ABSTRACT

This project is based on Power Electronics, a small project which inverts 12v DC into 22 v AC, it!s basicall" a small term project#

$alil Ahmed, S"ed %r&an 'aider, (aisal $ameel and Sadia %mtia)
Power Electronics

12VDC - 220VAC INVERTER

Term Project

Contents
Chapter 01 1.0 Power Inverter 1.1 Circuit Diagram 1.2 Parts 1.3 Notes Power Inverter 03 03 03 04

Chapter 02

Inverter Components

2.0 Tantalum Capacitor 2.1 Tantalum capacitor definition 2.2 Characteristics 2.3 Construction and properties of tantalum capacitors 2.4 Applications for tantalum capacitors 2.5 10 Ohm, 5 Watt Resistor 2.6 68 68 uf, 25 V Tantalum Capacitor Specifications 2.7 180 Ohm, 1 Watt Resistor 2.8 HEP 154 Silicon Diode 2.9 2N3055 NPN Transistor 2.10 24V, Center Tapped Transformer

05 05 06 06 07 07 08 09 09 10 11

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

Project Title
12 VDC to- 220 VAC Power Inverter

Group Members Name and Contact

1.

Jalil Ahmed

10EL53

BSC (Final Year): Swedish College of Engineering Rahim Yar Khan Email: jalilahmed@live.com Contact: 0303-3549066 Address: House No N-94 Wapda Colony Thermal Power Station Guddu. 2. Syed Irfan Haider 10EL55 BSC (Final Year): Swedish College of Engineering Rahim Yar Khan Email: syed_irfanshah143@outlook.com Contact: 0315-7214599 Address: Gulgasht Multan.

3. Faisal Jamil

10EL52

BSC (Final Year): Swedish College of Engineering Rahim Yar Khan Email: faisal_jameel@live.com Contact: 0343-3226986 Address: Vehari

10EL37 4. Sadia Imtiaz BSC (Final Year): Swedish College of Engineering Rahim Yar Khan Email: sadiaimtiaz75@yahoo.com Address: Melsi

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

Chapter 01 Power Inverter 1.0 Power Inverter Have you ever wanted to run a TV, stereo or other appliance while on the road or camping? Well, this inverter should solve that problem. It takes 12 VDC and steps it up to 220 VAC. The wattage depends on which transistors you use for Q1 and Q2, as well as how "big" a transformer you use for T1. The inverter can be constructed to supply anywhere from 1 to 1000 (1 KW) watts. 1.1 Circuit Diagram

1.2 Parts

12v - 220v Power Inverter

Sr 1 2 , / 0 2 4 Part C1, C2 R1, R2 R,, R/ D1, D2 .1,.2 T1 5%SC Description 68 uf, 25 V Tantalum Capacitor 10 Ohm, 5 Watt Resistor 180 Ohm, 1 Watt Resistor HEP 154 Silicon Diode 21, 00 1P1 Transistor 2/3, Center Tapped Trans&ormer 6ire, Case, Receptacle 7(or 89tp9t: Total .t" 2 2 2 2 2 1 1

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

1.3 Notes
1: Q1 and Q2, as well as T1, determine how much wattage the inverter can supply. With Q1,

2:

,: /: 0: 2:

Q2=2N3055 and T1= 15 A, the inverter can supply about 300 watts. Larger transformers and more powerful transistors can be substituted for T1, Q1 and Q2 for more power. The easiest and least expensive way to get a large T1 is to re-wind an old microwave transformer. These transformers are rated at about 1KW and are perfect. Go to a local TV repair shop and dig through the dumpster until you get the largest microwave you can find. The bigger the microwave the bigger transformer. Remove the transformer, being careful not to touch the large high voltage capacitor that might still be charged. If you want, you can test the transformer, but they are usually still good. Now, remove the old 2000 V secondary, being careful not to damage the primary. Leave the primary intact. Now, wind on 12 turns of wire, twist a loop (center tap), and wind on 12 more turns. The gauge of the wire will depend on how much current you plan to have the transformer supply. Enamel covered magnet wire works great for this. Now secure the windings with tape. Thats all there is to it. Remember to use high current transistors for Q1 and Q2. The 2N3055's in the parts list can only handle 15 amps each. Remember, when operating at high wattages, this circuit draws huge amounts of current. Don't let your battery go dead :-). Since this project produces 220 VAC, you must include a fuse and build the project in a case. You must use tantalum capacitors for C1 and C2. Regular electrolytic will overheat and explode. And yes, 68uF is the correct value. There are no substitutions. This circuit can be tricky to get going. Differences in transformers, transistors, parts substitutions or anything else not on this page may cause it to not function.

