Holographic Dualities and Applications: Kostas Skenderis

Introduction
Holography: a primer
Holographic RG flows
Domain-wall/Cosmology correspondence
Holography for cosmology
Conclusions
Holographic dualities and applications
Kostas Skenderis
University of Amsterdam
National seminar
Theoretical High Energy Physics
27 March 2009
Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Introduction
Conclusions
Outline
1 Introduction
2 Holography: a primer
3 Holographic RG flows
4 Domain-wall/Cosmology correspondence
5 Holography for cosmology
6 Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
Introduction
Gauge/gravity duality has been one of most far reaching

developments in recent years. It introduced a new theoretical
framework to address fundamental conceptual questions:
On one hand, it opens a window into strong coupling dynamics of
QFTs.
On the other hand it provides a qualitatively new paradigm for
gravitational physics: spacetime is emergent, reconstructed from
gauge theory data.
In recent times the holographic dualities have found applications that
range from mathematics to phenomenology to condensed matter
physics and as I will argue today to cosmology as well.

Introduction
Conclusions
Introduction
The plan of this talk is

Explain what holography is.
Discuss how holography applies to cosmology.

Introduction
Conclusions
Reference
The second part is based on

Paul McFadden, KS,
Holography for Cosmology,
arXiv: 0904.????

Introduction
Conclusions
Holography
Holography originated from black hole physics [’t Hooft (1994)] as the
answer to the question:
Why does the entropy of a black hole behaves as an area?
Usually, entropy is extensive, and scales with volume.
Definition
Holography states that a theory which includes gravity can be
described by a theory with no gravity (just forces like
electromagnetism) is one fewer spatial dimension.
By proposing that the real degrees of freedom in gravity are

those of a field theory in one less dimension one automatically
gets entropies to scale with area, rather than volume.

Introduction
Conclusions
A new paradigm
The holographic principle represents a fundamental change in

paradigm whose consequences are only beginning to be
appreciated.
It suggests that one of the macroscopic spatial dimensions and
one of the forces of Nature, gravity, that we perceive in everyday
life are emergent phenomena.

Introduction
Conclusions
Holography and string theory
The initial proposal was received with some skepticism, till

concrete realizations of holography were found in string theory
few years later [Maldacena (1997)] [Gubser, Klebanov, Polyakov
(1998)] [Witten (1998)] ... now 5000+ papers
The most famous example is the so-called AdS/CFT
correspondence, relating gravity in a negatively curved (Anti-de
Sitter) backgrounds to conformal field theories.
The AdS/CFT correspondence is an example of a holographic
duality. Such dualities, which are also referred to as
gauge/gravity dualities, are conjectured exact equivalences
between certain gravitational theories and certain QFT (often
involving gauge fields).

Introduction
Conclusions
Holographic dualities
Over the last 12 years there has been an enormous amount work
on holography and there is a very impressive list of non-trivial
tests.
The support to the duality includes checks of the duality in
examples with many symmetries, such as the duality between
AdS5 × S 5 and N = 4 SYM:
→ matching of the spectra of chiral primaries and correlation functions
→ matching of entire spectrum of the planar theory using integrability
as well as structural support in the generic case
→ Does the gravitational side exhibit the analytic structure of a
quantum field theory?

Introduction
Conclusions
Structural support
Quantum field theories exhibit the following short distance structure:

UV divergences are local.
There is a separation of scales. For example, cancelation of UV
divergences does not depend on IR physics.
Symmetries give rise to Ward identities, whose form can be
established without having to compute the correlators explicitly.
Ward identities may be anomalous with the anomaly being local
and computable from UV data.

Introduction
Conclusions
Structural support
Any theory which is claimed to be dual to a QFT should exhibit

such structure.
In holographic dualities the UV structure of QFT is identified with
the IR structure of the gravitational theory (UV-IR connection)
[Susskind, Witten (1998)].
Holographic dualities indeed exhibit the required structure,
[Henningson, SK (1998)], [de Haro, Solodukhin, KS (2000)], [Bianchi,
Freedman, KS (2001)], showing that the duality is not an accidental
property of the very symmetric examples studied initially.

Introduction
Conclusions
Outline
1 Introduction
6 Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
How does it work?
Gauge-gravity duality relates string theory on certain backgrounds to

non-gravitational QFTs. For such a relation to be a well-posed one
should specify:
How the variables and parameters of the two different
descriptions are related to each other.
How to compute.

