REPRESENTATIONS OF FOURTH-ORDER CARTESIAN TENSORS OF STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

Andrs Lengyel Tibor Tarnai Budapest University of Technology and Economics Department of Structural echanics Budapest! "ungary

Tensor# system$independent mapping %&artesian tensors in the '$dimensional Euclidean space( Tensor A of order n is an array of entries denoted by Aijkm )ith n indices i! j! k! *! m+ Hookes law# stresses strains

4-inde no!a!ion "!ensor no!a!ion#

$oi%!s no!a!ion "&a!ri no!a!ion#

ij = Cijkl kl
ij = Cijkl : kl

ij = Sijkl kl
ij = Sijkl : kl

= C
11 c11 c 22 21 33 c31 = 23 c41 13 c51 12 c61

= S
c12 c22 c32 c42 c52 c62 c13 c23 c33 c43 c53 c63 c14 c24 c34 c44 c54 c64 c15 c25 c35 c45 c55 c65 c16 11 c26 22 c36 33 c46 2 23 c56 213 c66 212

ij = Cijkl kl
k =1 l =1

ij = Sijkl kl
k =1 l =1

&# stiffness tensor S# compliance tensor ,# stress tensor -# strain tensor

&# stiffness matri. S# compliance matri. ,# stress vector -# strain vector

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O'(e)!i*es+
0 to create representations of fourth$order tensors %e+g+ tensors of "oo1e2s la)( in a )ay to sho) their structure! properties! operations! etc+ 0 to clarify technical terms involved in representations %e+g+ identity! inverse! definiteness! etc+(

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Re,resen!a!ion+ entries of a tensor in an n$dimensional grid vector of lo)er$order tensors

k
112 211
113 2 123 212 311 213 3 223 312 322 233 332 222 321 133 232 331

111

121

131

1 i

11

j i

12

13

122 221

132 231

21

22

23

31

32

33

313

323

333

Re,resen!a!ion+ entries of a tensor in an n$dimensional grid

1121

1111

j
l
1221 1112

1211

1311

1321
2311

1212 2311

1312

vector of lo)er$order tensors

1131 2121 1132 2131 3121 2132 3131 3231 2231 1231

2211 1122 2221 3111 2122 1133 3221 2232 3122 2133 3132 3232 3123 1232 1331 2112 1123 2331 3112 2123 3331

1222

1113 2321 2212 1223

1322

1213 2312

1313

3211 2222 1233

1332 2113 3321 2332

3311 2322 2213

1323 2313 3312 2323

3212 2223

1333

3222 2233

3113

3322 2333

3213

3313

3332

3223

3323

3133

3233

3333

Re,resen!a!ion+ entries of a tensor in an n$dimensional grid /nd order tensor of /nd order tensors# matri. of matrices

A ijkl = ( A ij ) kl
1111 2111 3111 1121 2121 = 3121 1131 2131 3131

A ijkl

-./-

1211 1311 2211 2311 3211 3311 1221 1321 2221 2321 3221 3321 1231 1331 2231 2331 3231 3331

1112 1212 1312 1113 2112 2212 2312 2113 3112 3212 3312 3113 1122 1222 1322 1123 2122 2222 2322 2123 3122 3222 3322 3123 1132 1232 1332 1133 2132 2232 2332 2133 3132 3232 3332 3133

-. .. /.

-/ ./ //

1213 1313 2213 2313 3213 3313 1223 1323 2223 2323 3223 3323 1233 1333 2233 2333 3233 3333
5

Re,resen!a!ion+ matri. of matrices /$dot product %double contraction(

Cijmn = A ijkl : B klmn

cijmn = aijkl bklmn

k =1 l =1

c2331 = a23kl bkl 31

k =1 l =1

Re,resen!a!ion+ mapping to a 7$by$7 matri. %rearranging 89 entries of the tensor(