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

Chapter 02

Inverter Components

2.0 Tantalum Capacitor

What are tantalum capacitors?

Tantalum capacitors are a subtype of electrolytic capacitors. They are made of tantalum metal which acts as an anode, covered by a layer of oxide which acts as the dielectric, surrounded by a conductive cathode. The use of tantalum allows for a very thin dielectric layer. This results in a higher capacitance value per volume, superior frequency characteristics compared too many other types of capacitors and excellent stability over time. Tantalum capacitors are generally polarized, which means that they may only be connected to a DC supply observing the correct terminal polarity. The downside to using tantalum capacitors is their unfavorable failure mode which may lead to thermal runaway, fires and small explosions, but this can be prevented through the use of external failsafe devices such as current limiters or thermal fuses. Technology advances allow tantalum capacitors to be used in a wide variety of circuits, often found in laptops, automotive industry, cell phones and others, most often in the form of surface mounted devices (SMD). These surface mount tantalum capacitors claim much less space on the printed circuit board and allow for greater packing densities.

2.1 Tantalum capacitor definition

Tantalum capacitors are electrolytic capacitors which use tantalum metal for the anode. They are polarized capacitors with superior frequency and stability characteristics.

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

2.2 Characteristics
2.2.1 General characteristics
Tantalum capacitors are made with capacitance values ranging from 1nF all the way to 72mF and they are much smaller in size than aluminum electrolytic capacitors of the same capacitance. The voltage rating for tantalum capacitors varies from 2V to more than 500V. They have an equivalent series resistance (ESR) ten times smaller than the ESR of aluminum electrolytic capacitors, which allows for larger currents to pass through the capacitor with less heat generated. Tantalum capacitors are very stable over time and their capacitance doesnt change with age significantly, especially when compared to aluminum electrolytic capacitors. They are very reliable when handled properly and their shelf life is virtually unlimited.

2.2.2 Polarity
Tantalum electrolytic capacitors are exceptionally polarized devices. While aluminum electrolytic capacitors, which are polarized as well, might survive a briefly applied reverse voltage, tantalum capacitors are very sensitive to reverse polarization. If a reverse polarity voltage is applied, the dielectric oxide breaks down, sometimes forming a short circuit. This short circuit may later cause thermal runaway and destruction of the capacitor. It should be noted that tantalum capacitors usually have their positive terminal marked, in contrast to aluminum electrolytic capacitors, which have their negative terminal marked on the casing.

2.2.3 Failure mode

Tantalum capacitors have a potentially dangerous failure mode. In case of voltage spikes, the tantalum anode may come in contact with the manganese dioxide cathode, and if the energy of the spike is sufficient it may start a chemical reaction. This chemical reaction produces heat and is self-sustaining and may produce smoke and flame. To prevent this thermal runaway from happening, external failsafe circuitry such as current limiters and thermal fuses should be used in conjunction with tantalum capacitors.

2.3 Construction and properties of tantalum capacitors

Tantalum electrolytic capacitors, just like other electrolytic capacitors, are consisted of an anode, some electrolyte and a cathode. The anode is isolated from the cathode so only a very small leakage DC current may flow through the capacitor. The anode is made of pure tantalum metal. The metal is ground into a fine powder, and sintered into a pellet at high temperatures. This forms a very porous anode with a high surface area. A high surface area directly translates to an increased capacitance value.