Introduction
Conclusions
Basic Dictionary
Roughly speaking, the dictionary is the following:

1 There is 1-1 correspondence between local gauge invariant
operators O of the boundary QFT and bulk supergravity modes
Φ. Non-local observables, such as Wilson loops etc, correspond
to probe strings and branes in the bulk.
→ The bulk metric corresponds to the energy momentum tensor of
the boundary theory.
→ Bulk gauge fields correspond to boundary symmetry currents.
→ Bulk scalar fields correspond to boundary scalar operators, i.e.
Fµν F µν , ψ̄ψ, etc.
2 Correlation functions of gauge invariant operator can be
extracted from the asymptotics of bulk solutions.

Introduction
Conclusions
Precision holography
Extensive work over the years resulted in a very precise

holographic framework. Given a gravitational solution, there is
precise algorithm that leads to correlation functions.
This information can be used to extract detailed information from
phenomenological holographic models, quantified how good/bad
they are, and moreover play a key role in understanding how
holography works in general. They also play a key role in
understanding black hole physics.

Introduction
Conclusions
Holographic computations: A primer
In QFT the theory is defined by giving the Lagrangian, from

which one can extract the Feynman rules, etc. Typically,
correlation functions are then computed perturbatively at weak
coupling, with due care to remove infinities (renormalization).
In holography the corresponding information is encoded in
solutions to the bulk equations of motion. As in QFT, one needs
to remove infinities, now due to infinite volume of spacetime
(holographic renormalization) to properly extract the correlators.
These computations yield the correlators at strong coupling.

Introduction
Conclusions
Asymptotic solutions
To understand the holographic computations we need to know a few
things about the structure of solutions of Einstein’s theory with a
negative cosmological constant.
For the metric, the most general asymptotic form looks like
[Fefferman, Graham (1985)]
ds2 = dr 2 + e2r gij (x, r )dx i dx j
gij (x, r ) = g(0)ij (x)+e−2r g(2)ij (x)+...+e−dr r h(d)ij (x) + g(d)ij (x) +...

→ The metric with gij (x, r ) = ηij is the AdSd+1 metric.

→ The metric with g(0)ij (x) = ηij is an Asymptotically AdSd+1 metric.
→ The metric with general g(0) (x) is an Asymptotically locally AdSd+1
metric.
g(0) (x) is the metric of the spacetime where the boundary theory
lives and (as such) it is also the source of the boundary energy
momentum tensor.
Introduction
Conclusions


metric.
momentum tensor.
Introduction
Conclusions


metric.
momentum tensor.
Introduction
Conclusions


metric.
momentum tensor.
Introduction
Conclusions
Correlation functions
Using the formalism of holographic renormalization, we then find

a precise relation between correlation functions and asymptotics
[de Haro, Solodukhin, KS (2000)]
d (d)
hTij i = [g(d)ij + Xij (g(0) )].
16πG
(d)
where Xij (g(0) ) are local functions of g(0) .
→ Correlators satisfy all expected Ward identities,
∇i hTij i = 0, hTii i = A

Introduction
Conclusions
Higher-point functions
Higher-point functions are obtained by differentiating the 1-point

functions w.r.t. sources and then set the sources to their
background value
δ (n−1) g(d)i1 j1 (x1 )

hTi1 j1 (x1 )Ti2 j2 (x2 ) · · · Tin jn (xn )i ∼

δg(0)i2 j2 (x2 ) · · · δg(0)in jn (xn ) g(0) =η

Thus to solve the theory we need to know g(d) as a function of

g(0) .
→ This can be obtained perturbatively: 2-point functions are
obtained by solving linearized fluctuations, 3-point functions by
solving quadratic fluctuations etc.

Introduction
Conclusions

background value
δ (n−1) g(d)i1 j1 (x1 )




g(0) .

Introduction
Conclusions

background value
δ (n−1) g(d)i1 j1 (x1 )




g(0) .

Introduction
Conclusions
Algorithm
Suppose one is interested in computing the 2-point functions of Tij in
a strongly coupled CFT that has a holographic dual.
1 For conformal field theories, CFTd , the corresponding bulk
solution is AdSd+1 .
2 To compute the 2-point function of the Tij we need to linearize the
bulk gravitational equations around AdSd+1 and solve the
resulting equations.
3 Expand asymptotically the exact solution of the linearized
equations. From our earlier discussion we know that this has the
form
gijL (x, r ) = g(0)ij 1 + · · · e−dr A(x) + · · ·

4 The 2-point function is then given by

hTij (x)Tkl (0)i = Πijkl A(x)
where Πijkl is the transverse-traceless projection operator.
Introduction
Conclusions
Algorithm
form
gijL (x, r ) = g(0)ij 1 + · · · e−dr A(x) + · · ·