A ijkl = A (ij ),( kl )

ij, kl

11 1

12 2

13 3

21 4

22 5

23 6

31 7

32 8

33 9

A ijkl

1111 1211 1311 2111 = 2211 2311 3111 3211 3311

1112 1212 1312 2112 2212 2312 3112 3212 3312

1113 1213 1313 2113 2213 2313 3113 3213 3313

1121 1221 1321 2121 2221 2321 3121 3221 3321

1122 1222 1322 2122 2222 2322 3122 3222 3322

1123 1223 1323 2123 2223 2323 3123 3223 3323

1131 1231 1331 2131 2231 2331 3131 3231 3331

1132 1232 1332 2132 2232 2332 3132 3232 3332

1133 1233 1333 2133 2233 2333 3133 3233 3333

8

Re,resen!a!ion+ mapping to a 7$by$7 matri. /$dot product %double contraction(

Cijmn = A ijkl : B klmn

3 3

cijmn = aijkl bklmn

k =1 l =1 9

c2331 = a23kl bkl 31

k =1 l =1

c67 = a6 mbm 7
m =1

Re,resen!a!ion+ :uadratic form

A= Aij
T 3

x = [ x1 ,x2 ,x3 ]
3

Q = xT A x = 1

Q = x A x = xi Aij x j = x1 x1 A11 + x1 x2 A12 + x1 x3 A13 + x2 x1 A21 + x2 x2 A22 +

i =1 j =1

+ x2 x3 A23 + x3 x1 A31 + x3 x2 A32 + x3 x3 A33

/nd$order stress tensor# Lam;2s ellipsoid

11 12 13 = 21 22 23 31 32 33

Q = x x = xi ij x j = x1 x1 11 + 2 x1 x2 12 + 2 x1 x3 13 + x2 x2 22 + 2 x2 x3 23 + x3 x3 33 = 1
T i =1 j =1

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Re,resen!a!ion+ :uartic form 3th$order stiffness=compliance tensor# :uartic surface

xi = [ x1 ,x2 ,x3 ] Xij = xi x j Q = Xij : A ijkl : X kl = xi x j Aijkl xk xl =

i =1 j =1 k =1 l =1 3 3 3 3

= x1 x1 x1 x1 A1111 + x1 x1 x1 x2 A1112 + x1 x1 x1 x3 A1113 + x1 x1 x2 x1 A1121 + K + x3 x3 x3 x3 A3333 Q = Xij : A ijkl : X kl = 1

99

Re,resen!a!ion+ :uartic form

corundum %Al/>'(
c11 = 497 ,5GPa c12 = 162, 7 GPa c13 = 115,5GPa c14 = 22,5GPa c33 = 503,3GPa c44 = 147 , 4 GPa
?LADDE@ A+B+! AC@ABD A+D+! S> "+! SADE E+! LE EA?E C+! Beconciliation of ab initio theory and e.perimental elastic properties of Al/>'+ Appl. Phys. Lett+ Fol+ 84! /<<3! pp+ '7/$'73+

4 4 3 2 2 2 2 Q = 497 ,5 x14 + 497 ,5 x2 + 501 x3 90 x2 x3 + 995 x12 x2 + 820 , 6 x12 x3 + 820, 6 x2 x3 + 270 x12 x2 x3 = 1

9/

Re,resen!a!ion+ :uartic form

Crystal system triclinic monoclinic orthorombic h !a"onal tri"onal t tra"onal c$bic i%otro&ic x + + + + + +

Plane of symmetry y + + + + + + z + + + + +

n-fold rotational symmetry around axis x 2 2 2 2 4 # y 2 2 2 2 4 # z 2 # 3 4 4 #

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Tensorial notation Aijkl 3 3 3 3

mapping to 7G7

atri. representation A ij 99

definiteness identity inverse

eliminating redundancies

Foigt2s notation A ij 6 6

93

4!0-order !ensor 1 de2ini!eness operation# /$dot product %double contraction( general tensor %89 elements(# A is positive definite if the :uadratic form is positive for all nonIero 3#

Q = Xij : A ijkl : X kl > 0

"oo1e tensors %/9 elements(# Stiffness tensor C is positive definite if the :uadratic form is positive for all nonIero 3! )here 3 is symmetric %or notH(#