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

The anode is then covered with a layer of insulating oxide, which acts as a dielectric. This process is called anodization. This step must be precisely controlled to reduce tolerances and ensure correct capacitance values as the extent of oxide growth determines the dielectric thickness. Electrolyte is added to the anode by means of pyrolysis in the case of solid tantalum capacitors. Solid tantalum capacitors are then dipped into a special solution and baked in an oven to produce a manganese dioxide coat. The process is repeated until a thick coating is present on all internal and external surfaces of the pellet. Finally, the pellet used in solid tantalum capacitors is dipped into graphite and silver to provide a good cathode connection. In contrast to solid tantalum capacitors, wet tantalum capacitors use a liquid electrolyte. After the anode is sintered and dielectric layer is grown, it is dipped into a liquid electrolyte within an enclosure. The enclosure and electrolyte together serve as the cathode in wet tantalum capacitors.

2.4 Applications for tantalum capacitors

Applications using tantalum capacitors take advantage of their low leakage current, high capacity and long term stability and reliability. For example, they are used in sample and hold circuits which rely on low leakage current to achieve long hold duration. They are also commonly used for power supply filtering on computer motherboards and cell phones due to their small size and long term stability, most often in surface mount form. Tantalum capacitors are also available in military specifications versions (MIL-SPEC), which offer tighter tolerances and a wider operating temperature range. They are a popular replacement for aluminum electrolytic in military applications because they do not tend to dry out and change capacitance over time. Medical electronics also rely on tantalum because of their high stability. Audio amplifiers sometimes use tantalum capacitors where stability is a critical factor.

2.5 10 Ohm, 5 Watt Resistor:

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

2.6 68 uf, 25 V Tantalum Capacitor Specifications

Specification Family Failure Rate Leakage Current Minimum Operating Temperature Maximum Operating Temperature Mounting Packaging Package/Case Case Code Case Style Product Depth Construction Product Height Product Length Product Type Capacitance Value Voltage Size Tolerance Polarity Dissipation Factor Equivalent Series Resistance TPS M 17uA -55C 125C

Value

Surface Mount Tape and Reel 7343-43 E Molded 4.3mm Flat 4.1mm 7.3mm Capacitor Tantalum Solid 68uF 25VDC 7.3mm X 4.3mm X 4.1mm 20% Polar 6% 0.125Ohm

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

<

2.7 180 Ohm, 1 Watt Resistor

2.8 HEP 154 Silicon Diode

Its specification is:
Part Number Manufacturer Name Description V (RRM)(V) Rep. Pk. Rev. Voltage I(FSM) Max.(A) Pk. Fwd. Sur. Cur I(O) Max.(A) Output Current @Temp (C) (Test Condition) Status Package Military = HEP154 = Motorola = Silicon Rectifier = 50 = 30 = 1.0 = 75 = Discontinued = DO-41 =N

So it is quite similar to 1N4001, and then now you can use 1N4001 or 4002...4007 to replace it.

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

2.9 2N3055 NPN Transistor

Complementary silicon power transistors are designed for generalpurpose switching and amplifier applications.

Features

Collector-Emitter Volt (Vceo) Collector-Base Volt (Vcbo) Collector Current (Ic) Hfe Power Dissipation (Ptot) Current-Gain-Bandwidth (ftotal) Type

: 60V : 100V : 15.0A : 25-70 @ 4000mA : 115W : 2.5MHz : NPN

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

11

2.10 24V, Center Tapped Transformer

Specifications: Primary voltage Magnetizing current Total Power rating Temp rise above ambient at rated output Regulation Typical Weight Secondary Connection Primary Connection

: 240VAC : <85MA : 60VA : <65C : +/-10% : 1.5Kg : Terminals. : 200mm flying leads

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

12

Hardware Image

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han

1,

Special Thanks
Engr Asif Munir
Assistant Professor @ Swedish College of Engineering and Technology Rahim Yar Khan.
B#Sc# Electronics En=ineerin=# 5#Sc# Control S"stem En=ineerin=# 7%n pro=ress:

Project Link http://swedishcr.weebly.com/12v-dc---120v-ac-power-converter-power-electronicsterm-project.html

http://jalilahmed. shared.com/

Department o& Electronics

SCET Rahim *ar +han