Introduction
Conclusions
Algorithm
form
gijL (x, r ) = g(0)ij 1 + · · · e−dr A(x) + · · ·


Introduction
Conclusions
Algorithm
form
gijL (x, r ) = g(0)ij 1 + · · · e−dr A(x) + · · ·


Introduction
Conclusions
Algorithm
form
gijL (x, r ) = g(0)ij 1 + · · · e−dr A(x) + · · ·


Introduction
Conclusions
Outline
1 Introduction
6 Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
We just reviewed how to compute holographically correlation
functions for a CFTd .
We now describe now to extend the duality to non-conformal
theories.
The main change is to replace AdSd+1 with a "domain-wall"
spacetime,
ds2 = dr 2 + e2A(r ) dx i dx i
Φ = Φ(r )
This configuration solves the field equations that follow from the
action Z √
S = d d+1 x G(R + (∂Φ)2 + V (Φ))

Introduction
Conclusions
We just reviewed how to compute holographically correlation
functions for a CFTd .
We now describe now to extend the duality to non-conformal
theories.
The main change is to replace AdSd+1 with a "domain-wall"
spacetime,
ds2 = dr 2 + e2A(r ) dx i dx i
Φ = Φ(r )
This configuration solves the field equations that follow from the
action Z √
S = d d+1 x G(R + (∂Φ)2 + V (Φ))

Introduction
Conclusions
Domain-wall spacetimes
The AdSd+1 metric is the unique metric whose isometry group is

the same as the conformal group in d dimensions. This is the
main reason why the bulk dual of a CFT is AdS.
The domain-wall spacetimes are the most general solutions
whose isometry group is the Poincaré group in d dimensions.
Thus, if a QFT has a holographic dual the bulk solution must be
of the domain-wall type.

Introduction
Conclusions
Fake supersymmetry [Freedman, Nunez, Schnabl, KS (2003)]

Domain-wall spacetimes have remarkable properties. Provided the
scalar field Φ(r ) has only isolated zero’s, the following properties hold
[KS, Townsend (2006)]:
1 The spacetime admits a covariantly constant spinor,
Dµ = 0, Dµ = Dµ + W (Φ)Γµ
where W (Φ), the fake superpotential, is determined by the

solution. The spinor is called fake Killing spinor.
2 The existence of fake Killing spinors guarantees perturbative and
non-perturbative stability of all non-singular domain-wall
spacetimes.
3 All domain-wall spacetimes solve first order "BPS" equations.
These follow from the fake Killing spinor equations.

Introduction
Conclusions
There are two different types of domain-wall spacetimes whose

holographic interpretation is fully understood.
1 The domain-wall is asymptotically AdSd+1 ,
A(r ) → r , Φ(r ) → 0, as r → ∞
This corresponds QFT that in the UV approaches a fixed point.

The fixed point is the CFT which is dual to the AdS spacetime
approached as r → ∞.
→ The rate at which Φ(r ) approaches zero, signifies whether the QFT
is a relevant deformation of the CFT or the CFT in a non-conformal
vacuum.

Introduction
Conclusions
There are two different types of domain-wall spacetimes whose

holographic interpretation is fully understood.
1 The domain-wall is asymptotically AdSd+1 ,
A(r ) → r , Φ(r ) → 0, as r → ∞
This corresponds QFT that in the UV approaches a fixed point.

The fixed point is the CFT which is dual to the AdS spacetime
approached as r → ∞.
→ The rate at which Φ(r ) approaches zero, signifies whether the QFT
is a relevant deformation of the CFT or the CFT in a non-conformal
vacuum.

Introduction
Conclusions
2 The domain-wall follows from AdSd+1 by dimensional reduction
over the torus T σ and continuation in σ (i.e. σ may be non
integral),
√
A(r ) → n log r , Φ(r ) → 2n log r , as r → ∞
where σ = (3n − 1)/2(n − 1). This case has only been

understood very recently [Kanitscheider, KS, Taylor (2008)]
[Kanitscheider, KS (2009)].
→ Specific cases of such spacetimes are ones obtained by taking
the near-horizon limit of the non-conformal branes (D0, D1, F1,
D2, D4).
→ These solutions describe QFTs with a dimensionful coupling
constant in the regime where the dimensionality of the coupling
constant drives the dynamics.
Introduction
Conclusions
Correlation functions for these strongly coupled QFT’s can now be
computed following the same steps as before. For 2-point functions
this is done as follows:
1 We linearize the bulk gravitational equations around the
domain-wall solution,
ds2 = dr 2 + e2A(r ) (δij (1 + ψ(x, r )) + γij (x, r ))dx i dx i

