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4.

14

SLIP-CRITICAL CONNECTIONS

When the member forces are large or where the connection length is limited, the HSFG bolts are most suitable. At serviceability load these do not slip and the joints are called slip-resistant connections. ut at ultimate loads these do slip and the joints behave li!e bearing-type connections. "hus when the loads e#ceed the frictional resistance between the plates jointed, the plates slip and the bolts bear against the bolt holes. $n structures li!e bridges where the load on connections can undergo many cycles of reversal, fatigue of bolts can become critical if the connection is allowed to slip with each reversal, and a slip%resistant connection is the choice. Although slip%critical connections theoretically are not subject to shear and bearing, they must have sufficient shear and bearing strength in the event of an overload that may cause slip to occur. However, in most structures slip is acceptable and a bearing%type connection may be used. Slip%critical connections may be designed using factored loads or by using service loads. 4.14.1 Principle of High-Strength Friction Grip olt! "he shan! of the high%strength bolts does not fully fill the hole. So shear and bearing are not the criteria for load transmission as in the case of bearing%type bolts. "he

1"#

Limit State Design of Steel Structures

nut is tightened to develop a clamping force on the plates which is indicated as the tensile force T in the bolt &Fig. '.' &b((. "his tension should be about )*+ of proof load. When a shear load is applied to the joint no slip will occur until the shear load e#ceeds the frictional resistance between the elements jointed. When the shear load e#ceeds the frictional resistance a slip occurs. ,n further increase of this load, the gradual slipping brings the bolt in contact with the plate edge, shear and bearing will then e#ist and will affect the capacity of the connection.

T$%le 4.4 Typical Average Values for Coefficient of Friction (m)

Treatment of surface Coefficient of Treatment of surface Coefficient of friction (m) friction Surface not treated *.-* Surface blasted with shot or *..* grit and painted with ethyl/inc silicate coat &thic!ness 0*%1* mm( Surface blasted with shot or *.2* Surface blasted with shot or *..* grit with any loose rust grit and painted with removed, no pitting al!ali/inc silicate coat &thic!ness 0*%1* mm( Surface blasted with shot or *.3* Surface blasted with shot *.2* grit and hot%dip galvani/ed or grit and sparymetalli/ed with aluminium &thic!ness 42* mm( Surface blasted with shot or *.-2 5lean mill scale *... grit and spray%metalli/ed with /inc &thic!ness 2*%6* mm( Surfaces blasted with shot or *..* Sand blasted surface *.'1 grit and painted with ethyl/inc silicate coat &thic!ness .*%0* mm( Sand blasted surface, after *.2- 7ed light painted surface *.3 light rusting

For slip%critical connections, the hori/ontal frictional force F, is induced in the joints which is e8ual to the tensile force T, as in Fig. '.' &b(, in the bolts multiplied by the coefficient of friction. For slip%critical connection, F 9 mf T &3)( "his frictional resistance to slip between the plate surfaces should e#ceed the slip caused by the e#ternally applied shear. $n :8. &3)(, mf is a coefficient called slip factor. $t is defined as ratio of the load per effective interface re8uired to produce slip in a pure shear joint to the proof load induced in bolt. "he recommended slip factors are given in "able '.'. "hese are safe average values. etter results, if re8uired, may be achieved by conducting specific slip tests.

A typical load%deflection curve of HSFG bolted connection loaded in shear is shown in Fig. '.3.. ,f particular importance is the plateau corresponding to the
Simple Connections !ivete"# $olte" an" %inne" Connections

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load level at which slip between plies occurs, since this is absent for normal shear;bearing type connections. ,rdinary parallel shan! friction grip fasteners are designed on the serviceability condition of slip presented as an ultimate chec!. $n those cases where such connections will have slipped into bearing at some stage between wor!ing and ultimate load a bearing capacity chec! is also necessary. For waisted%shan! bolts, slip may be regarded as failure since such connections must be designed on a non%slip basis and the bearing chec! is unnecessary. Friction grip bolts can be used in shear, tension, and combined shear and tension. "he strength determination of general%grade parallel shan! bolts is done as follows. "he capacity of the bolt is the lesser of the slip resistance and the bearing capacity. While the slip resistance is based on a serviceability criterion the design chec! is made for convenience, using factored loads. However, the joint can slip and go into bearing at loads, greater that the wor!ing loads, and hence the bearing capacity must be chec!ed. 4.14.' She$r Strength of HSFG olt! As discussed above, the resistance to slip will be function of the product of the coefficient of static friction and the normal force between the connected parts. "he relationship is reflected in the provisions of $S 1**<-**6. "he design slip resistance or nominal shear capacity of a bolt is given by Vnsf 9 mf nc &' Fo &-*( where mf 9 slip factor &"able '.'( ne 9 number of interfaces offering frictional resistance to slip &' 9 3.* for fasteners in clearance holes 9 *.12 for fasteners in oversi/ed and short slotted holes and for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded perpendicular to slot 9 *.6 for fasteners in long slotted holes loaded parallel to slot Fo 9 minimum bolt tension &proof load( at installation &"able '.2( 9 Anb fo Anb 9 net area of bolt at the threads &"able '.2( fo 9 proof stress 9 *.6 fub fub 9 ultimate tensile stress of bolt For the joint to be safe the factored design force, V"f = Vnsf >g>>> mf &-3(
Load transfer by bearing + shear Major slip Load transfer by friction Yield on net section 500 Yield on gross section 400 300 200 100 0 0 5 10 15 20 25

a Failure Average bolt shear (N/mm )2 Deformation over a (mm) Fig. 4.1( $e'aviour of friction-type connection