Q = Xij : A ijkl : Xkl > 0 Q = ij : Cijkl : kl > 0

xi = [ x1 ,x2 ,x3 ] , Xij = xi x j

94

Tensorial notation Aijkl 3 3 3 3

mapping to 7G7

All crystal groups positive definite

atri. representation A ij 99 definiteness

All crystal groups positive semidefinite %' Iero eigenvalues(

eliminating redundancies

Foigt2s notation A ij 6 6

All crystal groups positive definite

95

4!0-order !ensor 1 iden!i!4 !ensor operation# /$dot product %double contraction(

I:A = A:I = A

I= eijkl = ik jl ei e j e k el
ijkl

lo) symmetry lo) symmetry high symmetry

IT = eijkl = il jk ei e j e k el
ijkl

I' =

1 I + IT 2

general tensor %89 elements(

I, IT, I' ( I, IT, I' (

"oo1e tensors %/9 elements(

aijkl = aklij = a jikl = aijlk

96

Different types of symmetry

')mm tr) N max T)& all & rm$tation o* ijkl 15 15 aijkl aijkl aijkl aijkl aijkl = aklij = a jikl = aijlk = a jikl = aijlk = a jilk = a jilk = aklij = a jikl 21 36 45 45 54 54 81 A 54 a 21 36 45a 45b 54a 54b 81 I'

aijkl = aijlk non

&orrespondence to symmetry types

T)& 15 21 36 45a 45b 54a 54b 81

A15

A 21 A 36 A 45a

A 45b

A 54b I I T

98

4!0-order !ensor 1 iden!i!4 !ensor operation# /$dot product %double contraction(

I:A = A:I = A

I= eijkl = ik jl ei e j e k el
ijkl

IT = eijkl = il jk ei e j e k el
ijkl

I' =

1 I + IT 2

)
general tensor %89 elements(

"oo1e tensors %/9 elements(

I IT I'

15 + + +

21 + + +

36 + + +

45a +

45b +

54a + +

54b + +

81 +
97

Tensorial notation Aijkl 3 3 3 3

mapping to 7G7

general tensor# I "oo1e tensors# I! IT! IS

atri. representation A ij 99 identity

identity matri. 7G7

eliminating redundancies

Foigt2s notation A ij 6 6

identity matri. 5G5

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4!0-order !ensor 1 in*erse !ensor operation# /$dot product %double contraction(

B = A 1 B:A = A:B = I

inhomogeneous linear e:uation system 95/ e:uations %89J89! leftJright inverse( 89 un1no)ns %89 elements of the inverse tensor(

I IT I'
general tensor %89 elements( "oo1e tensors %/9 elements(

15 ,

21 ,

36 ,

45a +

45b +

54a

54b

81 +

I I

uni:ue solutionK no solutionK

IS

aijkl = aklij = a jikl = aijlk

ran1 deficiency 7 multiparameter solution no inverseK

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Tensorial notation Aijkl 3 3 3 3

mapping to 7G7

general tensor# I %uni:ue( "oo1e tensors# IS %multiple(

atri. representation A ij 99 inverse

ran1 5 no inverse matri. 7G7

eliminating redundancies

Foigt2s notation A ij 6 6

inverse matri. 5G5

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S!i22ness and )o&,lian)e !ensors o2 Hookes law 1 in*erse !ensor

Ma!0e&a!i)al ,ro'le& s!a!e&en! on !0e in*erse !ensor inhomogeneous e:uation system in 89 variables solution sought in 89D space multiple solutionK no inverseK

P04si)al ,ro'le& s!a!e&en! on !0e in*erse !ensor mathematical problem statement J conditions applied by physical properties solution sought in /9D space uni:ue solutionK

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Con)l5sions+
0 there are a fe) )ays to represent fourth$order tensors %advantages and disadvantages( 0 concepts of inverse! definiteness! etc+ should be handled carefully %mathematical vs+ physical! 3$inde. vs+ Foigt2s notation(

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Than1 you for your attentionK

>ur research )as supported by >TLA grant L89935

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