Φ = Φ(r ) + ϕ(x, r )
where γij is transverse traceless. In this case there are two

independent modes: the transverse traceless γij and the scalar
gauge invariant combination ζ = −ψ/2 + ϕ(W /Φ̇), where W is
the fake superpotential, and the resulting equations can be
diagonalized in complete generality [Bianchi, Freedman, KS (2001)]
[Papadimitriou, KS (2004)].
Introduction
Conclusions
2 We now solve the linearized equations and expand them

asymptotically
gijL (x, r ) = g(0)ij 1 + · · · e−dr A(x) + · · ·

ζ(x, r ) = ζ(0) 1 + · · · e−∆r B(x) + · · ·

3 The 2-point functions are given by
hTij (q)Tkl (−q)i ∼ πijkl A(q 2 ) + πij πkl B(q 2 )

hTij (q)O(−q)i ∼ πij B(q 2 )
hO(q)O(−q)i ∼ B(q 2 )
where πij = δij − qi qj /q 2 .

Introduction
Conclusions
Such computations have been carried out explicitly for a number

of examples, i.e. the functions A(q 2 ) and B(q 2 ) (and other
correlators) have been computed for specific domain-wall
solutions
The correlators exhibit all expected properties of QFT
correlators.
→ satisfy the expected Ward identities.
→ have correct short distance behavior.
→ exhibit expected long distance behavior. For example, in the case
of spontaneous broken symmetries, one finds the correct
Goldstone poles, etc.

Introduction
Conclusions
Outline
1 Introduction
6 Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
The domain-wall spacetimes have a remarkable similarity to flat

FRLW spacetime
ds2 = −dt 2 + a(t)2 dx i dx i

Φ = Φ(t)
One can actually prove the following
For every domain-wall solution of a model with potential V there is a
FRLW solution for a model with potential (-V). [Cvetic, Soleng (1994)],
[KS, Townsend (2006)]

Introduction
Conclusions
The correspondence also applies to open and closed FRLW

universes which correspond to curved domain-walls.
The correspondence can be understood as analytic continuation
for the metric. The flip in the sign of V guarantees that the scalar
field remains real.
This seemingly trivial observation does have non-trivial
implications. For example,
→ cosmologies admit covariantly constant spinors: they are
pseudo-supersymmetric.
→ they solve first order equations.
The full set of implications of this unexpected fermionic
symmetry of cosmological solutions, namely of
pseudo-supersymmetry, is still be uncovered.

Introduction
Conclusions
Domain-wall/Cosmology correspondence in SUGRA
One may wonder whether the correspondence and its

implications are an accidental property of the very symmetric
solutions we consider.
It turns out that one can embed the correspondence in
supergravity [Bergshoeff etal, (2007)] [KS, Townsend, Van Proeyen
(2007)]. This maps, in particular, AdS supergravity to dS
supergravity and cosmologies can be supersymmetric solutions
of the latter.
dS supergravities are known to be contain fields with "wrong sign
kinetic terms". None of these "ghost fields" however participate
in the cosmological solutions.

Introduction
Conclusions
Examples
Let us see how the correspondence acts on the domain-walls

describing holographic RG flows.
1 Asymptotically AdS domain-walls are mapped to inflationary
cosmologies that approach de Sitter spacetime at late times.
ds2 → ds2 = −dt 2 + e2t dx i dx i , as t → ∞
2 The domain-walls obtained from AdS by generalized dimensional

reduction are mapped to solutions that approach power-law
scaling solutions at late times,
ds2 → ds2 = −dt 2 + t 2n dx i dx i , as t → ∞

Introduction
Conclusions
Outline
1 Introduction
6 Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
What is holography in the context of cosmology?
Recall that holography states that there should a QFT description

in one dimension less.
So what we need to know is
1 what the QFT is
2 what the holographic dictionary is
A test for such proposal would be to demonstrate that results
obtained using a purely gravitational computation can be
recovered doing a QFT computation.
Then one can move on to use the new description in the regime
where the gravitational description in not reliable to obtain new
information.

Introduction
Conclusions
The proposal for inflationary cosmology [McFadden, KS (2009)]
The dual QFT is obtained as follows:

1 A given inflationary model, based on a single scalar model, can
be mapped to a domain-wall via the domain-wall/cosmology
correspondence.
2 As we discussed, these domain-walls are the ones with
operational gauge/gravity duality, i.e. there is a dual QFT via the
usual gauge/gravity duality.
3 The analytic continuation that enters in the DW/cosmology
correspondence can be expressed entirely in terms of QFT
variables.
4 We now apply this analytic continuation to the QFT dual of the
domain-wall to obtain the QFT dual of the inflationary model.

