=0.85*f'c*1*c*bf/1000 =fps *Aps =Cc+Tps

=Aps*fps *(dp1*c/2) /12

= *Mn =1.2*(fr/1000+Pe/A+Pe*e/Sb) *Sb/12

1.2xCra cki ng Moment ACI 18.8.2

5. CheckDeflections Theengineermustcalculatethecamberofthebeamwhenitiserectedandthelongtermcamber ofthebeamsothatthefinishedstructureperformsasintended.Deflectionsduetoliveloadsare alsocheckedagainsttheACIallowabledeflectionslistedatthebottomofFigureA2.

Po eend L2 Po e' L2 + Eci I 8 Eci I 12

C =T 1 f c _ top b f x = A ps f ps , 2 f c _ top = c _ top Ec = K x Ec f ps = ps E ps = K (d p x) n Ec 1 K x Ec b f x = A ps K (d p x) n Ec 2 1 b f x 2 = n A ps (d p x) 2 bf x2 + n A ps x n A ps d p = 0 2

A' A'2 +2 b A' d x1 , x2 = b

Thesituationiscomplicatedbythepresenceofprestressingforces.Forpretensionedbeams, Ma=theliveloadmoment Mcr=theportionoftheliveloadmomentnecessarytocausecracking

Cracking isimminentwhenatthebottomofthe beam,thestressesdueto deadloadplusapercent oftheliveloadequalthedecompressionstressplusthetensilestrengthoftheconcrete

f bD + f b% L to cause cracking = f bdecompression + f r

17.29 7.00 1.72

in in in =Po*e end*(L*12)^2/(8*Eci*I) +Po*e'*(L*12)^2/(12*Eci*I) =e mide end

6.65 1.53 10.17 21.60 in in in

=Eps/Ec =Aps =n*A =dp =bf

120.00 in 229.9 1.83 2.00 1.83 4,221 in in in in in

=SQRT(nA^2+2*b*nA*d) =( nA+sqrt)/b =( nAsqrt) /b

838 2058 0.850

=M *12000/Sb =1(f b f r) /fb

20,508 in 1.50 1.73 in in

=(Mcr/Ma)^3*I+(1(Mcr/Ma)^3)*Icr =5*LL/1000*bf/12*L^4*1728/(384*Ec*Ieff) =L*12/360

LongtermDeflections(in): Stage Release Due to: Po SW

Erection Po selfwt topping SDL

2.45 2.70 0.00 3.00 LongTerm

=LongTerm+ Erection =L *12/240

DesignCriteria maxtension maxcomp.

4.Deflections (ACITable 9.5b,pg124)

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=0.033 UW ^1.5 SQRT(f'ci)

=0.5(x /Lx /L^2) =SW/1000L^2MCoef =LL/1000bf/12L^2MCoef

=0.0000082Eps(10.06V/S) (100RH) =f'c/10000.04(ES+CR+SH) C

=( Po/A+Poe/StM 12/St) 1000 =( Po/APoe/Sb+M 12/Sb) 1000

=Pe/(AEc) Pee^2/(I*Ec) =yt+e mustbe <tflange

=0.85f'c1*cbf/1000 =fps Aps =Cc+Tps

=Apsfps (dp1*c/2) /12

= Mn =1.2(fr/1000+Pe/A+Pee/Sb) Sb/12

in in in =Poe end(L12)^2/(8EciI) +Poe'(L12)^2/(12EciI) =e mide end

=SQRT(nA^2+2bnA*d) =( nA+sqrt)/b =( nAsqrt) /b

=(Mcr/Ma)^3I+(1(Mcr/Ma)^3)Icr =5LL/1000bf/12L^41728/(384EcIeff) =L*12/360