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Limit State Design of Steel Structures

where gmf 9 3.3 for slip resistance designed at service load. 9 3.-2 for slip resistance designed at ultimate load. For long joints the nominal shear capacity Vnsf of the bolt is reduced by multiplying it with a factor bl( given by bl( 9 3.*62 ? l( >>>> > -**" but *.62 4 bl( = 3.* where " 9 nominal shan! diameter of the bolt 4.14.( e$ring Strength of HSFG olt! HSFG bolts will come into bearing only after slip ta!es place. $f slip is critical &i.e., slip cannot be allowed(, the slip resistance has to be calculated as described above. However if slip is not critical, and limit state method is used at ultimate limit state HSFG bolts will slip into bearing and need a chec!. Since at ultimate limit state HSFG bolts slip into bearing, the bolt may deform due to high local bearing stresses between the bolt and the plate. "he design bearing capacity of bolt Vnpb can be determined using :8. &)(. t 9 summation of thic!nesses of all the connected plates e#periencing bearing stress in the same direction. Note "he bloc! shear resistance of the edge distance due to bearing force may be chec!ed as discussed in 5hapter 0. 4.14.4 Ten!ile Strength of HSFG olt! "he nominal tensile strength of HSFG bolts subjected to a factored tensile force is determined in a way similar to that of the blac! bolts. Tnf 9 *.) fub Anb = fyb Asb gm3 >g>> m* &--( "he factored tensile force, T"f = Tnf >g>> mf &-.( where gm3 9 partial safety factor for material resistance governed by ultimate stress 9 3.32 gm* 9 partial safety factor for material resistance governed by yield 9 3.3* gmf 9 partial safety factor for the material of bolts 9 3.-2 Anb 9 net tensile stress area Asb 9 shan! area of the bolt fub 9 ultimate tensile stress of bolt

T$%le 4." Stress Area an" %roof Loa"s of )ig'-Strengt' Friction-*rip $olts in
Clearance )oles $olt "iameter (mm) (+,) +- ,. (,,) ,/ (,0) 1. 1Stress area of "hread 1'.. 326 -'2 .*. .2. '2) 203 136 bolt &mm-( Shan! 33. -*3 .3' .1* '2- 26- 6*0 3*36 @roof load of @roperty class 1.1 S '6.- 16 3.6 30) 3)6 -26 .3' '26 bolt &!A( 3*.) S 03.. 33' 361 --* -20 ..' '*1 2)2 F* 9 Asb B *.6fub
Simple Connections !ivete"# $olte" an" %inne" Connections

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4.1"

PR+ING ACTION

$t would be appropriate to discuss the brhaviour of high%strength bolted joints under tension before introducing the @rying forces. "he highstrength bolts are assumed to be non%deforming and as such are subjected to tensile forces when tightened. "his tension force is close to yield strength of bolts. Generally, the designers are reluctant to apply any additional tensile load on these connectors for the fear of failure. However, this is not the case as e#plained below. $n fact fully tensioned bolts prestress the joints against the tensile loads, because the members &plates( are s8uee/ed &compressed(. Application of tensile load to the connection can not e#ert any additional load on the bolts unless the connected members are pulled apart thereby creating additional strain in the bolts. Cue to pre%stressing of the plates, the thic!ness of compressed plates is reduced which in turn reduces the tension in the connectors and subse8uently the compressive stresses in the plate. "his increases the plate thic!ness. "he overall effect is that neither plate thic!ness nor the connector tension is changed. "he situation continues until T3 shown in Fig. '.3' e8uals the total tension in the connectors &-Te(. An increase in tension beyond T3 will result in the separation of plates which will create additional strains in the bolts. However, this increase in the bolt strain is accompanied with an e#pansion of plates. $n fact, the increase in bolt tension is very small because the additional load is shared between the plate and connectors roughly in proportion of thier stiffnesses, and the plates being stiffer ta!e most of the load. "his means that the joint is pre%stressed against the tensile forces by the amount of stress initially put in the shan! of connectors. However, when the load e#ceeds the pre%stress, the bolt stresses will rise appreciably. $n most cases of the connections subjected to tension forces, the fle#ibility of the connected parts can lead to deformations that increases the tension applied to the bolts. "he additional tension is called prying force. As an e#ample, the hanger connection shown in Fig. '.3' will be subjected to prying action as shown in Fig. '.32. $n such type of connections bending caused by prying action will affect the design. "he additional force 2 in the bolts resulting from prying action should be added to the tensile force Te resulting directly from the applied forces. However, the actual determination is 8uite comple# and appro#imate formulae developed are generally recommended. $n case the flanges of the hanger are thic! and stiff or are stiffened &Fig. '.30(, the prying action will probably be negligible. "hus to prevent significant deformations in the hanger and other such connections, the use of rigid flanges is recommendedD rigidity is more important than bending resistance. "o achieve this goal the distance lv shown in Fig. '.3- &a( should be made as small as possible.
Te Te T1 = 2Te T T
1