Introduction
Conclusions

correspondence.
variables.

Introduction
Conclusions

correspondence.
variables.

Introduction
Conclusions

correspondence.
variables.

Introduction
Conclusions
The proposal

Introduction
Conclusions
Pseudo-QFT
We operationally define the pseudo-QFT as follows:

we do the computation in the QFT dual to the domain-wall and
then analytically continue parameters and momenta
appropriately.
Perhaps a more fundamental perspective is to consider the QFT
action with complex parameters as the fundamental object.
Then the results on different real domains will be applicable to
DW/cosmology as appropriate.
→ The supergravity realization of the DW/cosmology
correspondence works this way.

Introduction
Conclusions
Does it work?
In inflationary cosmology, interesting observables are the

spectrum of primordial perturbations and non-gaussianities.
These observables are computed by quantizing the bulk
perturbations and computing two and higher point functions.
We show that for all asymptotically dS and asymptotically power
law cosmologies based on a single scalar the power spectrum
and non-gaussianities are reproduced exactly by the holographic
computation.

Introduction
Conclusions
Does it work?
In inflationary cosmology, interesting observables are the

spectrum of primordial perturbations and non-gaussianities.
These observables are computed by quantizing the bulk
perturbations and computing two and higher point functions.
We show that for all asymptotically dS and asymptotically power
law cosmologies based on a single scalar the power spectrum
and non-gaussianities are reproduced exactly by the holographic
computation.

Introduction
Conclusions
Holography and the wavefunction of universe
This proposal can also be considered as providing a holographic

computation of the wavefunction of the universe.
As pointed out by [Maldacena (2002)] in the context of dS
cosmologies, a sum-of-the histories approach to cosmological
perturbations naturally leads to a relation between bulk and
putative boundary correlators.
In our case, we led to this description via the DW/cosmology
correspondence, generalized it to include power-law
cosmologies and provided a proposal about the dual QFT.

Introduction
Conclusions
Outlook
Generalize to models with different matter content (e.g.

multi-scalar models etc.)
Understand implications of pseudo-supersymmetry.
Perhaps most interesting however is to understand what the new
description has to say about the regime where the gravitational
description is not reliable. E.g. what can we learn about
singularities, the physics of cosmological horizons etc etc?

Introduction
Conclusions
Outline
1 Introduction
6 Conclusions

Introduction
Conclusions
Holography is a very precise framework that can be used to

compute field theory properties from geometry and vice versa.
It already has a wide range of application and one would
anticipate the list to grow.
I presented a proposal for a holographic reformulation of
inflationary cosmology.
→ It correctly reproduces the power spectrum and
non-gaussianities.
→ One can only anticipate new insights about "quantum
cosmology" to emerge ...

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Introduction

Holographic dualities and applications

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

5 Holography for cosmology

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Gauge/gravity duality has been one of most far reaching

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

The plan of this talk is

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

The second part is based on

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

By proposing that the real degrees of freedom in gravity are

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

The holographic principle represents a fundamental change in

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Holography and string theory

The initial proposal was received with some skepticism, till

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Quantum field theories exhibit the following short distance structure:

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Any theory which is claimed to be dual to a QFT should exhibit

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

5 Holography for cosmology

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

How does it work?

Gauge-gravity duality relates string theory on certain backgrounds to

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Roughly speaking, the dictionary is the following:

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Extensive work over the years resulted in a very precise

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Holographic computations: A primer

In QFT the theory is defined by giving the Lagrangian, from

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

→ The metric with gij (x, r ) = ηij is the AdSd+1 metric.

→ The metric with gij (x, r ) = ηij is the AdSd+1 metric.

→ The metric with gij (x, r ) = ηij is the AdSd+1 metric.

→ The metric with gij (x, r ) = ηij is the AdSd+1 metric.

Using the formalism of holographic renormalization, we then find

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Higher-point functions are obtained by differentiating the 1-point

δ (n−1) g(d)i1 j1 (x1 )

Thus to solve the theory we need to know g(d) as a function of

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Higher-point functions are obtained by differentiating the 1-point

δ (n−1) g(d)i1 j1 (x1 )

Thus to solve the theory we need to know g(d) as a function of

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Higher-point functions are obtained by differentiating the 1-point

δ (n−1) g(d)i1 j1 (x1 )

Thus to solve the theory we need to know g(d) as a function of

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

4 The 2-point function is then given by

4 The 2-point function is then given by

4 The 2-point function is then given by

4 The 2-point function is then given by

4 The 2-point function is then given by

5 Holography for cosmology

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications

Kostas Skenderis Holographic dualities and applications