2e = Factored tensile force in the hanger = Fig. 4.14 )anger connection

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Limit State Design of Steel Structures

efore the e#ternal load is applied, the normal compressive force Te &Fig. '.3'( is centered on the bolts. When the load is applied and if the flange is fle#ible enough to deform as shown in Fig. '.32, the c.g. of the compressive forces will migrate

toward the edges of the flange. "his redistribution will change the relationship between all forces, and the bolt tension will increase. However, if the connected parts are sufficiently rigid. "his shifting of forces will not occur, and there will be no prying action. "he ma#imum value of the prying force will be reached when only the corners of the flange remain in contact with the other connected part and in such a case the prying force will shift to the tip of flange as shown in Fig. '.32 &a(. "he prying force 2 is given by 29 >l>v> - le

E
-

Te ?

bg fobet' >>>>>>> -6lelv

&-'(

where lv 9 distance from bolt center%line to the toe of the fillet weld or to half the root radius for a rolled section &Fig. '.32(. le 9 distance between prying force and bolt centre%line and is minimum of either the end distance on the value given by 9 3.3t

>>>>

b fo >> fy b 9 3 for pretensioned bolt and - for non%pretensioned bolt g 9 3.2 for limit state design be 9 effective width of flange per pair of bolts fo 9 proof stress t 9 thic!ness of end plate
QQ T = Te + Q T = T e + Q C AB le lv 2Te T Q TTQ
e e

= External factored tensile force applied to one bolt = Prying force corresponding to one bolt = Total force in the bolt ( + ) (b) Fabricated Tee-section QQ TT 2Te (a) Fabricated Tee-section t Fig. 4.1" %rying action Stiffener plates Fig. 4.1# )anger connection 3it' st(ffener plates

Simple Connections

!ivete"# $olte" an" %inne" Connections

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Note!

3. ,nly fully tensioned bolts should be used for connections for which the applied loads subject the bolts to a#ial tension. "his is true whether the connections are classified as slip%critical or subject to fatigue loads or there is prying action. $f snug%tight bolts are used for any of these situations the tensile loads will immediately start increasing bolt tensions. -. $n tensile type of connections, the number of rows of bolts should be limited because a large percentage of load is carried by inner rows of multi%row connections even at ultimate load, and hence the shared load due to prying action also &Fig. '.36(. .. "he prying forces can be !ept small by using a thic! plate or by limiting the distance between the bolt and the plate edge.
A large portion of the load is carried by inner lines of bolts if the flanges are flexible Fig. 4.1& )anger connection 3it' fle4ible flanges

"he design of connection subjected to prying is essentially a trial and error procedure. When selecting the diameter or number or bolts, we must ma!e an allowance for the prying force. "he selection of the tee flange thic!ness is more difficult because it is a function of the bolt selection and the tee dimensions. "wo limit states are possible< tensile failure of the bolts and bending failure of the tee. Failure of the tee is assumed to occur when plastic hinges form at the face of the stem and at the bolt line, thereby creating a beam mechanism. "he moment at each of these locations will be e8ual to 5p, the plastic moment. When the moment at the bolt line is less than the moment at the face of the stem, it indicates that the beam mechanism has not formed and the controlling limit state will be tensile failure of the bolt. "he thic!ness of the "ee%flange is determined so that it does not yield. 7efer to Fig. '.32 &b(. 5A 9 2le 5C 9 Telv ? 2le 5A 9 5C ? >T>e>l>v 9 5p 5onsidering 5p 9 fy >>> 3.3 B 6e 9 fy >>> 3.3 B bet>>>> ' or tmin 9 '.'*5p >>>>>>> fybe

>>>>>>>

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Limit State Design of Steel Structures

4.1#

CO- INE. SHEAR AN. TENSION FOR SLIP-CRITICAL CONNECTIONS


$n slip%critical connection in which the bolts are subjected to both shear and tension, the effect of applied tensile force is to relieve some

of the clamping force, there by reducing the available frictional force. However, $S 1**<-**6 specifies the following interaction e8uation similar to that for blac! bolts

&
Vsf >>> V"f

( &
-

Tf >>> T"f

(
-

= 3.* &-2( where Vsf 9 applied factored shear at design load V"f 9 design shear strength Tf 9 e#ternally applied factored tension at design load T"f 9 design tensile strength

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